writing and “reference” ifá divination

7/29/2019 Writing and “Reference” Ifá Divination

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”Qritila‛ elb ”Xfgfrfljf‛ il Igå Bivileticl Jdelts

Ebéménä Ebéä nc

Il Oumy 5491, Hisdcp J. Pdimmips, e mfebila kfkhfr cg tdf Ycrùhå-spfenila jmfray cg tdf

Elamijel Jdurjd il Liafrie, preisfb Xfv. F. K. Mioebu’s jckkflterifs cl Igå bivileticl stcrifs

es e hcmb girst stfp tcwerbs ulbfrstelbila tdf hesis cg tdf biseppciltila rfsumt cg fvelafmizeticl

il tdf Ycrùhå kissiclery gifmb. Rdilnila cg jclvfrsicl wcrn il wergerf tfrks, Hisdcp Pdimmips hfmifvfb Mioebu’s jcmmfjticl elb jckkfltery tc hf e hrimmielt rfjclleisseljf (Mioebu 5494?2)?

Hë e nø hå rë íbë ihi të eahåre c tå ahé wà, e nø mä Ṫf aul wc l. Hë àwe Nristiel nø hå kc íbë ísíl àwc l

Nägärë àti àwc l Íkàmf, e ní yúø mä ahé ídílrfrf Nristi sëwåoÿ wc l më c là të yúø st nå wc l måre.

Ig wf bc lct mcjetf tdf scurjf cg cur flfkifs’ strflatd, wf jellct bfgfet tdfk. Ig wf Jdristiels bc

lct getdck tdf gculbeticl cg peael elb Ismekij bfvcticl, wf wimm lct hf ehmf tc prfsflt Jdrist’s

acspfm tc tdfk il its kcst eppfemila gcrk.

Rdf hisdcp emsc bfjrifb tdf ulgcrtuletf ettitubf tdet kismfb Jdristiel kissiclerifs il Ycrùhå-

spfenila rfaicls tc gcraft dcw tdf kestfry cg prf-Jdristiel prejtijfs dfmpfb jclvfrsicl il

hihmijem pmejfs elb tikfs.5 Gcr lct ejtila fermy flcuad cl prf-Jdristiel Ycrùhå rfmiaicl, Hisdcp

Pdimmips rfhunfs gfmmcw scmbifrs gcr tdfir iltfmmfjtuem errcaeljf elb oubafs uljclsjiclehmf tdfir

hfmifg tdet tdfy jcumb fggfjtivfmy prfejd elb jclvfrt witdcut ulbfrstelbila tdf tdcuadt hesis

ekcla tdf pfcpmf wdck tdfy erf jderafb witd pfrsuebila ehcut tdf Acspfm (ibfk)?

Ṩùahú l àwe ł oe caul àti-st ídílrfrf Nristi kÿmf li imf we måí wå íbë ísíl àtc wc bc wc àwc l hàhå we

të ú lë eahåre túhé f múrë àwc l Nägärë. Lëtcrë låà li íwàåsù we nø lë eahåre tú hé f múrë wc l. Økëràl

lëlÿ wc l rø pé àíkc li ú of në àwe kåe sc ísc nÿsc së ísíl wc l.

Qf strivf tc pmelt Jdrist’s acspfm il cur jcultry witdcut rfsferjdila tdf vfry strcla, emhfit peael,

eljiflt hfmifgs cg cur getdfrs. Gcr tdet rfescl cur prfejdila prcbujfs mittmf ikpejt. Vlnlcwl

lukhfrs ekcla tdfk hfmifvf tdet wf bfribf tdfir rfmiaicls hfjeusf wf nlcw lctdila ehcut tdfk.

Crem Rrebiticl, 86/8 (8050)? 84:-:0:

5 Dis fxekpmfs iljmubf Peum’s mferlila Ofwisd trebiticls ulbfr Aekemifm elb dis stubyila Arffn ibcmetry etRersus. Hisdcp Pdimmips emsc ettrihutfs Kcsfs’ sujjfss il tdf Fxcbus tc dis iltiketf nlcwmfbaf cg Fayptiel rfmiaicls.



Pfrdeps tdf kcst ikpcrtelt chsfrveticl Hisdcp Pdimmips kebf il tdet sdcrt prfgejf

jcljfrls tdf fggfjt tdet puhmisdila Igå bivileticl stcrifs il hccn gcrk wcumb devf cl ulhfmifvfrs

(ibfk)?

Lëahà të àwc l të ú łnc Igå súrë hå kc pé wc l mä ne Cbù Igå lëlÿ íwé, kc rø pé yúø Ṫë wc l múrë måti

nú íwé nënà, àti måti st c rc ilÿ Hëhémí wé ti Cbù Igå. Qc l yúø sí rë äyë të ú sàl où gÿl ere wc l.

I hfmifvf tdet wdfl rctf mferlfrs cg Igå stcrifs bisjcvfr tdet tdfy jel rfeb tdf Cbù il e hccn, tdfy

wimm sffn mitfrejy feafrmy, aeil tdf jepejity tc jckperf tdf Hihmf witd Igå stcrifs, elb bisjcvfr cl

tdfir cwl tdf kfrit cg tdf supfricr tfxt.

Hy jestila Igå stcrifs il e rfmetivfmy pfrkelflt kfbiuk, Jdristiel kissiclerifs wcumb hf

jrfetila e sfmg-rfgmfjticl epperetus gcr tdf mitfretf lclhfmifvfr witd wdijd tc jritijemmy fxekilf

tdf spdfrfs cg tdcuadt ditdfrtc jcltrcmmfb hy tdf auimb cg bivileticl prifsts, tdf hehemåwc. Renila

bivileticl stcrifs tc hf Igå’s keil tccm cg kilb jcltrcm, Hisdcp Pdimmips rfjckkflbfb prilt

bissfkileticl cg tdfsf lerretivfs es e kfels cg grffila tdf jritijem gejumty cg lcl-Jdristiels grcktdf sdrcub cg sfjrfjy (ewc) witd wdijd Igå prifsts bfjfivfb Ycrùhå pfcpmf tdrcuad tdf eafs.

Prilt tfjdlcmcay, df tdcuadt, wcumb sfperetf kystfry (ewc) grck its juretcrs (hehemåwc). Gcr

Hisdcp Pdimmips, tdf bffp sfjrft cg prf-Jdristiel Ycrùhå wcrsdip mey lct il sjumpturfb ijcls hut

il tdf rfesclila tdet ilspirfb bivileticl stcrifs. Ig tdf stcrifs wfrf jclvfrtfb tc pcrtehmf

pejneafs jckperehmf tc tdf Hihmf, tdf clmy hccn eutdcrfb hy tdf truf Acb, tdfl tdf tdfcmcaijem

frrcrs cg Ycrùhå rfmiaicl jcumb hf fesimy pciltfb cut. Il e pempehmf, sjriptfb sdepf, ilbiaflcus

rfmiaicus tdcuadt jcumb hf quctfb, bisputfb, elb fxpcsfb.

Qitdil Hisdcp Pdimmips’ keligfst bfsirf tc ejjfmfretf jclvfrsicl tdrcuad e mitfrejy

jekpeial sits e lctijfehmf ”leticlemist‛ bispmfesurf et tdf jclbfsjflsicl cg gfmmcw kissiclerifs

wdc kistccn tdf distcrijem mejn cg priltfb sjripturfs ekcla tdf Ycrùhå es e sial cg hejnwerblfss (ibfk)?

àwå st coÿ nénfré wc àwc l nägärë imf we lëtcrë pé wc l nø lë íwé. Hf f li àwe kc pé ú lë iyf f nú të

älíyàl łnc në e tú ahàå hë hehemåwc. Äbä Igå oilmf aibiaibi.

Qf hfmittmf tdf iltfmmiafljf cg tdf peaels cg cur jcultry hfjeusf tdfy bc lct devf writtfl

sjripturfs, wdfl tdf situeticl sdcws tdet hehemåwc treilila ilvcmvfs trumy fxtflbfb elb riacrcus

treilila. Igå bisjcursf is vfry prcgculb.

Hisdcp Pdimmips sffks tc ilsiluetf tdet ig tdf situeticl wfrf tc hf jclsibfrfb witdcut prfoubijf,tdf ulhfmifvfrs cg ”cur melb‛ devf eutdcrfb ”hccns‛ weitila tc hf trelsjrihfb elb elemyzfb.

Emtdcuad dis fssey stcps sdcrt cg seyila tdet Igå stcrifs jclstitutf e hccn, ky jderejtfrizeticl il

tdis pepfr cg Igå bisjcursf es bfvcmvila erculb writila sderfs Hisdcp Pdimmips’ rfprfsflteticl cg

tdf stcrytfmmila fmfkflts cg Igå bivileticl ilgrestrujturf es el ilstitutfb, burehmf sialigijeticl

systfk.8

842 EBÉMÉNÄ EBÉÄ NC

8 Rdcsf erf tdf tfrks Oejqufs Bfrribe usfs tc bfsjrihf aflfrem writila il Cg Arekketcmcay (5917).



Hisdcp Pdimmips iscmetfb twc qufsticls tdet pfrsist il ejebfkij stubifs cg Igå? (5) Bcfs tdfbivileticl systfk, fspfjiemmy tdf jcltflts cg tdf stcrifs, fmehcretf e uligifb Ycrùhå tdfcmcaijem cr pdimcscpdijem vifwpcilt3 elb, (8) Erf Igå bivileticl stcrifs crejumer uttfreljfs cr geljy-brivfl pcftij ilvflticls3 Rdfsf qufsticls rfgmfjt tdf jcljfrls cg twc tflbfljifs il Igå stubifs? grck tdfilsibf, prcgfssiclem justcbiels cg Igå bivileticl stcrifs, mfelila dfevimy cl mitfrem essfrticls cg

tdf stcrifs, jmeik bivilf criails gcr tdf lerretivfs tc werrelt prcjmeketicls cl tdf leturf cg emmtdilas elb ibfes‒iljmubila ibfes elb tdcuadts ehcut tdilas elb ibfes‒ejrcss tikf elb spejf>grck tdf cutsibf, tdf rebijem pcmytdfisk cg rfmiaicus ibfltigijeticl il trebiticlem Ycrùhårùhåscjiftifs fljcureafs snfptijs tc suspfjt Igå’s fxjmusivf errcaeticl cg tdfcmcaijem jfltremity tcitsfmg. Es Neril Herhfr’s rfjflt stuby (5990) ikpmifs, sjdcmers kenf Igå tdf jfltrem bivility ilYcrùhå rfmiaicl hfjeusf tdfy tcc fesimy ejjfpt Igå’s cwl fmehcretf sfmg-oustigijeticls, pertijumermyits stcrifs ehcut itsfmg. Zjdcmers elb bivilfrs spfen es ig tdf immustretivf stcrifs usfb il Igåjclsumteticl erf petfltmy auimfmfss elb tdfrfgcrf tdfir bivilf eutdcrsdip esjfrteilfb. QålbfEhëkhc må’s (5911?5) rfpcrt cg dis ilgcrkelts’ hfmifg tdet tdf girst-delb nlcwmfbaf tdf bivileticl

Acb, Ø rÿlkímà, aeilfb hy virtuf cg dis prfsfljf et jrfeticl is tdf scurjf cg tdf bisjmcsurfsystfk df supfrvisfs burila bivileticl, immustretfs Herhfr’s pcilt vfry wfmm. Il Ehëkhc må’sejjcults, Igå’s bivileticl prcjfburfs erf rftrifvem kfjdelisks tdet ejjfss tdf jcrpus cg prikcrbiem nlcwmfbaf stcrfb il (elb es) bivileticl stcrifs. Df essfrts, gcr fxekpmf, tdet ”Igå wes put il jderaf cg bivileticl hfjeusf cg dis arfet wisbck wdijd df ejquirfb es e rfsumt cg dis prfsfljf hy tdf sibf cg tdf Emkiadty wdfl tdf mettfr jrfetfb tdf ulivfrsf. Igå tdfrfgcrf nlfw emmtdf dibbfl sfjrfts cg tdf ulivfrsf. Dfljf, dis preisf-lekf EnéréstlÿṪc ahú l (tdf skemm clf wdcis gumm cg wisbck)‛ (5911?5). Emtdcuad df bcfs lct trust tdf trutd jmeiks cg Igå’s sfmg-oustigyilalerretivfs, Xfv. Mioebu, minf Ehëkhc må, bcfs lct qufsticl Igå’s jfltremity, fvfl il tdf merafmyelteaclistij girst vcmukf cg dis stubifs. Mioebu jcltfsts tdf tdfcmcaijem hesis cg kely stcrifs, hut

ejjfpts tdf pmejfkflt cg Ø rÿlkímà lfxt tc tdf Emkiadty (5494?51-54)?

àwc l hàhå we kc , wc l së lë íkc låà më ärø lëahà ahcahc, wc l nø sí Ṫf tàhëtàhë në wc l tú of wc íkc

yíë pé F li nel ḳ hf të ë Ṫf F mé bàå cdul ahcahc, të ë Ṫf Cmÿwe cdul ahcahc, të ú sí lë ipe, c må àti

eahåre ahcahc, Cmÿwe rf låà li wc l łpä më C mc rul Cmúbùkerä tàhë C he c rul ^. . .[ Cmúbùkerä ti st

F li nel Ṫf ihínfoí ere Xf , Øul à sí kåe pf Cmÿwe rä së íkc lëlÿ cdul ahcahc, Øul å sí kåe st cdul

ahcahc dàl ål, Øul sí gë i Ṫf f mf ríë ere Xf lilu cdul ahcahc, túhé f të nø së cdul të Cmúbùkerä kc të

Cmÿwe rf låà nø kc , nø sí së cdul të Cmúbùkerä rë të Øul nø rë. F li låà li wc l łpä lë ”Ø rÿlkímà,

F mé ríë ípël, ihínfoí Cmúbùkerä.‛ Mc bc f li yíë línel li wc l sí ahàahc pé älíyàl mä ahú øbcbc cdùl

f lu àti ígf ilÿ Cmúbùkerä.

Cur gcrfgetdfrs nlfw, emweys deb tdf nlcwmfbaf il tdfk, elb bib lct weivfr il witlfssila tdet

tdfrf is e Hfila hy wdck emm tdilas wfrf kebf, tdf Mcrb wdcsf kiadt, amcry, elb pcwfr surpess

emm. Rdet Hfila tdfy lekfb es Acb Emkiadty cr Dfevflmy Nila ^. . .[ Acb des hy dis sibf e sfjclb

fltity tc wdck df bisjmcsfs tdf nlcwmfbaf cg emm tdilas elb il wdck df rfpcsfs emm jclgibfljf

sujd tdet fvfrytdila tdf Emkiadty nlcws tdis pfrscl nlcws, elb fvfrytdila tdf Emkiadty sffs, df

tcc sffs. Rdis pfrscl is tdf clf jemmfb ”Ø rÿlkímà, tdf witlfss tc tdf emmctkflt cg bfstily, sfjclb

tc tdf Emkiadty.‛ Rdis pfrscl is tdf clmy truf scurjf cg Emkiadty Acb’s pmels.

”QXIRILA‛ ELB ”XFGFXFLJF‛ IL IGÅ BIWILERICL JDELRZ 846



Emtdcuad prcgfssiclem iltfrfsts jcumb devf jeusfb tdf prfgfrkflt cg Ehëkhc må’s ilgcrkelts, tdf

ebkireticl cg ilbiaflcus Jdristiel kissiclerifs minf Pdimmips elb Mioebu gcr tdf prckisf tdet Igå

stcrifs dcmb gcr systfketizila Ycrùhå tdfcmcay suaafsts tdet kcrf tdel sfmgisd acems erf ilvcmvfb

il tdf wey Igå is ulbfrstccb.:

Qdimf I bc lct sderf tdf prcsfjutcriem iljmileticl cg Herhfr’s fssey, I ek sykpetdftij tc

dfr ketfriemist, tfxt-crifltfb elemysis cg tdf iljcrpcreticl kfjdelisks witd wdijd Igå bisjcursf prfsflts‒bfgilitfmy lct bisauisfs‒its cpfreticls es ulqufsticlehmy peltdfistij. I prcpcsf il tdis

pepfr tdet Igå bivileticl bisjcursf dcmbs tdf ettflticl cg its purvfycrs hfjeusf it fkpdesizfs el

chofjtivf, arepdfketij epprcejd tc jclstitutila iltfmmfjtuem prchmfks, kftdcbs cg elemysis, elb

kfels cg tfesila cut scmuticls. I hfail witd e hrifg fxpmijeticl cg tdf bivileticl prcjfssfs, tdf

ulbfrmyila rfesclila, elb tdf aflfrem prchmfks cg ilquiry tdet tdf systfk reisfs. Ky flsuila

elemysis cg tdf rfmeticlsdip cg stcrytfmmila tc ilsjripticls sdcws tdet tdf rfgfrfltiem rfmeticlsdip

hftwffl tdfsf twc keil fmfkflts cg tdf Igå bivileticl systfk is tdf mcjeticl grck wdijd

prejtiticlfrs bfrivf tdfir eutdcrity gcr jrfetila lerretivf kctigs elb jckkfltery-kenila. Rdf

ertijmf jcljmubfs witd e bisjussicl cg dcw tdf sekf rfgfrfltiem aep flehmfs e vifw cg tikf tdet

emmcws bivileticl jmiflts tc keleaf e jcdfrflt rfmeticlsdip tc tdf pest, tdf cstflsihmf scurjf cgtdf scmuticls tc tdfir jcltfkpcrery prchmfks.

Qritila il Igå

Rdf gculbeticl cg elemysis il Igå is e systfketizfb

arepdij trelsmeticl cg tdf rfsumts cg tdf relbck prfsflteticl cg

tdf bivileticl chofjts, ekcla wdijd tdf jdeil (c pf mf ) elb pemk

luts (inil) erf tdf kcst prfstiaicus. Rc bivilf witd luts, tdf

prifst dcmbs sixtffl rituemmy seljtigifb pemk luts il dis cr dfr pemks, sdenfs tdfk wfmm, elb tenfs cut e huljd witd tdf riadt

delb. Ig twc luts rfkeil il tdf mfgt pemk, tdf bivilfr kenfs clf

sdcrt vfrtijem gilafrtip ikprilt cl tdf gilf selb sprfeb cut cl tdf

bivileticl trey. Ig clf lut rfkeils, twc ikprilts erf kebf. Ig

kcrf tdel twc cr lclf rfkeil, lc sial is ikpriltfb. Qdfl e

jdeil cg fiadt, dcmmcwfb, demg bivileticl lut sdfmms, ettejdfb gcur

fejd tc twc sibfs cg e strila is tdf prfgfrrfb ilstrukflt, tdf

bivileticl prcjfss is e mittmf biggfrflt. Rdf bivilfr dcmbs up tdf

strila elb tdfl brcps it cl tdf skemm bivileticl spejf il grclt cg

dik cr dfr. Rdf prfsflteticl cg fejd tdrcw is trelsjrihfb cl tdf trey. E lut tdet gemms witd its”jcljevf illfr surgejf upwerb‛ ilbijetfs twc ikprilts> clf tdet gemms witd tdf jclvfx sibf up

ilbijetfs clf ikprilt. Prcbujila rfebehmf ilsjripticls is chvicusmy gestfr witd tdf jdeil kftdcb.

Il fitdfr kftdcb tdf prifst rfebs tdf ikprilts, tcp bcwl, riadt sibf girst, tc ibfltigy wdijd cg tdf

sixtffl hesij ulits cg Igå arepdfkfs (cbù igå) is prfsfltfb. Ibfltigyila tdf ulits jmufs tdf bivilfr

es tc wdijd stcrifs tc tfmm tc immustretf tdf prchmfks rfvfemfb hy tdf bivileticl Acb, elb tc

IGÅ Bivileticl ”Qritila‛ jdert(jmijn ikeaf ehcvf gcr gumm-rfscmuticl vfrsicl)


: Xfv. Oekfs Ocdlscl (5499?59) bfjmerfs Igå tc hf ”tdf arfet Crejmf cg tdf Ycrùhå jcultry.‛

http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/ecompanions/25ii/full/adeeko.html



bfjipdfr wdet rituem sejrigijfs cr hfdevicrem jdelafs tc prfsjrihf. Rdf jestila, ikpriltila, elblerretila prcjfss typijemmy sterts egtfr tdf jmiflt des wdispfrfb dis cr dfr purpcsf iltc sckftcnfls, wdijd jcumb hf kclfy, kixfb up witd tdf bivileticl chofjts. Rdf sial rfvfemfb elb tdfimmustretivf stcrifs tcmb kust hfer sckf emmfacrijem sfkhmeljf tc tdf prchmfks tdf jmiflt welts tcscmvf.

Wirtuemmy emm Igå sjdcmers earff cl tdf lekfs, visihmf eppfereljf, elb crbfr cg tdfjderejtfrs tdet kenf up tdf hesij lcteticl systfk (tdf arepdfkfs)? Cahä is il tdf girst pcsiticl,Ø yf nÿ il tdf sfjclb, elb Øgÿl il tdf sixtffltd. Il prejtijem jculsfmila, tdf hesij ulits kustbcuhmf tc prcbujf e biealcsis elb/cr prcalcsis. E pettfrl tdet sialems Ø yf nÿ cl tdf riadt elbCahä cl tdf mfgt is lekfb Ø yf nÿmúahä ‒it is Cahäyf nÿ, ig tdf ctdfr wey rculb‒elb clf tdetsdcws Øgÿl cl hctd sibfs is Øgÿl Kéoí (Bcuhmfb Øgÿl).2 Rdf ilsjripticls issuf grck e arib tdetis systfketijemmy strujturfb sc tdet lekila frrcrs jel hf gixfb witd mittmf fggcrt.6

Rdf gculbeticlem rcmf cg tdf ilsjripticl systfk il Igå bivileticl bistilauisdfs it es e”mitfretf‛ mferlfb kfels cg ilquiry‒Igå is jckkclmy jemmfb emånc wé , tdf sjrihf cr mitfretf clf‒ elb lct e sfeljf cr ctdfr nilb cg iltuitivf, keaijem, cr ”aigtfb‛ gcrtulf tfmmila. Rdf prejtiticlfrs’

mflatdy elb riacrcus treilila gurtdfr fldeljfs Igå’s ikeaf cg dclfst bfbijeticl elb bisjipmilf.Xfgfrfljfs tc tdf prcgfssicl il fvfrybey spffjd fxtcm dclfsty elb streiadtgcrwerblfss. Rdfseyila ”e níë Ṫewc nå purc ‛ (”tdf pfrscl swcrl tc tdf bivileticl prcgfssicl jellct mif‛) ettfstsexicketijemmy tc tdf bivilfr’s trutdgumlfss. Cg jcursf, prcgfssiclem prejtijfs elb rituems mflb tdfilsjripticl systfk el eir cg kystfry, ig lct kystijisk. Rc tdf ultreilfb chsfrvfr, tdf miln hftwffl pemk lut kelipumeticl (cr strila jestila) elb rfebehmf, visihmf ikprilts is tdcrcuadmycjjumtij. Lclftdfmfss, tdf jrfbit gcr tdet eure hfmclas merafmy tc tdf jclsistflt esscjieticl cglekfb, visihmy fkhcbifb sials witd crejumer rfvfmeticls il tdf bisjcursf. Bivilfrs aeil rfspfjtelb jckkelb ettflticl hfjeusf tdfy cpfretf es bisiltfrfstfb eaflts cg e bisjmcsurf systfkeljdcrfb il el ilsjripticl sial systfk wdcsf prcbujticl is cutwerbmy ilbiggfrflt tc tdf

”writfr’s‛ tikf- elb spejf-hculb wimm. Rdf kutf sial’s mejn cg pessicl, clf wey cr tdf ctdfr,ehcut tdf jesf prfsfltfb elb its tdfcrftijem ehimity tc rfpfet jclsistfltmy tdf sekf sialigijeticlgcr emm jmiflts jellct hut ilbujf trust. Rdf lcteticl systfk, il tdfcry elb pfrjfpticl, rfkcvfs tdfilbivibuem prifst’s ilgmufljf elb wimm grck tdf iltfrjcursf hftwffl tdf jmiflt elb tdf witlfss tcjrfeticl, Ø rÿlkímà, wdc ilspirits Ø rÿlkímà’s nlcwmfbaf il tdf prfsflteticl cg tdf ketfriembivileticl ilstrukflt. Rdf lcteticl systfk, lct tdf dukel bivilfr, erhitretfs tdf kcst ikpcrteltstfps il tdf bisjcvfry elb bisjmcsurf prcjfssfs. Qdfl bivilfrs, iljmubila tdf kcstejjckpmisdfb, ettrihutf tdfir ejukfl gcr kenila jcrrfjt gilbilas tc Igå‒tdf gcrkume is ”Igå mú wë hf ä ‛ (”Igå rflbfrs it tdus‛)‒I bc lct hfmifvf dukimity kctivetfs tdfk> tdfy erf tcutila tdfsupfricrity cg tdfir ilstrukflts cg bisjcvfry.


2 Gcr bfteims cg tdf ilsjripticl cg prcjfss, sff Hesjck 5979?5:-58 elb 29-69> Ehëkhc må 5911?9-55. EgcmehiFpfae’s prejtiticlfr keluem (5941?1-:4) mists hy lekf elb visuem immustreticls emm tdf 867 pcssihmf ulits il tdfsystfk, grck Foicahé tc Cgÿls äé.

6 Gcr fxekpmf, el chvicus typcarepdijem kistenf il Ehëkhc må 5911 rfjcrbs sikimer arepdij kerns gcr hctdÍrøsùl (tdf gigtd hesij ulit) elb C hàrà (tdf sfvfltd). El ettfltivf rfebfr, witdcut hfila e treilfb hehemåwc, jeljcrrfjt tdf kistenf sikpmy hy gcmmcwila tdf crbfr cg twcs elb clfs. Zff emsc Hesjck 5975 gcr e bisjussicl cg tdf

priljipmfs tdet jel hf usfb tc jcrrfjt verieticls.



Mioebu’s wcrn cggfrs fvibfljf cg tdf ikpcrteljf cg ”writila‛ tc Igå’s prfstiaf. Emtdcuad

dis Jdristiel jemmila bfkelbs tdet df rfofjt Igå es ibcmetry‒wdijd df bcfs‒Mioebu ilitietfs dis

Igå stubifs hfjeusf tdf bisjcursf ilvcmvfs e meraf hcby cg fticmcaijem stcrifs. Rdf stcrifs erf tifb

tc el ilsjripticl systfk prfsukfb tc devf criailetfb witd e bfity hfmifvfb tc devf hffl

pdysijemmy prfsflt et tdf gcrketicl cg emm rfjcalizehmf tdilas. Il Igå bisjcursf, tdf aflfemcay cg

dukel prchmfks, egtfr pessila tdrcuad tdf Bivileticl Acb elb tdf systfk cg dclfst ilsjripticlsilstitutfb il dis lekf, acfs birfjtmy tc tdf Emkiadty. Il tdf sfjclb jdeptfr cg Igå (5494?:0),

Mioebu esns, ”Nëlli e mä pä lë Ístdàl-Ø rø C mú rul3 Në sí li f rë të e mä st kø c yàtø së ø rø këràl3‛ (”Qdet is e bivilf rfvfmeticl3 Elb wdet prccg bistilauisdfs it grck ctdfrs3‛) Df

elswfrs tdf qufsticl tdus? ”Ø rø C mc rul li äyë të e hå mä oé ríë pé C mc rul tínåre rä mi ú sc c gÿlahëahc tàhë të ú nc c sëmf gÿl nënà àwe älíyàl. Mf díl äyë‒Ø rø C mc rul li äyë të f linf li sc , tàhë tëú nc sëmf , íhå à Ṫf lëpe àṪf tàhë lëpe íkësë C mc rul tínårerä‛ (”Acb’s afluilf rfvfmeticls erf tdf

clfs gcr wdijd wf jel tfstigy trumy tdet df fitdfr spcnf birfjtmy tc us cr wrctf tdfk bcwl gcr us

tc rfeb. Acb’s afluilf rfvfmeticls jcumb emsc hf tdcsf spcnfl cr writtfl bcwl hy tdcsf birfjtmy

crbfrfb cr ilspirfb hy tdf Emkiadty tc bc sc.‛)

Rdf Acbdfeb is tdf criailem writfr elb spfenfr wdc birfjtmy bfmivfrs dis wisdfs ililsjrihfb cr spcnfl wcrbs. Df jcumb spfen tc gevcrfb mistflfrs elb bijtetf tc jdcsfl sjrihfs wdc

wcumb tdfl sflb gcrtd tdf wcrbs. Fitdfr wey, tdf kfbiuk‒wcrbs, writila surgejfs, cr tdf

ilspirfb ilbivibuem‒kust hf tcujdfb birfjtmy hy Acb il crbfr gcr tdf kfsseaf it hfers tc hf

vemib.

Igå bivileticl prctcjcms erf tdf jmcsfst el ”crem‛ scjifty jcumb bfvisf tc gumgimm tdf

rfquirfkflt cg afluilfmy bivilf writila elb spfenila, es Mioebu jcljfivfb tdfk. Ø rÿlkímà wes

jc-prfsflt witd tdf Emkiadty et tdf hfaillila cg tdilas. Rdf bivileticl Acb, snimmfb il

ilsjripticls, rfbujfs fvfrytdila tdf Emkiadty des bclf tc 867 sykhcms. Ø rÿlkímà bcfs lct

jrfetf tdilas. Df clmy trelsjrihfs tdf Emkiadty’s jrfeticls elb bfsials. Pfcpmf treilfb tc ejjfss

Ø rÿlkímà’s writila elb spffjd pcrtrey dik es jepehmf cg jcrrfjtila imm-getfb migf birfjticls(”etúrë f li të nø sulwc l Ṫf‛), lct hfjeusf df des pcssfssfs sckf kfjdelijem rf-flailffrila

pcwfrs hut hfjeusf dis fxjmusivf nlcwmfbaf cg tdf trelsjripticls cg tdf Acbdfeb’s iltflticls

jel cggfr jmufs tc tdf riadt petd. I wcumb

minf tc spfjumetf tdet Mioebu’s vfry jmcsf

stubyila cg Igå es e spfjikfl cg prf-

Jdristiel Ycrùhå tdfcmcay is hesfb cl tdf

prckilflt rcmf cg birfjt writila il tdf

bisjmcsurf systfk. Mioebu bcfs lct

jclbfkl Igå es e systfk cg birfjt bivilf

rfvfmeticl, prchehmy hfjeusf cg its jmcsftifs tc e kilikemmy kfbietfb writila

systfk. Df rfofjts Igå hfjeusf its stcrifs‒

elb lct its arepdij fljcbila‒ehcut

Acb’s truf leturf, truf wcrsdip, truf

dukel leturf, rfmeticlsdip tc dukels‒bc

lct quitf earff witd Hihmijem tflfts. Mioebu

is bissetisgifb witd Igå tfejdilas cl dukel


Bivileticl trey. Pdctc hy Dflry Brfwem, Vlivfrsity cgQisjclsil, Kebiscl.



leturf, fspfjiemmy rfaerbila bivilf trutd, tdf mcvf cg Acb elb cg gfmmcw kfl elb wckfl,dcmilfss, elb tdf bisiltfrfstfb sferjd gcr bivilf arejf tdet erf tcc mex elb tdfrfgcrfulkfritcricus il jckperiscl tc Jdristielity.

Xfgfrfljf il Igå

Bivileticl jcltilufs wdfl tdf prifst, devila jckpmftfb tdf trelsjripticl cg tdf rfvfemfbsial elb gcmmcwfb tdf sft strujturf cg tdf Igå stcry ulit (f sf ), rfjitfs e lerretivf wdcsf jfltremkctig ebbrfssfs e situeticl sikimer il sckf rfspfjt tc tdf prfbijekflt tdet tdf jmiflt sffns tcrfscmvf. Emm tdf stcrifs pcsf e prchmfk elb e prcteaclist, usuemmy il tdf gcrk cg el criailem jmiflt hfmifvfb tc hf tdf pfrscl gcr wdck tdf ilbijetfb stcry elb ilsjripticl wfrf girst bfvisfb. Rdfstcrifs emsc jclstrujt et mfest clf elteaclist, e sft cg rfscmuticls cr el fsjemeticl, elb tdf rfejticlcg tdf fltity wdc girst ebbrfssfb tdf prchmfk (Ehëkhc må 5917?2:-78> Hesjck 5979?580-:1>ọmetuloi 5942?581-:2). Bfetd (inÿ), bisfesf (àrùl), mcss (øgc ), jursf (äpä), peremysis (f ahà),

aflfrem kisgcrtulf (c ràl), iljerjfreticl (f wc l), ejjibflts (äṪf), elb witjdjregt (àof elb cṪú) erftdf kcst jckkcl elteaclists. Rdfsf prchmfks jel eggmijt e pfrscl et wimm. Clf’s flfkifs jelemsc jeusf tdfk tdrcuad sckf biehcmijem kejdileticls. Cppcsfb tc tdf elteaclists erf tdf bfermyscuadt aflfrem hmfssilas (irf) cg wfemtd (cwú), jdimbhferila (c kc ), accb dfemtd (àmàågëà), elbmclafvity (àínÿ). Rdf elteaclists rfprfsflt gcrjfs cg sijnlfss cr bisfesf elb prcteaclists tdcsf cgdfemtd cr wfmm hfila. Jcltrcm cg tdf jmiflt’s hcby elb/cr scjiem fxistfljf triaafrs giadtila hftwffl tdf twc arcups. Rdf stcry ulit (f sf ) des lc ilbfpflbfltmy vfrigiehmf fkhcbikflt il tdetit bcfs lct ettejd birfjtmy tc clf arepdfketij sial. Il fggfjt, tdf bivilfb ilsjripticls aflfretfstcrifs, lct pdclfkfs. Igå writila is kytdcarepdij retdfr tdel pdclcjfltrij. Rc quctf Bfrribe(5917?46), it ”spfmms its sykhcms pmuri-bikflsiclemmy,‛ elb its rfgfrflts erf ”lct suhofjt tc

sujjfssivity, tc tdf crbfr cg e mcaijem tikf, cr tc tdf irrfvfrsihmf tfkpcremity cg sculb.‛ R. K. Imfselki’s sjdfketij elemysis cg Igå ilsjripticls elb lerretivfs rfvfems e bffp-sfetfb hilerisk‒”eahåre kéoí tú sc eyé rú‛ (”tdf twc pcmfs cl wdijd fxistfljf suhtflbs‛)(8002?5:8)‒tdet Igå bivilfrs usf tc keleaf tdf ”pmuribikflsiclem‛ sialigijeticls cg tdfirwritila kftdcb. Ejjcrbila tc Imfselki,7 Igå prifsts esjrihf pcsitivf, irf (accb, bfsirehmf, wfmmscuadt), vemufs tc sckf fmfkflts elb lfaetivf, ehurÿ (heb, ulbfsirehmf, ehdcrrfb), vemufs tcctdfrs. Rdfy tif tdfsf vemufs tc tdf tfkpcrem crbfr cg eppfereljf? tdf girst tc eppfer is tdf kcst pcsitivf elb tdf lfxt clf mfss sc> clf lcteticl is pcsitivf elb twc lcteticls ilgfr e lfaetivf. Rdfsixtffl prikery giaurfs cg tdf cbù erf vemufb ejjcrbila tc dcw tdf ikpriltfb sials (clfs elbtwcs) elb tdf crbilem reln cg tdf prfsfltfb cbù (girst, sfjclb, ftj.) ebb up. Rdus Cahä, sialfb

witd emm clfs (elb lc twc), is rfmfltmfssmy pcsitivf (hé ä li) elb Øgÿl, emm twcs (elb lc clfs), isgriadtflilamy lfaetivf (hf ä nú ). Emtdcuad tdfsf twc sials erf relnfb girst elb sfjclb il tdf

crbilem systfk, tdfy erf ejtuemmy pcmer cppcsitfs il tdf ibfeticlem sjdfkf (5:2-:6)?


7 Imfselki is el crbeilfb Jetdcmij prifst elb prcgfsscr cg Ycrùhå stubifs et tdf Chegfki Ewcmcwc

Vlivfrsity, Imf-Igf. Rdrff piclffrila ilbiaflcus Igå sjdcmers, Pdimmips, Mioebu, elb Ocdlscl, wfrf Elamijel Jdurjd prifsts.



Àwc l cbù kéoí yíë mú te nc ere wc l où lëlÿ àhùbå clëhfoí hf f -li-hf f -nú. Ø nel nø lë hé f -nc rårå>

änfoí nø sí lë hf f -li cmúúnel. Nø së íahà të àwc l kéoääoí oc wë cdul nel låà. Ahcahc àwc l cbù

yøúnù mú lë hf f -li bëf , hé f -nc bëf lëlÿ. Lëlÿ c nel, irf mf pø ou ihi mc , lëlÿ økëràl, ihi mf pc ou irf mc .

Qàyë c, ipø të ihi àti irf wà te nc ere wc l. Iyf irf àti ihi nel låà li Äbë àti Íwørí lë Ṫùahc l wú l st ipø

te nc ere wc l.

Rdfsf twc cbù erf pcmer cppcsitfs il tdf pcsitivf elb lfaetivf hilery strujturf. Clf des lc

lfaetivf et emm> tdf ctdfr des lct clf pcsitivf. Et lc pcilt bc tdf twc cbù fxprfss tdf sekf

ettrihutfs. Emm tdf ctdfr cbù sials fxprfss e mittmf cg pcsitivf elb lfaetivf vemufs. Il sckf,

pcsitivfs cutlukhfr lfaetivfs> il ctdfrs, lfaetivfs cutlukhfr pcsitivfs. Rdf pcsiticlila cg tdf

ettrihutfs kiadt cppcsf fejd ctdfr. Äbë elb Íwørí fxprfss fquem lukhfr cg pcsitivfs elb lfaetivfs

hut il biggfrflt pcsiticls.

Imfselki jclstrujts twc vfry usfgum jderts cg tdf sials, tdf girst cg wdijd, rfprcbujfb hfmcw,

bfpijts tdf crbilem sfqufljf. Il tdis tehmf, ”+‛ rfprfsflts e pcsitivf vemuf, wdimf ”-‛ stelbs gcr e

lfaetivf.

++++ Cahä 5

---- C yf nÿ 8

-++- Íwørí :

+--+ Äbë 2

---+ Ø hàrà 6

+--- Ø nàlràl 7

--++ Írcsùl 1

++-- Ø wc lrël 4

-+++ Øaÿlbå 9

+++- Ø så 50

+-++ Írf tf 55

++-+ Øtÿrå 58

-+-- Øtÿrÿpc l 5:

--+- Ínå 52

-+-+ Ø sé 56

+-+- Ø gÿl 57

Ebeptfb grck Imfselki 8002?5:6.

Il tdis tehmf, Ø sf (56td) elb Ø gÿl (57td) devf tdf sekf lukhfr cg pcsitivf elb lfaetivf

ettrihutfs, hut tdfy erf pmejfb il cppcsitf pcsiticls. Ø sf cpfls witd e lfaetivf, gcmmcwfb hy

pcsitivf, lfaetivf, pcsitivf il tdet crbfr. Ø gÿl ulgcmbs il tdf ilvfrsf.

Imfselki eraufs tdet tdf essialkflt cg vemufs jcltrcms rfgfrfljfs il tdf cbù ilsjripticls.

Df rfprfsflts tdf ”illfr‛ cppcsiticls cg tdf cbù systfk es ebeptfb tc tdf gcmmcwila tehmfs?




++++ Cahä 5-+++ Øaÿlbå :+-++ Írf tf 6++-+ Øtÿrå 1--++ Írcsùl 9-+-+ Ø sé 55+--+ Äbë 5:---+ Ø hàrà 56+++- Ø så 57-++- Íwørí 52+-+- Ø gÿl 58++-- Ø wc lrël 50--+- Ínå 4-+-- Øtÿrÿpc l 7

+--- Ø nàlràl 2---- Ø yf nÿ 8

Ebeptfb grck Imfselki 8002?5:7.

Imfselki cggfrs lc spfjumeticl cl wdy tdf puhmij, cutfr, crbilem relnila biggfrs grck tdf illfrcrbfr. Lcr bcfs df sey wdy Igå prifsts bc lct usuemmy spfen cg tdf ulbfrmyila hilery witd wdijdtdfy cpfretf tdfir systfk. Rdf melaueaf cg dis jcljmusicl suaafsts, dcwfvfr, tdet tdfy kiadtdevf hffl prctfjtila tdfir auimb’s sfjrft? ”kéoí, kéoí li Igå Ṫf íahénemä ärø rf múrë eyé> tihi-tirf mú oc łríl pc lëlÿ ätø Igå. Íkø àhùbå clëhfoí mú mä Ṫë eṪc múoÿ féaul Igå‛ (”Igå’s jfltrem strujturf rfstscl e hilery bfsial il wdijd pcsitivfs elb lfaetivfs wemn delb il amcvf. Clmy tdf nlcwmfbaf cg

dcw hilery strujturfs wcrn jel ulkesn Igå‛) (527).Qf sdcumb lct gcraft tdet fvfl tdf cutfr crbfr tdet tdf prifsts prfsflt tc tdf ulilitietfb is

lct ulivfrsem. Qimmiek Hesjck rfjcrbfb tfl verieticls il Liafrie emclf, fiadt il Hflil elb Rcac,elb twc il Juhe. Kcrfcvfr, tdf prikery cbù ulits bc lct jerry ely rfebehmf sialigijeljf il prejtijem, prchmfk-scmvila bivileticl ultim bcuhmfb cr peirfb witd elctdfr. Rdis kfels tdet fejdjclsumteticl wcumb ilvcmvf crbfrila elb bfjcbila e kilikuk cg tdirty-twc lfaetivf elb pcsitivf vemufs. E bcuhmf Ø gÿl, gcr fxekpmf, wcumb devf tc hf errelafb tdus il tdf prifst’s kilb>tc tdf jmiflt, clmy tdf crbilem eppfereljf‒tdf twc jcmukls cg clfs elb twcs‒is visihmf?

Ø gÿl Kfoi (Bcuhmfb Ø gÿl)

Crbilem Eppferelelb jf Hesfb cl Clfswcs Illfr Ettrihutfselb Pcsitiesfb cl Lfaetivfvf WemufsI (+) I (+) +-+- +-+-II (-) II (-) +-+- +-+-I (+) I (+) +-+- +-+-II (-) II (-) +-+- +-+-




Imfselki’s snftjd cg tdf gculbeticl cg rfgfrfljf il Igå’s kytdcarepdy is stikumetila elbehscrhila. Dcwfvfr, tdfrf is lc fvibfljf tdet tdf tfkpcrem crbfr ikpmifb il tdf sfqufljf cg pcsitivfs elb lfaetivfs is rfpfetfb il tdf lerretivf pmcts cg tdf immustretivf stcrifs (f sf ). Rdet is,tdf ikpriltfb sials bc lct eppfer tc acvfrl tdf stcry ulits. Il crbfr gcr Imfselki’s ”rfvfmeticls‛tc wcrn gcr prejtijem jritijisk, wf lffb tc devf el ibfe cg dcw tdf vemufs eggfjt lerretivf

sfqufljf, tdf rfmeticl cg pmct bfteims tc tdf crbfrila cg vemufs, elb sc gcrtd. Rdf clmy fvibfljf I devf sffl gcr tdf pcssihmf pmcttila cg tdfketij jccrbileticl witd tdfikpriltfb sials il tdf stcrifs cjjurs il tdf Fpfae elb Lfikern jcmmfjticl (5996). Ztcrifs il tdisvcmukf bfkclstretf el ilsjripticl-acvfrlfb tdfketij ulity tdet clf bcfs lct gilb il fermifr puhmisdfb jcmmfjticls sujd es Hesjck’s (5979) cr Ehëkhc må’s (5979, 5911). Ztcrifs aetdfrfbulbfr tdf Øaÿlbå sial, gcr fxekpmf, rfvfem oubijicus eboubijeticl tc hf Øaÿl’s gcrtf. Il tdflerretivfs, Øaÿl, tdf Acb cg ircl, jrfetfs (bå) tdf petd tc hfila (c là íwà), elb ejts es tdfauereltcr cg hicmcaijem rfprcbujticl elb prcafly (í Ṫä bå ). Il tdf sekf kellfr, tdf rfscmuticl cgØ så stcrifs aflfremmy updcmbs tdf mitfrem amcssila cg tdf rcct wcrb, så, es devila tc bc witdgmffila gcr rfguaf. Ínå lerretivfs emsc suppcrt tdf ftykcmcay cg nå il kumtipmf rfgfrfljfs tc

fljirjmila, jirjuksjripticl, jirjukspfjticl, rfepila, hflbila, mikitila, elb sc cl. It is lct jmfertc kf wdftdfr tdf tdfketij ulity cg tdf Fpfae/Lfikern stcrifs rfgmfjts rfaiclem (Íof hÿ) verieticlscr wdftdfr tdf jccrbileticl is e rfsumt cg fbitcriem sfmfjticls auibfb hy e kcrf ”mitfrery‛sflsihimity. Qdimf guturf stubifs key rfvfem e jmcsfr rfmeticlsdip hftwffl tdf ilsjripticl bfteims elbtdf immustretivf stcrifs, sujd bisjcvfry wimm lct bikilisd tdf ikpcrteljf cg ilsjripticl gcr Igåbivileticl. Errivila et tdf riadt sial cpfls up jdellfms cg kfelila-aflfreticl tc bivilfrs elbjmiflts. Rdf jmiflt’s wdispfrila cg dis cr dfr bfsirfs elb jcljfrls iltc tdf bivileticl chofjt hrilas tdf pest cg tdf jmiflt tc tdf prfsfljf cg tdf prifst elb tdf ettflticl cg tdf bivileticl Acb’srfprfsfltetivf, tdf nfrlfm cr tdf jdeil, tdfsf hfila tdf keil twc bivileticl ilstrukflts tdrcuad

wdijd Ø rÿlkímà’s wisdfs erf ejjfssfb. Rdf ilsjripticls rfvfemfb hy tdf chofjts prfsflt trejfs cgtdf fkhmfketij prikcrbiem fvflts tc wdijd tdf bivileticl Acb wes e witlfss. Rdf sials emscilstiaetf bfmihfreticls cl wdet guturf ejticls tdf jmiflt sdcumb tenf. Il tdis crbfr cg fvflts, tdfaflfretfb ilsjripticls rfaumetf tdf rfmeticl cg tdf pest, tdf prfsflt, elb tdf guturf. Rdf jmiflt’sjcljfrls elb prchmfks hfmcla, minf tdf bivileticl Acb’s erjdftypem nlcwmfbaf, il tdf pest> tdf prifst’s vfrhem ertijumeticl cg sujd nlcwmfbaf hfmclas il tdf prfsflt> rfemizeticl cg tdf earffb-upcl scmuticls bfrivehmf grck tdf prfsflt iltfrprfteticl cg tdf bivilf jcbfs hfmclas il tdf guturf.

Rdf sekpmf scmuticls kcbfmfb il tdf lerretivf devf tdf jdeljf tc wcrn ig tdf jmiflt’sbispcsiticl dfmps tdf prcjfss. Ejticlehmf rfgfrfljf, es tdf stcry ulit cr es tdf birfjtivf rfsumtilagrck it, jckfs egtfr tdf ilsjripticl> it hfmclas il tdf guturf cg tdf ”mfttfr.‛ Rdilas jcumb lct hf

ctdfrwisf hfjeusf tdf pest (tdf ”distcrijem‛ rfgfrflt) cg tdf fltity I ek jemmila tdf mfttfr, tdet is,tdf ikpriltfb sial, hfmclas il tdf fxpfrifljf cg tdf bfity wdc witlfssfb jrfeticl et e kckflttdet lcw mifs pfrkelfltmy cutsibf cg ikkfbietf dukel jcaliticl. Rdis prcjfss rfvfems tdet Igå prejtijf bistilauisdfs vcijf grck arepd witdcut sfperetila tdfk> tdf ”mfttfr‛ bcfs lct jcrrfspclbtc e sculb hut tc e stelb-emclf prchmfk ulit. Ø rÿlkímà, tdf criailem writfr, bcfs lct rfeb dis tfxtvfrhemmy> tdf trelsjrihila bivilfr (tdf bfity’s ”writfspfrscl‛) wdc jel vfrhemizf tdf jcltflts cgtdf ilsjripticls bcfs lct ”writf.‛ Df cr sdf ilvflts scmuticls, hut tdfsf erf lct criailem tc tdfbivilfr.




Rdf spejf elb tikf mfgt fkpty hy e bisjcltiluity hftwffl tdf systfketij lcteticls elbtdf grff-gmcetila tdfkfs tdet tdfy aflfretf il stcrifs ilvitfs jckkfltery. Il tdet mcjeticl,”ikpmijit sialigijeticls‛ erf tfesfb cut, ”simflt bftfrkileticls‛ erf kebf, elb ”chsjurfbjcltflts‛ erf kebf keligfst (Gcujeumt 5919?526). Rdf jclsibfrehmf tikf elb iltfmmfjtuemfxpflsf tdet piclffr Ycrùhå Jdristiel kissiclerifs bfvctfb tc tdet mcjeticl is ilstrujtivf.

Hfmifvila tdet Igå stcrifs erf tdfcmcaijem es kflticlfb ehcvf, Mioebu gculb il tdf lerretivfsfvibfljf cg ebkirehmf Acbmilfss jckperehmf witd Jdristielity, hut wes fxespfretfb hy tdf sdffrdukelity cg tdf Acbdfeb‒el fltity wdc wcumb lct jckkelb e sikpmf ncme lut et wimm gcr dis pfrsclem usf elb wdc geims tc bftfjt tdet clf prfsfltfb tc dik hy e sejrigijf jerrifr wes pijnfbup grck e jrcssrcebs cggfrila. Mioebu (5494?:8) fxjmeiks, ”f mf yà li ahcahc ítàl yíë ‛ (”Rdfsfstcrifs erf uttfrmy jcltfkptucus‛) hfjeusf tdf Emkiadty tdfy pcrtrey is lct tdet kiadty. ”IrÿCmúbùkerä wc li fyi f oàrf!‛ (”Qdet e puly Acb tdis is!‛), df bfjmeiks. Neril Herhfr, ejcltfkpcrery sjdcmer, gilbs, gcr lcltdfcmcaijem rfescls, sckftdila ultcwerb il dcw”Qfstfrlizfb kfkhfrs cg tdf Ycrùhå fmitf,‛ iljmubila Mioebu, kclukfltemizfb Igå hy jcmmfjtila,trelsjrihila, elb ellctetila tdf lerretivfs rfjitfb hy jdcsfl prifsts, elb tdfl kisrfprfsfltfb tdf

tfxts, pfrdeps ulwittilamy, ”es e gixfb hcby cg nlcwmfbaf‛ (5990?591). Rdf fmitf emmcwtdfksfmvfs tc hf sfbujfb hy tdf huimt-il iljcrpcreticl stretfaifs cg tdf Igå bisjcursf tdet jest its prifst es sckfclf wdc fspcusfs e stcrifb ”hcby cg wisbck jcljfivfb cg es eltfricr elb fxtfrlemtc dis cwl fxistfljf‛ (808), ilbfpflbflt cg dis cr dfr wimm. Rdf clmy bivileticl fmfkflt tdetfitdfr Mioebu (tdf Jdristiel, fmitf kclukflt kenfr) cr Herhfr jckkflts cl jritijemmy is tdf Igåstcry’s rfmeticlsdip tc tdf ilsjripticl it suppcrts. Rdf writtfl lcteticls’ eltfricrity tc tdf prifst’swimm, tdf jmiflt’s wisdfs, elb tdf stcry strujturf erf lfvfr qufsticlfb. I wcumb minf tc tdiln tdet hctd Mioebu’s prcofjt elb Herhfr’s jritiquf erf pcssihmf hfjeusf tdf sitf cg jckkfltery-kenilais bfmihfretfmy jclstrujtfb elb prfsfrvfb il Igå bisjcursf sc tdet tdf ilitietfb elb tdf ulilitietfbjel iltfrejt cvfr tdf kfelila cg tdf gulbekfltem ilsjripticls cg hfila.

E Ztcry cg Criail

E stcry tdet clf cg Qålbé Ehëkhc må’s ilgcrkelts esscjietfb witd Íwørí Kéoí, tdf sialtdet hemeljfs clfs elb twcs cl fejd sibf cg tdf rfebehmf ilsjripticls, bfems witd tdf criail cg tdfIgå bivileticl systfk (5979?:2-20). (Íwørí peirs twcs elb clfs sykkftrijemmy? twc fejd cl tcpelb et tdf hcttck elb twc clfs hftwffl tdfk. Rc usf Imfselki’s melaueaf, pcmer lfaetivfs erfsfperetfb hy twc kibbmf pcsitivfs.) Rdis stcry jemms ettflticl tc itsfmg es el eutchicarepdy cg itscwl bfvijfs.

Rdf stcry hfails witd tdf lekfs cg tdf gcur prifsts wdc jccrbiletfb tdf criailemjclsumteticl, twc cg wdck erf ”Epå Lëë Ahúncú Rel Ilå Cs ú‛ (”Rdf kedcaely hfel trfftenfs tc tdf husd tc nilbmf its wizerb rfb girf‛) elb ”Crÿrù Lëë Qf wù Ä of Nemf ‛ (”Rdf crÿrù trffbcls tdf hmccb rfb aerkflt grck tcp tc hcttck‛). Rdf tdirb is lekfb ”Imf Li Kc Rf Rf f Rf NëLtúú Rc pc l‛ (”Gcr e mcla wdimf bib I jut crbilery fertd hfgcrf I hfael tc jut bivileticl treyselb‛). Rdf gcurtd is ”Ø pf Rf f rf Frénä Lëë Yà së Ye Hÿnà Kf rílbëlmúaÿl‛ (”Rdf smflbfr updimm pemk trff bivibfs iltc sixtffl hreljdfs‛). Rc rfgmfjt tdf tclem jcultfrpcilt priljipmfs tdet

”QXIRILA‛ ELB ”XFGFXFLJF‛ IL IGÅ BIWILERICL JDELRZ 89:



acvfrlfb tdf pcftij pfrgcrkeljf, Ehëkhc må hrfens tdf lekfs cg tdf tdirb elb gcurtd bivilfrsiltc twc milfs fejd?

Imf li kc tf tf f tf I jut tdf fertd gcr e mcla wdimf

Në ltúú tc pc l> Hfgcrf juttila tdf bivileticl trey selb>

Ø pf tf f rf frénä Rdf updimm smflbfr pemk trff

Lëë yà së ye hÿnà kf rílbëlmúaÿl. Rdf clf tdet bivibfs iltc sixtffl hreljdfs.

Rdf gcur jest tdfir chofjts elb bisjmcsfb tc Ø rÿlkímà tdet df wimm hf herrfl il Igf . Hut tdfirgilbilas wfrf kcjnfb.

Rdf flsuila lerretivf bcfs lct spfjigy tdf cbÿ ilsjripticl tdet ilbijetfs it, elb tdf clmyeutdcrity wf devf tdet tdis is e stcry gittfb gcr Íwørí is tdf prifst wdc lerretfb it tc tdf sjdcmer.Ehëkhc må bcfs lct ibfltigy wdijd cg Púpúc må Àyílmå (cg Ínøyë, lfer Øahúkc Ṫú ), CyäébéméÍṪc må (cg Hf f s il jckpculb, Pàànøyë quertfrs, Ø yc ), elb Ebéoàrf (cg Pàànøyë quertfrs,Ø yc ) rfjitfb tdf stcry. Hut tdis jellct bfmey elemysis. Il prejtijem tfrks, Ø rÿlkímà’s gcurbivilfrs jckpmftfb tdfir hrifg egtfr tdfy rfmetrfb tdfir gilbilas. Rdfy jcumb lct devf pertijipetfbil tdf bfteims jclteilfb il tdf rfst cg tdf stcry? mcaij bijtetfs tdet its jcmmeticl hf ettrihutfb tcsujjffbila chsfrvfrs elb ctdfr bivilfrs, iljmubila Ehëkhc må’s ilgcrkelts. Rdf stcry cg tdf criailem bivilfrs is lct e sikpmf clf. Ejjcrbila tc Ehëkhc må, tdf lekfbbivilfrs mfb tdf girst jclsumteticl sfssicl rfjcultfb il tdf stcry. Df emsc ebbs tdet tdf lekfs erffitdfr greakflts cg preisf fpitdfts (crëní) cr psfubclyks (5911?59). Rdf lekfs, es sujd,distcrijizf tdf lerretivfs elb kenf tdfk ejjcults cg sckftdila tdet ejtuemmy deppflfb.1 It is lctderb tc bisearff witd Ehëkhc må? ig tdf prifsts fxistfb il tikf elb pmejf, sujjffbila bivilfrs wdcejnlcwmfbaf tdfir prfbfjfsscrs’ ejtivitifs bc lct sffk iltfrfstfb il ibfltigyila tdfk esdistcrijem giaurfs. Il e mfss mitfremistij vifwpcilt, bivilfrs’ lekfs tdet erf rfjitfb gcrkumeijemmy et

tdf hfaillila cg Igå bivileticl stcrifs erf temf-spfjigij elb erf lfvfr rfpfetfb, fvfl wdfl tdfkctig cg fvflts ebbrfssfb il clf stcry eppfers il elctdfr. Kcst cgtfl, tdf lekfs sukkerizf tdftcpij cg tdf fvflts, wdijd erf rfprfsfltfb il tdf jclsumteticl sjfleric. Ehëkhc må ebkits tdet tdflekfs jcumb hf pfrscligijeticls cg elikems cr pmelts bfvisfb gcr lerretivf ulity. Rdis ikpmifs tdettdf lekfs erf e stcry fmfkflt, prfjisfmy e jderejtfrizeticl stretfay, elb tdet tdfy bc lct ibfltigy pfcpmf wdcsf milfeaf jdelts e mistflfr jel rfjitf, cr wdcsf jckpculb cr dckftcwl clf jelemweys mcjetf prfjisfmy. Grck tdf hfaillila cg tdf lerretivf, tdf lekfs hctd dcmb tcaftdfr tdfejtivitifs cg tdf jccrbiletcr(s) cg el Igå jclsumteticl elb sfrvf es e tfxtuem rfscurjf gcr hrcnfrilaettrihuticl. Ilvcnila eltfjfbfljf witd tdf criailem prifsts’ lekfs dfmps tc pmejf tdfjcltfkpcrery pfrgcrkfr il e bisjursivf milf cg bfsjflt.

Rdf kctig cg tdf ikpcrteljf cg petifljf gcr cvfrjckila herrfllfss, tdf jfltrem tdfkf cgtdf Íwørí lerretivf ulbfr bisjussicl dfrf, pfrkfetfs fvfry gejft cg tdf stcry, iljmubila tdf lekfscg tdf criailem bivilfrs. Rdf girst bivilfr’s lekf ilsiluetfs e perebcx? tdf hfeutigum fggmcrfsjfljfcg tdf derby kedcaely hfel trff brews tdf ettflticl cg kemfvcmflt gcrjfs. Emtdcuad tdf tcuadepå wccb is vfry usfgum gcr huimbila jclstrujticl, its derbilfss emsc ettrejts witjdfs elb wizerbs,


1 Hesjck (5979) seys tdet tdf clmy eutcjdtdclcus sfjticls cg bivileticl stcrifs erf tdf lekfs cg tdf

bivilfrs. Ctdfr perts jcumb hf scurjfb grck gcmntemfs, kytds, mfaflbs, elb sc cl.



wdc aetdfr erculb it gcr tdfir liadtmy bfmihfreticls (Ehredek 5964). Igå prifsts emsc usf epå sffbs es ejtivf ilarfbiflts il prctfjtivf ekumfts. Rc lekf tdf sfjclb bivilfr, Ehëkhc må’silgcrkelt peirs tdf sjermft gmcwfrs cg tdf gcrkibehmy temm crÿrù trff witd tdet cg tdf epå tc ouxtepcsf tdrfet elb umtiketf vijtcry. Rdf witjdfs’ kemfvcmfljf des lc fggfjt cl tdf trffs’gmcrfsjfljf. Rdf vijtcry tdfkf is emsc prfsflt il tdf jcmcrmfss, hut gcrhferila, leturf aivfl tc tdf

ctdfr bivilfrs. Il tikf, it sffks, tdf pfrscl wdc hfails juttila bivileticl sials cl lctijfehmyjcersf scim wimm arebuetf tc prcgfssiclem-arebf gilf selb cl tdf bivileticl trey> aivfl tikf, tdfsmflbfr pemk trff mcjetfb il tdf tcuad updimm melbsjepf sdemm hmcck iltc sixtffl gumm hreljdfs.

Fvflts lerretfb il tdf lfxt sfjticl cg tdf stcry, milfs 55-:2, jcltrebijt tdf gcur wisfbivilfrs’ prcalcstijeticl, e bfvfmcpkflt tdet sdcws bivileticl’s gemmihimity. Ø rÿlkímà, jcltrerytc prfbijticls, des jdimbrfl wdc hfjekf nilas emm cvfr, keilmy il tdf prcviljfs? Emårå, Eofrø,C mú yf , Cłteai, elb C mc wø . Emånéai elb F mf of mÿkc pé essukfb tdf tdrclfs cg twc tfrritcrifs tdeterf lct ibfltigiehmf cl e jcltfkpcrery kep. C wåràlaÿl-àae hfjekf tdf mfebfr cg e bivilfrs’auimb. Gurtdfr elemysis cg tdfsf lekfs rfvfems kcrf ehcut tdf jirjuksteljfs cg tdfir hirtd elb tdfgffmilas cg tdf perflt wdc lekfb tdfk? Emårå (Jckpeliclsdip) jcmmcquiemmy trelsmetfs es ”I

wcumb kenf e jckpelicl cg ky jdimb‛> Eofrø (Jckkulemity) trelsmetfs es ”Jdimbrfl’s jeusfswerrelt jcmmfjtivf bfmihfreticls‛> C mc yf (Derkettel) ikpmifs tdet devila e jdimb wfetdfrs tdf hcby. Ctdfrs erf ibfltigifb hy tdfir getdfr’s prcgfssiclem ejtivity et tdf tikf cg tdf jdimb’s hirtd?wccbjuttila, wccb-sfmmila, elb byf-kenila. Ejjcrbila tc tdfir hirtd crbfr, tdf cmbfr jdimbrflrfprfsflt tdf perflts’ ycutdgum ekhiticl, tdf kibbmf gcur bflctf pdesfs cg ketfriem strivilas gcrtdf sustfleljf cg migf, elb tdf yculafst twc‒C wåràlaÿl elb C mc wc ‒jckkfkcretf tdfejjckpmisdkflts cg cmb eaf. Rdf jdimbrfl’s lekfs sialigy biggfrflt steafs cg tdf migf spel, grcktdf sferjd gcr jckpeliclsdip tc rfspfjtgum rfaerb. Xfprcbujticl iljurs kcrf tdel prcjrfeticl> itflteims jckpeliclsdip, jclgrcltila tdf fmfkflts, pdysijem wcrn, pertijipeticl il tdf fxjdelaf cgaccbs elb sfrvijfs, elb rfst.

Rdf lfxt sfjticl, jclsistila cg tdirty-givf milfs, gurtdfr fxpelbs tdf kfelila cgrfprcbujticl tc iljmubf tdf lffb gcr jrfetila ilstrukflts gcr keleaila jcltejts elb susteililarfmeticlsdips. Rdfsf milfs bfsjrihf dcw tdf getdfr cg tdf ger-gmula nilas elb kestfr prcgfssiclemskeilteils dis fxtflbfb gekimy ulbfr jfltrem ilgmufljf hy ilstitutila el elluem pimarikeaf tc Igä burila tdf Igå gfstivem. Cl clf sujd cjjesicl, C mc wc , tdf jdimb ikeailfb et hirtd es tdf sykhcm cgrfspfjtgum rfaerb, sdcws up bftfrkilfb tc puhmijmy tcppmf dis eutdcrity. Rdis pfrscl brfssfs up ile rfpmije cg tdf cggijiem cutgit cg Igf ’s jdifg bivilfr‒tdfl Ø rÿlkímà ‒elb rfgusfs tc pey prcpfrdckeaf. Qdfl esnfb tc pey buf rfspfjt, C mc wc rfkeils ebekelt. Rdf jclgrclteticl isbreketizfb tdus?

Ú lë øul ø mä påhc rÿhc yä hc Ṫë Ṫf . Df seib df jellct wisd dik accb tibilas.Ø rÿlkímà lë äé ti of 3 Ø rÿlkímà esnfb wdy3

C mc wc lë íwc Ø rÿlkímà sc bùl nc , c søbùl nú > C mc wc seib ycu, Ø rÿlkímà, erf il reg ste aerkflts>

Øul C mc wc lee sc bùl nc , øul søbùl nú Df tdf C mc wc tcc bcls reg ste aerkflts

Íwc Ø rÿlkímà gøsùl ibf mú wc > Ycu, Ø rÿlkímà, jerry e hress stegg cg cg stjf>

Øul C mc wc låà gøsùl ibf mú wc Df tdf C mc wc tcc jerrifs e hress stegg cg cg stjf

Íwc Ø rÿlkímà hc såmÿhàtà ibf > Ycu, Ø rÿlkímà, wfer hress smippfrs>




Øul C mc wc låà hc såmÿhàtà ibf Df, C mc wc , wfers hress smippfrs

Íwc Ø rÿlkímà båbé, Ycu, Ø rÿlkímà, wfer e jrcwl,

Øul C mc wc låà båbé. Df, C mc wc , des e jrcwl cl.

Hé ä li wú l sí lë Elb it is nlcwl tdet

Ä línel níë gcrë ebé hemä gé línel. Clf jrcwlfb dfeb bcfs lct prcstretf tc elctdfr.

E rivem jdifg bivilfr fxists lcw, tdf bftfrkilfb C mc wc welts tc sey. Rdf elary getdfr, prchehmy

rfemizila tdf rfbulbeljy cg dis prfsfljf il tdf rfgmfjticl kcultfb il C mc wø ’s eppfereljf, fximfs

diksfmg iltc e temm, sixtffl-hreljd pemk trff.

It sffks tdet Ø rÿlkímà dcmbs tdf nfy tc sckf rfprcbujticl fssfltiems hfjeusf emm kcticl

cl tdf jyjmf cg migf stcppfb egtfr dis bfperturf? tdf prfalelt jcumb lct bfmivfr, tdf herrfl

jcltilufb gruitmfss, tdf ilgirk rfkeilfb hfbribbfl, sfkfl brifb up il kfl, wckfl jfesfb tc

kflstruetf, yeks rfgusfb tc arcw, pfes bib lct gmcwfr, jdijnfls pfjnfb et tdf gfw reilbrcps tdet

gfmm, elb acets kistccn sderpflfb hmebfs gcr yek pffms elb kuljdfb cl tdfk. Rdf jckkulity

scuadt bivileticl dfmp grck ullekfb bivilfrs wdc prfsjrihfb gcr tdfk wdet sejrigijfs tc kenf

elb jculsfmfb tdfk tc essfkhmf et tdf gcct cg tdf pemk trff iltc wdijd Ø rÿlkímà deb

biseppferfb. Es ilstrujtfb, tdf pfcpmf aetdfrfb erculb tdf trff elb jdeltfb tdf sfmg-fximfb

prifst’s preisf fpitdfts, hfmifvila tdet tdfy jcumb jcex dik tc rfturl ”dckf.‛ Hut Ø rÿlkíme steyfb il fximf elb cggfrfb sixtffl pemk luts es dis prcxy?

Ø rÿlkímà lë øul ø tÿl rfmé kc Ø rÿlkímà seys df wimm lfvfr rfturl dckf

Ú lë në wc l ú té wú , Df esnfb tdfk tc cpfl tdfir pemks,

Ú wåå gÿl wc l lë inil ké rílbëlmúaÿl. Elb delbfb tc tdfk 57 pemk luts.

Ú lë hé f hå bémé, Df seib, wdfl ycu aft dckf,

Hf f hå gúwúú lë, Ig ycu bfsirf wfemtd,

F li tf é kc c hi lù ul. Rdet is tdf pfrscl tc esn.

Hé f hå bémé Qdfl ycu aft dckf,

Hé f hå gåyeå lë, Ig ycu bfsirf e wigf,


Hé f hå bémé Qdfl ycu aft dckf,

Hé f hå gú kc ú hë Ig ycu bfsirf jdimbrfl,


Imé mf hå gé é nú måyé, Zdcumb ycu welt tc huimb e dckf,

EṪc mf hå gé é lë måyé, Il jesf ycu welt jmctdfs,


Irf ahcahc té f hå gé é lë måyé, Ely ctdfr jckgcrt ycu kiadt sffn,


Íahà të wú l bémé, Qdfl tdfy act dckf,

Ahcahc irf låà li wú l łrë. Emm tdf hmfssilas hfjekf tdfirs.

Ø rÿlkímà egäbägä yø , Ø rÿlkímà, tdf pcmyamct,




Ä mààsøbä Rdf rfbffkila bfity cg Ísøbä

Igå rfmé Cmúnul nø bé kú . Igå mfgt gcr Cmúnul’s ehcbf.

Ú mé li té f hå rë, Df seib wdcfvfr ycu sff,

F Ṫå kc c pä li hehe. Jemm upcl dik.

Rdf prfsflteticl cg clf bivileticl es e guljticl cg el eltfjfbflt bivileticl il tdis stcryrfvfems e jderejtfristij cg Igå prcjfssfs tc wdijd sjdcmers bc lct usuemmy pey ettflticl? Igåbivileticl sfssicls erf e jclsumteticl cg e jclsumteticl. Rdf girst bivileticl sfssicl il tdfgculbeticlem bivileticl stcry jcljfrls Ø rÿlkímà’s flaeafkflt witd tdf gcur bivilfrs elb tdfbfteims cg tdf jmiflt’s sujjfss il spitf cg jcltrery crejumer prfbijticls> tdf sfjclb bivileticlsfssicl bfsjrihfs Ígä pfcpmf’s geimfb ettfkpt tc hrila Ø rÿlkímà hejn grck fximf, e situeticl tdetercsf hfjeusf df jcumb lct keleaf dis jdimbrfl> tdf tdirb stcry, tdf clf tdet prfsflts tdf ctdfrtwc, is tcmb hy Ehikhcme’s ilgcrkelts, prchehmy es it wes delbfb bcwl tc tdfk grck ctdfrbivilfrs. Rdf tdirb stcry suppmfkflts tdf ctdfr twc, clf cg wdijd ilvcmvfs tdf hirtd cg tdfbisjursivf prejtijf tdet acvfrls emm cg tdf stcrifs. Emm bivileticl sfssicls ilvcmvf tdf usf cg et

mfest tdf girst elb tdf tdirb typfs cg stcrifs, hut clmy tdf girst typf is kernfb es e stcry hfjeusf tdfbivilfr il jderaf cg tdf prfsflt kckflt des tc fggejf tdf ikpcrteljf cg dis cr dfr cwl ejtivfketfriem ilput. Rdf hehemåwc, es it wfrf, des tc spirit ewey dis cr dfr cwl prfsfljf hy lctkernila tdf stcry cg dis stcrytfmmila.4

Ftdlcarepdij stubifs cg Igå wimm lct suggijf gcr elemyzila tdis lerretivf cg prfsfljf,ehsfljf, bcuhmila, writila, eppfmmetila, jclourila, elb rfspclsivflfss. Rdf stcry bfsjrihfs tdfirrfkfbiehmy ”cjjumtij‛ leturf cg sialigijeticl? tdf herf kfelila tdet is fkhcbifb il wdetØ rÿlkímà nlcws‒bfteims cg tdf emmctkflt cg bfstily‒des pfrkelfltmy biseppferfb. Ø rÿlkímà is lfvfr jckila dckf witd us! Dcwfvfr, migf jcltilufs il tdf fxjdelaf cg trejfs cg tdf ilstitutfbjcbfs tdet hfer greakflts cg Ø rÿlkímà’s rfjcrb. Ø rÿlkímà’s pfrkelflt biseppfereljf sialigifs

tdet kfelila, il itsfmg, is aclf. Rdf sferjd gcr rfjcvfry meuljdfb hy tdf Igä mfgt hfdilb il tdfketfriem wcrmb sdcws tdet jcltilufb fxistfljf rfvcmvfs erculb tdf elxifty cg jcltilafljy.Ejjcrbila tc tdis lerretivf, tdf strujturf cg tdf kfelila prcbujticl ibfltigifb witd Ø rÿlkímà jclstrufs hfila es tdf jcltilucus jcexila grck tcnfls cg tdf ulrfjcvfrehmf pest sckf usfgumkfels gcr epprcejdila tdf prfsflt, wdijd is il tdf guturf cg tdet pest. Rdet tdf stcry jetfacrizfs tdf rfgfrfljf cg bivileticl writila es ketfriem wfmmhfila il emmits espfjts (irf ahcahc), elb kcrf jcljrftfmy es kclfy (cwú), spcusf (eye), jdimbhferila(c kc ), sdfmtfr (imf ), elb jmctdila (eṪc ) is sialigijelt. Rdf eutdcrity (cr spirit) tdet jcltrcms tdfnlcwmfbaf cg tdf bistrihuticl, usf, elb ejquisiticl cg tdfsf hmfssilas, lclf ctdfr tdel tdffyfwitlfss tc jrfeticl, jellct hf ejjfssfb birfjtmy, hut retdfr tdrcuad its cjjumt prcxifs, wdijd

il prejtijf fxist es e strujturf cg eppfmmeticl> ”f li tf kc c hi lù ul‛ (”tdet is tdf pfrscl tc esn‛),tdf crejmf ilstrujts. Rdf pfrkelfltmy ehsflt Ø rÿlkímà cggfrs tdf pemk luts (elb tdf ilsjripticlsaflfretfb tdrcuad tdfk) es dis priljipmf cg ”hfila-tdfrf.‛ Cpfretcrs cg tdf bivileticl


4 Ø rÿlkímà dfrf ilstitutfs e systfk cg itfreticl? ”tdf pcssihimity gcr fvfry kern tc hf rfpfetfb elb stimm tcguljticl es e kfelila kern il lfw jcltfxts tdet erf jut cgg fltirfmy grck tdf criailem jcltfxt, tdf —iltflticl tcjckkulijetf’ cg tdf criailem kenfr cg tdf kern. Rdet criailetcr key hf ehsflt cr bfeb, hut tdf kern stimm guljticls,

oust es it acfs cl guljticlila egtfr tdf bfetd cg its iltflbfb rfjipiflt‛ (Kimmfr 8005?14).



ilgrestrujturf flbfevcr tc flsurf tdet tdf pemk luts ejjuretfmy trelskit tdf spirit’s rfpmy tc tdfirmehcrs cg ilquiry.

Il tdf jemjumus cg ketfriem fxistfljf wcrnfb cut il tdis stcry, tdf spirit is il pfrkelfltfximf> it jellct rfturl dckf. Rdis spirit’s irrfvfrsihmf emifleticl, es wfmm es tdf trejf gcrks ilwdijd it pertiemmy eppfers wdfl prcpfrmy ilvcnfb, e accb pert cg wdijd is tdf stcry ulit, erf

fssfltiem gcr tdf prcjrfeticl cg migf il aflfrem. Rdf pemk luts, tdf rfkeilbfrs, jclstitutf tdf”kesquf‛ cg tdf spirit tdet des hfjckf ul-prfsflt-ehmf.9 Rdf spirit kitiaetfs tdf fggfjt cg itsehsfljf witd tdf kutf pemk luts, tdf sials cg its ehsflt-prfsfljf. Rdf ilsjriptfb sials trelsjrihf pettfrls cg tdf nlcwmfbaf Ø rÿlkímà aeilfb es e rfsumt cg dis clf-tikf prfsfljf et tdf tikf cgbfstily. Rdf bivileticl lerretivf jcllfjts elb trelsmetfs tdf sialigijeljf cg tdf trejfb-cut prfsfljf (wdijd is e sial cg el irrfkfbiehmf ehsfljf) es stcrifs tc hf iltfrprftfb gcr tdf prfsfltkckflt, witd tdf jcmmehcreticl cg tdf jmiflt wdc is sffnila ilsiadts, iltc e greakflt cg aflfremfxistfltiem biggijumty.

Il tdfcry, rfgfrfljf il Igå bisjcursf epprcxiketfs wdet Ø rÿlkímà witlfssfb et tdfbistrihuticl cg bfstily.50 Bivileticl tdfrfgcrf ilvcmvfs prchila iltc tdf illfr rfejdfs cg fssfltiem

cjjumteticl (ewc) gcr tdf keil purpcsf cg kenila it yifmb gulbekfltem nlcwmfbaf (i kc ) ehcut

migf. Bivileticl dfrkflfutijs es ilstitutfb il Igå prejtijfs rfquirfs fggcrt tc brew pmeilnlcwmfbaf cut cg tdf dibbfl cr cjjumtfb. Ztcrifs erf usfb tc trelsmetf ilsjriptfb jcbfs cgØ rÿlkímà hfjeusf tdf rfjcrb cg tdf fvflts witlfssfb et tdf bistrihuticl cg bfstily jellct trevfmes fvflts ely kcrf. Rdcsf fvflts deppflfb clmy cljf> fvfl ig Ø rÿlkímà bib lct biseppfer iltctdf pemk trff, df jel clmy rfmetf lerretivizfb vfrsicls cg wdet df witlfssfb. Fvflts survivf hfyclb deppflsteljf clmy il stcrifs, cr ítàl. Rdf Íwørí Kéoí stcry sdcws tdet sfvfrem trelsmeticls cjjur hftwffl tdf prifst’strelsjripticl cg tdf sials ilbijetfb hy tdf luts elb tdf jmiflt’s rfspclsf tc jculsfmila.Ø rÿlkímà’s gcur prifsts prchehmy rfjitfb e lerretivf wdcsf jcltflts Ehëkhc må’s ilgcrkelts

sukkerizfb il clf milf ehcut herrfllfss. Ø rÿlkímà’s jurt rfejticl tc tdf bivilfrs’ jcljmusiclilbijetfs tdet wdimf jmiflts jel gcmmcw tdfir cwl wimm, prifsts erf lct grff tc bc es tdfy wisd elbkust hf auibfb hy tdf ilsjripticl-stcry. Egtfr iltfrprfteticl, prifsts jel jcljmubf tdfir hrifg elbbfpert, wdimf tdf jmiflts hfail tc fxfrjisf tdfir iltfmmiafljf elb wimm. Ø rÿlkímà meuads cgg disjculsfmcrs elb flbs up ilsibf e pemk trff!

Rdf Pest elb Prfsflt il Igå Qritila

Fermy Ycrùhå Jdristiel jmfraykfl hfmifvfb tdet bivileticl prifsts mfb el ”crejumer jumt‛

tdet kebf ”dfafkclij jmeiks tc e spfjiem rfmeticlsdip witd tdf Zuprfkf Hfila, witd e nfy tdfkf


9 It sdcumb lct hf gcracttfl tdet tdf cbù writila prejtijf is mitfremmy cpfretfb hy rfkeilbfrs> il tdf pemk lut

bivileticl systfk, gcr fxekpmf, clmy rfkeilbfrs fxprfss pcrtfltcus ilsjripticl. I devf hcrrcwfb tdf ibfe cg tdfspfjtrem rfmeticlsdip cg ”kesquf‛ tc ”spirit‛ grck Bfrribe 5992.

50 Ipël (mitfremmy, ”emmctkflt‛ cr ”bfstily‛ il jcmmcquiem Ycrùhå) is wdet Ø rÿlkímà rfvfems tdrcuad (elb il)

tdf bivileticl prcjfss. Hut il prejtijem bivileticl tfrks, ipël is wdet rfjurs il lerretivity. Rdf bivileticl stcryjclteils wdet des deppflfb et mfest cljf il tdf pest.



‒tdf pcwfrgum prfjfbflt‒tdet prfsflts e diadmy rfgrejtfb kfkcry cg tdf velisdfb arfetlfss cgits sejrfb jfltrf‛ (Pffm 5990?:22). Rdf pestcrs ilvfstfb kujd iltfrfst il tdf bivilfrs, es Ichsfrvfb fermifr, hfjeusf tdf mettfr dfmb swey cvfr tdf lcl-Jdristiel pcpumeticl keilmy tdrcuadtdf kystiquf cg tdfir arepdfketij prejtijf. Hfgriflbila elb jclvfrtila pcwfrgum mcjem bivileticl prifsts lfttfb gcr tdf Jdristiels lct el ilbivibuem peael hut e ”trutd rfaikf‛ mfebfr, es it wfrf.

Jclvfrtila e bivileticl prifst hrilas tdf peael kytdcarepdy ulbfr tdf eutdcrity cg e pdclftijizfb elb emmfafbmy kcrf bfkcjretij writila systfk. Et mfest, tdet is wdet Hisdcp Pdimmips hfmifvfb. Rdf kissiclerifs bib lct ettejn tdf kytdcarepdy. Ilstfeb, tdfy fxpmcitfb tdfjckkfltery-kenila spejf, tdf spejf hftwffl ilsjripticl elb ejticl, tc bisjrfbit tdf bivileticl prifsts es sfmgisd jdermetels wdc usfb tdf kystijem hesis cg tdfir tfjdliquf tc bc oust es tdfywisdfb elb kismfeb tdfir jmiflts. Il tdf wcrbs cg Xfv. Mioebu (5494?77)?

Måre oëof àti këku li cmúri eåoø àwc l hehemåwc numf së> lëhä nel låà li ti àwc l cmùsíl tínårewc l

låà kc pf mÿ. Zëhf sëhä e wå c pø mc pø ítàl esål oc måti oå àwc l ø ahä rí më àyà tàhë måti yå wc l múrë, tàhë

måti gc àwc l ebé oàå më f yf , në wc l kå Ṫf mä Ṫf c rùl mëmf, Ṫùahc l në wc l st cdùl së ihi të àwc l

hehemewú hå gë i së.

Zuhsistfljf iltfrfst is tdf hf-emm elb flb-emm cg bivileticl prifsts> tdf sekf acfs gcr tdfir

gcmmcwfrs, tcc. Ofoulf temfs erf aetdfrfb tc fitdfr sjerf cr fltdusf tdf ulilitietfb cr tc kismfeb tdf

ilquisitivf sc tdet tdfy wimm jfesf esnila qufsticls elb earff witd tdf prifsts’ sfmg-sfrvila

jcljmusicls.

Mioebu ebbrfssfs kcrf tdel tdfcmcaijem gejts dfrf. Df jclstrufs tdf usf cg lerretivfs il Igåbivileticl es e herfgejfb ”prfsfltisk,‛ tdet is, e systfk hy wdijd bivileticl prifsts jclstrujt tdf pest tc suit clmy tcbey’s lffbs. Rdf bivileticl prifst’s jmeiks gcr tdf pest jellct hf vfrigifb.

Neril Herhfr wcrns clmy witd pcst-ilsjripticl fmfkflts cg tdf bivileticl prcjfss,sdcwila dcw Igå bisjcursf iljcrpcretfs ctdfr bisjcursfs iltc its prcjfssfs il crbfr tc pcsiticlitsfmg stretfaijemmy es tdf acvfrlcr cg tdf Ycrùhå iltfmmfjtuem ulivfrsf. Es lctfb ehcvf, Herhfremsc bcfs lct qufsticl tdf jclsistfljy cg tdf ilsjripticls. Dfr jcljfrl is witd dcw tdf prifsts’stcrifs usf vfrigiehmf ”tfjdliqufs cg eraukflt‛ tc pmejf Igå ehcvf emm fmsf. Rdf stretfaifs iljmubf”lerretivf pcsiticlila,‛ tdet is, tdf ulrfstreilfb tdfketij relaf cg tdf jcltflts cg bivileticlstcrifs eutdcrizfs bivilfrs tc epprcprietf temfs grck emm scurjfs, emm bckeils, elb ehcut ely tcpij,jclsial tdfk tc tdf pest, elb tdfl rftrifvf tdf sekf es ibfes ejtivetfb hy tdf rfvfemfb ikpriltfbsial. Herhfr jderejtfrizfs Igå’s ”lerretivf pcsiticlila‛ il wcrbs sikimer tc Mioebu’s? ”Rdf—kcrem’ is emweys tdf sekf, wdetfvfr tdf criail cg tdf stcry? —Igå nlcws hfst . . . . Bc wdet Igå

tfmms ycu elb ycu wimm prcspfr> bischfy Igå elb bisestfr wimm flsuf’‛ (5990?804). Elctdfriljcrpcreticl stretfay tdet Igå usfs is ”prffkptila tikf‛? tdf prchmfks ebbrfssfb il fejd stcryrfpcrt el fvflt es devila tenfl pmejf il tdf bistelt pest, elb tdf bivilfr jckkflts cl tdf fvfltses ig Ø rÿlkímà jclstrujtfb elb delbfb bcwl e kcbfm cg guturf ejticl grck pettfrls chsfrvfb iltdf pest. Rdf jmfvfrfst pert cg tdf prfsflteticl cg Igå’s emm-fljckpessila kcbfm, Herhfr seys, istdet tdf bivileticl Acb diksfmg eppfers es e hfwimbfrfb jmiflt il kely cg tdf stcrifs? ”Igå tdfbfity diksfmg eppfems tc e hcby cg wisbck, fljcbfb il prfjfbflts, wdijd kust hf sffl es cutsibfdis jclsjicuslfss elb eltfjfbflt tc dik. Lctdila jel ac hfdilb tdis perebcx? tdf eraukflt cg




tdf prfjfbflt is errfstfb et tdet pcilt il e pfrkelflt elb ulrfscmvehmf bfebmcjn. Rdis des tdf

fggfjt cg fldeljila tdf eutdcrity hctd cg Igå es systfk elb es spirituem hfila‛ (809). Igå’s tdirb

keil bisjcursf-kenila tfjdliquf is ”mfxijem meyfrila,‛ cr tdf ilvflticl ”cg strelaf lekfs‛ gcr

gekimier ejts elb chofjts. Gcr fxekpmf, Igå stcrifs jckkclmy rfgfr tc tdf kcutd es

”cmÿhc hc tirihc hehe f hc ‛ (”tdf ilsetiehmf bfvcurfr cg emm sejrigijiem cggfrilas‛).

Herhfr fvemuetfs Igå stcrifs il tdf wey wf jurrfltmy tdiln cg distcrifs es rfpcrts cg pestfvflts il prcpcrticls lerretivfmy sjemfb tc rfgmfjt dcw pfrscls iltfrejtfb ekcla tdfksfmvfs elb

witd tdfir flvirclkflt il vfrigiehmf, spfjigifb spejfs elb tikf. Hut tdis kcbfm cg tdf pest wcumb

eppmy tc Igå bivileticl stcrifs clmy ig tdf arepdij lcteticl steaf cg tdf bivileticl prcjfss wfrf

trfetfb es el fxtrelfcus fmfkflt witd lc sialigijeljf et emm. Rc rfgfr hejn tc tdf rfebila

prcpcsfb ehcvf, Herhfr lfamfjts tdf sialigijeljf cg tdf kytdcarepdij ilsjripticls tdet stelb gcr

tdf pfrkelflt herrifr tc cur jepturila pest fvflts il tdfir ”truf‛ prcpcrticls. Rdf jckkfltery

spejf il Igå bivileticl prctcjcms wcumb emsc devf tc hf jckpmftfmy bisrfaerbfb il crbfr gcr tdf

”prfsfltisk‛ jritijisk tc hf gummy ejjfptfb. Hut wf jellct spfen ehcut Igå bisjcursf cr fxtrejt

sialigijeljf grck its prejtijfs witdcut jclsibfrila ”writila‛ elb ”jckkfltery.‛ Rdf jfltrem

exick cg Igå prejtijf tdet flocils jritijem mistflila elb ejtila cl tdf jmiflt wes rfjcrbfb hyMioebu diksfmg? ”Hë c hå tf ’gå teł , në c tÿl —yä rf tf ‛ (”Qdfl ycu’rf bclf jclsumtila Igå, hf surf

tc rf-jclsumt ycur aukpticl‛) (5494?:1). E pfrscl jculsfmfb il Igå is buty-hculb tc rf-jculsfm

dik cr dfrsfmg elb bfjibf tc wdet fxtflt ilstrujticls elb prfsjripticls sdcumb hf gcmmcwfb‒

Ø rÿlkímà kcjnfb dis bivilfrs il tdf stcry bisjussfb ehcvf. Rdf sfmg-rf-jculsfmila ilouljticl

kfels tdet fvfry stcry ulit aivfs el emmfacrijem ejjcult cg dcw tdilas wfrf elb dcw sikimer tdfy

kiadt hf il tdf prfsflt, emtdcuad lct il kikftij prcpcrticls. Rdf prifst’s rftfmmila kust aflfretf

e birfjtivf, fviljf e pmfbaf, ertijumetf e gffmila, cr jdelaf tdf stetus quc (Zfermf 5919), emm

afsturfs cg àtÿltf (rf-ikpriltila, rf-jculsfmila). Il ctdfr wcrbs, tdf bivileticl jmiflt is lct

fxpfjtfb tc kenf tdf prfsflt es it wes. Fvfl Ø rÿlkímà jcumb lct pfrgcrk sujd e gfet. Es rfjcrbs

cg bivileticl sfssicls sdcw, tdf prifst elb tdf jmiflt, vcmuhmf rfebfrs cg Igå’s kutf sials il tdfjckkfltery spejf, erf lct ehscmvfb grck tdf rfspclsihimity cg jcltfkpmeticl elb sfmg-rfgmfjticl.

Emtdcuad tdf scmuticls tc tdf prchmfks prfsfltfb hy Igå bivileticl jmiflts kiadt devf hffl

”eutdcrfb‛ hy prfjfbfljf, stcrifs tcmb tc ertijumetf eltfjfbflt trelsejticls erf lct tdfrfgcrf

fxfkptfb grck elswfrila tc afluilfmy lfw rfspclsihimitifs.

Igå lerretivfs erf lct minf sikpmf, jclstetivf, cr bfsjriptivf jdertfrs wdcsf prikery

rfgfrfltiem rfmeticlsdip is tc el fvflt, e kcrem acem, cr tdf pfrgcrkfr’s ctdfr vfstfb iltfrfsts. Il

tdf bivileticl stcry, jclvflticl-hculb es it is, tdf lerretcr-prifst, il tdfcry, is chmiafb lct tc

pursuf e bftfjtehmf pfrsclem iltfrfst‒fxjfpt tdet cg prcvila tc hf e jckpftflt, dclfst hrcnfr cg

tdf rfvfmeticls cg bfstily‒il tdf prchmfk ebbrfssfb hy tdf stcry. Gcr tdis rfescl, I wcumb

suaafst, tdf rfgfrfltiem eltfjfbfljf cg tdf Igå stcry is tdf ilsjripticl elb lct tdf fvflt cg tdfstcry, wdijd, il tdfcry, clmy tdf biseppferfb Ø rÿlkímà fxpfrifljfb. Rdf ”mfttfrs‛ tdet sialigy tdf

stcry bc lct prcjffb grck tdf prifst’s wimm hut grck tdf bivileticl ilstrukflt, tdet is, tdf pemk

luts (cr tdf jdeil). Igå jmiflts bc lct oust sffn e rfebila> tdfy erf hfst sfrvfb clmy wdfl tdf

”writila‛ is bclf jcrrfjtmy.

Dcw bcfs Igå prejtijf ejtuemizf e tdfcry cg tikf elb distcry elb fmehcretf dcw tdf pest

ilgmufljfs (cr bcfs lct ilgmufljf) tdf prfsflt elb tdf guturf3 Il Ige Bivileticl Pcftry (5911?80) ,

:00 EBÉMÉNÄ EBÉÄ NC



Ehëkhc må essfrts tdet tdf bivileticl stcry ”is e typf cg —distcrijem’ pcftry.‛ O. B. Y. Pffm cggfrs ekcrf lueljfb fxpmeleticl (5942?55:)?

Fvfry pcfk cg Ige is el ettfkpt tc lerretf, tdrcuad tdf pfjumier strujturf cg Ige bivileticl pcftry,

tdilas wdijd tdf Ige prifst des hffl teuadt tc hfmifvf ejtuemmy deppflfb il tdf pest. Hy lerretila

tdfsf stcrifs cg tdf pest, tdf Ige prifst hfmifvfs tdet dis jmiflt jel tdfl pijn situeticls sikimer tc dis

cwl elb ebvisf diksfmg cg tdf hfst tdila tc bc il tdf miadt cg tdf prfjfbflt wdijd des hffl jitfb

gcr dik.

Rdf Igå systfk mihfretfs jmiflts grck tdf tyrelly cg tdf pest hy aivila tdfk tdf jdeljf tclfactietf e jdelaf tdfy jel mivf witd? ”prfsflt prejtijf is acvfrlfb hy tdf kcbfm cg pest prejtijfelb, wdfrf jdelaf bcfs cjjur, tdfrf is e tflbfljy tc rfwcrn tdf pest sc es tc kenf it eppfer tdet pest prejtijf des acvfrlfb prfsflt prejtijf‛ (55:). I wcumb fkflb Pffm elb sey tdet tdffxpfjteticl tdet tdf jmiflt sdcumb ejt wimmgummy upcl tdf rfpcrts cg tdf fvflts prfsfltfb hy tdfbivilfr bfkclstretfs tdet tdf stcrifs jclstitutf‒elb lct oust rfpcrt‒tdf fvflts. Rdf jmiflt jel

gcrfstemm tdf pcrtfltcus pest grck rfpfetila itsfmg cr emmcw it tc gumgimm its prcpiticus pctfltiem. IlIgå, tdf gejt tdet tdf pest is il fximf bcfs lct kfel tdet tdf prfsflt stelbs emclf. Rdf pest is lcttdf prfsflt cg tdf mivila jmiflt, wdc stimm des tc kenf tdf mehcr cg sejrigijf. Rdet sejrigijfs elbcggfrtcrifs (f hc ) kebf il tdf pest bc lct cggfr prctfjticls eaeilst prfsflt elb guturf pfrimrfprfsflts e jmfer lcticl cg dcw tdf pest biggfrs grck tdf prfsflt. Mivila jmiflts erf rfspclsihmfgcr tdfir f hc , wdijd erf kebf lct tc tdf pest hut il tdf prfsflt gcr tdf skcctdila cg yft tc hftrcbbfl petds. Qfrf Igå stcrifs kfrfmy jclstetivfs cg pest fvflts, lc lfw lerretivfs wcumb hf pcssihmf. Hut Igå stcrifs rfjcult tdf hesis cg hfmifg il Ismek, fxpmeil tdf pfjumieritifs cg Jdristiel hfmifgs, elb fvfl bivilf tdf sialigijeljf cg tdf jckila cg reimweys, emm cg wdijd erf distcrijembfvfmcpkflts tdet jekf ehcut egtfr tdf biseppfereljf cg Ø rÿlkímà iltc tdf pemk trff. Rdet is

wdy I jcljmubf tdet il Igå prejtijf tdf ilsjripticl systfk pdysijemmy kerns wdet Pffm jemms tdf”ctdfrlfss cg tdf pest‛ elb eutdcrizfs tdf rfmetivf eutclcky cg jckkfltery il tdf gcrk cgstcrytfmmila (5942?581).

Cdic Ztetf Vlivfrsity

Xfgfrfljfs

Ehëkhc må 5979 Qålbf Ehëkhc må. Íoílmä Cdùl F lu Ige‒Åpå Nfoí? Àwịl Igå må łme . Amesacw?

Qimmiek Jcmmils.

Ehëkhc må 5917 SSSSSS. Igå? El Fxpcsiticl cg Igå Mitfrery Jcrpus. Ihebel? Cxgcrb Vlivfrsity

Prfss.

Ehëkhc må 5911 SSSSSS. Ige Bivileticl Pcftry. Lfw Ycrn? Lcn.

”QXIRILA‛ ELB ”XFGFXFLJF‛ IL IGÅ BIWILERICL JDELRZ :05



Ehredek 5964 X. J. Ehredek. Bijticlery cg Kcbfrl Ycruhe. Mclbcl? Vlivfrsity cg Mclbcl

Prfss.

Eustil 5978 O. M. Eustil. Dcw tc Bc Rdilas witd Qcrbs. Fb. hy O. C. Vrkscl elb Keriel

Zhisà. Jekhribaf, KE? Derverb Vlivfrsity Prfss.

Herhfr 5990 Neril Herhfr. ”Bisjursivf Ztretfaifs il tdf Rfxts cg Igå elb il tdf —Dcmy Hccn cg

Cbù’ cg tdf Egrijel Jdurjd cg Ø rÿlkímà.‛ Il Zfmg Essfrticl elb Hrcnfreaf?

Fermy Jumturem Leticlemisk il Qfst Egrije. Fb. hy P. G. Bf Kcrefs elb Neril

Herhfr. Hirkiladek? Jfltfr gcr Qfst Egrijel Ztubifs, Vlivfrsity cg

Hirkiladek. pp. 597-882.

Hesjck 5975 Qimmiek Hesjck. ”Cbu Ige? Rdf Crbfr cg tdf Giaurfs cg Ige.‛ Hummftil bf

m’Ilstitut Greláeis b’Egriquf Lcirf, 8:?717-48.

Hesjck 5979 SSSSSS. Ige Bivileticl? Jckkulijeticl Hftwffl Acbs elb Kfl il Qfst Egrije.Hmcckilatcl? Ilbiele Vlivfrsity Prfss.

Bfrribe 5917 Oejqufs Bfrribe. Cg Arekketcmcay. Rrels. hy Aeyetri Jdenrevcrty Zpiven.

Hemtikcrf? Ocdls Dcpnils Vlivfrsity Prfss.

Bfrribe 5992 SSSSSS. Zpfjtfrs cg Kerx? Rdf Ztetf cg tdf Bfht, tdf Qcrn cg Kcurlila, elb tdf

Lfw Iltfrleticlem . Rrels. hy Pfaay Nekug. Lfw Ycrn? Xcutmfbaf.

Fpfae 5941 Egcmehi E. Fpfae. Ige? Rdf Eljiflt Qisbck. Lfw Ycrn? Ikcmf Cmuwe Ilstitutf.

Fpfae elb Lfikern 5996 SSSSSS elb Pdimip O. Lfikern. Rdf Zejrfb Ige Crejmf. Zel Greljisjc? Derpfr.

Gcujeumt 5919 Kijdfm Gcujeumt. ”Qdet is el Eutdcr3‛ Il Rfxtuem Ztretfaifs? Pfrspfjtivfs il

Pcst-Ztrujturemist Jritijisk. Fb. hy Ocsué W. Dereri. Itdeje? Jcrlfmm Vlivfrsity

Prfss. pp. 525-70.

Imfselki 8002 R. K. Imfselki. Ycrùhå Creturf elb Mitfreturf? E Jumturem Elemysis. Imf-Igf?

Chegfki Ewcmcwc Vlivfrsity Prfss.

Ocdlscl 5499 Oekfs Ocdlscl. Ycruhe Dfetdflisk. Fxftfr? Oekfs Rcwlsflb elb Zcl.

Mioebu 5494 F. K. Mioebu. Igå? Ikc mf Xf ti i Ṩf Ipimf Isil li Imf Ycruhe. Xpt. 5918. Ebc-Fniti?

Ckcmeyc Ztelberb Prfss.

Mioebu 5904 SSSSSS. Ø rÿlkímà Lipe. Xpt. 5918. Ebc-Fniti? Ckcmeyc Ztelberb Prfss.

Kimmfr 8005 O. Dimmis Kimmfr. Zpffjd Ejts il Mitfreturf. Ztelgcrb? Ztelgcrb Vlivfrsity Prfss.




C metuloi 5942 C metulbf C metuloi. Gfeturfs cg Ycrùhå Crem Pcftry. Ihebel? Vlivfrsity

Prfss.

Pffm 5942 O. B. Y. Pffm. ”Rdf Pest il tdf Iofsde Prfsflt.‛ Kel, l.s. 59?555-:8.

Pffm 5990 SSSSSS. ”Rdf Pestcr elb tdf Hehemewc? Rdf Iltfrejticl cg Xfmiaicls il

Lilftffltd Jfltury Ycruhemelb.‛ Egrije, 70?::4-79.

Zfermf 5919 Ocdl X. Zfermf. Fxprfssicl elb Kfelila? Ztubifs il tdf Rdfcry cg Zpffjd Ejts.

Jekhribaf? Jekhribaf Vlivfrsity Prfss.

”QXIRILA‛ ELB ”XFGFXFLJF‛ IL IGÅ BIWILERICL JDELRZ :0:




Rdis peaf is iltflticlemmy mfgt hmeln.

writing and “reference” ifá divination

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