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    Writers

    Toolbox

    StudentWriter

    Writing Under

    Construction

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    Construction

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    In fourth grade we will learn how to write two

    kinds of essays: expository and narrative.

    Expository WritingExpository Writingexplains how or why somethinghappened or clarifies whyyou feel a certain way.The clue words forexpository prompts are:ExplainIn your opinionExplain whyRemember: Explaining = ImportantReasons & Vivid Details

    Narrative WritingNarrative writing tells a story orpart of one. The story is told intime order.

    The clue words for narrativeprompts are:Tell about a timeTell the storyTell about whenRemember: A narrativemeans telling a story.

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    Jump Into Successful Writing

    Just ask yourself these importantquestions about your writing

    1. Focus: Are all your sentences on the topic? Doeseverything focus in on the main idea?2. Organization: Do you have a beginning, a middle,and an ending? Are things in order?3. Support: Did you support a main idea with juicydetails your reader can picture? Does yourwriting feel complete?4. Conventions: Did you use capital letters, andpunctuations, and pretty good spelling? Did youinvent spelling for words you dont know how tospell? Did you indent?

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    Five Important Parts of Writing

    Grabber- This a sentence or two that hooks your readerand makes them want to read more.

    Beginningor IntroductionThis is a sentence that tells yourreader what you are writing about. Be sure to include one ortwo important words from the prompt.

    MiddleThe middle is where you write details that go togetherand details that create mind movies for your reader. Themiddle should be orderly and organized. Be sure to includeinteresting facts, examples, reasons, mini stories, anddescriptions that help your reader picture what you arewriting about. It is a good idea to indent when you changeideas or move on to a different time or location.

    Endingor ConclusionThis is a sentence or two that wraps upyour paper by telling your reader the most important thing youwant to say.

    ZingerThe zinger is kind of like a grabber, only at the end ofyour paper. A zinger can be an idiom, a phrase, or a sentencethat makes the reader laugh or think.

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    PunctuationPunctuation? Of course I use good

    punctuation. You wont get very far in thisworld without it. Writing is with us for alifetime and the best writers use it to helpthem become successful at what ever theydo.

    Capital letters Exclamation PointsPeriods Quotation MarksQuestion Marks Indentation

    Commas In A Series

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    Grabber Is An Opening Statement Or Two That

    Captures the Readers Attention

    A Humorous statementWhen my fiend Bobby rings our doorbell, I say Uh oh herecomes trouble!

    A shocking statement

    My Aunt Agatha has a beard and Im not kidding.

    DialogueIf you do that again, youre in big trouble, my teacherwarned.

    OnomatopoeiaKABLONKERS!! My head hit the corner of the bunk bedframe.

    Rhetorical QuestionCan you imagine if someone gave you a million dollars togive away?

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    Grabber Is An Opening Statement Or Two That

    Captures the Readers Attention

    A ScenarioImagine this; Youre home cooking doughnuts andyou set the kitchen on fire!

    An OpinionMy dog, Ogden, is the best friend a kid could have. A Comparison

    Indiana Jones is cool, but Iron Man has better gear

    and can even fly. Onomatopoeia

    KABLONKERS!! My head hit the corner of thebunk bed frame.

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    Writing Skills That Guarantee Success

    Adjectives: Adjectives are describing words thatdescribe nouns. They are great for creatingmind movies for your readers. Use lots ofadjectives!Antonio picked up the huge, juicy, cheesyhamburger and took a humungousbite

    Adverbs: Adverbs describe verbs and adjectives.They answer the questions how? when? where?why? and to what extent. Adverbs are great fordescription.Jane is amazinglysmart. Shes comingto my house tomorrow.

    Alliteration: Alliteration means repeating thebeginning sounds of a few words. It adds beauty.A great big grasshopper jumped from the daisies into thegreengrass.

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    Writing Skills That Guarantee Success

    Anadiplosis:Anadiplosis is when we start a new thought orphrase with the noun that ended the thought or phrase rightbefore it. Anadiplosis adds beauty to our writing. I bought anew skateboard, a skateboard that will help me with the competition.Practice leads to winning. Winning is what I want most in thisworld.

    Appositives: An appositive sounds complicated but its not.An appositive is when you write a noun, then immediatelyrename the noun to make sure your reader knows who orwhat you are talking about. My little brother, Dallas, gets intomy stuff all the time. His favoritetoy, my ipod, is what he wants.

    Dialogue: Dont you just love it when characters aretalking? Thats called dialogue. Dialogue adds interest andmaturity to your writing. Dont overdo it, though. Two linesof dialogue is plenty! Please start drying the dishes Ana said. I

    thought about it I have to do it laterI said.Anytime you writedialogue you must put quotation marks at the start and endof the dialogue

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    Writing Skills That Guarantee Success

    Grabbers: Grabbers are sentences that capturethe readers attention right away. The grabber isthe first thing your reader will see. You can writethe grabber at the beginning or wait until you are

    finished and go back to the beginning and add it.

    For examples see the page on grabbers. I heard thecar door shut. Rats! My parents were home early! Whatwas I going to do? Hyperbole: We all love to exaggerate! Hyperbole

    means exaggerating in our writing to make a

    point. This headache is killingme. Ive been waiting amillion years for this aspirin to start working. Idioms: Idioms are colorful expressions that make

    a point. Idioms add voice to our writing. A littlebird told me that our new teacher, Mrs. Sparks, is all barkand know bite.

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    Writing Skills That Guarantee Success

    Metaphors: Metaphors are when we make directcomparisons between two thing to make a point. Manymetaphors are common expressions. They add beauty andmaturity to your writing. Tyrell is Kobe Bryant when it comes tosinking baskets. Hes twenty-four carat gold! What a slam-dunkmaniac!

    Mini-Story: A mini-story is just what it sounds like: a tinylittle story within a larger story or essay. A good mini-storycan give your reader an example or help him picture whatyou want him to know. No kid looks forward to the doctors office.The last time I went, I had to get three shots! I had no clue, but therewas the nurse, saying, We need to update your shots. But

    sometimes we need to go the doctor to keep from getting sick or whenwe hurt ourselves. Good health is important. Onomatopoeia: This big old word means sound effects.

    Including sound effects in your writing helps recreate theexperience for your reader to picture. It puts him in themiddle of the action! Toby and I were wrestling when I heard aCRACK! Dads reading glasses are now in one-hundred pieces.

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    Writing Skills That Guarantee Success

    Personification: Personification means to givehuman like qualities to things that are not human.Personification adds beauty and maturity to ourwriting. The trees danced in the wind, tilting their headsback and raising their arms to the sky.

    Similes: You know similes! Thats when wecompare two things and link them together witheither the word like or the word as. We do thisto make a point and to add interest and color toour writing. Grandpa snored like a buzz-saw. Nokidding! it was as loud as a lions roar.

    Sizzling Vocabulary: Using great words is thebest way to score high! Pick the BEST word forwhat you want to say. Marys step dance routine wasspectacular! That girl is an amazement for sure.

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    Writing Skills That Guarantee Success

    Specific Emotion Word or Sensory Word: Whenyou describe the way you feel, or somethingyouve experienced with your senses, be sure touse specific words so the reader knows EXACTLYwhat you are talking about. I was petrified when Mr.Grim our principal, called me to his office to ask me aboutskipping school. I opened the door to the basement itsmelled dank and musty down there, maybe even a littlesour.

    Strong Verbs: Dont be caught using a weak verb!Impress your readers with strong verbs, verbsyou can picture or visualize in your mind. Strongverbs add beauty and impress your reader. Markslipped on the sidewalk and fell, bashing his head on thecurb.

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    DialogueWho doesnt like to listen to what other people

    have to say? Adding dialogue to yourwriting makes it more interesting for thereader. Be sure to use quotation marks.

    Dialogue with said for a tag Im going to hit a home run,Alvin said. Dialogue with a strong verb for a tag:

    Get a good grip on your bat, Coach reminded. Dialogue without any tags:Ive been practicing my grip.

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    Sparkle Words affirm to agree with

    altercation an angry argument

    anecdote a short, entertaining story

    astound amaze

    balk to refuse to go ahead

    bedlam a noisy, confusing

    environment behemoth huge

    benevolent kind, generous

    bliss happiness

    brilliant quite intelligent

    captivateto gain everyonesattention

    cataclysmic the absolute worst catastrophe a sudden and total

    disaster

    catastrophic utterly horrible

    complacent willing to please

    culpable deserving blame

    dilemma in a troublesome situation

    discombobulated confused, mixedup

    dolt a stupid or dim-witted person

    doubt to think something is not true

    embellish decorate by adding detail

    empathy the ability to share anotherpersons feelings

    enhance to improve

    enthrall to captivate, to fascinate

    epitome - a person or thing thatshows typical qualities

    eradicate wipe out, destroy

    exacerbate make worse

    exuberant over-the-top happy fetching good looking, attractive

    flaunt to show off your skills

    forlorn hopeless, desperate

    fracas a wild fight

    giddy so happy you are silly

    grouse complain

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    Sparkle Words grovel to beg or be humble before

    someone

    hindsight the ability to see whatwould have been the right thing to do

    hoard to collect or stockpile

    impeccable without fault or error

    laudable worthy of praise

    maverick a person who has theirown viewpoint that others dont hold

    mirage something that seems realbut is not

    monopolize - take too much ofsomeones time or to assume controlof

    nemesis an enemy or opponent thatcant be beaten

    pacify to calm down

    personify to have the qualities of

    phenomenal unusually good

    pontificate talk to convince someone

    reciprocate to take turns doingsomething

    pristine completely clean

    savvy practical know-how

    scathing fierce, angry

    scintillating really good, stimulating

    skedaddle leave quickly solace comfort

    somber gloomy

    sparkling bright, happy

    sublime impressive, majestic

    supercilious an arrogant attitude

    superlative outstanding

    tenaciousstubborn, doesnt let go of throng a crowd

    tumultuous wild and noisy

    turmoil a confusing uproar

    utopia a perfect environment

    vamoose leave quickly

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    Sparkle Words vehement marked by extreme feelings or

    convictions

    vendetta a prolonged feud or fight

    verbose wordy, talks too much

    winsome agreeable, pleasant

    witty cleverly, amusing

    zany silly, funny, crazy-but-likeable

    zeal showing great enthusiasm, working hardto achieve a goal

    zenith the highest, the ultimate

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    Idioms For Terrible Or Trouble

    train wreck

    not pretty

    pretty ugly

    something you wouldntwish on your worst

    enemy

    youre in hot water

    your goose is cooked your toast

    youre in the dog house

    the final straw

    the straw that broke the

    camels back

    out of the frying pan and

    into the fire

    up the creek without a

    paddle

    youre asking for trouble

    that spells trouble youre in deep water

    youre asking for it

    youre standing on my

    last nerve

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    Idioms For Exceptionally Good

    out of this world

    off the charts

    off the chain

    a little piece of heaven heavenly

    7th heaven

    the be all and end all

    world class

    the cats pajamas

    the bees knees

    the mack daddy

    the gold standard

    the top of the world

    divine crme de la crme

    on cloud 9

    crackerjack

    beyond imagination

    beyond your wildest

    dreams

    apple of my eye

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    Idioms for Easy

    like taking candy from a baby

    piece of cake

    like falling off a log easy breezy

    easy as pie

    as simple as pie easy as 1, 2, 3

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    Metaphors Be careful whose toes you step on

    Dont beat around the bush

    Get your ducks in a row

    He had a heart of stone

    She is the sunshine in my day

    My mother is the light of my day

    My little sister is a jumping bean Now he is rolling in dough

    Mom says Im the apple of her eye

    Hes just a big old teddy bear

    He is 24 carat gold

    He will stab you in the back

    He is such a motor mouth

    Her ideas are over the top I can be a headache sometimes

    I gave her an earful

    I got a slap on the wrist this time

    I had a lot on my plate

    I love her to death

    I was a basket case

    I was ticked off for sure

    I was up the creek without a paddle

    Ill get back on my feet soon

    Ill have to burn the candle at bothends

    Im at the end of my rope

    Im burned out

    Im fired up

    Im not in love with that idea

    Ive been running a rat race all day

    It went in one ear and out the other Its raining cats and dogs

    Lets play ball

    Lets put our minds together

    My father has the heart of a lion

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    Metaphors My lips are sealed Now that idea is home run

    Our car turned out to be alemon

    Put the pedal to the metal

    She can kill you with kindness Shes a living doll

    Shes clueless

    Take a stab at it

    That bugs me

    That just blows me away Thats on the cutting edge

    The balls in your court

    This will knock your socks off

    Watch your back We hit theground running

    Were swamped today

    Well thats a no brainer

    Well, join the club

    You can wait until the cowscome home

    You do the math

    We need to raise the bar

    You need to think outside thebox

    Youre in deep trouble Youre in over your head

    Youre missing a piece of thepuzzle

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    Like Similes chatters like a monkey

    cooks like a chef

    cries like a baby

    cuts like a knife

    draws like an artist

    dresses like a model

    drives like a maniac

    drives like an old lady

    eats like a bird

    eats like a horse

    eyes like a hawk

    feels like velvet fits like a glove

    flies like a bird

    floats like a boat

    gossips like an old biddy

    grows like a weed

    irritates like sandpaper

    jumps like a frog

    keeps a secret like a safe

    know it like the back of your hand

    laughs like a hyena

    like finding a needle in a haystack

    looks like a giant

    love is like a red rose

    plays guitar like a rock star

    plays like an athlete reads like a bookworm

    roars like a lion

    runs like a rocket

    runs like the wind

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    Like Similes searches like a bloodhound

    shimmers like a diamond

    sings like an angel

    sits around like a couch potato

    sleeps like a baby

    smells like a wet goat

    smells like money smells like rain

    smokes like a chimney

    smooth like silk

    snores like a buzz saw

    soars like an eagle

    sounds like trouble

    sparkles like fireworks spend money like it grows on trees

    stretches like a runner band

    studies like a fiend

    swims like a fish

    talks like a parrot

    talks like a house on fire

    tastes like ambrosia

    works like a dog work like theres no tomorrow

    works like a horse

    Take it from me Lex Lizard:Similes add beauty and

    maturity to your writing. Usethem when you want toimpress your readers

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    Build Your Writing With

    Transitional Phrases After all After what seemed a long time

    And guess what

    At this point

    At the same time

    Because of this

    But at the same time Come with me and Ill show you

    First of all

    For instance

    For that reason

    Heres the best part

    Heres the thing

    I especially like I must tell you

    I wish I had more time to tell youabout

    Id like to bring my explanation to anend by telling you

    If you think thats bad, it gets worse.

    If you think thats scary, wait till youhear what happened next!

    In any case

    In fact

    In other words In the first place

    In the meantime

    Later on

    Let me begin

    Let me end my story by saying

    Let me give you an example Let me remind you

    Let me sum up my thoughts bysaying

    Lets start at the beginning

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    Build Your Writing With

    Transitional Phrases Moving on My favorite part is

    My story wouldnt be complete if Ididnt tell you about

    Never again will I

    Now comes the part that got me intotrouble

    Now that weve looked at that, letsmove on to

    Now you see

    Oh, and another thing

    On the other hand

    Once that happened

    Right after that

    Right away

    Sooner or later

    Step into my world and Ill tell you The first thing that happened was

    The first step is a piece of cake.

    The lesson I learned is

    The most important thing is

    The next thing that happened knocked my

    socks off.

    The thing I hate about it is

    This happened because This may be true, but

    The next part is a doozie!

    To put it a different way

    To put it differently

    Until now

    Until then What happened next still gives me the

    willies!

    When all was said and done

    When I found out the truth

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    Build Your Writing With

    Transitional Phrases

    When I realized what hadactually happened

    When she realized I wastelling the truth

    When we finally gothome

    When you hear whathappened

    You need to know that.

    You wont believe whathappened next

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    Takeaway Endings, Conclusions, Zingers

    We want kids to know endings are important!They leave your reader feeling happy to

    have read your paper. You can choose fromany of the endings below.

    Takeaway: A takeaway ending tells the reader whatyou learned or how your life changed.

    Conclusion: A conclusion is an ending that tells the

    reader the most important thing you want him toremember.

    Zinger: A zinger is that little extra that touches thereader or makes him laugh or think.