Writing & ReadingWriting & ReadingSkills in EnglishSkills in English

Unit 1: Teaching & Learning Unit 1: Teaching & Learning

MarianMarian AlesonAleson

Unit 1: Writing & Reading Unit 1: Writing & Reading

�� Paradigms: Paradigms: �� LinguisticsLinguistics�� Educational Educational

PsychologyPsychology

�� Schools & MethodsSchools & Methods

�� Learning/ Teaching Learning/ Teaching Context Context �� ActorsActors�� Resources & ElementsResources & Elements�� Syllabus Design Syllabus Design

�� StakeholdersStakeholders�� Need’s Analysis Need’s Analysis �� Objectives & ContentsObjectives & Contents�� CompetenceCompetence

�� ResearchResearch

�� Skills Skills �� WritingWriting�� Reading Reading

ParadigmsParadigms

�� LinguisticsLinguistics

�� Prescriptivism & Prescriptivism & HistoricismHistoricism

�� StructuralismStructuralism�� GenerativismGenerativism�� PragmaticsPragmatics�� CognitivismCognitivism

�� Educational Educational PsychologyPsychology�� (Mental Faculties) (Mental Faculties)

PsychologyPsychology�� Behaviorism & Behaviorism &

ConductismConductism�� (Social) (Social) CognitivismCognitivism�� ConstructivismConstructivism�� HumanismHumanism

Prescriptivism & HistoricismPrescriptivism & Historicism�� 2th BC2th BC--4th AD:4th AD:

Dionysius Dionysius ThraxThrax, , AristarchusAristarchus, , PriscianusPriscianus C., C., AeliusAeliusDonatusDonatus..

�� Prescriptivism: Norms and Rules of LatinPrescriptivism: Norms and Rules of Latin�� Correct Use of Latin:Correct Use of Latin:

�� Written & SpokenWritten & Spoken

�� The Renaissance:The Renaissance:

��Dante’sDante’s DDe e vulgarivulgari eloquentiaeloquentia (1303(1303--5)5)��Antonio Antonio NebrijaNebrija (1492): (1492): GramáticaGramática de la de la lengualengua castellanacastellana;;

�� ACADEMIESACADEMIES: La : La AccademiaAccademia delladella CruscaCrusca (1583), (1583), RAE (1713), RAE (1713), L’AcadémieL’Académie FrançaiseFrançaise (1635); (1635); J. J. Wallis & J. Wilkins’ Wallis & J. Wilkins’ Royal SocietyRoyal Society (1660)(1660)

Prescriptivism & HistoricismPrescriptivism & Historicism�� 1616thth , 17, 17thth and 18and 18thth c.c.

�� Adapt theAdapt the Latin modelLatin model to vernacular languagesto vernacular languages�� Maintain and preserve theMaintain and preserve the PURITYPURITY of the of the

languagelanguage�� Prescriptivism: Prescriptivism: dictionariesdictionaries & & grammarsgrammars

�� Historicism (19Historicism (19thth c.):c.):

�� JakobJakob Grimm Grimm �� JespersenJespersen�� Old Old IndoIndo--EuropeanEuropean Languages (Languages (UpspracheUpsprache))�� Origin and Origin and EvolutionEvolution of Languageof Language

�� NeoNeo--grammarians, Darwinismgrammarians, Darwinism�� LanguageLanguage�� Life BeingLife Being

Prescriptivism & HistoricismPrescriptivism & Historicism

�� Consequences:Consequences:

�� Following the Literary ModelFollowing the Literary Model�� PreservationPreservation�� focusfocus�� Written LanguageWritten Language

�� ““Oral English [Oral English [……] of little practical use] of little practical use”” G. (1985:227)G. (1985:227)

�� PrescriptivismPrescriptivism““Until about 1880, then, Until about 1880, then, ‘‘good usagegood usage’’ in a grammarin a grammar--

school context meant an artificial variety of written school context meant an artificial variety of written

English, often clumsy and hypercorrect in the attempt English, often clumsy and hypercorrect in the attempt

to follow the literary model closelyto follow the literary model closely GGöörlachrlach (1985:228)(1985:228)

GRAMMAR CORRECTION GRAMMAR CORRECTION

and and

TRANSLATIONTRANSLATION

StructuralismStructuralism�� Beginning of MODERN linguisticsBeginning of MODERN linguistics

SaussureSaussure, Bloomfield, , Bloomfield, JackobsonJackobson, , TrubetzkoyTrubetzkoy, , KarchevskyKarchevsky

�� ObjObj..�� Ling. UNITSLing. UNITSStructure Structure �� unitsunits

RULESRULES

�� Empirical DataEmpirical Data�� New terminologyNew terminology

�� Sign, structure, level, Sign, structure, level, unit, class, unit, class, realtionrealtion, , paradigm, paradigm, syntagmsyntagm

�� LingLingcaca = Ciencia= Ciencia�� NewNew ScientificScientific

CommunityCommunity�� InductivismInductivism andand

EmpirismEmpirism�� DiacronicDiacronic PointPoint ofof ViewView�� LangLang = = CommunicationCommunication

DESCRIPTIVISM/

NORMATIVISM

StructuralismStructuralism

�� Conclusions:Conclusions:�� Units: Description, Taxonomy and FunctionUnits: Description, Taxonomy and Function�� Focus on PhoneticsFocus on Phonetics�� know the elementsknow the elements�� know the languageknow the language�� Contrast Analysis: InterferenceContrast Analysis: Interference

ErrorsErrors

�� DrillsDrills�� Contrastive Elements Contrastive Elements �� selectionselection

i.e. FALSE FRIENDSi.e. FALSE FRIENDS

�� Assessment: Assessment: �� discreet elements discreet elements i.e.i.e. minimal pairs orminimal pairs or paradigm & paradigm & syntagmaticsyntagmatic relationsrelations

GenerativismGenerativism

Idealization, Formalization, Competence, Idealization, Formalization, Competence, Ling. Universals, Creativity and Ling. Universals, Creativity and

Dichotomies:Dichotomies:�� The SystemThe System�� Competence/performanceCompetence/performance�� Deep/surface structure (Deep/surface structure (transformationstransformations))�� Grammaticality/Acceptability (Grammaticality/Acceptability (deviation stylisticsdeviation stylistics))

ErrorError AnalysisAnalysis andand InterlanguageInterlanguageInterferenceInterference�� not enoughnot enough

PragmaticsPragmatics�� Parole & PerformanceParole & Performance�� Beyond the SystemBeyond the System�� FunctionalistFunctionalist�� MultidisciplinaryMultidisciplinary�� CommunicationCommunication

�� Discourse & Text Discourse & Text ���� Discourse (Discourse (speakers, channel, cognitive & psychological aspects, speakers, channel, cognitive & psychological aspects,

etc.)etc.)

Signs in Context

Discourse Analysis

Macrostructure, Microstructure, Strategies, Isotopies, Anaphore, Cataphore, etc.

CognitivismCognitivism

Evolution of Generative Gram. (70Evolution of Generative Gram. (70--80)80)�� Prototypes, Ideal Cognitive Models, etc.Prototypes, Ideal Cognitive Models, etc.�� Incl. Pragmatics: Incl. Pragmatics: Discourse Analysis and Comm.Discourse Analysis and Comm.

SEMANTICS SEMANTICS SYNTAXSYNTAXLanguage is 1 inside COGNITIONLanguage is 1 inside COGNITION

Learning by Prototypes

Models

Semantic & Syntactic Relations / Languages

Cognitive Aspects of Learning

Educational PsychologyEducational Psychology(Mental Faculties) (Mental Faculties)

PsychologyPsychologyT. Reid and von T. Reid and von WoffWoff

�� MindMind: emotions, will, : emotions, will, feelings, passions & feelings, passions & intelectintelect..

�� Mental DisciplineMental Discipline�� DrillsDrills�� Mind = muscleMind = muscle

�� TrainingTraining

�� Sharp the MindSharp the Mind

�� ExerciseExercise

Behaviorism & Behaviorism & ConductismConductismThorndykeThorndyke, Pavlov, Skinner, , Pavlov, Skinner,

BloomfieldBloomfield�� DarwinDarwin�� EnvironmentEnvironment�� Empirical DataEmpirical Data�� Language is response to Language is response to environment.environment.�� PavlovPavlov�� adequate adequate stimulationstimulation�� SkinnerSkinner�� Programmed TasksProgrammed Tasks�� Result of ExperienceResult of Experience

& Practice.& Practice.

Positive/ Negative Reinforce.Positive/ Negative Reinforce.

BehaviourBehaviour ModificationModification

BehaviourismBehaviourism

�� Students’ Students’ BehaviourBehaviour�� HabilitiesHabilities & & knowledge acquiredknowledge acquired

�� Learning ConditionsLearning Conditions�� ContextContext�� Performance CriteriaPerformance Criteria�� Final Final BehaviourBehaviour

compared to a Standardcompared to a Standard

�� ProgrammeProgramme & Syllabus& Syllabus�� AudilingualAudilingual MethodMethod�� Situational MethodSituational Method

Educational Psychology 2Educational Psychology 2CognitivismCognitivism

Piaget and von Piaget and von WoffWoff�� InteractionInteraction: Students : Students

and Environment.and Environment.�� Experience Experience is Learningis Learning�� ExplorationExploration is Learningis Learning�� Assimilation, Assimilation,

Accommodation & Accommodation & BalanceBalance

�� New Experiences?New Experiences?�� Learn by errorLearn by error

�� Learn at PaceLearn at Pace

�� Teacher Teacher �������� FacilitatorFacilitator

The Mind & Effective L.The Mind & Effective L.

ConstructivismConstructivismVigotskyVigotsky, , KrashenKrashen,,

�� Create MeaningCreate Meaning�� Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development�� Zone of proximal development Zone of proximal development

((graded tasksgraded tasks))�� Responsibility on learningResponsibility on learning�� MotivationMotivation�� CollaborationCollaboration�� Meaningful environmentMeaningful environment�� Social Process & negotiationSocial Process & negotiation�� Assessment part of itAssessment part of it�� ReflectionReflection�� Multimedia Multimedia LiteracityLiteracity

CognitivismCognitivism�� Attract student’s attentionAttract student’s attention�� Build on/recall previous knowledgeBuild on/recall previous knowledge�� Highlight important InformationHighlight important Information�� Organized presentation of the InformationOrganized presentation of the Information�� Teach students to categorize and classify Teach students to categorize and classify

Information and knowledgeInformation and knowledge�� Create situations where students can elaborate Create situations where students can elaborate

and connect new Informationand connect new Information�� Teach mnemonic techniques.Teach mnemonic techniques.�� Facilitate opportunities to practice recently Facilitate opportunities to practice recently

acquired conceptsacquired concepts�� OverOver--learn by repetitionlearn by repetition

Humanism Humanism

Socrates & Aristotle Classical PhilosophySocrates & Aristotle Classical Philosophy�� StudentStudent--centeredcentered�� Democratization of LearningDemocratization of Learning�� Learning depends on Intentionality and ValuesLearning depends on Intentionality and Values�� Emotional and Cognitive SystemsEmotional and Cognitive Systems

�� Independent and Autonomous Capacity Independent and Autonomous Capacity �� FacilitatorFacilitator�� Responsibility Responsibility �� selfself--assessmentassessment�� CreativityCreativity�� Curiosity Curiosity �� if you want, you learnif you want, you learn�� Artistic SenseArtistic Sense

Schools & Methods Schools & Methods

Grammar & Grammar &

Translation MethodTranslation Method

Direct MethodDirect Method

Situational or Situational or

Oral MethodOral MethodAudiolingualAudiolingual MethodMethod

Total Physical ResponseTotal Physical Response

The Silent WayThe Silent Way

SuggestopediaSuggestopedia

Whole Language MethodWhole Language Method

Natural ApproachNatural Approach

Lexical MethodLexical Method

ContentContent--based Learningbased Learning

NeuroNeuro--linguistic Methodlinguistic Method

Linguistic CompetenceLinguistic Competence

Communicative MethodCommunicative Method

Blended LearningBlended Learning

Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences

TaskTask--based Approachbased Approach

Cooperative MethodCooperative Method

Schools & Methods Schools & Methods

�� 20th Century Practice:20th Century Practice:�� Grammar & Translation Grammar & Translation

MethodMethod�� Direct methodDirect method�� Situational or Oral Situational or Oral

MethodMethod�� AudiolingualAudiolingual MethodMethod�� Total Physical ResponseTotal Physical Response�� The Silent WayThe Silent Way�� SuggestopediaSuggestopedia�� Whole Language MethodWhole Language Method

�� 20th20th--21th:21th:�� Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences�� NeuroNeuro--linguistic Methodlinguistic Method�� Lexical MethodLexical Method�� Linguistic CompetenceLinguistic Competence�� Communicative MethodCommunicative Method�� Natural ApproachNatural Approach�� Cooperative MethodCooperative Method�� ContentContent--based Learningbased Learning�� TaskTask--based Approachbased Approach�� Blended LearningBlended Learning�� Eclectic MethodsEclectic Methods

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