Review

Quality Adjectives

Strong Verbs

-ly words

Who/which clause (adjectival)

www.asia.because

Sentence Openers

Quality AdjectivesShould tell us something we don’t already know…

Smart genius Evil genius

Enormous elephant

Sluggish elephant

Cute puppy

Strong Verbs

Mostly active!

• Mistakes were made. • Senator Cromley made mistakes.

• There were lots of people milling about.• A crowd milled about the court yard.

• The cabinet’s shelves were filled with dishes.• Dishes filled the cabinet’s shelves.

• Virginia is a state which borders North Carolina.• The state of Virginia borders North Carolina.

-LY WORDS/ AdverbsWhen your strong verb needs a little help.

Who/Which Clause

Place near the noun which it modifies. (Grammar Rule #8.)

Who for people and personified animals

Which for things including non-personified animals

Making the most of a who/which

Do not use it when an adjective works just as well.

The cat which is gray purred loudly.The gray cat purred loudly.

The boy who was naughty threw the snowball.The naughty boy threw the snowball.

Making the most of who/which

Do not use when a simple appositive* would work.

*Appositives are nouns or pronouns placed next to or very near other nouns or pronouns to identify, explain, or supplement their meaning. An appositive has the same case as the word that it refers to.

The officer ticketed Rita who was the driver.

The officer ticketed Rita, the driver.

The kangaroo which is a marsupial lives in Austalia.

The kangaroo, a marsupial, lives in Australia.

Making the Most of Who/Which

Who/WhichThe players fled when they realized the ball

which they had thrown had crashed through Mr. Picklers living room window.

The players fled when they realized the ball they had thrown had crashed through Mr. Picklers living room window.

Making the Most of Who/Which

Who/WhichThe waitress whom* Barry likes quit.

Barry likes her. him, her, them, us, me = whom (obj.)she, he, they, we, I = who (subj.)

The waitress Barry likes quit.

www.asia because

WhenWhile WhereAsSinceIfAlthoughBecause

UnlessUntilBeforeAfter

Must have noun AND Verb!

Unless you know how to drive, we will have to walk.

Until Sally apologized, Mary would not speak to her.

Before you go to bed, you must brush your teeth.

Sentence Openers

1. Subject 2. Prepositional3. -ly4. ing5.www.asia.bubba6. V.S.S.

Preposition + Object of the Preposition

Must be near noun it modifies!

Adds emphasis/drama when used among longer sentences.

ing/ed• The child cried bitterly. The child sought comfort from

her mother.• Combined: Crying bitterly, the child sought comfort from

her mother.• Charlie was discouraged by low grades. Charlie dropped

out of college.• Combined: Discouraged by low grades, Charlie dropped

out of college.• The officers were confronted with the facts. They had to

admit they had arrested the wrong man.• Combined:Confronted with the facts, the officers had to

admit they had arrested the wrong man.

After dressing…Quality Adjectives

Strong Verbs

-ly words

Who/which clause (adjectival)

www.asia.because

Sentence Openers

Decorations! (pg.5)

• Question• Conversation/quotation• 3 sss• Dramatic opening-closing• Simile/metaphor• Alliteration• Triple Extension

Question/Command p. 43

Conversation/Quotation

Unexpected…for emphasis or variety.

“I’m here!” rumbled the elephant in infrasound.

As Mark Twain noted, “History may not repeat itself but it sure does rhyme.”

3 sss (pg.43)

Three Short, Staccato Sentences4:3:2 Killer bees invaded America.

Viciously they attacked. Humans Suffered.3:3:3 Savage bees attacked. Violently they

killed. Nobody was spared.2:2:2 Bees invaded. They maurauded.

Humans perished.

Dramatic Opening/Closing (pg.46)

• VSS before topic sentence, combined with another dramatic vss after the clincher sentence.

Hungry flames roared. (opening)The farm lay in ashes. (closing)Peter sighed. (opening)Peter had an idea. (closing)Killer bees invaded. (opening)The nightmare had begun. (closing)

Simile/Metaphor (p.44)

Simile “as” “like”light as a feather

a road like brown ribbondog tired

happy as a lark

Metaphor (cannot be true)a heart of stone

the metal skya flaming rose

sand for hairthe glass ocean

Similes in Literature“She entered with ungainly struggle like some huge awkward chicken,

torn, squawking, out of its coop.” — The Adventure of the Three Gables, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

“Camperdown, Copenhagen, Trafalgar — these names thunder in memory like the booming of great guns.” — Mutiny on the Bounty, by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall

The water made a sound like kittens lapping.” — The Yearling, by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings

“. . . impressions poured in upon her of those two men, and to follow her thought was like following a voice which speaks too quickly to be taken down by one’s pencil . . .” — To the Lighthouse, by Virginia Woolf

Metaphors in Literature

All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances.William Shakespeare

Alliteration (pg.42)

Two or more words (preferrably three) beginning with the same letter or letter blend sound. May be separated by conjunctions or articles, short pronouns or preopsitions.

Crass, crude and crafty…Clumsily he clawed and clambered up the

cliff.

Triple Extension (pg. 50)

• Thrice…never twice!– The Same Word– Part of Speech (verbs, adjectives, -ly words)– Type of Phrase or Clause

Triple Extension (pg. 50)

• Thrice…never twice! – Same word

Music was my life, music brought me to life, and music is how I will be remembered long after I leave this life. ("life" is also tripled)

Not only was her purse empty, but her heart was empty, and her soul was empty.

Tiki Tom had lost his way, lost his hope, and ultimately lost his mind.

Triple Extension (pg. 50)

• Thrice…never twice! – Same part of speech

Constantly and joyfully but cacophonously, the children ran around the house when they knew their favorite cousins were coming over.

The lunar rover is a unique, rugged, autonomous space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of the moon.

The carrier pigeon, named "Cher Ami", carried many messages during World War I, flew through enemy lines, and saved many American soldiers.

Triple Extension (pg. 50)

• Thrice…never twice!– Same Phrase or Clause

Tiki Tom had renewed hope when he received Aurora’s letter in the bottle, while paddling away from the deserted island, because he now knew he was close to home.

Neil Armstrong became famous for stating “The Eagle has landed”, before becoming the first man on the moon, during the 1969 Apollo 13 mission.

Assonance and Consonance p. 49

AssignmentFind five (5) passages (preferably a paragraph with no dialogue) of 150 to 200

words. Please choose from works from which have achieved literary distinction as a “classic” or been deemed “required reading” by English teachers.

Children’s books such as The Velveteen Rabbit, Winnie the Pooh, or The Railway Children may provide suitable passages, but you should use no more than two children’s books for your passages. The others should come from works which were written with readers of your age/grade/maturity in mind. If you need more of selection than your home library provide, check out www.gutenberg.org! You may choose nonfiction or fiction. Passages from well-respected magazines just as National Geographic, Smithsonian, etc. may also be used.

Photocopy the passage, copy and paste or type it in. Be sure to indicate the name of the book from which it came as well as the author’s name. Analyze it for stylistic techniques according to the directions below. This week only, you will submit anything via Engrade. Rather, you will turn in the passage and the analyses in class on Wednesday, March 19.

Green = strong verbPink = -ly word (or adverb)Orange = Quality AdjectivePurple = who/which clause (Appositive: advanced who/which clause –omits who is, who was, which was, which is, etc. The kangaroo which is a marsupial lives in Australia. The kangroo, a marsupial, lives in Austrialia.)Red = www.asia.bubba clause

If you are able to identify the opener as one of the six, please mark it with a small number above the first word. #1 – Subject#2 – Prepositional Phrase#3 – -ly word#4 – -ing #5 – www.asia.bubba clause#6 – VSS

Underline any of the following decorations you recognize in the passage. Write the corresponding letter above the decoration.

A. Question (not as part of dialogue)B. Conversation/quotations (used creatively as an opener or in an

unexpected manner; not part of a story in which dialogue would be expected.)

C. 3 sss (short, staccato sentences) D. Dramatic opening-closing (VSS used to open and/or close a paragraph.)E. Simile/metaphor F. AlliterationG. Triple Extension (see pg. 50 for examples)

The Velveteen Rabbit by Margery Williams

For a long time, he lived in the toy cupboard or on the nursery floor, and no one thought very much about him. He was naturally shy, and being only made of velveteen, some of the more expensive toys quite snubbed him. The mechanical toys were very superior and looked down upon everyone else; they were full of modern ideas, and pretended they were real. The model boat, who had lived through two seasons and lost most of his paint, caught the tone form them and never missed an opportunity of referring to his rigging in technical terms. The Rabbit could not claim to be a model of anything, because he didn’t know that real rabbits existed; he thought they were all stuffed with sawdust like himself, and he understood that sawdust was quite out-of-date and should never be mentioned in modern circles. Even Timothy, the jointed wooden lion, who was made by the disabled soldiers and should have had broader views, put on airs and pretended he was connected with Government. Between them all the poor little rabbit was made to feel himself very insignificant and commonplace, and the only person who was kind to him at all was the Skin Horse.

(2)For a long time, he lived in the toy cupboard or on the nursery floor, and no one thought very much about him. (1L)He was naturally shy, and (4)being only made of velveteen, some of the more expensive toys quite snubbed him. (1L)The mechanical toys were very superior and looked down upon everyone else; they were full of modern ideas, and pretended they were real. (1A)The model boat, who had lived through two seasons and lost most of his paint, caught the tone form them and never missed an opportunity of referring to his rigging in technical terms. (1A)The Rabbit could not claim to be a model of anything, because he didn’t know that real rabbits existed; he thought they were all stuffed with sawdust like himself, and he understood that sawdust was quite out-of-date and should never be mentioned in modern circles. (1A)Even Timothy, the jointed wooden lion, who was made by the disabled soldiers and should have had broader views, put on airs and pretended he was connected with Government. (2)Between them all the poor little rabbit was made to feel himself very insignificant and commonplace, and the only person who was kind to him at all was the Skin Horse.

(2)For a long time, he lived in the toy cupboard or on the nursery floor, and no one thought very much about him. (1L)He was naturally shy, and being only made of velveteen, some of the more expensive toys quite snubbed him. (1L)The mechanical toys were very superior and looked down upon everyone else; they were full of modern ideas and pretended they were real. (1A)The model boat, who had lived through two seasons and lost most of his paint, caught the tone from them and never missed an opportunity of referring to his rigging in technical terms. (1A)The Rabbit could not claim to be a model of anything, because he didn’t know that real rabbits existed; he thought they were all stuffed with sawdust like himself, and he understood that sawdust was quite out-of-date and should never be mentioned in modern circles. (1A)Even Timothy, the jointed wooden lion, who was made by the disabled soldiers and should have had broader views, put on airs and pretended he was connected with Government. (2)Between them all the poor little rabbit was made to feel himself very insignificant and commonplace, and the only person who was kind to him at all was the Skin Horse.

(2)For a long time, he lived in the toy cupboard or on the nursery floor, and no one thought very much about him. (1L)He was naturally shy, and being only made of velveteen, some of the more expensive toys quite snubbed him. (1L)The mechanical toys were very superior and looked down upon everyone else; they were full of modern ideas and pretended they were real. (1A)The model boat, who had lived through two seasons and lost most of his paint, caught the tone from them and never missed an opportunity of referring to his rigging in technical terms. (1A)The Rabbit could not claim to be a model of anything, because he didn’t know that real rabbits existed; he thought they were all stuffed with sawdust like himself, and he understood that sawdust was quite out-of-date and should never be mentioned in modern circles. (1A)Even Timothy, the jointed wooden lion, who was made by the disabled soldiers and should have had broader views, put on airs and pretended he was connected with Government. (2)Between them all the poor little rabbit was made to feel himself very insignificant and commonplace, and the only person who was kind to him at all was the Skin Horse.

(2) At sight of these (G)strange, swift, and terrible creatures, the crowd near the water's edge seemed to me to be for a moment horror-struck. (1)There was no (G)screaming or shouting, but a silence. (1)Then a hoarse murmur and a movement of feet--a splashing from the water. A man, too frightened to drop the portmanteau which he carried on his shoulder, swung round and sent me staggering with a blow from the corner of his burden. (1)A woman thrust at me with her hand and rushed past me. (1)I turned with the rush of the people, but I was not too terrified for thought. (1)The terrible Heat-Ray was in my mind. To get under water! (6)That was it! (From War of The Worlds by H.G. Wells)