WRITING AND PUBLISHING HIGH-IMPACT

RESEARCH MANUSCRIPTS

Prof. Dr. Ramesh T Subramaniam, FASc, FRSC

PUBLISHING IN HIGH IMPACT JOURNAL

1. RESEARCH IDEA

2. RESEARCH INITIATIVE

3. AIMS OF PUBLICATION

4. KEY ELEMENTS OF PUBLISHING

5. COMPONENTS OF MANUSCRIPT

6. PUBLICATION PROCESS

Contents

1.1. FIRST AND FOREMOST

• BEFORE START OF RESEARCH (STRATEGIC PLANNING)

• THINK ABOUT THE RESEARCH, ASK YOURSELF ABOUT PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

• DISCUS WITH COLLEAGUES AND SUPERVISOR

• ONCE CONCLUDED THEN START READING, ANALYSE EITHER YOUR PREDICTION IS TRUE OR NOT

• IF TRUE THEN IDENTIFY THE FACTORS, IF NOT THEN FIND THE MISSING INFORMATION

• HIGHLIGHT IMPORTANT INFORMATION

• BRAIN STORMING

• IT REFERS TO THE INVENTORY OF YOUR THOUGHTS ABOUT RESEARCH.

• YOUR IDEAS ARE LIKE A STORM SWIRLING AROUND IN YOUR BRAIN, AND IT’S YOUR JOB TO GET THEM OUT OF

YOUR HEAD.

• YOU WILL NOT FEEL PRESSURE TO CONNECT, DEFEND, FULLY ARTICULATE, OR CENSOR YOUR IDEAS.

• IF YOU ALLOW YOURSELF TO SIMPLY POUR OUT ALL THE THOUGHTS THAT ARE IN YOUR HEAD AND FOLLOWING

THEM WHEREVER THEY LEAD, YOU MIGHT COME UP WITH A REALLY INTERESTING TOPIC, THEME, MOTIF, ETC. TO

FOCUS YOUR WORK ON.

1. Research Idea

1.2. MINDMAPPING

• WORKING BACKWARD FROM THE WORD BRANCH, YOU WILL FIND ISSUES THAT BRANCH

OUT INTO MORE SPECIFIC ISSUES.

• ORGANIZE ISSUES INTO CATEGORIES.

• IF THERE ARE TOO MANY CATEGORIES OR IDEAS, YOU MAY WISH TO DISCARD SOME.

• ESTABLISH A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CATEGORIES OF SAME SPECIFICITY LEVEL.

• MAKE OUTLINES IN YOUR MIND. DECIDE ON THE OUTLINES ONLY GOES INTO THE

CATEGORIES IN SOME DETAIL BUT ALSO ESTABLISHES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

THEM.

Before going into Next Step • If you really have no idea from where to start.

• Write down all the questions that seem relevant to your material.

• These should definitely be proper questions, possibly ones.

• Forcing yourself to find answers for those questions, you’ll get out a lot ofideas, issues, thoughts that will potentially lead towards get next step.

• By focusing on a question that is not easily answered, you’ll have aframework for your argument.

• HOW TO START RESEARCH?

• IF YOU KNOW ABOUT YOUR TOPIC, GET FAMILIAR WITH THE TERMS USED BY PROFESSIONALS IN THE FIELD

• WRITE DOWN OTHER INFLUENCING OR SIMILAR TOPICS.

• THE AREA OR SUBJECT BASICALLY MEANS IN WHICH YOU WANT TO WORK.

• IN BROADER SENSE, WHICH INTEREST YOU THE MOST OR THE SUBJECT IN WHICH YOU ARE GOOD AT.

• FOR EXAMPLE, ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES, ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES, SENSORS ETC.

2. Research Initiative

2.1. DEFINE YOUR RESEARCH FIELD

• NARROW DOWN YOUR RESEARCH FIELD

• CLASSIFY THE FIELD INTO FURTHER SUB-TOPICS

• CATEGORIZE THE SUB-TOPICS TO DIFFERENT RESEARCH AREAS

Energy storage devices

Supercapacitors

Electric double layer capacitor

Pseudocapacitor Hybrid capacitor

Batteries Fuel cell

Components of Supercapacitor

Electrode

Carbon metal oxideConducting polymers

Electrolyte

Liquid Solid Gel

• Try to answer the following questions.

• What are the different sub-topics under this

research area?

• What has already been written on subject X?

• What are the outcomes of interest?

• How will the research on this subject effect the

research world?

• Is it a futuristic area?

• Is it close to a real-world implementation?

Note: Always keep a second option

2.2. Select the sub-topic of your interest

2.3. HOW TO FIND THE RESEARCH PAPERS??

• ENLIST FIVE TO SIX KEYWORDS FOR THE SELECTED INTEREST

• SEARCH THESE KEYWORDS ON GOOGLE SCHOLAR AND RESEARCH GATE

• ANALYZE THE TITLES OF SEARCH RESULTS

• SHORTLIST THE PAPERS BASED ON INTEREST AND YEAR OF PUBLICATION

• DOWNLOAD AND CATEGORIZE THESE PAPERS

Step 1: Read the abstract

•Decide whether to read the article in detail or not

Step 2: Read introduction

•Why the study is important?

•Try to review and evaluate the relevant literature

•Identify the contribution from this section

Step 3: Evaluate results

•Do the conclusions seem logical?

•Can you detect any limitation?

Step 5: Take decision

•Write a discussion for a scientific paper

•Pay attention to limitations

2.4. Exploring Idea From Research Papers

3. AIMS OF PUBLICATION

• SCHOLARS PUBLISH THEIR WORK:

• TO BUILD THEIR AUTHOR’S RECORD OF RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FORM OF PAPERS.

• TO GUARANTEE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OF SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS IN ACADEMIA AND INDUSTRY.

• TO ENCOURAGE SCIENTISTS TO SHARE KNOWLEDGE THAT THEY MIGHT OTHERWISE HAVE KEPT SECRET.

• TO CREATE A SENSE OF COMPETITION AMONG SCIENTISTS TO BE THE FIRST TO PUBLISH A NEW SCIENTIFIC

FINDING.

• TO ENCOURAGE OTHER RESEARCHERS TO CONTINUE RESEARCH.

• TO SHARE KNOWLEDGE AND TO PARTICIPATE IN ADVANCING IT.

Ethical issues

Style and language

Types of Publication

Components of Manuscript

Internal Review

Publication Process

Manuscript Submission

Peer Review

External Review

Payment

4. Key Elements of Publishing

4.1. Ethical Issues

• Similarity index

• Image manipulation

• Permission of Publishedmaterials (Review paper)

• Proper citation

• Supplementary information

• Conflict of interest

• Acknowledgement of Fundingsources

• Clinical studies: details of clinicaltrials

1. Start with your main idea

• Mention the main idea of a paragraph in the first sentence.

• Do not confuse your readers.

2. Vary the length of your sentences

• Use short sentences to emphasize ideas.

• Use longer sentences to explain and clarify ideas.

• Place keywords and ideas at the beginning or end of a

sentence.

3. Don’t bury the main point in the middle of a long sentence

• Emphasize the main keywords.

4. Use different sentence structures and types

5. Use active voice to avoid confusing readers

6. Abbreviate and summarize

• When reviewing your work, remove unnecessary words.

7. Read a loud when reviewing

8. Edit and proofread effectively

• It is easy to miss mistakes when looking at your manuscript.

• Remind your common mistakes while drafting finally.

9. Google the meaning of any word you have doubt

10. Break any rule if you have a logical reason

4.3. Effective Writing Tips

• Refer to the journal’s author guide for noteson style

• some authors write their paper with aspecific journal

• others write manuscript and adapt thesuitable journal

• Objective is to report your findings andconclusions precisely

• If English is not your first language, then tryto focus on grammar, spelling mistake, andmeaning of every word

• Regardless of primary language, find acolleague to review the language of thepaper

4.2. Style and Language

4.4. IMPORTANT CRITERIA FOR WRITING SCHOLARLY PAPERS

• TO WRITE HIGH-QUALITY SCIENTIFIC

PAPER, YOU MUST CONSIDER THE

FOLLOWING POINTS:

• THE FORMATTING (WORD COUNT, NO OF

FIGURES, NO OF TABLES,

REFERENCING)

• THE LANGUAGE

• THE STRUCTURE

• THE CLARITY

• THE COMPLETENESS

• THE ORIGINALITY AND NOVELTY

• THE SIGNIFICANCE

• THE PLAGIARISM

• MICROSOFT WORD PRODUCES GOOD QUALITY

DOCUMENTS.

• HOWEVER, LATEX PRODUCES VERY HIGH-QUALITY

DOCUMENTS.

• CHANGING AN ARTICLE FORMAT IS EASIER WITH LATEX

(IN CASE OF CHANGING JOURNAL).

• THE BEST TOOL IS THE ONE COMPATIBLE WITH THE

TEMPLATE OF THE TARGETED JOURNAL.

• PIXEL-BASED GRAPHS ARE SAVED IN ORIGINAL RATIO

IN JPG, PNG, TIFF ETC.

• EPS IS USED WITH LATEX.

• MICROSOFT VISIO IS A GOOD TOOL THAT PRODUCES A

HIGH-QUALITY IMAGES.

• THERE ARE OTHER TOOLS SUCH AS CHEM SKETCH,

CHEMDRAW ETC.

4.5. Choosing proper editing tool

4.6. REFERENCE MANAGEMENT TOOL

• SELECT PROPER REFERENCE

MANAGEMENT TOOL.

• ENDNOTES IS AN EXCELLENT TOOL.

• MENDELEY, ZOTERO, QIQQA AND BIBTEX

ARE EXCELLENT.

• LATEX IS ONLY COMPATIBLE WITH BIBTEX.

• CHECKING THE SIMILARITY

• MANY TOOLS ARE AVAILABLE TO CHECK

THE SIMILARITY.

• HOWEVER, THE JOURNALS’ EDITORS

MOSTLY USE TURNITIN.

• DO NOT PLAY WITH THE FILTER’S

SETTINGS TO REDUCE SIMILARITY.

• PARAPHRASE THE SIMILAR PARTS AND

RE-CHECK WITH TURNITIN.

4.7. Similarity Index

4.8. EDITING AND PROOFREADING

• MAKE SURE THAT:

• THE LANGUAGE USED IN MANUSCRIPT

SHOULD BE PROFESSIONAL.

• THE STRUCTURE OF MANUSCRIPT

SHOULD BE PROPER.

• THE FLOW OF IDEAS MUST BE CORRECT.

• MAKE SURE THAT MANUSCRIPT IS

CONSISTENT. CHECK CONSISTENCY

OF NAMES OF FORMULA

• CHECK THE ABBREVIATIONS.

• IF CANNOT DO ALL OF THESE, LOOK

FOR EDITING AND PROOFREADING

SERVICES THAT ARE: PROFESSIONAL.

4.9. COMMON TYPES OF PUBLICATION

JOURNAL PAPER (THE PREDOMINANT TYPE OF PUBLICATION)

• PROCEEDING PAPERS SUCH AS CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS,

COLLOQUIUMS ETC.

• REVIEW PAPER

• LETTER

• MAGAZINE PAPER

• PATENT

• THESIS

• BOOK CHAPTER

• BOOK

JOURNAL PAPERS

• CONTAIN THE CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY THE

RESEARCHERS.

• PROVIDE COMPLETE INFORMATION ABOUT A PARTICULAR

PIECE OF RESEARCH.

• HIGH IMPACT JOURNALS MOSTLY APPLY THE PEER-

REVIEW PROCESS.

• ALLOW RESEARCHERS TO COMMUNICATE THEIR

RESEARCHES WITH THEIR PEERS AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO

GET PROFESSIONAL COMMENTS ABOUT THEIR WORK.

• INDEED, PUBLISHING A JOURNAL PAPER IS A TIME-

INTENSIVE PROCESS.

• TO DELIVER YOUR RESEARCH TO THE WORLD FASTER,

TRY PUBLISHING AT A CONFERENCE!

• ACADEMIC ARTICLES PUBLISHED BASED ON ACADEMIC

EVENTS SUCH AS CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS,

COLLOQUIUMS, AND SO ON.

• AVAIL THE OPPORTUNITY TO MEET WITH PROFESSIONAL

RESEARCHERS IN YOUR RESEARCH INTEREST.

• CONTAIN THE CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY RESEARCHERS

AND PRESENTED AT AN EVENT.

• A WRITTEN RECORD OF A RESEARCH TO BE PRESENTED

TO FELLOW RESEARCHERS.

• IN SOME FIELDS, PROCEEDING PAPERS MAY BE

CONSIDERED GREY LITERATURE.

• PUBLISHED FASTER THAN JOURNAL PAPERS.

• MANY PROCEEDING PUBLICATIONS ARE PEER-REVIEWED.

Proceedings papers

ORIGINAL PAPER (FULL PAPER)

• ORIGINAL PAPER CAN BE PUBLISHED EITHER IN

JOURNAL OR IN CONFERENCE.

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE MUST PRESENT:

• DETAILED STUDIES REPORTING ORIGINAL

RESEARCH.

• SATISFACTORY LEVEL OF NOVELTY.

• THE PRIMARY LITERATURE OF THE ORIGINAL

CONTRIBUTION.

• CRITICAL DISCUSSION OF RELATED WORKS.

• DETAILED EXPLANATION OF THE PROPOSED

WORK USING TEXTUAL AND GRAPHICAL TOOLS.

• DEEP DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE

RESULTS FROM ALL ASPECTS.

• DISCUSSION OF POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS (IMPACT

AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS).

• LIMITATIONS, IF ANY.

• TITLE……………………PROPOSE TITLE AS SIMPLE AS YOU CAN.

• ABSTRACT…………….. IT MUST BE INFORMATIVE, ATTRACTIVE,

AND EFFECTIVE.

• KEYWORDS……………MUST BE HELPFUL FOR INDEXING AND

SEARCHING.

• INTRODUCTION……….PAPER SPACE IS NOT BOUNDLESS, AND

READER'S TIME IS LIMITED.

• RELATED WORKS……THE WORK MUST BE CLEAR, CORRECT, AND

COMPLETE.

• PROPOSED WORK………PRECISE, CONCISE, STRAIGHT

FORWARD AND REPRODUCIBLE.

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………….MUST USE SIMPLE

LANGUAGE.

• CONCLUSION…………………… MUST BE BRIEF AND

COMPREHENSIVE (AVOID REPEATING SENTENCES).

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………… FUNDING INFORMATION AND

THANKS FOR PEOPLE WHO HELPED IN THIS WORK.

• REFERENCES…………………… MUST BE APPLICABLE AND

SUITABLE.

• SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL……… IF ANY.

Structure of Original Paper

STRUCTURE OF REVIEW PAPER • TITLE……………MAKE THESE COMPONENTS AS EASY AS YOU CAN.

• ABSTRACT………….IT MUST BE INFORMATIVE, ATTRACTIVE, AND

EFFECTIVE.

• KEYWORDS…………….MUST BE HELPFUL FOR INDEXING AND

SEARCHING.

• INTRODUCTION ……………MUST BE CLEAR, CONCISE AND

SUFFICIENT.

• LITERATURE REVIEW ………………MUST COVER NEW STUDIES &

MUST BE COMPREHENSIVE.

• PROPOSED TAXONOMY ………………MAY PRESENT NEW

TAXONOMIES OR CLASSIFICATIONS OF EXISTING SOLUTIONS.

• DEEP DISCUSSION.........................MUST PRESENT THE RESEARCH

GAP AND THE FUTURE DIRECTIONS.

• CONCLUSION....................MUST BE BRIEF AND COMPREHENSIVE.

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………..FUNDING INFORMATION AND

THANKS FOR PEOPLE WHO HELPED.

• REFERENCES…………………………MUST BE APPLICABLE,

ACCESSIBLE, PROPER AND SUFFICIENT.

• SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL…………………IF ANY (OPTIONAL).

• Review article give an overview of existing literature.

• These identify specific problems or issues and analyse information from available published works on the topic with a neutral perspective.

• These are considered as secondary literature and can be a particularly efficient way for early career researchers to begin publishing.

• Review articles can be of three types, broadly speaking:

• 1. literature reviews. 2. systematic reviews. 3. meta-analyses.

• The references used in a review article are helpful as they lead to more in-depth research.

• You may write a review article to summarize the progress in a field you have been working on.

• Review articles are usually long, and their lengths are depending on the journal.

• Some journals publish short reviews, while some journals are dedicated entirely to review articles.

Review Paper

LETTERS AND COMMUNICATIONS (SHORT PAPERS)

• A LETTER IS SHORTER THAN A SCHOLARLY

ARTICLE.

• IT MOSTLY PRESENTS AN ORIGINAL AND

IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION.

• IT DOES NOT PRESENT FULL EXPLANATION OF

RESEARCH THE WAY A SCHOLARLY ARTICLE

DOES.

• IT EXPLAINS THE WORK WITHOUT ALL THE

DATA PRESENTED.

• LETTER IS A SUMMARY OF WORK IN A BRIEF

DOCUMENT.

• MANY JOURNALS ARE DEDICATED TO

LETTERS ALONE, FOR EXAMPLE: MATERIAL

LETTERS.

• DESIGN PAPERS

• DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A DESIGN THAT YOU

PLAN TO MAKE, OR YOU HAVE ALREADY MADE.

• IT CONSISTS OF AN OVERVIEW OF WHAT OTHERS

HAVE DONE AND WHERE YOUR DESIGN FITS IN, A

PLAN, AND AN EXPLANATION OF TECHNICAL

REQUIREMENTS AND SOLUTIONS.

• WHITE PAPERS

• DOCUMENT THAT FALLS SOMEWHERE BETWEEN A

BROCHURE AND A MANUAL.

• GENERAL AND TECHNICAL EXPLANATION OF AN

ARCHITECTURE, FRAMEWORK OR PRODUCT

TECHNOLOGY.

• COMPANIES PROVIDE WHITE PAPERS TO HELP

USERS AND RESEARCHERS UNDERSTAND AND

USE THEIR PRODUCTS.

Other Papers

• GOOD TITLE IS DEFINED AS THE FEWEST POSSIBLE WORDS THAT ADEQUATELY DESCRIBE THE CONTENTS OF THE

PAPER

• MAKE A LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT KEYWORDS

• THINK OF TITLE THAT CONTAINS THESE WORDS

• SHOULD FOCUS THE PROBLEM OF THE STUDY

• IT SHOULD BE CONCISE, SPECIFIC AND INFORMATIVE

• TITLE IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT AND MUST BE CHOSEN WITH GREAT CARE AS IT WILL BE READ BY THOUSANDS,

WHEREAS FEW WILL READ THE ENTIRE PAPER

• INDEXING AND ABSTRACTING OF THE PAPER DEPENDS ON THE ACCURACY OF THE TITLE

• IMPROPERLY TITLED PAPER WILL GET LOST AND WILL NEVER BE READ

• AVOID ABBREVIATIONS AS SEARCH ENGINES/ INDEXING DATABASES DEPEND ON THE ACCURACY OF THE

TITLE.

• PROBABILITY OF CITATION DEPEND ON THE TITLE

• IT SHOULD CAPTURE THE FUNDAMENTAL NATURE OF THE EXPERIMENTS AND FINDINGS

5.1. Title

5. Components of Manuscript

5.2. Abstract and Keywords

• Problem

Statement• Highlight the

existing issues in the

existing work

• Objectives of the

present work

• Background

• Hypothesis and goal Elaborate clearly and precisely

the research.

• Overall performance of the

research

MethodsShort description of how

you analysed the

different aspects of

proposed research work

such as experiment

design, sample

preparation,

characterization, and

application.

ConclusionConclude the major findings or

achievements of the research work

(avoid to write anything which has

not been done in the work)

ResultsShort description

with exact figures of

the findings

obtained from

different studies

such as synthesis,

characterization,

and applications(Cannot cite reference)

Abstract should include 150 to 300

words

(Write in simple and easy words)

Keywords: The most important, Refer to the research area, methods, main context of the research work, direction

• THE INTRODUCTION SHOULD ANSWER

THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. WHAT WAS I STUDYING?

2. WHAT DID I KNOW ABOUT THIS TOPIC

BEFORE I DID THIS STUDY?

3. WHAT MODEL WAS I TESTING? AND

4. WHAT APPROACH DID I TAKE IN THIS

STUDY

5.3. IntroductionThe answers of the following questions in introduction

section?

Briefly Explain the background and context of the

research area:

• Write simple, easy, and clear

• Direct the reader to the problem, motivation and

significance of the research.

• Avoid irrelevant essay.

Define aims and objectives of the paper:

• Be specific

• The wider study is probably not that relevant (Hardly

acceptable).

• Avoid extensive and unnecessary referencing from

irrelevant source.

Explain structure of the paper

• Briefly explain the basics sections of research

SUGGESTION FOR IMPRESSIVE INTRODUCTION

❖ IT SHOULD PRESENT THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM INVESTIGATED

❖ PROVIDE BACKGROUND AND PRESENT THE REVIEW THE PERTINENT LITERATURE

❖ LIST THE STRUCTURE OF RESEARCH PROJECT

❖ STATE THE METHOD OF INVESTIGATION

❖ DESCRIBE THE PRINCIPAL RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION

❖ ELABORATE THE PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS ATTAINED FROM THE FINDINGS

GENERAL RULES

❖ APPROPRIATE USE OF PRESENT AND PAST TENSES

❖ ACTIVE VOICE IN GRAMMAR

❖ CITE AUTHENTIC SOURCE AS REFERENCE

5.3. Introduction

➢ 2-3 paragraphs, <450 words

➢ First paragraph

➢ introduce broad

area

➢ Second paragraph

➢ explicit rationale

➢ Last paragraph

➢ hypothesis

Tips

5.4. LITERATURE REVIEW

• DISCUS AND ANALYZE THE EXISTING MOST

POPULAR METHODS WITH SUFFICIENT EVIDENCES

• SUMMARIZE THE MOST RELATED EXISTING

WORKS HIGHLIGHTING THE FEATURES,

ADVANTAGES, AND SHORTCOMINGS.

• CLEARLY STATE THE NEW CONCEPT AND SCOPE

OF THE WORK OVER THE EXISTING WORK.

• EACH SENTENCE MAKES SENSE ON ITS OWN.

• REFERENCE THE KEY AUTHORS AND THE BEST

JOURNALS.

• FOCUS ON THE NEW LITERATURE.

• ALL REFERENCES MUST BE ACCESSIBLE.

Why Significant??

• Provides an up-to-date understanding of thesubject and its significance and structure.

• Identify the kinds of research methods thathave been used.

• Assist in the formulation of research topics,questions and direction.

• Provides basis on which subsequent researchfindings can be compared

5.5. MATERIALS AND METHODS

METHODS

▪ VERY IMPORTANT PART

▪ DESCRIBE THE EXACT METHODS, EXPERIMENT

DESIGN AND CONDITIONS, ETC IN DETAIL.

▪ MUST BE CLEAR, PRECISE AND CONCISE SO

THAT IT CAN BE UNDERSTANDABLE

▪ ORGANIZE THE METHODS UNDER

SUBHEADINGS (E.G. MATERIALS,

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE, ANALYSIS,

CALCULATIONS, COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE

ETC.)

▪ IF THE METHOD HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY

PUBLISHED IN A SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL, THEN

MENTION REFERENCE

▪ DO NOT MIX RESULTS OF THIS METHOD

▪ WRITE IN THE PAST TENSE

Materials

➢ Must identify accurately experimental

chemicals, materials, animals, plants,

microorganisms.

➢ For chemicals used, include exact technical

specifications (purity, producer/supplier name

& country) and source or method of

preparation

➢ Avoid trade names of chemicals;

➢ Prefer generic or chemical names

5.6. Results

How and what to write in the Results

❖ Section is written in the past tense

❖ It is the core of the paper

❖ Do not describe already mentioned methods

❖ Display of data with logical development to satisfy objectives

❖ Show new results are contributing significantly to the body of scientific knowledge

❖ Illustrative examples and compare with reported results

❖ Use Tables and Figures

❖ Figures should describe briefly for easy understanding of data presentation.

❖ Avoid Table and Figure showing same information

❖ Provide the overall performance of your proposed research.

❖ The expression should support the achievement of the research.

5.7. Discussion

First paragraph

➢ State major findings

➢ Paraphrase abstract

Last paragraph

➢ “In summary…” (few sentences)

➢ “In conclusion…” (biggest message)

➢ Avoid speculation and “need more work

Middle paragraphs

➢ Discus major result

➢ Be focus on your results

➢ Never discuss prior work without reference

➢ Refer to Tables and Figures

WHAT TO WRITE IN DISCUSSION SECTION

➢ THE HARDEST SECTION AND CORE OF PAPER.

➢ OFTEN COMBINED WITH THE RESULTS.

➢ PRESENT PRINCIPLES, RELATIONSHIPS, AND

GENERALIZATIONS SHOWN BY THE RESULTS.

➢ POINT OUT EXCEPTIONS OR LACK OF

CORRELATION.

➢ DISCUSS THE ACHIEVEMENT ACCORDING TO

OBJECTIVES.

➢ DESCRIBE THE THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS OF

YOUR WORK.

➢RELATIONSHIPS AMONG OBSERVED FACTS.

➢ PRESENT YOUR ANALYSIS WITH STRONG

EVIDENCES.

Tips

❖ CONCLUSION MUST BE SIMPLE AND

CLEAR

❖ DESCRIBE THE RESULTS IN

CONTEXT OF SUBJECT

❖ SUMMARIZE THE EVIDENCE

❖ CONCLUDE YOUR ACHIEVEMENTS

❖ IDENTIFY LIMITATIONS (IF ANY)

❖ FUTURE WORK RECOMMENDATIONS

❖ END WITH STRONG MESSAGE

5.8. Conclusions

❑ Cite paper related to work

❑ Do not cite irrelevant paper

❑ Reference should be up to date (back to 5 years)

❑ So many citations show your dependency on others

explanation

❑ Do not cite inaccessible references

5.9. References

➢REFERENCING IS A STANDARDIZED WAYOF ACKNOWLEDGING THE SOURCES OFINFORMATION AND IDEAS THAT YOU HAVEUSED IN YOUR DOCUMENT.

➢WRITE DOWN ALL THE REFERENCES USED

➢REFERENCE FORMAT VARIES WIDELY:

▪ APA

▪ NUMBERED

▪ HARVARD FORMAT

▪ ALPHABET-NUMBER SYSTEM

▪ JOURNAL CITATION TEMPLATE

Citations TricksWhat is referencing?

YOU SHOULD ACKNOWLEDGE:

1. SIGNIFICANT TECHNICAL HELP THAT YOU HAVE RECEIVED FROMANY INDIVIDUAL

2. SOURCE OF SPECIAL EQUIPMENT OR ANY OTHER MATERIAL

3. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE, SUCH AS GRANTS, CONTRACTS ORFELLOWSHIPS

4. SHOW THE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO THE PERSON WHO HELP YOUBEFORE WRITING IN THE MANUSCRIPT

5.10. Acknowledgments

6.SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPT

AND PUBLICATION PROCESS

6.1 SELECTION OF JOURNAL

• HONESTLY ASSESS THE IMPORTANCE AND SCOPE OF YOUR WORK

• READ THE SCOPE OF RELEVANT JOURNALS

• JOURNAL IMPACT FACTOR IS NOT EVERYTHING

• WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF YOUR RESEARCH

• HOW IMPORTANT WILL OTHERS FIND YOUR RESEARCH

• IN YOUR FIELD

• IN RELATED FIELDS

Journal category based on Indexing

Table of contents of Journal

Already published papers in Journal

Scope of Journal

Trends of cited scientists

6.2. Strategies to choose the Journal

• THERE ARE MANY WAYS OF JOURNAL’S SELECTION.

• ELSEVIER JOURNAL FINDER HTTP://JOURNALFINDER.ELSEVIER.COM/

• SPRINGER JOURNAL SUGGESTER HTTPS://JOURNALSUGGESTER.SPRINGER.COM/

• IEEE PUBLICATION RECOMMANDER HTTP://PUBLICATION-RECOMMENDER.IEEE.ORG/HOME

• JOURNAL GUIDE HTTPS://WWW.JOURNALGUIDE.COM/

• EDANZ JOURNAL SELECTOR HTTPS://WWW.EDANZEDITING.COM/JOURNAL-SELECTOR

• FIND MY JOURNAL HTTPS://FINDMYJOURNAL.COM/

• COFACTOR JOURNAL SELECTOR HTTP://COFACTORSCIENCE.COM/JOURNAL-SELECTOR

• JOURNAL ARTICLE NAME ESTIMATOR (JANE) HTTP://JANE.BIOSEMANTICS.ORG/

• PUBMED PUBREMINDER HTTP://HGSERVER2.AMC.NL/CGI-BIN/MINER/MINER2.CGI

• DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS (DOAJ) HTTPS://DOAJ.ORG/

• WILEY FIND JOURNAL HTTPS://AUTHORSERVICES.WILEY.COM/AUTHOR-RESOURCES/JOURNAL-AUTHORS/FIND-A-

JOURNAL/INDEX.HTML

6.3. SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPT

WE SHOULD CONSIDER NUMEROUS FILES TO PROCEED FOR SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPT

(MUST CONSIDER AUTHORS GUIDELINES)

• COVER LETTER

• SUGGESTED REVIEWERS

• LIST OF CONFLICTED REVIEWERS

• AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY

• RESEARCHER IDENTITY (CREATE ACCOUNT ON JOURNAL’S WEBSITE USING EMAIL WITH THE

CORRECT INFORMATION)

• GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

• HIGHLIGHTS

• FIGURES AND TABLE FILES

• MANUSCRIPT FILE

COVER LETTER FOR SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPT

To,

Dear Editor-in-Chief “Journal of Membrane Science”,

Submission of a draft of manuscript “Flexible and Self-Healable Aqueous Poly (N, N-dimethylacrylamide) Hydrogel

Electrolytes for Supercapacitor Prototype” for exclusive consideration of publication as an original research article in

Journal of Membrane Science.

This submission is guaranteed with the confirmation that the abovementioned manuscript has not been published,

accepted for publication elsewhere or under editorial review for publication elsewhere; and that my Institute’s (University of

Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) representative is fully aware of this submission.

This manuscript emphasized on synthesis and characterization of poly (N, N-dimethylacrylamide) hydrogel electrolytes and

their applications in supercapacitor prototype. In this study, we propose

This work is quite novel in synthesis and new in the field of supercapacitor. This work leads researchers towards the

introduction of hydrogel electrolytes in supercapacitor prototype and overcome the draw backs of liquid electrolytes.

Our manuscript creates a paradigm for future studies in the improvement of electrolytes.

Thank you

Yours Sincerely,

Prof. Dr. Ramesh T. Subramaniam

Centre of Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur (50603), Malaysia

To Whom

Subject

Declaration

Summary of

manuscript

Significance of manuscript

for the Journal

Your Name and affiliation

Novelty

Thanks

After the initial assessment the manuscript is observed deeply as;

Publishing space is limited

“ find Journal whose readers would be interested

to read your research”

Editor usually look at the following points

What Editor Look for Suitability

of manuscript?Where the Editor Look?

6.4.

USUAL REVIEWER PERSPECTIVE

MOSTLY, THE REVIEWERS WANT TO CHECK YOUR MANUSCRIPT BASED ON THE FOLLOWING

CRITERIA:

• IS THE MANUSCRIPT PRESENTED IN AN OBVIOUS FASHION

• WRITTEN IN STANDARD ENGLISH?

• IS THE METHODOLOGY CORRECT?

• IS THE MANUSCRIPT TECHNICALLY SOUND, AND DATA SUPPORT THE CONCLUSIONS?

• HAS THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS (IF ANY) BEEN PERFORMED APPROPRIATELY AND

RIGOROUSLY?

• ALL DATA UNDERLYING THE FINDINGS IN THE MANUSCRIPT IS FULLY AVAILABLE?

• IS THE WORK REPEATABLE OR REPRODUCIBLE?

• ARE THE REFERENCES UP-TO-DATE AND SUFFICIENT?

• ARE THE METRICS PROPER AND SUFFICIENT?

RESPONSE TO REVIEWER

➢ WELCOME THE EVALUATION FROM REVIEWER EVEN NOT APPROPRIATE

➢ TRY YOUR BEST TO RESPOND IN A POSITIVE WAY

➢ PUT EXTREME EFFORTS TO CONVINCE REVIEWER

➢ DO NOT BE HARSH. REPLY POLITELY

➢ FIND POSITIVE WAY EVEN ON SILLY QUERY

➢ SOME COMMENTS IMPLICITLY TELL YOU THAT YOUR WRITING IS NOT CLEAR.

➢ WRITE THE RESPONSE POINT BY POINT.

➢ DO NOT ADD THE UNREQUESTED MATERIALS UNLESS NECESSARY

➢ DO NOT MAKE THE BLEND OF ALL COMMENTS.

➢ REPLY SEPARATELY TO EACH REVIEWER ON SAME QUERY AS WELL

➢ HIGHLIGHT THE CORRECTIONS WITH DIFFERENT COLOURS

➢ RESPONSE TO REVIEWER FILE MUST BE SEPARATE THAN THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT FILE

➢ COPY PASTE THE COMMENT FROM REVIEWER. DO NOT WRITE IN YOUR WORDS

OPEN ACCESS

• GREEN OPEN ACCESS

NOBODY PAY BUT AUTHORS SELF-ARCHIVE THE COPY THROUGH DIFFERENT ONLINE SOURCES

• GOLD OPEN ACCESS

PUBLISH BY OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS AND PAYMENT IS MADE BY ANY INDIVIDUAL, FROM SOME FUNDING OR

ORGANIZATION AND AVAILABLE TO ANYONE

6.5 REJECTION OF MANUSCRIPT

1. THE REASONS OF REJECTION ARE:

❖ THE ARTICLE CONTAINS ELEMENTS THAT ARE SUSPECTED TO BE PLAGIARIZED,

❖ IT IS CURRENTLY UNDER REVIEW AT ANOTHER JOURNAL.

❖ REPUBLISHING ARTICLES OR PARTS OF ARTICLES,

❖ USING TEXT OR IMAGES WITHOUT PERMISSION.

❖ THE MANUSCRIPT IS NOT COMPLETE; IT MAY BE LACKING KEY ELEMENTS SUCH AS THE

TITLE, AUTHORS, AFFILIATIONS, KEYWORDS, MAIN TEXT, REFERENCES, TABLES AND/OR

FIGURES).

❖ THE ENGLISH IS NOT SUFFICIENT FOR THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS.

❖ THE FIGURES ARE NOT COMPLETE OR NOT CLEAR.

❖ THE ARTICLE DOES NOT CONFORM TO THE “GUIDE FOR AUTHORS” OF THE JOURNAL

❖ REFERENCES ARE INCOMPLETE, INACCESSIBLE AND/OR NOT UP-TO-DATE.

2. IT IS INCOMPREHENSIBLE (UNCLEAR ENOUGH)

• THE LANGUAGE, STRUCTURE, OR FIGURES ARE SO POOR THAT IT CANNOT BE EVALUATED.

3. IT DOES NOT FALL WITHIN THE AIMS AND SCOPE OF THE JOURNAL

4. NOVELTY

• THE ARTICLE CONTAINS OBSERVATIONS BUT LACK OF NOVELTY

• IS NOT SIGNIFICANT IN COMPARISON TO THE REPORTED WORK

5. THE PROCEDURES OF THE WORK SEEM TO BE INSIGNIFICANT OR DEFICIENT

• THE STUDY USES PROCEDURES OR METHODOLOGY THAT IS NOT REPEATABLE.

• THE STATISTICAL RESULTS ARE ABNORMAL AND SEEM INVALID

6. THE IDEA OF THE RESEARCH HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM ANY OTHER PAPER AND HAS NOT BROADER PERSPECTIVE

• IDEA IS NOT NEW JUST SMALL MODIFICATION OF REPORTED WORK

• CHOPPED TO MAKE MORE PUBLICATION AND NOT CLEAR

7. REPETITION

• SAME TERMS AND WORDING IS REPEATING

• NOT INTERESTING FOR READERS

• BORING

6.6. NEXT STEP AFTER REJECTION

APPEAL TO EDITOR

• APPEAL WITH SOME LOGIC (DON’T DO THAT)

• ALWAYS POLITELY NOT EMOTIONALLY

• APPEAL SHOULD BE BASED SOME OBSERVED FACTS RELATED TO THE WRONG QUERY

• DO NOT ARGUE

• WRITE APPEAL LETTER POINT BY POINT

RESUBMIT TO THE SAME JOURNAL

• RESUBMIT TO THE SAME JOURNAL AFTER RESPONDING TO THE COMMENTS

• AVOID RESUBMISSION IF EDITOR WRITE CLEARLY THAT THEY ARE NOT INTERESTED ANY MORE

SUBMIT TO A DIFFERENT JOURNAL

• MAKE CHANGES AND SUBMIT TO OTHER SUITABLE JOURNAL

• FORMAT ACCORDINGLY AND CHANGE COVER LETTER

SUBMISSION TO ANOTHER JOURNAL WITHOUT CHANGES

• SUBMIT WITHOUT CHANGES

• IT IS NOT GOOD APPROACH BECAUSE SAME REVIEWER CAN REVIEW YOUR PAPER.

NEVER RESUBMIT MANUSCRIPT

• NOT A GOOD IDEA AT ALL, HOWEVER, YOU CAN POST YOUR WORK TO FIGSHARE OR DRYAD.