written by: allen shalam a.k.a. “alshal” ® al-shal 198736

Written By: Allen Shalam A.K.A. “Alshal” ® Al-Shal 198736


AIM 1: HOW DO WE/ HISTORIANS KNOW WHAT WE KNOW?

a. HISTORY IS RECORDED

a. 3 QUOTES

1. HISTORY MAKES WHO YOU ARE

2. IF YOU KNOW HISTORY YOU WONT MAKE MISTAKES

3. IF YOU DON’T WAN HISTORY TO REPEAT ITSELF YOU HAVE TO HAVE COURAGE TO AFFECT CHANGE

b. GEOLOGISTS

a. STUDY NATURAL FORMATIONS OF THE EARTH

b. HELPED BRING AN ELEMENT OF SCIENCE INTO THE STUDY OF THE PAST

c. CHARLES LYELL POPULARIZED STRATIGRAPHY, THE STUDY OF THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH

d. HE ALSO POPULARIZED SUPERPOSITION- TO FIGURE OUT HOW OLD SOMETHING BY THE STRATA, THEY CAN

TELL WHICH IS OLDER THEN WHAT (IF ITS DEEPER THAN ITS OLDER) RELATIVE DATING

c. ANTHROPOLOGY- STUDY OF PEOPLE

a. PHYSICAL/BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY – STUDIES THE BIOLOGICAL REMAINS OF HUMAN BEINGS TO BETTER

UNDERSTAND PEOPLE, USUALLY PLANT LIFE- TO SEE WHAT LIFE WAS LIKE

b. ARCHEOLOGY- STUDIES WHAT PEOPLE LEAVE BEHIND, ARCHEOLOGISTS STUDY ARTIFACTS

1. ARTIFACTS- MAN MADE ITEMS THAT HAVE BEEN LEFT BEHIND; INCLUDES POTTERY, CLOTHING..

1. TECHNOLOGY- TYPE OF ARTIFACT, USED TO MAKE SOMETHING EASIER

c. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY- DEALS WITH IDEAS AND WHY THEY BELIEVE IN WHAT THEY BELIEVE- STUDIES

CULTURES THAT EXIST TODAY, TO GET A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PAST

d. HISTORIANS- WHAT DO HISTORIANS USE?

a. PRIMARY SOURCE – WRITTEN OR RECORDED AT THE TIME THE EVENT TOOK PLACE

1. EX: JOURNALS, DIARIES, CARVINGS ON THE WALLS, ANCIENT SCROLLS

b. SECONDARY SOURCE- ANY SOURCE WRITTEN AFTER AN EVENT HAS OCCURRED

1. THE INFO IS TAKEN FROM PRIMARY SOURCES

1. EX: ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLES, TEXTBOOKS

C. USE INFORMATION COLLECTED BY ANTHROPOLOGISTS, ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND GEOLOGISTS TO PAINT A

PICTURE OF THE PAST.

c. HOW CAN THESE SOURCES BE MISLEADING?

1. BIAS

2. FALSEHOODS- LIES

3. DISTORTIONS – TWIST THE TRUTH



4. POLITICAL AGENDAS- ALTERIOR MOTIVE- TWIST THE TRUTH FOR YOUR BENEFIT

AIM 2: HOW DOES CULTURE IMPACT HISTORY?

a. CULTURE= RELIGION, FOOD, CLOTHING, LANGUAGE

i. DEFINITION- THE SHARED SOCIALLY LEARNED KNOWLEDGE AND PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR OF A GROUP

OF PEOPLE

1. SHARED:

a. AMONGST THE GROUP

b. GENERALLY CONSIDERED TRUE

c. NOT EVERYONE HAS TO ACCEPT IT 100%

2. SOCIALLY LEARNED

a. PICKED UP THROUGH CONTACT WITH OTHER PEOPLE

b. LEARNED FROM PEERS

c. NOT BIOLOGICALLY TRANSMITTED

3. KNOWLEDGE

a. BELIEFS ABOUT THE WORLD

b. IDEAS, VALUES, RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS

c. SYMBOLS- INCLUDING SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

a. ACCEPTABLE ROLES READING TO GENDER, CLASS, RACE, RELIGION

b. ACCEPTABLE ACTIONS AND REACTIONS TO CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES

b. CULTURAL DIFFUSION- CULTURE SPREADS

i. THROUGH TRADE (LANGUAGE, VALUES), WAR

c. QUOTE EXPLAINING HOW CULTURE IMPACTS HISTORY: “CULTURE IS EVERYTHING, THE WAY WE DRESS, CARRY OUR

HEADS, THE WAY WE WALK, THE WAY WE WEAR OUR TIE- IT IS NOT ONLY THE FACT OF WRITING BOOK OR

BUILDING HOUSES”- UIME CESAR

i. CULTURE IMPACTS HISTORY IT IS EVERYTHING IT AFFECTS HOW YOU INTERACT WITH OTHERS, BEHAVE

AIM 3: HOW DOES GEOGRAPHY IMPACT HISTORY?

a. GEOGRAPHY

1. LITERALLY- THE WORLD AS IT APPEARS DRAWN ON PAPER (GEO= EARTH, GRAPH= WRITE)



2. STUDY OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN NATURAL WORLD AND HUMAN BEINGS

b. FIVE THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

1. LOCATION- ACTUAL COORDINATES OF AN AREA THAT CAN BE PINPOINTED ON A MAP USING LONG. AND

LAT.- HELPS YOU UNDERSTAND WHERE AND WHY THINGS HAPPEN

2. PLACE- THE DESCRIPTION OF AN AREA BASED ON PHYSICAL FEATURES AND HUMAN CHARACTERISTIC;

USING RELATIVE POSITIONS TO PINPOINT WHERE YOU ARE- HELPS HISTORIANS BECAUSE LATER ON THEY

CAN FIND WHERE THE PLACE IS

3. REGION- LARGER GENERAL AREAS THAT CAN BE BASED ON PHYSICAL FEATURES, CULTURE, POLITICS..

4. HUMAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION- IMPACT HUMANS HAVE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE IMPACT

THAT THE ENVIRONMENT HAS HAD ON HUMAN BEINGS

5. MOVEMENT- HOW PEOPLE, IDEAS, THINGS GO FROM ONE GEOGRAPHIC AREA TO ANOTHER- GOOD FOR

HISTORIANS (WHY DO PEOPLE DO THE THINGS THEY DO, WHY DID THEY LEAVE…)

e. WAYS TO ILLUSTRATE THE 5 THEMES

1. PHYSICAL MAPS- MAPS THAT SHOW PHYSICAL FEATURES

2. POLITICAL MAPS- SHOWS COUNTRIES AND GOVERNMENT

3. DESCRIPTIVE/ ILLUSTRATIVE- SHOWS TRADE POPULATION…

4. HISTORICAL MAPS- HISTORICAL BOUNDARIES+

f. GEOGRAPHIC DETERMINISM

1. THE BELIEF/THEORY THAT GEOGRAPHY OF AN AREA DIRECTLY SHAPES THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PEOPLE OR A

CULTURE (THE THEORY THAT GEOGRAPHY DETERMINES THE COURSE OF HISTORY FOR AN AREA OR PEOPLE)

AIM 4: HOW DOES DOMESTICATION OF ANIMAL’S AND PLANTS LITERALLY CHANGE HISTORY? (FROM NOMADS TO THE RISE OF

EARLY CIVILIZATIONS)

A. PALEOLITHIC (OLD STONE) AGE

a. LASTED UNTIL 10,000 BCE

b. HUMANS WERE NOMADS

c. HUMANS HUNTED FOR MEAT AND GATHERED VEGETABLE

d. HUMANS LIVED IN SMALL GROUPS CALLED BANDS

i. LEADERS WERE BASED ON SKILL OR NEED (EGALITARIAN- ANYONE COULD BECOME A LEADER)

ii. SHELTERS WERE TEMPORARY



iii. TOOLS- MADE FROM BONE, WOOD, OR STONE (SHARP JAGGED EDGES- LATER ON THEY LEARNED TO

SMOOTH)

iv. SOME EVIDENCE OF EARLY RELIGIOUS BELIEFS (GRAVES= BELIEVED IN AFTER LIFE)

B. NEOLITHIC (NEW STONE) AGE

a. LASTS 10,00 BCE ABOUT 5.000 BCE

b. HUMANS ARE BEGINNING TO SETTLE IN COMMUNITIES, BECOMING SEDENTARY (SETTLE, OPPOSITE OF

NOMADS)

c. HUMANS HAVE DISCOVERED HOW TO DOMESTICATE CERTAIN PLANT AND ANIMALS

d. NEOLITHIC SOCIETY

i. NEOLITHIC SOCIETIES WILL OFTEN SETTLE IN RIVER VALLEYS

ii. STORAGE FACILITIES MUST BE BUILT (NEED PEOPLE, ORGANIZATION= NEED GVMT) THEY MAKE

SURPLUS CROP

iii. RESOURCES HAVE TO BE PROTECTED (HAVE TO PROTECT FOOD BECAUSE THE FOOD BECOMES A TARGET

FOR OUTSIDERS)

iv. POPULATION BEGINS TO GROW

v. SPECIALIZATION BEGINS TO OCCUR= DIFFERENT JOBS AND CRAFTWORK SPECIALIZATION

1. ARTISANS

2. MILITARY

AIM 5: HOW DOES EGYPT QUALIFY AS A CIVILIZATION?

A. ANCIENT EGYPT

a. RULED BY PHARAOHS

i. IN OLD KINGDOM PHARAOHS CLAIMED TO BE GODS/DIVINITY

ii. PHARAOHS RULED WITH THE HELP F THE VIZIERS OR PRIME MINISTERS

B. DIVISION OF AREAS ALONG NILE INTO NOMES

C. QUEEN HATSHEPSUT (1503- TSHEPSUT OKING RAMSES II (1290-1224 BCE) THE NEW KINGDOM

D. WRITING

a. HIEROGLYPHICS- FORM OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN WRITING THAT USES PICTOGRAMS TO FORM IDEAS AND

CONCEPTS

b. DEMOTIC- A SIMPLIFIED FORM OF HIEROGLYPHICS, USED TO MAKE RECORDINGS EASIER

E. COMPLEX RELIGION- POLYTHEISM

a. OLD KINGDOM- PHARAOHS



b. EVIDENCE FOUND IN MUMMIFIED CORPSES OF KINGS AND THE IN LARGE PYRAMID TOMBS

c. EVIDENCE OF RELIGIOUS REVOLUTION OF AKHENATON, WHO CLAIMED TO WORSHIP ONE GOD: THE

BOOK OF THE DEAD

F. JOB SPECIALIZATION

a. MERCHANTS

b. PRIESTS

c. FARMERS

d. SCRIBES

e. ARTISANS

G. SOCIAL CLASSES

a. SOCIAL PYRAMID

i. PHARAOH

ii. PRIESTS

iii. NOBLES

iv. MERCHANTS

v. PEASANTS

H. PUBLIC WORKS

a. IRRIGATION CANALS AND DITCHES FOR THE NILE RIVER

I. CITIES

a. EVIDENCE OF CITIES AT GIZA, MEMPHIS, THEBES

AIM 6: HOW DOSES THE GEOGRAPHY OF EGYPT IMPACT ITS DEVELOPMENT?

A. MAP

a. GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES

i. THE NILE- THE GIFT OF THE GODS, IT REPRESENTS THEIR RELIGION- THEY EXPECT THE NILE

TO OVERFLOW AND DEPOSITS SILK ON THE RIVERBANKS, IT ALSO MAKES THE SOIL MORE

FERTILE.. FEAR OF THE NILE- THAT IT WILL OVERFLOW AND TAKE EVERYTHING OUT

1. THE RELIANCE ON THE NILE = LEARN NEW TECHNOLOGIES- THE SCIENCE OF

ASTRONOMY IS DEVELOPED IN EGYPT

a. THE NILE OVERFLOWS SEASONALLY, THEY STUDY THE SUN- HELPS

UNDERSTAND THE NILE



ii. MOSTLY DESERT AND SEAS

1. ISOLATION- OGYPT DEVELOPS A UNIQUE CULTURE, IT IS ITS OWN WORLD.THS IS

CENTERED AROUND THE NILE RIVER, THE NILE OVERFLOWS PREDICTABLY (PHARAOH-

ABLE TO CLAIM THAT IS GOD

iii. THE CLOSENESS OF THE PEOPLE- IMPACTS CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEOPLE

iv. CLOSENESS TO OTHER COUNTRIES- NTRIESS TO CAN CONQUER AND GROW

B. THE OLD KINGDOM

i. MENES/ NARMER- PHARAOHS WERE SO STRONG BECAUSE THEY’RE BUILDING THE NATION-

EARLY PYRAMIDS, IRRIGATION CANAL (LASTS 1.000 YEARS) THE NILE CAUSES THE

DESTRUCTION

C. THE MIDDLE KINGDOM

a. TRANSITION AND CONTRADICTION

b. HYKSOS SAW EGYPT DEVELOP AND DECIDED TO ATTACK

i. THEY BORROWED THEIR CULTURE AND RELIGION

1. WHY? BECAUSE THEY DON’T WANT REBELLION AND THEY WERE ATTRACTED BY THE

RELIGION

D. THE NEW KINGDOM

a. HATSHEPSUT- THEY TRIED TO ERASE HER, DIDN’T LIKE THAT A WOMEN BECAME PHARAOH, THEY

MUMMIFIED HER

b. RAMSES II WENT TO THE MIDDLE EAST AND MET WITH THE CHITIM- FIRST RECORDED TREATY WITH

ENEMIES- NGE OF EMPIRE (THEY SPREAD EVERYWHERE)

E. NATION STATE

a. A MODERN DAY COUNTRY; A SELF GOVERNING, GEOGRAPHICALLY DEFINED AREA RULED BY ONE CENTRAL

POWER; THE PEOPLE SHARE A COMMON CULTURE- RELIGION, LANGUAGE, DRESS, ETC. AND BELIEVE IN A

SHARED HISTORY AND FUTURE

HOW DOES GEOGRAPHY IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANCIENT MESOPATAMIA A. MESOPOTAMIA 1. LITERALLY MEANS BETWEEN THE RIVERS 2. THIS REFERS TO THE FERTILE LAND BETWEEN THE TIGRIS AND THE EUPHRATES 3. THE FERTILE LAND IS KNOWN AS THE FERTILE CRESCENT OR THE LEVANT B. GEOGRAPHY OF MESOPATAMIA 1. LAND FEATURES A. LAND IS GENERALLY FLAT AND OPEN



B. TO THE EAST AND NORTH THERE ARE MOUNTAINS C. TO THE WEST THERE IS DESERT D. THERE ARE VERY FEW RESOURCES 2. WATER FEATURES A. THE TIGRIS AND THE EUPHRATES ARE THE MAIN SOURCES OF WATER FOR MESOPATAMIA B. BOTH RIVERS OVERFOLOW UNPREDICTIBLY THE RESULTS ARE TERRIFYING FLOODS C. SUDDEN RAINS IN THE NORTH CAN ALSO CAUSE THE RIVERS TO OVERFLOW C. IMPACT OF MESOPATAMIAS GEOGRAPHY 1. SETTLEMENT A. MORE SETTLEMENTS ARE POSSIBLE B. PEOPLE FEEL EXPOSED C. GENERAL SENSE OF FEAR FROM FLOODS AND INVASIONS 2. CITY STATES A. DEFINITION-BASIC POLITICAL UNIT IN MESOPATAMIA 1. BASICALLY A CITY WITH THE SAME CHARECTERISTICS OF A MODERN DAY COUNTRY A. HAS A KING (INDEPENDENT GOVERNEMENT) B. HAS AN ARMY C. HAS WALLS 3. CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT A. CITY STATES ARE INDEPENDENT OF ONE ANOTHER B. DIFFERENT CUSTOMS, LANGUAGES, ETC. DEVELOP OVER TIME C. TRADE IS NESSECARY DUE TO SUCH SCARCE REOURCES D. PEOPLE ARE IDENTIFIED BY THEIR CITY STATE E. BIG IMPACT ON RELIGION, POLITICS, AND SCIENCES 4. UNIFICATION A. UNIFYING MESOPATAMIA IS HARDER THAN UNIFYING EGYPT B. MESOPATAMIA WILL BE UNIFIED THROUGH EMPIRES OVER TIME 5. EMPIRE A. DEFINITION-AN AREA MADE UP OF VARIOUS CULTURAL GROUPS THAT IS RULED BY ONE MAIN POWER. THE

AREA IS ALSO DIRECTLY CONTROLLED BY THE USE OF ARMIES OR APPOINTED OFFICIALS. IT CAN EITHER BE CONTOROLLED

WITH THE THREAT OF FORCE OR BY POLITICAL OR ECONOMICAL PUNISHMENTS HOW DID HAMMURABI CONTROL HIS EMPIRE A. UNDERSTANDING BABYLON 1. HAMMURABI RULED THE FIRST BABYLONIAN EMPIRE IN AROUND 1800 BCE 2. BABYLON IS LOCATED ON THE EUPHRATES RIVER (KNOWN AS MODERN DAY IRAQ) B. HAMMURABIS LAWS (TORAH OR HAMMURABI) 1. IF SOMEONE GIVES SOMEONE ELSE MONEY OR ANYTHING OF VALUE TO HOLD FOR HIM AND THE ITEM GETS STOLEN

THE PERSON THAT WAS TAKING CARE OF THE ITEM HAS TO PAY THE ORIGINAL OWNER FOR IT 2. IF SOMEONE GIVES MONEY TO SOMEONE TO WATCH OVER AND IT IS STOLE, IF THE THEIF IS FOUND THEN HE

MUST PAY DOUBLE. IF THE THEIF IS NOT FOUND THEN THE PERSON WATCHING OOVER THE MONEY HAS TO GO TO COURT AND

SWEAR THAT HE DIDN’T TAKE IT. WHOEVER THE COURT FINDS GUILTY HAS TO PAY THE OTHER DOUBLE. 3. ONE WHO HURTS THEREW MOTHER OR FATHER SHALL BE KILLED 4. IF SOMEONE WHO HITS IS FATHER HIS HANDS WILL BE CUT OFF 5. IF A MAN HITS A PREGNANT WOMEN AND HER BABY DIES HE MUST PAY TEN SHEKELS FOR HER LOSS. IF THE

WOMAN DIES HIS DAUGHETER WILL BE KILLED



C. UNDERSTANDING BAYLONIANS SOCIETY (LAWS) 1. THESE TWO LAWS ARE EXAMPLES OF HOW LAND WAS SO IMPORTANT A. IF SOMEONE TAKES OVER A FIELD THAT IS NOT BEING USED TO GROW PLANTS ON IT BUT DOES NOT

GROW ANYTHING, IN THE FOURTH YEAR HE WILL HAVE TO PLOW THE FIELD AND AND TAKE CARE OF IT AND GIVE IT BACK TO

ITS OWNER AND FOR EACH TEN GAN (A MEASUREMENT OF AREA) HE WILL PAY TEN GUR OF GRAIN. B. IF SAOMEONE DOES NOT TAKE CARE OF THEIR WATER SUPPLY AND IT SPILLS OVER SOMEONE ELSES FIELD

AND IT RUINS THE CROPS, THE MAN WILL BE SOLD IN ORDER TO PAY BACK THE MAN WHOSE FRUITS HE DESTROYED. 2. THESE NEXT LAWS WILL SHOW THAT THERE IS EQUALITY BETWEEN THE SOCIAL CLASSES A. IF A MAN OOK OUT ANOTHER MANS EYE HIS EYE WILL BE PUT OUT B. IF A MAN PUT OUT THE EYE OF A FREED MAN OR BREAK HIS BONE HE WILL PAY ONE GOLD MINA C. IF A MAN PUT OUT THE EYE OF A MANS SLAVE OR BREAK HIS BONE, HE HAS TO PAY HALF OV ITS VALUE 3. THE NEXT LAW IS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW KEEPING TRACK OF MONEY WAS IMPORTANT A. IF A MERCHANT GAVE SOMEONE GOODS TO TRANSPOT THEN THE PERSON WILL GIVE A RECEIPT TO THE

MERCHANT AND PAY THE MERCHANT. THEN THE MERCHANT WILL GIVE HIM A RECEIPT STATING HOW MUCH HE HAD PAID. 4. THE NEXT LAW HAS TO DO WITH DIVORCES AND RELATIONSHIPS A. IF A MAN WANTS TO GET A DIVORCE FROM A WOMEN WHO HE HAD CHILDREN WITH HE HAS TO PAY A

DOWRY TO HER AND HE HAS TO GIVE HER PART OF HIS FIELD, GARDEN, AND PROPERTY, SO THAT SHE CAN TAKE CARE OF HER

CHILDREN. THE WOMEN CAN THEN MARRY ANY OTHER MAN. SHE ALSO GETS A PORTION OF THE MONEY. 5. THE NEXT LAW DEMONSTRATES THE IMPORTANCE OF A FAIR TRIAL A. IF A JUDGE TRIED A CASE AND MAKES A VERDICT, AND PUTS IT IN WRITING, AND LATER THEY SEE HIS

DECISION IS WRONG, IT WILL BE BLAMED ON THE JUDGE. HE WILL HAVE TO PAY 12X THE FINE HE HAD SET IN THE CASE. HE

WILL ALSO NEVER BE A JUDGE AGAIN. HOW DID DARIUS KEEP CONTRL OF HIS EMPIRE (PERSIA) A. ROYAL TIMELINE- CYRUS (550-529 BCE)- CONQUERED BABYLON AND HELPED START EMPIRE DARIUS (522-486 BCE) XERXES (486-450 BCE) B. DARIUS AS KING IN PERSIA 1. EXPANDED AND MAINTAINED CYRUS’S EMPIRE 2. RULED FOR 36 YEARS 3. UNITED PERSIA WITH MIDDLE EAST AND TURKEY C. DARIUS’S GOVERNEMENT 1. HE DIVIDED ALL OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE INTO TERRITORIES CALLED PROVINCES 2. HE APPOINTED SATRAPS TO ACT AS GOVERNORS OVER THE DIFFERENT PROVINCES 3. HE APPOINTED SPIES(THE EYES AND EARS OF THE KING) TO WATCH OVER THE SATRAPS 4. HE CREATED A UNIFORM CODE OF LAW 5, HE MOVED HIS ROYAL COURT FROM CITY TO CITY 6. HE EXPANDED CONSTRUCTIONS OF ROAD SO THAT HE CAN TRAVEL ALL OVER THE COUNTRY THESE ROADS ALSO

ENCOURAGED UNITY AND HELP PEOPLE COMMUNICATE WITH DIFFERENT PEOPLE ALL OVER THE EMPIRE. 7. HE MADE A SYSTEM OF UNIFORM WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 8. HE ENCOURAGED THE USE OF COINS D. DARIUS AND RELIGION 1. RESPECTED THE RELIGIOUS BELEIFS OF OTHER PEOPLE (HE LET THE JEWS REBUILD THE TEMPLE) 2. ZOROASTRIANISM WAS THE MAIN RELIGION OF PERSIA WHILE HE WAS RULER. 3. ZOROASTRIANISM HAD TO DO WITH TWO DIFFERENT GODS.

A. AHURAMAZDA-RULER OF THE WORLD (GOOD) BATTLE B. AHRIMAN-GOD OF LIES AND EVIL (BAD) EACHOTHER



HOW DID THE VARIOUS EMOIRES OF THE MIDDLE EAST CONTRIBUTE TO CULTURAL DIFFUSION A. THE SUMERIANS 1. THEY BUIT ZIGGURATS 2. USED CUNEIFORM TO WRITE 3. UNITED MUCH OF LOWER MESOPATAMIA 4. THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH 5. WAS CONQUERED BY SARGON KING OF THE AKKADIANS B. THE FIRST BABYLONIAN EMPIRE 1. KNOWN FOR THE LAW CODE OF HAMMURABI 2. FIRST TIME LAW IS BROKEN DOWN INTO TWO CATEFGORIES CIVIL LAWS- CRIMINAL LAW- -MAN SUES ANOTHER MAN -GOVERENMENT GOES AFTER YOU -$$$$MONEY$$$$ -PRISON OR DEATH 3. BUILT A STRONG ARMY, IMPROVED IRRAGATION, EMPHASIZED BABYLONIAN GODS OVER SUMERIAN GODS ●THE HITTITES AND THE ASSYRIANS 1. THE HITTITES (1400-1200 BCE) ARE KNOWN TO BE THE FIRST TO UNDERSTAND THE ART OF IRONWORKING 2. WHEN THERE EMPIRE COLLAPSED IN 1200 BCE THERE KNOWLEDGE SPREAD ACROSS ASIA AND AFRICA 3. THE ASSYRIANS WERE WARRIORS 4. THEY CONTROLLED MOST OF MESOPATAMIA FOR NEARLY 500 YEARS (1100 TO 600 BCE) 5. THE ASSRIANS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL 6. ASSYRIANS BUILT LARGE CITIES IN NINEVEH AND KING ASSURBANIPAL BUILT ONE OF THE WORLD FIRST LIBRARIES C. THE SECOND BABOLONYIAN EMPIRE 1. FAMOUS FOR KING NEBUCHADNEZZAR WHO ATTAKED JERUSALEM, DESTROYED THE FIRST TEMPLE, AND PUT YEHUDA

IN GALUT 2. NEBUCHADNEZZAR REBUIT BABYLON AND BUILT THE HANGING GARDENS FOR HIS WIFE 3. THE BABYLONIANS WERE ALSO VERY INTO ASTRONOMY D. THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 1. UNIVERSAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 2. USAGE OF COINS (BORROWED FROM THE LYDIANS) 3. IMPROVED THE ROADWAYS 4. ALLOWED MANY RELIGIOUS BELEIFS E. THE PHOENICIANS 1. KNOWN AS THE CARRIERS OF CIVILIZATION 2. DEVELOPED A PHONETIC ALPHABET WHICH IS BASED ON CONSANANTS 3. THEY ARE EXCELLENT SAILORS 4. THEY CREATE THE WORLDS FIRST COLONIAL EMPIRE 5. FAMOUS FOR EXTREMELY RARE PURPLE DYE F. THE EGYPTIANS 1. HAD AN UNDERSTANDING FOR MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS 2. THEY WERE INTO ASTRONOMY IN ORDER TO TELL WHEN NILE WOULD OVERFLOW OR TO TELL THE FUTURE 3. THEY WERE ALSO INTO MEDICINE SUCH AS WRAPPING THE BODY UP IN CLOTH WHEN A PERSON DIES



HOW DOES HINDUISM DEVELOP IN INDIA A. IMPACT OF INDIAS GEOGRAPHY 1. THEY RELIED ON SUMMER MONSOONS-WINTER MONSOONS BROUGHT IN HOT DRY AIR. THE SUMMER MONSOONS

BROUGHT RAIN WITH THEM. THE MONSOONS SHAPED THE INDIANS LIVES. IF THEY DID NOT COME AT THE RIGHT TIMES

MANY PEOPLE WOULD HAVE DIED 2. THEIR FIRST CIVILIZATION WILL APPEAR ALONG THE INDUS RIVER VALLEY 3. VERY HARD TO UNIFY ALL OF INDIA B. THE ARYANS 1. THEY ENTERED INDIA THROUGH THE KHYBER PASS (1750 BCE) 2. THEY WERE VERY FEIRCE WARRIORS 3. THEY CONQUERED NORTHERN INDIA 4. EARLY RELIGIOUS BELEIFS ARE RECORDED IN THE VEDAS- ORAL TRADITIONS THAT WERE EVENTUALLY WRITTEN

DOWN 5. KEPT EXTREMELY STRICT CONTROL OVER THE CONQUERED PEOPLE BY DEVELOPING THE CASTE SYSTEM C. CASTES 1. AN EXTREMELY RIGID SOCIAL DIVISION AND IT WAS NOT THE SAME AS SOCIAL CLASSES 2. THE CASTES DEFINED CDOMPLETELY THE ROLES THAT PEOPLE PLAY IN SOCIETY 3. THESE CASTES ARE INFLEXIBLE AND UNCHANGABLE. THIS MEANS THAT WHERE YOU ARE YOU MUST STAY. THAT IF

YOU ARE IN THE LOWEST CLASS THEN YOU CANNOT MOVE UP TO A HIGHER CLASS. YOU WILL NEVER BE ANYTHING BIGGER IN

LIFE THEN WHAT YOU ARE. IT DOESN’T MATTER WHAT YOU FIND OR WHAT YOU WANT TO DO WITH YOUR LIFE YOU WILL NOT

BE ABLE TO DO IT. IF YOU ARE IN THE LOWEST CLASS AND YOU FIND A TREASURE IT WILL NOT MATTER BECAUSE IT WILL

NOT GET YOU ANWHERE. THERE IS NO INTER MARRIAGE BETWEEN THE CASTES. 4. THE CASTES CANNOT BE CHANGED THROUGH MARRIAGE OR BY GAINING POLITICAL OR MONETARY POWER. D. THE CASTES

BRAHMINS-PRIESTS THE FIRST THREE GROUPS KSHATRIYAHS-WARRIORS WERE THE AYRANS THAT

KISYAS-HERDERS, FAMRERS, MERCHANTS, AND ARTISANS CONQUERED THE INDIANS SUDRAS-DRAVIDIANS (OR THE CONQUERED)

THE LAST TWO GROUPS UNTOUCHABLES-DEAL WITH CORPSES AND OTHER HIGHLY UNDESIRABLE JOBS. THESE WERE

WERE ALL THE JOBS THAT NO ONE ELSE WANTED TO DO. THEY DO NOT INTERACT WITH OTHER PEOPLE. THE CONQUERED PPL. IF AN UNTOUCHABLE TALKS TO SOMEONE FROM A HIGHER CASTE THEN THAT PERSON HAS

TO GO BATHE IN THE GANGES RIVER TO CLEANSE HIMSELF E. ABOUT THE CASTES 1. “WHEN THE GODS DIVIDED THE MAN, INTO HOW MANY PARTS DID THEY DIVIDE HIM? WHAT WAS HIS MOUTH, WHAT WERE HIS ARMS, WHAT WERE HIS THIGHS AND HIS FEET CALLED?” A. THE MOUTH- THIS WAS BRAHMIN BECAUSE THEY TALKED TO GOD BECAUSE THEY WERE PREISTS, B. THE ARMS WERE THE WARRIORS BECAUSE THE KSHATRIYAHS WERE FIGHTERS AND THEY USED THERE

HANDS TO FIGHT IN THE WARS OR TO CREATE TOOLS C. THE THIGHS- BECAME THE VAISYA, THESE ARE THE FARMERS THEY ARE IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY HOLD

UP THE ECONOMY AND THE THIGHS HOLD UP THE BODY AND ARE THE SRTONGEST MUSCLES OF THE BODY D. THE FEAT- THEY WERE SUDRA BECAUSE THESE WERE THE WORST JOBS NO ONE WANTED TO DO. F. BASIC HINDU BELEIFS 1. BRAHMAN-A SPIRITUAL POWER THAT RESTED IN ALL THINGS- THE FORCE (A POWER) THAT IS IN EVERYTHING IS

THE CREATOR. EVERY IDOL THAT A HINDU BOWS TO, HE IS REALLY BOWING TO BRAHMEN (GOD) 2. ATMAN-THE BRAHMAN WITHIN EACH INDIVIDUAL, LIKE THE IDEA OF THE SOUL



3. MOKSHA-THE PURPOSE OF LIFE, UNION WITH BRAHMA-HINDUS BELIVE IN REINCARNATION. MUST GO THROUGH

AMNY LIVES TO UNITE WITH BRAHMA(NOT A SIMPLE TASK) 4.REINCARNATION-THE CYCLE OF REBIRTH-AFTER THEY DIE IF THEY WERE GOOD THEN THEY ARE BROUGHT BACK TO

LIFE IN A HIGHER CASTE BUT IF THEY WERE BAD THEN THEY GO DOWN TO A LOWER CASTE 5. KARMA-THE ACTIONS THAT PEOPLE PERFORM IN THEIR LIFETIME THAT IMPACT THEIR NEXT LIFE AND WHAT CASTE

THEY WILL BE IN 6. DHARMA-THE MORAL OBLIGATIONS PEOPLE HAVE 7. ♣♣♣AHISMA-THE IDEA OF NON VIOLENCE. ♣♣♣-EVERYTHING HAS BRAHMAN IN IT AND THEREFOR YOU CANNOT

KILL BECAUSE YOU ARE KILLING BRAHMAN G. JAINISM 1. A NEW RELIGION CREATED THAT HAS ALL THE SAME BELEIFS AS HINDUISM 2. AHISMA IS ENFORCED 10000X MORE THAN THE ORIGINAL HOW DOES BUDDHISM DEVELOP A. A MAN BY THE NAME OF GUATAMA IS BORN INTO THE WARRIOR CASTES, HE HAS A DREAM THAT HE WILL TRAVEL

AROUND INDIA AND BE A SPIRITUAL ADVISOR. HIS PARENTS SAY THAT HE IS NOT ABLE TO CHANGE HIS CHIS PARENTS TRIED

TO COME UP WITH A SOLUTION WHICH WAS SPOILING HIM WITH HEALTH AND WEALTH. BY DOING THIS THEY WERE HOPING

HE WILL LEARN TO ACCEPT HIS CASTE. HE HAS A DREAM THAT HE IS IN A PALACE AND HE ENCOUNTERS THREE PEOPLE. ONE

IS A DEAD MAN THE OTHER IS A POOR MAN AND THE OTHER IS A SICK MAN. HE THEN REALIZES THAT MOST PEOPLE ARE NOT

AS FORTUNATE AS HIM. NOW HE DECIDES TO GO ON A QUEST AND FOR 48 DAYS HE MEDITATED. WHEN HE IS DONE HE GETS

UP AND FROM THEN ON IS KNOWN AS THE BUDDHA (THE ENLIGHTENER) B. HE THEN CREATES THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS 1. ALL LIFE IS SUFFERTHAING AND PAIN-HE IS SAYING THAT EVERYONE SUFFERS (SPIRITUALLY) 2.THE CAUSE OF SUFFERING IS THE DESIRE FOR ILLUSION-RICHES, POWER, CHILDREN ETC. YOU GET THE

PAIN JUST FOR DESIRING IT (AVOID PAIN!!) 3. THE ONLY REMEDIE FOR SUFFERING IS AVOIDING DESIRE 4. THE WAY TO AVOID DESIRE IS TO FOLLOW THE EIGHT FOLD PATH C. THE EIGHT FOLD PATH-BUDDAH WANTS TO HELP PEOPLE HAVE A LIFE FREE OF SUFFERING 1. RIGHT VIEWS 2. RIGHT ASPIRATIONS (HOPES) 3. RIGHT SPEECH 4. RIGHT CONDUCT 5. RIGHT LIVLIHOOD-ACCORDING PEOPLE MUST MAKE A LIVING BUT MUST MAKE THE RIGHT CHOICE FOR A

JOB 6. RIGHT EFFORT 7. RIGHT MINDFULNESS 8. RIGHT CONTEMPLATION D. BUDDAH AND THE CASTE SYSTEMS 1. DOESN’T LIKE THE CASTE YSTEM BECAUSE HE SAYS EVERYONE IS SUFFERING 2. HINDUISM HAS THE CASTES SO THAT PEOPLE CAN EVENTUALLY BE REINCANATED AND GO TO MOKSHA 3. BUDDAH DOES NOT LIKE THE PRIESTS BECAUSE THEY ARE THE REASONS THAT THE LOWER CASTES SUFFER -NIRVANA-FREEDOM FROM CHAINS, THE WORLD IS HOLDING YOU BACK, THE ONLY WAY TO BRACK FROO FROM THE

CHAINS IS TO FOLLOW THE EIGHT FOLD PATH, BUDDAH WANTS TO STOP REINCARNATION



E. THE MAURYAN EMPIRE 1. TWO SCHOOLS OF BUDDHIST THOUGHT A. THERAVADA-TRADITIONAL BUDDHISM, ONLY REALLY DEVOTED MONKS HAVE A CHANCE OF

ACHIEVING NIRVANA B. MAHAYANA-EASIER FOR ORDINARY PEOPLE TO FOLLOW, C. BUDDHA-SPREADS INTO CHINA, TIBET, KOREA, AND JAPAN HOW DO THREE MAJOR CHINESE PHILOSOPIES DEVELOP A. THREE MAJOR CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES 1. CONFUCIANISM 2. LEALISM 3. DOUISM B. THERE ARE TWO MAIN RIVERS 1. HUANG HE 2. YANG ZE C. SINCE CHINA IS ISOLATED THEY THINK THEY ARE THE BEST D. THEY CALL THEMSELVES THE MIDDLE KINGDOM 1. THE SHANG DYNASTY A. DYNASTY- A KING WHO GIVES HIS POSITION TO HIS SON. THE KINDOM GOES BY FAMILY B. THE SHANG IS OVERCOME BY THE ZHOU E. THE ZHOU 1. THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN A. WHEN THE ZHOU OVERTHRW THE SHANG DYNASTY THEY SAID THAT THEY WERE DESTINED TO RULE

BECAUSE THE MADATE OF HEAVEN IS SAYING THAT THE GOD GAVE THEM PERMISSION TO RULE AND THAT THE PROUF IS THAT

THEY OVERTHREW THE SHANG 2. CREATED FEUDALISM A. FEUDALISM IS BASED ON CLASSES 1. THE KING IS THE HIGHEST CLASS-JOB IS TO DIVIDE AND DISTRIBE THE LAND 2. THE LORDS ARE THE SECOND CLASS-THEY CONTROL THE LAND BECAUSE THEY HELPED THE

KING OVERTHROW THE SHANG DYNASTY 3. THE PEASENTS ARE THE LAST CLASS-WORK THE LAND FOR SHELTER AND PROTECT 4. IT IS A STABLE AND FUNCTIONAL SOCIETY BUT THE KING HAS TO BE TOUGH BECAUSE A. THEY MUST MAKE SURE THE LORDS ARE IN ORDER BECAUSE THE

LORDS ARE CONSTANTLY FIGHTING OVER LAND BECUASE LAND IS POWER F. CONFUCIOUS THOUGHT (500 BCE) (RESPECT) 1. LEAD THE PEOPLE…………… A. IF YOU HAVE STRICT LAWS THEN YOUR KINGDON WILL HAVE ORDER. PEOPLE WERE AFRAID OF

PUNJISHMENT. THE PEOPLE WILL BEHAVE BUT THEY WILL NOT LEARN RIGHT FROM WRONG. THE LEADER MUST LEAD AS A ROLE

MODEL. IF YOU RESPECT YOUR PEOPLE THEN THEY WILL RESPECT YOU. THAT IF YOU WANT PEOPLE TO DO RIGHT YOU YOURSELF

MUST DO RIGHT 2. BASIC BELEIFS OF CONFUSIOUS A. PEOPLE ARE NATURALLY BORN GOOD-PEOPLE WANT TO BE GOOD AND IF YOU LEAD THEM WITH

GOOD VALUES THEN THEY WILL BE GOOD B. THE BEST RULERS ARE THE ONES THAT RULE BY EXAMPLE-VIRTUES, HONESTY, AND TRUTH



C. PEOPLE SHOULDN’T DO TO OTHERS AS THEY DON’T WANT DONE TO THEM D. FILLIAL PIETY-RESPECT FOR FAMILY AND ANSESCTORS, LIKE PARENTS AND THE ELDERLY IN YOUR

FAMILY-THIS IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT. 1. CONFUCIOUS SAYS THAT SOCIETY WOULD BE STABLE IF EVERYONE WAS RESPECTFUL 3. LIFE IS MADE OF FIVE BASIC RELATIONSHIPS THAT HAS TO BE HONORED A. FATHER AND SON FROM OLDER B. BROTHER AND BROTHER TO YOUNGER C. RULER AND SUBJECT D. HUSBAND AND WIFE E. FRIEND AND FRIEND G. DAOISM-THE WAY (500 BCE) 1. THE WORST THING THE GOVERNEMENT CAN DO IS PASS MANY LAWS 2. GOVERNING IS LIKE FRYING A SMALL FISH A. IF YOU POKE IT TO MUCH IT WILL SPOIL-IF YOUR CONSTANLY INTERFERING (GOVT) IT WILL RUIN B. IF YOU WANT PEOPLE TO DO WHATS RIGHT LET THEM BE C. JUST BACK OFF!!!!!!!!! 3. DAOISM IS LIKE WATER A. IT GOES IN THE PLACE IN WHICH IT IS LEAST INTERFERED WITH-THIS IS SAYING PEOPLE WILL BE

GOOD BUT IF YOU INTERFER WITH THEM AND TRY TO MAKE THEM GOOD THEN THEY WILL BE BAD. 4. DOAISM IS FOUNDED BY LAUZI 5. DOAISM IS AGAINT CONFLICTS AND ARGUMENTS 6. DOAISM IS ALSO AGAINST GOVERNEMENT 7. KINGS DIDN’T LIKE DOAISM BECAUSE THE LOST POWER AND WANTED TO CONTROL THE PEOPLE H. LEGALISM (236 BCE) 1. IT IS FOUNDED BY HANFEIZI 2. THE KING SOULD NOT LISTEN TO SCHOLARS BECAUSE SCHOLARS CARE ABOUT THE LAWS AND ACCORDING

TO LEGALISM THE KING SHOULD MAKE THE LAW 3. ALL PEOPLE ARE BORN EVIL-IF YOUR EVIL YOUR MORE LIKELY TO DO BAD THINGS 4. PEOPLE ONLY LISTEN TO PUNISHMENT AND EVEN AFTER THE PUNISHMENTS THEY DO NOT LEARN 5. STRENGHT IS MORE IMPOTANT THEN VIRTUE-BEING A STRONG KING IS BETTER THEN THE KING BEING

KIND AND NICE. 6. LORDS LIKED LEGALISM BECAUSE THEY HAD MORE POWER AND THEY WERE ABLE TO RULE HOW DO THREE PHILOSOPHIES DEVELOP IMPACT CHINA A. THE THREE MAJOR PHILOSOPHIES 1. CONFUCIANISM 2. LEGALISM 3. DOAISM B. FORM 226-223 BCE ALL OF CHINA IS FULL OF CHAOS AND WAR. C. AT THIS TIME FEUDALISM WAS BEING FOLLOWED IN CHINA D. A MAN NAME SHI HUANGDI (THE FIRST EMPOROR) STARTED THE QIN DYNASTY 1. HE ABOLISHED FEUADALISM AND AOPTED LEGALISM 2. HE DIVIDED THE EMPIRE INTO THIRTY SIX MILITARY DISTRICTS EACH HAD GOVERNERS 3. HE RAISED TAXES SO THAT HE CAN MAKE THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA AND PAVED ROADS 4. HE HAD DONE MANY THINGS IN ORDER TO SHOW THAT HE WAS IN CHARGE 5. THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA WAS BUILT FOR PROTECTION AND TO SHOW HIS POWER 6. HE HAD TO BE AVERY STRICT RULER E. WHEN SHI HUANGDI DIES THERE IS CHAOS AND CONFUSION AGAIN



1. THERE IS A CIVIL WAR 2. THE HAN DYNASTY IS FORMED F. THE HAN DYNASTY (206 BCE) 1. A PEASENT NAMED LIU BANG TOOK OVER CHINA A. HE ABOLISHED MANY OF THE HARSH LAWS CREATED BY THE QIN DYNASTY B. HE ACCEPTED CONFUCIANISM AND APPOINTED CONFUCIOUS SCHOLORS FOR HELP C. CONFUCIANISM GAVE PEOPLE A CHANCE TO THINK D. HE PROMOTED EDUCATION E. IN ORDER TO WORK IN THE GOVERNEMENT YOU HAD TO TAKE A CIVIL SERVICE EXAM 1. TESTED PEOPLE ON CONFUCIOUS TEACHING, ART, LITERATURE 2. THE REASON FOR IT WAS TO SEE IF PEOPLE CAN LEAD BY EXAMPLE-EDUCATION 3. THE RICH WERE THE ONES THAT USUALLY GOT THESE JOBS F. HE HAD GOTTEN RID OF THE MILITARY DISTRICTS G. WHEN HE DIES A MAN BY THE NAME IF WUDI TAKES OVER 2. WUDI (141-87 BCE) A. ONE OF THE HAN DYNASTYS GREATEST EMPORERS B. RULED DURING THE GOLEN AGE OF CHINA C. GOLDEN AGE-A PERIOD OF GROWTH WITHIN A SOCIETY, WITH ADVANCEMENTS OF ART, SCIENCES

NAD ECONOMY. D. HELPED IMPROVE THE ECONOMY BY: 1. SELLING SALT AND IRON 2. BY BUILDING CANALS 3. BY PAVING ROADS E. HE HAD BROUGHT THE FIRST HORSES TO CHINA F. ALSO HAD THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAM G. THERE WERE ALSO MANY NEW INVENTIONS DURING THIS TIME SUCH AS: 1. PAPER 2. SUSPENSION BRIDGES 3. FISHING REELS 4. ADVANCES IN SHIP BUILDING TECHNOLOGY HOW DO ATHENS AND SPARTA BECOME RIVALS A. TYPES OF GOVERNMENT 1. MONARCHY A. GETS PASSED DOWN FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION B. THEY CLAIM THEY GET THEIR POWER FORM GOD C. IT USUALLY COMES TO AN END BECAUSE OF CORRUPTION OR BEING OVERTHOWN D. ONLY ONE PERSON IS A RULER 2. OLIGARCHY A. THE RULERSHIP OF A GROUP B. IT CAN BE A GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT OWN LAND OR HAVE MONEY OR A MILITARY GROUP C. THE GROUPS ARENT ELECTED, THEY ARE SELF APPOINTED D. THEY USUALLY COME TO AND END WHEN ONE PERSON IN THE GRUP SAYS THAT HEIS BETTER THEN

EVERYONE ELSE AND THEN THEY BREAK UP E. TEND TO BE UNSTABLE AND DON’T LAST LONG 3. DIRECT/TRUE DEMOCRACY A. LAWS ARE MADE BY ALL THE CITIZENS



B. IT IS VERY HARD TO ACCOMPLISH THIS 4. INDIRECT DEMOCRACY/REPUBLIC A. CITIZENS VOTE FOR PEOPLE TO MAKE LAWS FOR THEM B. ADVANTAGE-YOU HAVE TO MAKE SURE THEIR SMART C. DISADVANTAGE- WHEN YOU VOTE FOR SOMEONE TO MAKE THE LAWS FOR YOU ONCE THEY ARE

ELECTED THEY CAN MAKE WHATEVER LAWS THEY WANT B. GREECE 1. BOTH ATHENS AND SPARTA ARE IN GREECE 2. GEOGRAPHY-BASED ON HILLS NO MAIN RIVERS, DOESNT HAVE GOOD RESOURCES THEREFOR TRADES

NESECARY A. GREECE IS A PENINSULA THAT IS MADE UP OF 100S OF LITTLE ISLANDS B. PERSIA IS RIGHT NEXT DOOR TO GREECE C. TO THE NORTH THERE IS PERSIA, (ASIA MINOR) MODERN DAY TURKEY D. TO THE SOUTH THERE IS NORTH AFRICA AND THE MEDITERANEAN SEA E. HAS MANY MOUNTAINS AND HILLS 3. THE BASIC POLITICAL UNIT OF GREECE IS A CITY STATE A.K.A. A POLIS 4. THE POLIS IS ON THE LOWER PART OF THE MOUNTAIN ON THE TOP OF THE MAOUNTAIN WAS THE

ACROPOLIS 5. ON THE TOP OF THE ACROPLIS WAS: A. THE GOVERNMENT B. THE PALACES C. ATHENS 1. STARTS OFF AS A MONARCHY 2. EVENTUALLY BECOMES AND OLIGARCHY 3. IT WAS VERY CHAOTIC, IN THE 600S IT BECOMES UNSTABLE 4. THEY DEALT WITH THIS CHAOS IN TWO WAYS A. WITH A TYRANT-A LEADER WHO IS VERY HARSH OR STRICT, IN ATHENS A TYRANT WOULD TRY TO

TAKE CONTROL AND CHANGE SOCIETY FOR THE BETTER B. WITH AN ARCHON- A LEADER THAT GIVES OR DIVIDES THE POWER IN ORDER TO MAKE THE

SOCIETY A BETTER PLACE TO LIVE IN 5. SOLONS REFORM A. IN 594 HE IS GIVEN THE POWER TO MAKE CHANGES IN GREECE B. HE OUTLAWS SLAVERY OF INDENTURED SERVANTS-SO THAT FELLOW ATHENEANS ARENT WORKING

FOR EACHOTHER IN ORDER TO PAY OFF A DEBT C. HE GIVES MORE GOVERNMENT TO JOBS TO CITIZENS D. HE LOOKED AT OUTSIDERS AS BARBARIANS (FOREIGNERS, STRANGE, ODD) HE ALLOWED SMALL

NUMBERS OF FOREIGNERS TO BECOME CITIZENS E. HE SAYS THAT ALL PEOPLE ARE EQUAL F. EVERYBODY HAS A SAYIN EVERYTHING G. HE GAVE THE ASSEMBLY MORE POWER, THEY USED TO JUST GIVE ADVICE BUT NOW HE GAVE THEM

THE POWER TO MAKE LAWS H. HE WANTS TO IMPROVE THE ECONOMY BEC. IN HIS EYES THE OUTCOME OF TRADE IS: 1. HAPPY PEOPLE 2. STRONG ATHENS D. SPARTAN GOVERNMENT 1. THERE ARE TWO KINGS-THEY ARE THERE FOR SHOW AND TO SAY HI TO THE CITIZENS 2. THERE WAS AN ASSEMBLY AND IN ORDER TO BE IN IT YOU HAD TO BE A MALE CITIZEN THAT WAS A

WARRIOR THAT WAS 30 YEARS OR OLDER-THERE JOBS WERE TO MAKE THE LAW



3. THE FIVE EPHORS-THERE JOB WAS TO MAKE SURE THAT THE LAW WAS CARIED OUT PROPERLY E. SPARTAN SOCIETY 1. THE NATIVES BECAME ENSLAVED INTO HELOTS 2. HELOTS A. IF THE SPARTANS SAW THAT A ELOT WAS GETTING TO STRONG THEN THEY WOULD KILL THEM-THEY DID THIS TO MAKE SURE THAT THEY DIDN’T REBEL B. THE HELOTS HAD WANTED TO REBEL BUT HAD NEVER GOTTEN A CHANCE TO 3. FROM AGE SEVEN SPARTANS WEREPUT IN BARRACKS IN ORDER TO TRAIN FOR THE ARMY 4. AT AGE TWENTY A SPARTAN WAS ALLOWED TO GET MARRIED BUT THEY HAD TO STAY IN THE BARRACKS

UNTIL THEY WERE THIRTY YEARS OLD 5. THE WOMEN WERE OUT WORKING AND MAKING A LIVING ALL DAY WHILE THE MEN WERE TRAINING FOR

THE WAR 6. WOMEN WERE ALSO PHYSICALLY ACTIVE BECAUSE THEY HOPED FOR STRONG OFF SPRING

F. IONA, ATHENS, AND THE PERSIAN WAR 1. ATHENS HAD MADE A COLONY CALLED IONA BECAUSE THEY DIDN’T HAVE A LOT OF RESOURCES SO IONAS

JOB WAS TO SUPPLY THEM WITH RESOURCES 2. AT THE SAME TIME DARIUS IS MKOVING HIS EMPIRE WESTWARD INTO EUROPE NEAR THE COLONY IONA 3. DARIUS TAKES OVER IONA-BUT IONA DOES NOT TAKE IT IN A GOOD WAY BECAUSE: A. THEY ARE USED TO FOLLOWING A REPUBLIC GOVERNMENT BUT DARIUS IS A MONARCH B. BECAUSE PEOPLE FROM GREEVE LOOK AT OUTSIDERS AS BARBARIANS AND THEY DO NOT FEEL IT IS

PROPER TO BE RULED BY BARBARIANS 4. IN THE YEAR 501 IONA REBELS AGAINST DARIUS A. ATHENS WASN’T SURE IF THEY WANTED TO HELP IONA IN THIS REBELLION BUT IN THE END THEY

HAD TO BECAUSE IONA WAS SUPPLYING THEM WITH THERE RESOURCES AND BECAUSE ITS THERE COLONY B. ATHENS DECIDED TO HELP BUT THEY LOST THE WAR IN 499 C. IONA IS RECONQUERED BY DARIUS G. THE PERSIAN WAR 1. AFTER THE WAR AGAINST ATHENS AND IONA DARIUS IS SO MAD AND WANTS TO GO TO WAR BECAUSE HE

SAYS WHO ARE THOSE GREEK TO TRY AND STAND UP TO THE GREAT DARIUS 2. HE THEN SENDS MESSANGERS TO ATHENS AND SPARTA TELLING THEM TO SURRENDER AND THAT THEY ARE

PART OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE 3. DARIUS STARTS A WAR WITH ATHENS AND ATHENS IS ABLE TO HOLD PERSIA BACK A. ATHENS DOES NOT HAVE AS MUCH RESOURCES AS PERSIA DOES AND THEY NEED HELP B. BECAUSE OF THIS THE ATHENS ASK SPARTA FOR HELP AND TELL THEM IF DARIUS KILLS US NOW

THEN HE WILL KILL YOU RIGHT AFTER SO WHY DON’T YOU HELP US 4. SPARTA HELPS ATHENS AND THEY ARE AT WAR FROM 492-480



5. SPARTA AND ATHENS WIN THE WAR AGAINST PERSIA H. OUTCOMES OF THE WAR 1. ATHENS GETS MOST OF THE CREDIT FOR THE WAR AND SPARTA GETS MAD AT THEM 2. ATHENS CREATES THE DELIAN LEAGUE 3. THE DELIAN LEAGE-THE ATHENEANS MADE THIS SO THAT IF THE CITY STATES ARE ATTACKED THEN

ATHENS WILL HELP BUT IF ATHENS IS ATTACKED THE CITY STATES WILL HELP 4. WHEN SPARTA SAW WHAT THE ATHENS HAD MADE THEY HAD GOTTEN MAN AND WERE CONVINCED THAT

THEY HAD MADE THE LEAGUE SO THAT THEY CAN GO TO WAR WITH SPARTA 5. ATHENS STARTS TO BUILD AN EMPIRE WHY DO HISTORIANS CALL ANCIENT GREECE THE CRADLE OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION ~ WESTERN CIVILIZATION-ENGLAND, FRANCE, UNITED STATES, AND WESTERN EUROPE ~ ANICENT GREECE 1. WE INHERITED FROM THEM: A. ARCHITECTURE B. ART C. ALPHABET D. MEDICINE E. DRAMA A. ARCHITECTURE 1. THEY HAD BUILT MANY MONUMENTS THROUGH OUT GREECE WITH MANY DIFFERENT DESIGNS 2. THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PILLARS OF THEIR TEMPLE WERE PERFECTLY SPACED 3. WE ALSO LEARNT THE TOOL OF SYMETRY FROM THEM 4. GEOMETRY- PHYTHAGOREAN THEORUM B. ART (ATHENS) 1. SCULPTURES A. THEY TRIED TO CAPTURE MANY THING IN THERE SCULPTURES SUCH AS: 1. BEAUTY 2. TRIED TO CAPTURE MOTION EX: THE SCULPTURE OF THE MAN THROWING THE DISCUS 3. TRIED TO CAPTURE WHAT A HUMAN LOOKS LIKE (REALISM) B. WE GOT THE OLYMPICS FROM THE ATHENEANS C. MEDICINE 1. HIPPOCRATES (THE FATHER OF MEDICINE) KNOWN FOR HIS IDEAS ON MEDICINE 2. THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH-THIS IS AN OATH THAT HE HAD WROTE SAYING A. EVERYONE AS A DOCTOR HAS TO TAKE CARE OF A PERSON NO MATTER WHAT YOUR FEELINGS ARE B. ALL DOCTORS HAVE TO CARRY OUT THE RIGHT PROCEDURES ON A PATIENT AND NOT DO ANYTHING

BAD C. NO DOCTOR CAN GIVE OUT SUICIDAL MEDICATION D. THAT EVERY DOCTORS JOB IS TO HEAL NOT TO HURT E. THE DOCTOR CANNOT REPEAT ANYTHING THE PATIENT SAYS F. THE THREE BASICS OF GOOD TREATMENT 1. HELP EVERYONE 2. HAVE HONESTY AND TRUST 3. DON’T BE A BLABBERMOUTH D. DRAMA 1. DRAMA IS THE GREEK WORD FOR ENTERTAINMENT 2. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF PLAYS



A. TRAGEDIES-THIS TYPE OF PLAY ENDS BADLY FOR THE MAIN CHARACTER (TRAGIC HERO), THE MAIN

CHARACTER HAS A PROBLEM WITH HIS PERSONALITY (ARROGANT) AND IS EVENTUALLY PUNISHED (GOES FROM HIGH TO LOW

POSITION) B. COMEDIES-THESE WERE DESIGNED TO TEACH PEOPLE A LESSON, IT MADE FUN OF SOCIETY AND

THE WORLD. (SATIRE-TO MAKE FUN OF SOCIETY (FREEDOM OF SPEECH) 3. RHETORIC IS A GREEK WORD A. DEFINITION-THE ART OF SPEAKING, A WAY OF SPEAKING, THE GREEKS LOOKED AT WORDS AT

BEING VERY IMPORTANT, RHETORICAL QUESTIONS DON’T GET ANSWERS 4. HISTORY- THEY WERE THE FIRST GROUP OF PEOPLE TO RECORD HISTORY A. EGYPTIANS WERE NOT THE FIRST BECAUSE ALL THEY DID WAS BOAST ABOUT THEMSELVES B. THE GREEKS TRIED TO GET EVERY POINT OF VIEW FROM EVERY THING THAT OCCURRED, THEY

WERENT BIASED. E. THREE MAJOR PHILOSOPHIES OF GREECE ISOCRATES OPLATO LARISTOTLE 1. SOCRATES- PHILOSPHER-FATHER OF MODERN SCIENCE A. BORN IN ATHENS B. HAD A PROBLEM WITH A GROUP CALLED SOPHITS (YES MEN) 1. THESE MEN WERE INTERESTED IN POWER 2. THEY DISDNT USE THEIR BRAINS 3. SOCRATES HAD A PROBLEM WITH THIS C. THE WAY HE DEALT WITH IT WAS THAT HE KEPT ON ASKING QUESTIONS TO GET THEM TO THINK 1. HE ESPECIALLY HAD TO DO THIS BECAUSE THEY WERE LIVING IN A REPUBLIC 2. HE WANTED PEOPLE TO KNOW WHAT WAS GOING ON D. HE WAS ALIVE DURING THE PELOPENESIAN WAR 1. HE HAD ASKED THE ATHENIANS WHY THEY WERE AT WAR AT WHE DEFENDED THE WAR BUT HE WANTED PEOPLE TO KNOW WHY THEY WERE FIGHTNING E. ATHENS CHARGED HIM WITH CORRUPTING THE YOUTH (THAT HE IS MAKING THE YOUNGER PEOPLE

THINK THAT THE WAR IS WRONG AND THE GOVERNMENT IS WRONG) 1. THEY PUT HIM ON A TRIAL, THE JURY FOUND HIM GUILTY 2. HE HAD TWO CHOICES OF HOW HE WOULD DIE A. DRINK POISON AND KILL HIMSELF B. LET ONE OF THE ATHENIANS KILL YOU 3. HE DECIDED TO DRINK THE POISON 4. HIS STUDENTS SAID THAT THEY CAN SMUGGLE HIM TO SPARTA BUT HE REFUSED A. HE SAID HE WAS AN ATHENIAN AND HE BELIEVED IN A REPUBLIC 5. HE NEVER WROTE ANYTHING DOWN 2. PLATO-ONE OF SOCRATES STUDENTS A. HE ALSO LIVED IN ATHENS B. HE HAD A PROBLEM WITH THE DEMOCRACY OF ATHENS C. THE PROBLEM WAS 1. THAT PEOPLE CAN VOTE FOR OTHER PEOPLE WITH THEIR EMOTIONS 2. THERE WAS MOB-RULE-A GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT VOTE BASED ON EMOTIONS D. HE DID NOT LIKE REPUBLIC E. HE THOUGHT SOCIETY SHOULD BE SPLIT UP INTO 3 GROUPS 1. PHILOSPHERS-GOVERN 2. WARRIORS-WILL DEFEND ATHENS



3. WORKERS F. HE BELIEVED IN AN OLIGARCHY 1. HE SAYS THAT THIS IS WHAT SHOULD BE DONE 2. HE SAYS THAT THE PHILOSOPHERS SHOULD BE RULERS BECAUSE THEY ARE LOGICAL AND

NOT BASED ON THEIR EMOTIONS G. THIS IS PLATOS PERFECT PICTURE OF SOCIETY 3. ARISTOTLE-ONE OF PLATOS STUDENTS A. ALSO BELIEVED THAT DEMOCRACY WOULD LEAD TO MOB-RULE-A GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT VOTE

BASED ON THEIR EMOTIONS B. HE BELIEVES THAT THE BEST KIND OF GOVERNMENT IS LED BY ONE PERSON AND LED BY EXAMPLE C. LIKE CONFUCIOUS HE BELIEVED IN EDUCATION AND THAT IT WOULD HELP SOCIETY D. HE DOES NOT WANT THE EDUCATED PUBLIC TO GO AGAINST THE KING E. THEY HAVE TO BE LEAD BY ONE HONES, VIRTUOUS AND SMART LEADER F. HE DOESN’T WANT THE KING TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE PEOPLE AND HE WANTS A SMART GROUP

OF PEOPLE THAT WONT LET THE KING TAKE OVDER THEM G. HE OPENED UP A SCHOOL CALLED LYCEUM IT TAUGHT PEOPLE: 1. SCIENCE 2. MATH 3. LOGICS 4. ETHICS 4. ALL THE PHILOSOPHERS BELEIIVE THAT YOU HAVE TO BE REASONING, USE LOGIC AND THINK WITH YOUR

BRAIN AND NOT YOUR HEART 5. WHATS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THESE PHILOSOPHERS AND THE MODERN WORLD A. LOGIC, REASON, ASKING AND ANSWERING QUESTIONS.

B. THE CONNECTION IS THAT SCIENCE IS BASED ON REASON. TO BE GOOD SCIENTIST YOU MUST ASK

QUESTIONS C. IN SCIENCE YOU ARE SUPPOSED TO EXPERIMENT. USING LOGIC AND REASON MEANS YOU ARE

USING YOUR BRAIN TO ASK THE QUESTIONS F. ALEXANDER THE GREAT 1. ALEXANDERS FATHER PHILIP WAS THE KING OF MACEDONIA 2. WHEN HE SAW THE GREEKS FIGHTING HE HAD A DREAM TO CONQUER GREECE AND MOVE HIS EMPIRE

OUTWARDS TOWARDS ASIA 3. HE WAS THEN POISONED AND HE DIED 4. ALEXANDER THEN TAKES OVER THE EMPIRE A. HE CONQUERS: 1. THE WHOLE PERSIAN EMPIRE 2. PARTS OF NORTH AFRICA 3. NORTHERN INDIA 4. EGYPT B. HE CALLED THIS AREA THAT HE CONQUERED THE HELLENIC CIVILIZATION C. HE TOOK THE CULTURE OF GREECE AND BROUGHT IT EASTWARD D. HE THEN TOOK DIFFERENT CULTURES OF ASIA WESTWARD E. HE INTRODUCED THE ALPHABET OT EGYPT F. ON HIS WAY HOME FROM BATTLE HIS TROOPS GOT TIRED AND THEY STOPPED. G. WHEN THEY STOPPED SOMEONE KILLED HIM H. HE DID NOT HAVE ANY CHILDREN TO INHERIT HIS THRONE I. BECAUSE OF THIS THREE GENERALS DECIDED TO SPLIT THE EMPIRE INTO 3 DISTRICTS AMONG

THEMSELVES



5. THE THREE DISTRICTS A. PTOLEMY WAS THE RULER OF EGYPT B. SELEUCUS WAS RULER OF THE MIDDLE EAST C. ANTIGONUS WAS THE RULER OF GREECE 6. BY SPREADING GREEK CLTURE ALEXANDER THE GREAT PRESERVED IT G. HELLENIC PHILOSOPHY: CYNIC 1. THEY DISLIKED EVERYTHING A. PEOPLE B. MARRIAGE C. GOVERNMENT H. HELLENIC PHILOSOPHY: SKEPTICS 1. SOCARATES IS THE FATHER OF CONSTANTLY ASKING QUESTIONS I. HELLENIC PHILOSOPHY: EPICUREANS 1. NOTHING WAS MORE IMPORTANT THAN YOUR OWN PERSONAL DESIRES 2. APIKORSIM-THEY BELIEVE IN NOT SHOWING ANY EMOTION 3. THEY BELIEVE THAT ANYONE THAT DOESN’T FOLLOW THE RELIGION THE WAY THEY DO THEN THEY ARE

DOING IT WRONG HOW DOES ROME GO FROM A REPUBLIC TO AN EMPIRE A. GEOGRAPHY 1. ITALY IS A PENINSULA A. PENISNSULA-MANY SMALL ISLANDS OR ONE BIG ISLAND CONNECTED TO LAND DURROUNDED BY

WATER B. PEPOPLE IN ITALY HAVE AN ESAIER TIME DFEFENDING THEMSELVES BECAUSE IT’S A PENINSULA C. THEY DO NOT HAVE MANY RESOURCES AND THERFOR TRADE WILL BE NESSECARY AND FOR TRADE

THEY MUST HAVE SHIPS D. ITALY ALSO HAS MOUNTAINS LIKE GREECE BUT IN ITALY THEY ARE NOT AS STEEP, TALL, ROCKY, OR HILLY 1. THERE IS A CONSEQUENCE MADE BY THE MOUNTAINS A. IN GREECE THE MOUNTAINS WERE VERY HIGH AND IT WAS HARD TO UNITE ALL OF

THE PEOPLE BUT IN ITALLY THEY ARE LOWER AND THEREFOR IT IS EWASUER TO UNITE ALL OF THE PEOPLE B. THE EARLY ROMAN REPUBLIC 1. THE ROMANS HATED A MONARCHY GOVERNMENT 2. THEY HATED IT SO MUCH THAT THEY REBELLED AGAINST ONE OF THEIR KINGS AND IN IN 509 BCE THEY

DECIDE TO CREATE A REPUBLICAN FORM OF GOVERNMENT 3. THE SENATE A. MADE UP OF 300 MEMBERS B. THEY WERE ELECTED BY PATRICIANS C. PATRICIANS- THESE ARE THE LANDOWNERS D. MADE UP OF ONLY PATRICIANS 4. THEY CREATED AN INDIRECT DEMOCRACY (CITIZENS ELECT SOMEONE TO BE IN POLITICS) 5. THE SENATE SELCTED TWO CONSULS A. THEY ENDFORCED THE LAWS B. THEY CAN ONLY RUN FOR ONE TERM (ONE YEAR) 1. BECAUSE IF THE PEOPLE DON’T LIKE THE CONSULS THEN THEY ARE ONLY THERE FOR A YEAR 2. IF A CONSUL IS THERE FOR TO LOG HE CAN START TO TAKE ADVANTAGE AND START

ACTING LIKE A KING AND THEY HATED KINGS



C. THERE ARE TWO CONSULS SO THAT THE POWER IS DIVIDED AND NO ONE MAN HAS ALL THE POWER 6. IN TIMES OF WAR THE SENATE HAD THE POWER TO SELECT A DICTATOR WITCH CONTRADICTS THE IDEA

OF NOT HAVING A MONARCHY THEREFORE TO PREVEN HIM FROM ACTING LIKE A KING: A. THEY ONLY ALLOW THE DICTATOR TO DICTATE FOR SIX MONTHS OR UNTIL THE WAR IS OVER

WHICHEVER CAME FIRST B. THE REASON FOR THE DICATATOR WAS THAT IN A TIME OF WAR THEY NEEDED SOMEONE TO RELY

ON AND IF THE SENATE WAS IN CHARGE THEN IT WOULD TAKE THEM TO LONG TO MAKE DECISIONS C. EARLY REFORMS 1. BECAUSE THE PATRICIANS (LAND OWNERS) HAD THE POWER IT MADE THE PLEBIANS (NON-LAND OWNERS) MAD 2. IN 450 BCE THE LAWS OF THE REPUBLIC ARE PUT ON TO 12 TABLETS A. THESE WERE PLACED IN THE FORUM-THE MARKET (A PLACE TO TALK) B. THEY WERE SO IMPORTANT THAT EVERYONE IN ROMAN SOCIETY FOLLOWED THEM EVEN

PATRICIANS 3. THE PLEBIANS (NON-LAND OWNERS) ARE STILL UNHAPPY THAT THE PATRICIANS ONLY MAKE LAWS A. EVENTUALLY THE PLEBIANS GET THE POWER TO ELECT TRIBUNES 1. TRIBUNES-HAD THE POWER TO VETO THE LAWS OF THE SENATE 2. EVEN THOUGHT THEY STILL DO NOT HAVE THE POWER TO MAKE THE LAWS THEY NOW

HAVE THE POWER TO REJECT THE LAWS D. THE PUNIC WARS (264-146 BCE) 1. IN THE 280S BCE ROME HAD CONTROL OF ALL OF ITALY 2. ITALY THEN SEES THREE ISLANDS THAT THEY WANT CONTROL OF BECAUSE: A. THEY WANT MORE LAND POWER B. BECAUSE CARTHAGE (THE LAST OF THE PHONECIANS) OWNS THE THREE ISLANDS 1. BECAUSE CARTHAGE OWNS THE ISLANDS THEY HAVE NAVY SHIPS AND ROME DOESN’T

WANT THE PEOPLE ENXT TO THEM TO HAVE NAVY SHIPS BECAUSE THEY ARE ENEMIES AND MIGHT ATTACK 3. IN THE FIRST WAR ROME DEFEATS CARTHAGE AND GETS THE ISLAND A. THEY MAKE A MISTAKE WHEN THEY WIN BECAUSE THEY DO NOT GET RID OF CARTHAGE AND

THEREFOR GAVE THEM TIME TO REGROUP AND FIGHT BACK 4. THIRTY YEARS LATER A MAN NAMED HANNIBAL SETS OUT TO TAKE REVENGE (218 BCE) A. HANNIBAL CAME IN FROM THE NORTH WHERE THE ROMANS WERE NOT EXPECTING HIM BUT THEN

THE ROMANS ARE ABLE TO HOLD HIM OFF B. THE ROMANS DID NOT WANT TO MAKE THE SAME MISTAKE SO THEY MADE AQN INVASION IN

CARTHAGE AND KILLED THE MEN AND SOLD THE WOMEN AND CHILDREN TO SLAVERY 1. THEY THEN PUT SALT OVER ALL OVER THE DEAD PEOPLE IN ORDER TO WIPE THEM OFF THE

FACE OF THE EARTH E. IMPACTS OF THE PUNIC WARS 1. ROME NOW HAS ALL OF CARTHAGES LAND 2. ROME HAS A LOT OF WEALTH AND POWER 3. THE PATRICIANS GEWT MORE LAND AND THEREFORE THEY GET MORE POWER 4. BECAUSE THERE ARE SLAVES NOW THE PATRICIANS WOULD RATHER HAVE A SLAVE WORK FOR FREE THEN A

PLEBIAN THAT HE WOULD HAVE TO PAY. 5. ANGRY MOBS OF UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE BEGIN RIOTS IN THE STREETS F. THE GRACCHUS BROTHERS 1. TIBERIAUS AND GAIUS GRACCHAUS WANT TO REFORM THE REPUBLIC A. THEY WANT O GIVE OUT FREE GRAIN AND LAND TO THE PEOPLE BUT THE PROBLEMS WITH THIS IS: 1. IF THEY GIVE OUT STUFF FOR FREE THEN THE MARKET FOR IT DROPS AND THEN THE

ECONOMY CAN COLLAPSE



2. THE PATRICIANS WILL LOSE POWER IF THIS IS DONE B. TIBERIUS IS ELECTED TO THE TRIBUNE IN 133 BCE AND GAIUS WAS ELECTED IN 123 BCE C. THE SENATE DOESN’T TRUST TIBERIUS AND GAIUS SO THEY SETUP RIOTS TO MAKE THEM LOOK

BAD D. THE BROTHERS ATE THEN KILLED AND A CIVIL WAR FOLLOWS G. JULIUS CEASER 1. IN 59 BCE JULIUS CEASER BECOME CONSUL A. HE ALSO WANTS TO GIVE THE PEOPLE FREE GRAIN B. IN 58 BCE HE GOES TO GAUL (FRANCE) TO FIGHT C. AFTER FOUR YEARS CEASER HAS CONQUERED FRANCE, PAQRTS OF GERMANY AND BRITAIN D. THE SENATE TOLD HIM TO DEFEND FRANCE BUT HE CONQUERS IT 1. THE SENATE THEN TELL HIM TO COME HOME AND THEY WANT TO ACCUSE HIM OF

TREASON E. THE SENATE THEN WANTS HIM TO GET RID OF HIS ARMY AND COME BACK TO ROME F. INSTEAD OF THIS HE GOES AND CONQUERS ROME BY 48 BCE G. HE DECLARES HIMSELF “DICTATOR FOR LIFE” HE ALSO CRATES THE TITLE FIRST CITIZEN OR

PRINCEPS H. HE DOESN’T MAKE HIMSELF KING BECAUSE HE KNOWS ROME HATES KINGS I. HE KEEPS THE SENATE TO KEEP IT A DEMOCRACY BUT HE REALLY MAKES UP THE LAWS AND IS

USING THE SENATE AS A COVER UP J. HE IS ASSASINATED ON MARCH 15 44 BCE THIS DAY IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE IDES OF MARCH K. HE CHANGES THE CALENDER AND NAMES A MOTH AFTER HIM WHICH IS JULY H. THE RISE OF OCTAVIAN 1. OCTAVIAN IS JULIUS CEASERS ADOPTED NEPHEW AND TEAMS UP WITH HIS HEAD GENERAL MARC ANTONY

TO CAPTUR THE ASSASIN OF JULIUS A. OCTAVIAN AND MARC BEGIN FIGHTING B. IN 31 BCE OCTVIAN BEAT MAQRC THAT HAD TEAMED UP WITH QUEEN CLEOPATRA AND CHANGED

HIS NAME TO AUGUSTUS CEASER HOW DOES THE ROMAN EMPIRE FALL IN THE WEST A. PAX ROMANA-ROMAN PEACE (31 BCE TO 180 CE) 1. AUGUSTUS RULE FROM 31 BCE UNTIL 14 CE 2. ALL FO AUGUSTUS’S POWER CAME FROM HIS ARMY 3. UNDER HIS CONTROL HE CONTINUED TO CENTRALIZE POWER AND STABALIZED ROME 4. MORE TERRITORIES COME UNDER ROMES POWER DURING HIS TIME, THEY PAVED ROADS, AND CITIZENSHIP

WAS GRANTED TO MORE PEOPLE B. FROM 14-68 CE LUNATICS TAKE OVER ROME 1. ROME BECAME AN UNSTABLE PLACE 2. FROM 31 BCE UNTIL 180 CE ARE CONSIDERED SOME OF THE GREATEST TIMES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE C. THE SPLITTING OF ROME 1. FROM 180 TO 248 CE THE ROMAN EMPIRE IS BECOMING UNSTABLE A. BECAUSE IT IS SO BIG B. BARBARIANS WERE ATTACKING THEM C. THE RICH WERE GETTING RICHER AND THE POOR WERE GETTING POORER 2. THE GOVERNMENT TRIED TO DISTRACT THE PEOPLE WITH ENTERTAINMENT SUCH AS “BREAD AND

CIRCUSES” 3. IN 284 CE EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN SPLITS THE EMPIRE BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE WEST



4. HE TAKES CONTROL OF THE EAST BECAUSE THERE IS MORE RESOURCES THERE 5. THE EASTERN HALF IS WEALTHIER.; THEY HAD THE SAME LAWS IN THE EAST AND THE WEST 6. THIS MADE IT EASIER TO CONTROL THE EMPIRE BECAUSE NOW THEY CAN FOCUS ON SPECIFIC PROBLEMS 7. DIOCLETIAN IS KNOWN AS THE RESTORER OF ROME (PUT THE EMPIRE ON LIFE SUPPORT) 8. THE HUNS HAD MOVED INTO CENTRAL EUROPE D. THE HUNS 1. THEY WERE NOMADIC WARRIORS 2. PROBLEMS IN ASIA HAD CAUSED THEM TO MOVE TO WESTERN EUROPE 3. THEY WERE ALSO VERY FEIRCE AND SKILLED FIGHTERS 4. ATILIA THE HUN WAS A FEIRCE LEADER A. HE MOVES ALL ACROSS EUROPE B. WHEREVER HE GOES PEOPLE RUN AWAY BECAUSE THEY ARE SCARED C. AS PEOPLE RUNNING THEY GO TO ROME AND ROME STARTS TO WEAKEN D. HE THEN WANTS TO TAKE OVER ROME BUT HE DIES BEFORE HE HAS A CHANCE TO TAKE OVER ROME E. HE HAD WEAKENED ROME AND HELPED CAUSE ITS DOWNFALL 5. IN 476 CE A GERMANIC LEADER OVERTHREW THE ROMAN EMPEROR AND THIS WAS KNOWN AS THE FALL OF

ROME HOW DOES CHRISTIANITY DEVELOP AND SPREAD A. THE JEWS ARE DIVIDED INTO FIVE GROUPS 1. THE PHARISEES-THE BELIEVE IN THE ORAL LAW (THE MISHNAH AND GEMARAH) 2. THE SADDUCEES- BELIEVED IN EXACT LITEWRAL MEANING OF THE TORAH 3. ZEALOTS- BELIEVED THAT JEWS WERE A NATIONAL IDENTITY AND NOT JUST A RELIGION (THEY WANT

THE JEWS TO REBEL AGAINST ROME) 4. THE ESSENES-THEY BELIEVED THAT THE PATH TO GOD COULD BE FOUND IN RITUAL, PURITY AND REMOVAL

OFD DESIRES AND PLEASURES 5. HELLENIZED JEWS-ACCEPTED GREEK AND ROMAN CULTURE (JEWS) LEAD PEOPLE TO REJECT JEWISH

CULTURE B. THE JEWS DON’T HAVE: 1. THE ABILITY TO MAKE THEIR OWN LAWS C. THE JEWS AND AUGUSTUS 1. AUGUSTUS GAVE THE JEWS PERMISSION NOT TO BOW TO ROMAN GODS BECAUSE THEY HELPED HIM KILL

MARC ANTONY 2. AUGUSTUS IS SLOWLY BECOMING KNOWN AS A GOD AND ROMAN EMPIRES ARE STARTING TO BELIEVE IN

GODS 3. IN ORDER TO SHOW RESPECT TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE YOU HAD TO BOW DOWN TO TE GODS BUT THE JEWS

DON’T BOW DOWN TO ANYTHING. 4. IF THE JEWS DIDN’T BOW DOWN THEN THEY WOULD BE KILLED OR PUNISHED D. JESUS 1. JESUS IS BORN WHILE THIS IS ALL HAPPENING AND THE JEWS ARE WAITING FOR MASHIACH 2. THEY WANT MASHIACH BECAUSE IT WOULD GIVE THEM FULL OWNERSHIP OVER ISRAEL 3. JESUS FOLLOWED CONFUCIANISM AND BUDDHISM THOUGHT 4. HE MOVED TO THE GALIL AND TOLD PEOPLE IF YOU FOLLOW ME AND MY RULES THEN YOU WILL GET AFTER

LIFE 5. HE CONSTANTLY TELLS ABOUT THE FUTURE NOT THE PRESENT BEC. HE CANT GUARENTEE AYNTHING IN THE

PRESENT 6. HE LEADS A SPIRITUAL REBELLION AGAINST THE ROMANS 7. HE SAYS THAT GOD IS THE ULTIMAE POWER ON EARTH NOT THE ROMANS



8. JEWS AND ROMANS ARE MAD BECAUSE JEWS THINK THAT HE IS GONNA TAKE PEOPLE FROM THEIR

RELIGION AND THE ROMANS ARE MADE BECAUSE HE IS REBELLING AGAINST THEM 9. WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT JESUS COMES FROM THE GOSPELS WHICH ARE 4 BOOKS WRITTEN BY 4 OF HIS

STUDENTS 10. IN 33 CE JESUS IS BROUGHT BEFORE THE ROMAN GOVERNOR NAME PONTIUS PILATE WHO ORDERD HIME

TO BE CRUCIFIED E. FROM SECT TO RELIGION 1. ORIGINALLY IS KNOWN AS A JEWISH SECT 2. IN 49 CE A MAN BY THE NAME OF PAUL GATHERS CHRISTIAN LEADERS NAD THEY MAKE MANY CHANGES A. NO BRIT MILAH- THIS WAS A SYMBOL OF JUDIASM AND THEY SAID JESUS WAS THE SIGN OF

CHRISTIANITY B. NO MORE KOSHER-PEOPLE DON’T WANT A HARD RELIGION SO THEY MADE IT EASIER 3. CHRISTIANS WILL NOW START PREACHING TO OTHERS NOT JUST JEWS 4. ROMANS HATED CHRISTIANITY BECAUSE THEY SAID THAT EMPORERS WERE GOD BUT CHRISTIANITY SAID

GOD IS THE ONLY POWER ON EARTH 5. CHRISTIANITY IS LIKE FIRE BECAUSE YOU CAN STOMP ON IT BUT THE AIR AROUND IT WILL LIGHT ON

FIRE, LIKE CHRISTIANITY IT IS SPREADING AROUND NO MATTER WHAT YOU DO TO IT. 6. CULTURAL DIFFUSION OCCURS AT THIS TIME 7. THE EMPIRE IS SLOWLY DECLINING A. POOR SUFFER FIRST AND THEREFOR THEY FOLLOW CHRISTIANITY BECAUSE IT GIVES THEM HOPE

FOR AN AFTER LIFE. B. THE RICH DO NOT SUFFER YET BECAUSE THEY STILL HAVE MONEY 8. 2/3 OF THE EMPIRE IS CHRISTIANS F. CONSTANTINE-EMPEROR OF EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE IN 312 BCE 1. HE TOOK CONTROL OF THE EMPIRE BY FORCE 2. HE IS SCARED THAT PEOPLE WILL BE WATCHING HIM SO THAT THEY CAN REBEL A. IF HE HAS TO MUCH POWER THEY WILL REBEL B. IF HE HAS TO LITTLE POWER THEN THERE WILL BE CHAOS 3. THE EDICT OF MILAN-THIS GIVES THE CHRISTIANS THE ABILITY TO OWN LAND AND LETS THEM WORSHIP

WHAT THEY WANT 4. HE IS STILL AFRAID OF THE RICH PEOPLE SO HE DOES NOT GO SO FAR WITH THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION

BECUAUSE THE RICH ARE THE ONES WITH THE POWER AND IF THEY ARENT HAPPY THEN THEY WILL REBEL. (FOR THIS REASON

HE DOESN’T CONVERT TO CHRISTIANITY EVEN THOUGH HIS MOM WAS CHRISTIAN) 5. ELDERS FROM CHRITIAN CHURCHES GET TOGETHER AND HAVE A MEETING AT NICAE TO DISCUSS THE RULES

OF CHRISTIANITY AND TO PROMOTE UNITY IN 325 CE 6. CONSTANTINE CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY ON HIS DEATHBED IN 326BCE HE DIDN’T WANT TO DEAL

WITH THE NOBLES REBELLING. HE WANTS SALVATION IN HIS AFTER LIFE. HE WANTS TO END UP GETTING THE BEST OF BOTH

WORLDS, THE NOBLES SAY THAT IT IS OKAY IF HE CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY. 7. HE HAD REBUILT A CITY CALLED BYZANTIUM (MODERN DAY ISTANBUL, TURKEY) IN 324 CE A. WHEN HE DIED IN 330 CE THEY RENAMED IT CONSTANTINOPLE HOW IS EUROPE BREIFLY REUNITED AFTER THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE A. TERMS 1. DARK AGES-REFERS TO LACK OF KNOWLEDGE, OR TO CHAOS-KINGS FIGHTING EACHOTHER AND TRADE

BEING EFFECTED 2. CHARLEMAGNE-HE WANTS TO FIX THE PROBLEM OF THE DARK AGES -HES CHRISTIAN -HES A KING



-HES A WARRIOR B. CHARLEMAGNE (768-814) 1. HE IS THE GRANDSON OF CHARLES MARTEL, CHAQRLES MARTEL WAS A FRANKISH KING WHO HAD LED A

VICTORY OVER THE MUSLIM ARMIES AT THE BATTLE OF TOURS IN 732 2. CHARLEMAGNE MAKES A BIG DEAL OVER HIMSELF AND CLAIMS THAT HIS GRANDPA FOUGHT FOR CHRISTIAN

BELEIFS AND THEREFOR IT RUNS IN THE FAMILY SO I SHOULD ALSO BE A KNIGHT OF THE CHRISTIANS 3. HE BECOMES KING OF THE FRANKS IN 768 AND STARTS FIGHTING WITH OTHER GROUPS 4. WHEN HE BECOMES KING OF THE FRANKS HE IS ABLE TO RECONQUER MOST OF THE EUROPEAN PART OF THE

ROMAN EMPIRE 5. ON DECEMBER 25 800 POPE LEO III CALLS ON CHARLEMAGNE TO HYELP HIM STOP A REBELLION OF

NOBLES IN ITALY 6. POPE LEO THEN POORS OIL ON CHARLEMAGNES HEAD BY DOING THIS POPE LEO ANNOINTED CHARLEMAGNE

AND WAS SHOWING THAT HE WAS CHOSEN BY GOD-****DIVINE RIGHT**** 7. BY ANNOINTING CHARLEMAGNE THE POPE HAS GIVEN CHARLEMAGNE POWER WHICH IS THAT IF ANYONE

REBELS AGAINST CHARLEMAGNE T IS AS IF THEY ARE REBELLING AGAINST GOD BECAUSE ACCORDING TO CHRISTIANITY

WHOEVER THE POPE ANNOINTS IS CHOSEN BY GOD 8. THE POPE IS ALSO DOING HIMSELF A FAVOR BY ANNOINTING CHARLEMAGNE TO BE KING THE REASON FOR

THIS IS THAT THE SAME WAY THAT THE POPOE IS ABLE TO GIVE CHARLEMAGNE DIVINE RIGHT HE CAN ALSO TAKE IT AWAY-THIS SHOWS THE POPES POWER 9. THE EAST IS ANNOYED WITH THE FACT THAT THE WEST TOOK UPON THEMSELVES AN EMPEROR BECAUSE: A. THEY HAVENT HAD A KING IN SO LONG AND WHY START NOW AND IF SO WHY CHARLEMAGNE B. THE EAST DOESN’T WANT THE WEST TO BECOME A COMPETITION FOR TRADE BECAUSE THE EAST

WAS ALWAYS WEALTHIER BUT IF THE EMPORER IS SUCCESFUL THEN THE WEST WILL BE COMPETITION FOR THE EAST C. THE WEST MIGHT CONQUER THE EAST D. WHO IS THE POPE TO COME AND MAKE CHARLEMAGNE AN EMPEROR 1. THE EAST IS NOW SCARED BECAUSE WHAT IF THE POPE COMES TO THE EAST AND

ANNOINTS AN EMPEROR OVER THEM TO 10. CHARLEMAGNE TRIES VERY HARD TO MAKE HIS EMPIRE A CHRISTIAN ONE BECAUSE CHRISTIANS BELIEVE

IN DIVINE RIGHT AND THEREFOR THEY WILL BELIEVE THAT HE IS SUPPOSED TO BE KING BUT IF THE EMPIRE IS BARBARIANS

AND DON’T BELIEVE IN DIVINE RIGHT THEN THEY WILL JUST KILL HIM 11. HE WORKS WITH THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TO SPREAD THE RELIGION 12. CHARLEMAGNE WANTED TO REVIVE LEARNING AND TRIED TO ENFORCE EDUCATION AND THEREFOR HE

OPENED A SCHOOL AT HIS PALACE IN AACHEN 13. CHARLEMAGNE WAS AN EXCEPTION TO ALL OTHER KINGS BECAUSE HE RECORDED AND KEPT GOVT. RECORDS ON EVERYTHING BECAUSE HE ALSO VALUED THIS. 14. CHARLEMAGNE GIVES POWER TO THE NOBLE IN ORDER TO GET MILITARY HELP 15. HE INTRODUCES FEUDALISM INTO EUROPE-FEUDALISM CAN LEAD TO CHAOS BUT BECAUSE CHARLEMAGNE

DIDN’T WANT THE LORDS TO START FIGHTING OVER POWER HE APPOINTS MISSI DOMINIC 16. MISSI DOMINIC WERE LOYAL OFFICIALS THAT WERE SENT OUT TO CHECK ON THE ROADS AND OTHER

THINGS THAT CAN IMPACT THE EMPIRE C. THE DIVISION OF CHARLEMAGNES EMPIRE 1. CHARLEMAGNE DIES IN 843 AND HIS THREE SONS DIVIDE THE EMPIRE BETWEEN THEM 2. CHARLEMAGNE WANTED TO AVOID CIVIL WAR 3. THE DIVISION OF LAND OCCURS IN THE TREATY OF VERDUN 4. AS A RESULT OF THE TREATY OF VERDUN THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE IS DIVIDED INTO TERRITORIES THAT

ARE PART OF MODERN DAY GERMANY, AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY HOW DOES THE CATHOLIC CHURCH COME TO DOMINATE LIFE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES



A. HEIRARCHY- DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PEOPLE 1. POPE-HE WAS THE HEAD OF THE ENTIRE CATHOLIC RELIGION, HE STARTS OFF AS A BISHOP BUT GOT

CHOSEN TO BE POPE. HE IS BISHOP OF ROME AND HIS DIOCESE IS ROME 2. BISHOP-GIVEN CONTROL OF THE DIOCESE(SMALL PIECE OF TERRITORY), HE IS LIKE A GOVERNER-HE MAKES

SURE THAT PEOPLE ARE DOING WHAT THEY HAVE TO DO 3. CARDINALS-CHOSEN BY BISHOPS, THEY ELECT THE POPE AND WATCH THE BISHOPS 4. PRIESTS-THEY LEAD THE PEOPLE THEY HAVE A CONGREGATION AND THERE CONGREGATION CALLS THEM

PASTERS 5. MONKS-LIKE IN MONESTARIES WANT TO BE ISOLATED. THEY WANT TO DISTANCE THEMSELVES

COMPLETELY. THEY THINK ABOUT GOD. B. EVERY GROUP THE DIAGRAM ARE CATHOLIC EXCEPT FOR THE POPE WHICH IS CONSIDERED A GOD ON EARTH C. QUOTE “AND JESUS SAID-YOU ARE PETER AND UPON THIS ROCK I SHALL BUILD MY CHURCH” 1. BY CHURCH SHE MEANS HE MEANS RELIGION. THE CHURCH BELIEVED THAT PETER WAS THE FIRST POPE. JESUS TELLS PETER THAT YOU ARE THE ONE WHO SI GOING TO LEAD THE PEOPLE D. WHEN THE CARDINALS ELECT THE POPE THERE NOT REALLY ELECTING ANYONE THERE JUST POINTING OUT WHO

HAS PETER IN HIM BECAUSE EVERY POPE IS SUPPOSEDLY A DECENDENT FROM GOD HOW IS EUROPEAN SOCIETY ORGANIZED IN THE MIDDLE AGES/THE MEDIAVIL PERIOD A. FEUDALISM-THIS IS A WAY OF CONTROLLING SOCIETY USING LAND AND SOCIAL CLASSES 1. IT IS BASES ONT THE RIGHTS, PRIVELAGES, AND DUTIES SHARED BETWEEN THE CLASSES B. FEUDAL SOCIETY 1. SOCIETY IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE LORDS AND THE VASSALS 2. THE HIGHEST LORD IS THE KING AND HE DIVIDES THE LAND AMONG THE LOWER LORDS 3. PEASENTS WORK THE LAND FOR THE LORD AND IN RETURN THE LORD GIVES THEM PROTECTION AND

SHELTER 4. THE LORDS OWE THE KING LOYALTY BECAUSE HE CHOSE TO GIVE THEM THE LAND AND THIS LOYALTY IS

SHOWN USUALLY IN TIMES OF WAR C. SUBINFEUDATION 1. THIS IS THE POWER OF A HIGHER LORD TO GIVE AWAY LAND TO A LOWER LORD FOR LOYALTY AND OTHER

OFFERINGS HOW DOES THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE) PROSPECT AND THEN COLLAPSE AFTER THE FALL OF THE

WESTERN EMPIRE A. CONSTANTINE 1. IN 324 CONSTANTINE REBUILDS THE CITY OF BYZANTIUM (MODERN DAY ISTANBUL, TURKEY) 2. BYZANTIUM IS A VERY IMPORTANT CENTER OF TRADE BECAUSE PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD COME

TO DO BUSINESS THERE



3. CONSTANTINE IS ON THE STRAIT OF BOSPUROUS(THIS IS WHERE THE BLACK SEE MEETS THE

MEDITERANEAN)-WAS GOOD FOR TRADE AND HAD A GOOD CONNECTION TO NORTH AFRICA 4. THE EASTERN HALF OF THE EMPIRE IS VERY WEALTHY BECAUSE OF THE SILK ROAD 5. PEOPLE HAD TO GO THROUGHT THE EASTERN HALF TO DO TRADE SO THEY HAD TO PAY TOLLS BECAUSE THE

TRADE ROUTES INTERSECTED THROUGH THE EASTERN HALF OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE B. THE GOOD OF THE EASTERN HALF 1. CONSTANTINOPLE-CAPITAL CITY OF EASTERN EMPIRE 2. TRADE ROUTES 3. SILK ROADS FROM CHINA 4. EMPOROR JUSTINIAN CODIFIES THE ROMAN LAWS-HE BRINGS TH LAWS TOGETHER SO THAT THE PEOPLE

CAN FEEL UNITED. WHEN HE BRINGS THEM TOGETHER IT IS CALLED CORPIS JURIS CIVILIS A.K.A. JUSTINIANS CODE, THIS

ALLOWED ROMAN LAW TO SURVIVE 5. JUSTINIAN BUILD THE CHURCH OF HAGIA SOPHIA-THIS SHOWS HIS POWER THAT ONLY THE HEAD

EMPORER CAN MAKE SOMETHING LIKE THIS, IT SHOWS THAT HE IS WEALTHY AND THAT HE BELIEVES IN GOD 6. JUSTINIANS AN AUTOCRAT-HE HAS COMLETE AND TOTAL POWER(MAKES ENFORCES AND JUDGES THE LAW) C. THE BAD OF THE EASTERN HALF 1. FIGHTING BETWEEN EASTERN CHRISTIANITY AND WESTERN CHRISTIANITY A. IN THE EAST THE EMPORER HAS RTELIGIOUS AUTHORITY B. IN THE WEST THE POPE HAS RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY C. THE EASTERN EMPORER DOES NOT GET ALONG WITH THE WESTERN POPE 2. THEODORA WAS JUTINIANS WIFE A. SHE WAS FROM A LOWER CLASS B. TOLD JUSTINIAN EVERYTHING WHAT TO DO C. SHE WAS LIKE A PUPPET MASTER 3. THE MUSLIMS ARE CONQUERING-THEY WANT THE BYZANTIUM EMPIRE AND CONSTANTINOPLE 4. IN 1054 THE GREAT SCHISM-CHRISTIANITY BREAKS EASTERN AND WESTERN CHRISTIANITY SEPERATELY, THE EAST AND THE WEST ARE EXCOMMUNICATING EACHOTHER, NO TALK, NO TRADE 5. IT WAS THE EASTERN ORTHODOX VS. ROMAN CATHOLICISM 6. THE WUESTION OF WHO SHOULD BE THE NEXT KING CAME ABOUT, THEREFOR EVERYONE WAS KILLING

EACHOTHER FOR THE POSITION 7. WESTERN CHRISTIANS DECIDE THE WANT TO FREE ISRAEL FROM MUSLIMS (BIRTHPLACE OF JESUS) SO

THEY WANT TO GO ON CRUSADES BUT TO DO THIS THEY HAVE TO GO THROUGHT THE EASTERN EMPIRE 8. CRUSADES-THIS IS A HOLY TASK IN WHICHJ YOU CONQUEWR LAND FOR THE RELIGION 9. IN 1453 BYZANTIUM WAS TAKEN OVER BY THE OTTOMAN TURKS (A GROUP OF MUSLIMS) 10. WHEN CONSTANTINOPLE IS TAKEN OVER IT IS RENAMED ISTANBUL 11. WHEN THIS OCCURS THE EASTERN EMPIRE COLLAPSES D. THE BYZANTIUM LEGACY-WHAT THEY LEAVE BEHIND FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS 1. THE ROMAN LAW (CORPIS JURIS CIVILIS) 2. GREEK KNOWLEDGE-PRESERVED AND SPREAD GREEK KNOWLEDGE AND THE MUSLIMS ADOPT IT, THEY TRIED

TO DESTROY GREEK KNOWLEDGE IN THE WEST BECAUSE THEY THOUGHT IT WAS IDLE WORSHIP 3. SPREADING OF EASTERN CHRISTIANITY INTO RUSSIA 4. RUSSIAN ALPHABET(CYRILLIC)DEVELOPED WHEN AN EASTERN MISSIONARY NAMED CYRIL COMES INTO

RUSSIA. E. BACKTRACK TO JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA 1. JUSTINIAN RULED FR4OM 527 TO 565 2. HIS ARMIES RECONQUERED NORTH AFRICA ITALY AND PARTS OF SPAIN BUT ONLY FOR A SHORT AMOUNT

OF TIME



3. HE BUILT THE CHURCH OF HAGIA SOPHIA(MEANING: HOLY WISDOM) WHICH WAS BUILT FROOM THE

FINEST MATERIALS 4. JUSTINIAN CODIFIED THE LAWS (CORPIS JURIS CIVILIS) 5. AUTOCRAT-HE HAD FULL POWER OVER EVERYTHING 6. HIS POWER WAS BOTH RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL F. RECAP ON THE FALL OF BYZANTIUM 1. BY THE 700S MOST OF THE ARAB WORLD ARE UNDER MUSLIM CONTROL 2. THE DIVISIONS BETWEEN THE EASTER AND WESTERN CHRISTIANTY LEAD TO THE GREAT SCHISM 3. PROBLEMS WITH SUCCESION WERE CREATING CHAOS 4. WHEN CONSTANTINOPLE FELL IT WAS RENAMED ISTANBUL HOW DOES GEOGRAPHY IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF JAPAN A. JAPANS GEOGRAPHY 1. JAPAN IS AN ISLAND, THEREFORE IT HAS MANY PROS AND CONS TO ITS GEOGRAPHY A. PROS 1. PROTECTICION 2. WATER RESOURCES 3. WATER TRADE ROUTES 4. STRONG NAVY 5.***ISOLATION*** B. CONS 1. 80% MOUNTAINS (HARD TO UNIFY) 2. LACK OF NATURAUL RESOURCE 3. VERY LITTLE FARMING LAND 4. RELIANT ON TRADE 5. RELY ON HEAVY SEASONAL RAIN (IF THEY DONT COME THEN EOPLE WILL DIE) 6. IT IS IN THE RING OF FIRE (VERY PRONE TO VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS) B. JAPAN AND SELECTIVE BORROWING 1. SELECTIVE BORROWING A. THIS IS WHEN YOU GO TO A CERTAIN PLACE AND ADOPT THEIR CULTURE BUT YOU ONLY ADOPT THE

PARTS OF THE CULTURE THAT YOU THINK ARE GOOD IN ORDER TO RUN YOUR SOCIETY. 2. THEY HAD SENT REPRSENTATIVES AND SCHOLARS TO CHINA IN ORDER TO SELECTIVELY BORROW FROM

THEM. 3. THE KOREN BRIDGE A. IT IS NOT A PHYSICAL BRIDGE, IT IS CALLED THE KOREAN BRIDGE BECAUSE OF JAPANS SELECTIVE

BORROWING FROM CHINA. IT WAS CALLED THE KOREAN BRIDGE BECAUSE THEY HAD GOTTEN THEIR IDEAS FROM CHINA AND IN

ORDER TO GET THOSE IDEAS THEY HAD HAD TO PASS THROUGH KOREA TO GET TO CHINA AND TO SELECITIVELY BORROW. C. WHEN JAPAN BOROWS THINGS FROM CHINA THEY MODIFY WHATEVER THEY TAKE 1. JAPAN BORROWS FROM CHINA: A. THE FORM OF WRITING WHICH IS IN THE FORM OF PICHTOGRAPHS 1.THE WAY THAT THEY MODIFIED THIS WAS WITH KANA A. KANA-THESE ARE PHONETIC SYMBOLS (SOUNDS) THESE REPERESENTED SYLLABLE 1.AFTER YEARS AND YEARS OF MODIFICATION THE WRITING STILL LOOKED

THE SAME BUT IN TRUTH WAS VERY DIFFERENT B. BUDHISM-THEY CHANGED THE RELIGION ORF BUDDHISM 1. THEY MODIFIED IT BY ADDING IDEAS OF SHINTOISM (MIXTURE OF BUDDHISM AND

SHINTOISM) A. IN THE END THE NAME OF THIS NEW RELIGION BECAME ZEN BUDDHISM



C. GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION-THE JAPANES LEARN FROM THE CHINESE HOW TO ADMINISTRATE

A GOVERNMENT 1. THEY LEARN HOW TO CARRY OUT A BUREAUCRACY WHICH IS A MORE EFFICIENT TYPE OF

GOVT. A. BUREAUCRACY-THIS IS WHEN THE GOVERNMENT USES HELPER SUCH AS MILITARY

AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEADER BECAUSE IT WAS SUCH A BIG TERRITORY AND IT ISNT POSSIBLE FOR ONE MAN TO RULE D. THEY TAKE THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN FROM THE CHINESE 2. THEY MODIFY THIS ALSO AND SAY THAT THE REASON THAT THE EMPOROR CAN RULE IS

BECAUSE THE EMPOROR IS EITHER A GOD OR THE SON OF A GOD BECAUSE IT IS A DYNASTY. D. HEIAN JAPAN-THIS IS THE PERIOD OF TIME WHEN JAPAN HAD DONE ALL OF ITS SELECTIVE BORROWING AND PUT

IT ALL INTO EFFECT 1. HEIAN IS THE CAPITAL CITY OF JAPAN (794-1185 CE) E. EARLY SOCIETY IN JAPAN 1. IT WAS BASED ON CLANS (A LARGE FAMILY UNIT) 2. CLANS WERE CONSTANTLY FIGHTING OVER LAND’ A. THIS IS WHY IT WAS HARD TO UNIFY JAPAN F. THE YAMATO CLAN (500 BCE) 1. THIS CLAN HAD TAKEN OVER A LRGE PIECE OF LAND KNOWN AS HONSHU 2. THEY HAD CREATED THE FIRST AND ONLY DYNASTY IN JAPAN 3. THE HEAD OF THE CLAN HAD CLAIMED TO BE THE EMPORER OF JAPAN A. FROM THIS MAN THAT CLAIMED TO BE KING WILL COME A DYNASTY G. THE JAPANESE HAD MADE THEIR ROYAL COURT BEAUTIFUL AND EXTRAVEGANT H. THEY HAD WRITTEN MANYWORKS OF LITERATURE 1. TWO OF THE MOST FAMOUSE ONES WERE WRITTEN BY WOMEN A. THE PILLOW BOOK-THIS BOOK HAD TALKED ABOUT COURT LIFE AND WAS WRITTEN BY THE

SERVANT OF AN EMPRESS B. THE TALE OF GENGI-THIS WAS THE SECOND WORK OF LITERATURE AND IT HAD TAKED ABOUT THE

ROMANTIC LIFE OF A PRINCE AND HIS SON HOW DOES JAPANES SOCIETY DEVELOP UNDER FEUDALISM A. FEADUALISM IS BASED ON LAND NOBLES SERFS AND THE KING 1. THE WAY THAT FEUDALISM IS HANDLES IS THAT THE KING DIVIDES LAND BETWEEN THE LORDS THAT

THEN GIVE LAND TO THE VASSALS AND AND IN RETURN FOR THE SHELTER THAT THE VASSLES ARE GETTING HEY GIVE THE

NOBLES PROTECTION 2. FEUDALISM PROVED ITSELF TO BE VERY UNSTABLE, THE REASON FOR THIS WAS THAT THE NOBLES WERE

ALWAYS FIGHTING FOR LAND (LAND=POWER) 3.THE ONLY WAY TO KEEP FEUDALISM AS A STABLE FUNCTIONAL SOCIETY IS TO HAVE A VERY STRICT KING 4. THE WAY THAT FEUDALISM KEEPS CONTROL IS BY THE DIVISION OF LAND FOR LOYALTY AND BECAUSE THE

KING GIVES OUT WHOEVER SI IN THE COUNTRY LAND THEN WHOEVER IS IN THE COUNTRY WILL HAVE TO BE LOYAL TO THE

KING AND THEREFORE KEEPING A STABLE SOCIETY B. FEUDALISM BEGINS IN JAPAN, BUT IT IS NOT BORROWED FROM CHINA 1. THE WAY THAT THEY HAD CAME UP WITH IT IS THROUGH INDEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT A. INDEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT IS LIKE WITH THE ZIGGURATS AND THE PYRAMIDS 2. THERE IS A BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND JAPANES FEUDALISM A.



B. ALTHOGUH THE EMPORER HAD CLAIMED TO BE GOD HE WASN’T ABLE TO HAVE FULL CONTROL

BECAUSE THEY ARE A SOCIETYOF CLANS AND IT IS NOT EASY TO CONTROL A GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT ARE SPREAD OUT. 3. BECAUSE IT IS NOT EASY FOR THE EMPORER TO KEEP CONTROL HE ELECTS A SHOGUN A. A SHOGUN-THIS IS A POSITION CREATED BY THE EMPOROR BECAUSE HE WAS LOSING POWER, THE

SHOGUN IS THE SUPREME MILITARY COMMANDER, THE SHOGUN NOW GIVES OUT THE LAND TO THE PEOPLE OF THE NATION SO

THAT HE GETS LOYALTY, THE EMPORER GAVE THE SHOGUN PERMISSION TO GIVEO UT THE LAND BECAUSE THE EMPOROR IS

LOSING HIS POWER BECAUSE IN TRUTH THE EMPOROR NEVER REALLY HAD POWER TO BEGIN WIH AND PEOPLE ARE STARTING TO

REALIZE THIS AND SO WHEN HE GIVES OUT LAND THE PEOPLE WILL NOT GIVE HIM THE TRUE LOYALTY THAT HE DESERVES. BECAUSE OF THIS HE LETS THE SHOGUN GIVE OUT THE LAND SO NOW THEY RESPECT HIM AND HE WILL KEEP ORDER, BUT THE

EMPORER STILL HAD THE RESPECT OF AN EMPOROR EVEN THOGH HE DIDN’T GIVE OUT LAND B. DAIMYO-THE UPPER NOBLES 1. AFTER THE DAIMYO GET THEIR LAND IT IS THEIR JOB TO DIVIDE AMONG THE SAMUARIS C. SAMUARI-A WARRIOR 1. -THE SAMUARIS LIVED BY THE CODE OF HONOR KNOWN AS BUSHIDO-THIS EMPHASISED

THE BARAVERY AND LOYALTY TO A LORD 2. ONLY A SAMUARI COLD HAVE GOVERNMENT POSITIONS OR BE MILITAR OFFICERS BECAUSE

HE WANTS THE SAMUARI TO OWE HIM LOYALTY SO THAT THEY CAN FIGHT FOR HIM IF A DAIMYO REBELS AGAINST HIM D. THE EMPOROR IS NOW LOSING POWER BECAUSE MANY CLANS ARE FIGTING FOR LAND (PEOPLE

NEVER OVERTHREW HIM BECAUSE HE WAS A GOD AND A SYMBOL OF THE COUNTRY) (THE EMPOROR IS LIKE THE QUEEN OF

ENGLAND) 1. THESE CLANS THAT KEEP ON FIGHTING ARE CAUSING CHAOS E. THE EMPOROR WAS JUST FOR SHOW, HE GOT RESPECT BUT HE DIDN’T REALLY HAVE POWER F. THE FIRST SHOGUN WAS ELECTED IN 1192 ******HONOR WAS SO IMPORTANT TO THE JAPANESE THAT ANYONE THAT WAS DISHONORED (OR WAS NOT

LOYAL) HAD TO COMMIT A RITUAL SUICIDE. THIS RITUAL WAS KNOWN AS SEPPUKO C. TOUGAWA SHOGUNATE (1603-1868) 1.TOKUGAWA IEYASU RESTORED ORDER AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF THE FIRST SHOGUNATE 2. HE CENTRALIZED CONTROL OVER JAPAN 3. THE DAIMYO(UPPER LORDS) ARE FORCED TO APPEAR TO THE SHOGUN ONCE EVERY TWO YEARS A. THE REASON THAT HE MADE THEM STAY IN THE CAPITAL CITY OF EDO WAS SO THAT THEY WOULD

ALL BUY GOODS FROM EDO AND THEN THE COMMERCE AND ECONOMY WILL GROW (ECONOMIC GROWTH) 1. THE REASON FOR THIS IS SO THAT THE DAIMYO KNOW WHO IS ABOVE ALL OF THEM A. WHEN THE DAIMYO GO BEFORE THE SHOGUN THEY TELL HIM THAT HE IS ABOVE

ALL AND PRAISE HIS GREATNESS B. THE REASON WHY THE PEOPLE HAD TO GO TO THE SHOGUN AND THE SHOGUN

DIDN’T SEND A MEESENGER WAS BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT



1. IF HE DID SEND A MESSENGER THE PEOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY TO LIE

BECAUSE WHEN YOU ARE NOT FACE TO FACE WITH THE MAIN PERSON IT IS A LOT EASIER TO LIE 2. GOING TO THE SHOGUN EVERY TWO YEARS IS A LOT OF TIMES BECAUSE

OF ALL THE STRUGGLES IN ORDER TO GET THERE AND TO PREPARE PROPERLY FOR THE EXCURSION THEY NEED A. TO BE ABLE TO PICK UP FROM YOUR LAND B. YOU HAVE TO HAVE ENOUGH WILL POWER, ENERGY, STRENGTH

AND FOOD IN ORDER TO GET TO THE SHOGUN BECAUSE THEY END UP BEING THEIR FOR MONTHS B. THE SECOND REASON WHY THE SHOGUN MAKES THEM COME TO HIM IS BECAUSE THAT THEY END

UP GETTING SO PREOCUPIED ON THEIR TRIP TO GET THEIR AND WYHEN THEY GET BACK THEY HAVE TO WORK DOUBLE TIME ON

THEIR LAND BECAUSE THEY WERENT THERE FOR SO LONG AND THEREFORE THEY WONT HAVE TIME TO FIGHT AND HAVE WARS 1. FIGHTS AND WARS ARE WHAT MAKES THE CONCEPT OF FEUDALISM SO UNSTABLE BECAUSE

EVERYONE WANTS LAND SO THEY STARYT WARS WITH EACHOTHER AND THEREFORE HE IS MAKING FEUDALISM A MORE STABLE

CONCEPT OF GOVERNING C. WHEN HE DAIMYO HAS TO GO TO THE SHOGUNATE HE HAS TO STAY IN THE CAPITAL CITY UNTIL

HES DONE WITH HIS MEETING WITH THE SHOGUNATE D. THE DAIMYO ALSO NEEDED PERMISSION TO BOTH GET MARRIED AND TO REBUILD THEIR PALACES 1. THE REASON FOR THE PERMISSION TO BUILD THE CASTLE WAS BECAUSE THE DAIMYO HAD

SAMURAIS WHICH WERE WARRIORS AND WERE SUPPOSE TO BE LOYAL TO THE DAIMYO AND SO WHEN THEY SAY THAT THERE

BUILDING THERE PALACES THEY MIGHT BE MAKING WEAPONS TO ATTACK THE SHOGUN OR ANOTHER DAIMYO FOR LAND 2. THE REASON FOR PERMISSION TO MARRY WAS BECAUSE MARRIAGE AT THAT TIME WAS

SOMETIMES USED FOR ALLIANCES A. THE WAY THAT MARIAGES HAPPENED IN MIDEVIL TIMES WAS THAT THEY WERE

STUP BY THE PARRENTS AND THE EMPOROR KNEW THAT IF A SET OF PARENTS HAD A LOT OF SAMUARI THEN THEY WOULD

LOOK FOR ANOTHER FAMILY WITH A LOT OF SAMURAI AND THEN THE BRIDE AND GROOM HAVE DOUBLE THE AMOUNT OF

SAMUARI AND REBEL D. THE ARTS OF JAPAN 1. THE KABUKI THEATER A. INFLUENCED BY NO OR NOH THEATER 1. ALL NOH PLAYS WERE PERFORMED ON A SQUARE WOODEN STAGE THAT HAD NO SCENERY 2. MEN WORE ELEGENT MASKS 3. A CHORUS HAD CHANTED IMPORTANT LINES 4. THE PLAYS HAD OFTEN FOCUSED ON ZHEN BUDDHISTTHEMES 5. WOMEN WERE NOT ALLOWED TO PERFORM ON STAGE E. LITERATURE 1. WRITTEN WORKS OF JAPAN CONTINUED TO FLOURISH 2. FICTION STORES AS WELL AS ESSAYS WERE COMMON 3. A NEW FORM OF POEIC EXPRESSION HAD BEEN DEVELOPED A. THE HAIKU 1. A HAIKU WAS ONLY THREE LINES LONG A. MOSTLY WRITTEN ABOUT NATURE 2. IT HAD ONLY SEVENTEEN SYLLABLES IN IT 3. THE HAIKUS HAD ONLY OCUSED ON ONE MAIN IDEA AND WERE CONSIDERED TO BE A

WORD PICTURE. F. ZHEN BUDDHISM 1. THIS IS A FORM OF FEUDALISM THAT BECOMES POPULAR DURING JAPANS FEUDAL PERIOD 2. EMPHASIZED LOYALTY AND MEDITATION 3. SHOWED EXTREME DEVOTION TO NATURE



4. THEY HAD BELIEVED THAT ENLIGHTENMENT CAN BE ACHIEVED BY CAREFULY CARRYING OUT RITUALS LIKE

THE JAPANESE TEA CEREMONY HOW DOES CHINA EXPERIENCE A GROWTH AFTER THE FALL OF THE HAN DYNASTY A. THE FALL OF THE HAN 1. THE HAN DYNASTY HAD COLLAPSED IN 220 CE BECAUSE IT WAS CORRUPT AND THE GOVERNMENT WASN’T

BEING CARRIED OUT IN THE RESPCTED WAYS FOR NEARLY FOUR HUNDRED YEARS, AND IN THESE 400 YEARS CHINA IS NOT

UNITED 2. IRONICLLY FOOD PRODUCTION RISES AND TECHNOLOGY IMPROVES 3. CONFCIAN PHILOSPHY HAD HELPED STABALIZE CHIA EVEN DURING THIS CHAOTIC TIME PERIOD 4. AFTER THE HAN COLAPSED THERE ISNT SO MUCH CHAOS BECAUSE THERE IS GENERAL RESPECT 5. THERE WILL BE NO DYNASTY THAT WILL BE ABLE TO BRING CHINA BACK TO THE WAY IT WAS YEARS

BEFORE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS B. THE TANG DYNSTY 1. THE TANG HAD TAKEN OVER IN 618 CE A. IT WAS FIRST LEAD BY LI YUAN AND THEN BY HIS SON LI SHIMIN 2. THE TANG DYNSTY GET IT S NAME FROM THE SON THAT NAMES HIMSELF TANG TAIZENG 3. THE TANG HAD EXPANDED THE BORDERS OF THEIR EMPIRE FURTHER INTO WESTERN ASIA 4 VIETNAM TIBET AND KOREA ALL BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES (THEY PAY MONEY BECAUSE THE TANG SAY

THAT IF YOU PAY US THEN WE WILL NOT KILL YOU AND YOU CAN VONTINUE DOING WHATEVE YOU WANT) TO THE TANG DYNASTY 5. IT IS DURINGTHIS TIME PERIODTHAT JAPAN SENDS ITS SCHOLARS TO CHINA TO SELECTIVELY BORROW C. TANG ACHEIVEMENTS 1. THEY HAD RESTORED THE UNIFORM GOVERNMENT TO CHINA 2. USED THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAM EVEN MORE TO ATTRACT NEW TALENT. SO YOU NEEDED A TUTOR IN ORDER

TO STUDY BUT INSTAD THE TANG HAD CREATED SCHOOLS IN ORDER TO TRAIN THE MALE STUDENTS IN CONFUCIAN

PHILOSOPHY SO THAT THEY CAN PASS THE TEST BECAUSE THEY WANT MORE PEOPLE TO BE INVOLVED IN TH GOVERNMENT AND

IF MORE PEOPLE TAKE AND PASS THE TEST HEY ARE HOPING IT WILL CREATE A STABLE GOVERNMENT 3. THEY HAD REDISTRIBUTED LAND TO THE PEASENTS (THEY TOOK LAND FROM THOS WHO HAVE AND GAVE TO

THOSE WHO DONE BEAUSE MORE LAND=MORE AGRICULTURE=MORE MONEY=ECONOMIC GROWTH 4. THEY HAD BUILT THE GRAND CANAL A. THIS HAD LINKED THE HANG HE (YELLOW RIVER) WITH THE YANG ZE RIVER 1. THIS HAD HELPED TRADE 2. THIS HAD SOLVED THE PROBLEM OF PEOPLE BEING SEPERATED BECAUSE PEOPLE SETTLE

ALONG THE BANKS OF BOTH RIVERS AND THEY WERE FAR APART BUT NOW THEY ARE CONNECTED AND THIS UNIFIES THE

NATION. DURING THE HAN DYNASTY THEY WERE NOT ABLE TO UNIFY THE DYNASTY. 3. THEY HAD A CULTURAL AND ECONOMICAL GROWTH 5. THIS IS A GOLDEN AGE BECAUSE THEY HAD A GROWTH IN EVERY ASPECT. EVEN ART BECAUSE THAY HAD

BLOCK PRINTING WHICH ALLOWED THEM TO WRITE MORE BOOKS MORE EFFICIENTLY BECAUSE THEY WERE ABLE TO MAKE

MULTIPLE COPIES. D. THE TANG COLLAPSES BECAUSE OF INTERNAL PRBLEMS LIKE THE HAN DYNSTY E. THE SONG DYNSATY 1. STARTED OFF JUST AS BIG AS THE TANG BUT WHEN THEY WERE FOCED TO MOVE SOUTH BECAUSE IN THE

NORTH THERE WERE BARBARIANS. 2. ZHAO KUANGYIN ESTABLISHED THE SONG DYNSTY IN 960 CE ROUGHLY 55 YEARS AFTER THE FALL OF THE

TANG DYNASTY



3. THE SONG DID NOT RULE AS LARGE AS AN AREA AS THE TANG DID. WHEN IT FIRST TOOK OVER IT WAS

ALMOST AS BIG AS THE TANG BECAUSE THE NORTHERN BARBARIANS WERE TAKING OVER THE LAND 4. THE SONG WERE FORCED TO MOVE TO MOVE SOUTH OF THE HUANG HE (YELLOW RIVER) IN 1100 CE BY NORTHERN INVADER 5. IT IS QUESTIONABLE IF IT CAN BE CALLED A GOLDEN AGE BECAUSE POLITICALLY THY WERE LOSIG AND TO

THE OUTSIDE BARBARINS F. SONG ACHEIVEMENTS 1. FARMERS STARTED T FOCUS ON THE RICE GROWING SOUTH WHERE NEW TEQUNIQUES ALLOWED FOR TWO

RICE CROPS TO GROW EACH YEAR 2. TRADE INCREASD BETWEEN THE MIDDLE EAST, PERSIA NAD INDIA 3. THE SONG PERFECTED THE ART OF PORCEAIN AND DEVELOPED A MOVEABLE TYPE. THE PROCEALIN IS

HEAVIER THEN CERAMIC AND THEREFORE MORE EXPENSIVE AND IT HAD HELPED THE ECONOMY 4. THEY TAKE THE IDEA OF BLOCK PRINTING AND CHANGE TO A MOVEABLE TYPE WHICH IS A FRAME WITH

LINEAR TRACKS AND YOU CAN SLIDE LITTLE CARVED TILES OF WOOD INTO THE LINES. THIS WAS BETTER THNREGUALR BLOCK

PRINTING BECAUSE EACH BLOCK AND TILE IS NOW REUSABLE 5. CITIES BEGIN TO DEVELOP AS THE CENTER OF TRADE (PEOPLE USED TO LIVE IN VILLAGES) 6. THERE WERE THE FIRST ONE TO USE VACCANATIONS-SCIENCE 7. THEY HAD INVENTED THE PAGODA-TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE IN CHINA WHICH SPREADS TO JAPAN AND

KOREA. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF CULTURAL DIFFUSION BECUASE ITS TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE MIXED

TOGETHER (CHINESE AND INDIAN) HOW DO THE MONGOLS CREATE AND MAINTAIN THE VAST EMPIRE A. THE MONGOLS 1. THEY CAME INTO A LAND THAT WAS PARADISE THAT WAS FERTILE BUT WHEN THEY AHD COME THEY HAD

BROUGHT DISEASES WITH THEM AND TURNED THE PARADISE INTO A WASTLAND B. GEOGRAPHY OF MONGOLIA 1. THEY COME FROM A PART OF NORTHERN ASIA CALLED STEPPES (FLAT HIGH GRASSY LAND) THESE STEPES

ARE KNON FOR BEING DRY AND LACKING IN RESOURCES. THIS IS VERY BAD LAND FOR FARMINGBUT GOOD FOR GRAZING. THEY

ARE NOT NEAR ANY RIVER AND THEY HAVE ETREMELY SEVERE COLD TEMPERATURES 2. THIS EFFECTS THE PEOPLE BECAUSE THEY ARE WORRIED BECAUSE THEY DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH RESOURCES 3. FOR THE MOGOLIANS LIVING I A FIGHT, A STRIGGLE, A COMPETITION TO SURVIVE. SURVIVAL IS NOT A

GUARANTEE 4. THEY ARE A NOMADIC GROUP NOT A SETTLED SOCIETY 5. LIFE REVOLVES AORUND CLANS



1. THE LEADER OF A KLAN IS KNOWN AS A KHAN A. THE KHANS ARE NOT BEING ABLE TO CONTROL THERE PEOPLE FRO FIGHTNING BECAUSE

THEY NEED FOOD FOR SURVIVAL C. TEMUJIN 1. HIS FATHER WAS POISONED 2. HES LEFT ON HIS OWN, HIS FATHER WAS THE LEASDER OF THE KLAN AND NOW HE HS TO TAK OVER

BECAUSE HIS FATHER HAS DIED HE IS VERY YOUNG WHEN HIS FATHER DIED 3. HIS MOTHER GIVES HIM ADVICE A. TO TAKE REVENGE ON THOSE THAT HAD DONE EVIL TO IS FATHER 4. HE SPENDS THE NEXT FIFTEEN YARS OF HIS LIFE TRYING TO PROVE HIMSLF TO THE MONGOLIANS AS A

WARRIOR BECAUSE HE HAD BEEN KICKED OUT OF HIS OWN CLAN 5. HE WAS KICKED OUT OF HIS OWN CLAN BECAUSE THY HAD SAID HE WAS AN EMBARRESEMENT BECAUSE HE

HAD LOST THE FIRST BATTLE THAT HE HAD WENT TO 6. HE BECOMES POWERU AND STARTS TO UNITE CLANS IN WAYS THAT NO ONE ELSE COULD A. THESE CLANS HAD ELECTED HIM TO BE THEIR KHAN B. THEY AHD THEN CHANGED HIS NAME OT GHENGIZ KHAN MEANING RULER OF THE WORLD 7. HE NOW GOES TO CONQUER CHINA BCAUSE IF HE CONQUERS THEN THEN HE WOULD OF CONQUERED ON OF

THE RICHEST NATIONS AT THE TIME THAT WAS GOING THORUGH A GOLDEN AGE AND THIS WILL TRULY SHOW HIS POWER 8. ACCORDING TO GHENGHIZ KHAN THE GREATEST JOY IS TO CONQUER, AND HE DOES BY MASSIVE

DESTRUCTION. IF ANYONE HAD STOOD UP TO HIM HE WOULD OF TAEN EVERYHING THAT THEY HAD. 9. HE HAD TOLD THE CHINESE TO SURRENDER AND THOSE WHO DIDN’T SUFFERED 10. SLOWLY NORTHERN CHINA AND CENTRAL ASIA FALL INTO THE HADS OF GHENGHIZ KHAN PEOPLE FOLLOW

HIM BECAUSE OF FEAR OF WHAT HE WILL DO TO THEM 11. HE HAD FORBID INTERMARRIAGE BECAUSE HE DID NOT WANT MONGOL SOCIETY TO MX WITH THE

CHINESE. 12. USUALLY A DICTATOR WOULD MAKE HIS CONUERED PEOPLE CHANGE THEIR RELIGION BUT HE WAS NOT

INTRESTED IN THAT HE JUST WANTED TRIBUTE FROM THE CHINESE. HE LETS THE CHINESE DO WHAT THEY WANT BECAUSE

HE KNOWS THT THE CHINESE OUNUMBER THE MONGOLIANS BY A LOT AND DID NOT WANT TO START ANOTHER WAR. HE DID

NOT REMOVE THE LOCAL CHINESE GOVERNMENTS SO THAT THE PEOPLE DON’T FEEL AS OF HE IS TAKING OVER THEM. 13. THE CHINESE ARE VERY EDUCATE AND GHENGHIZ HAN KNOWS THAT THEY ARE SMARTER THEN HIM SO

ACCEPTS MANY IDEAS FROM THE CHINESE. 14. WHEN HE DIES HE HAD NEVER HD A CHANCE TO CAPTURE THE SONG WHICH IS WHERE HIS JOY WAS. D. THE YUAN DYNASTY 1. AFTER GHENIZ KHAN DIES HIS GRANDSON KUNLAI KHAN TAKES OVER THE EMPIRE 2. KUBLAI KHAN HAD FINISHED OFF WHAT HIS GRANFATHER HAD STARTED 3. KUBLAI KHAN HAD ALSO TAKEN CONTROL OF TIBET KOREA AND VIETNAM 4. KUBLAI KHAN DID NOT WANT YHE MONGOLS TO LOSE THEIR IDENTITIES BY MIXING IN WITH THE

CHINESE SO HE ALLOWED ONLY MONGOLS TO SERVE IN THE MILITARY AND HOL THE TOP GOVERNMENT POSITIONS 5. KUBLI KHAN GETS RID OF THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAM 6. EVEN THOUGH KUBAI KHAN DID NOT WANT THE MONGOLS TO MIX WITH THE CHINESE HE AHD ADOPTED A

CHINESE NAME FOR HIS EMPIRE, HE HAD CALLED IT THE YUAN DYNASTY 7. KUBLAI KHAN HAD LSO EXTENDED THE GRAND CANAL-HE HAD WIDENED IT SO THAT MORE SHIPS CAN GO, HE HAD ALSO ADDED TRIBUTARYS (ALTERNATE ROUTES) WHICH CONNECT SMALLER TO LARGER RIVERS. HES STRENGTHENING

THE ECONOMY WHICH HELPS NOT ONLY THE MONGOLS BUT CHINA AS WELL 8. FOREIGNER WERE WELCOMED INTO THE ROYAL COURT INCLUDING THE EUROPEAN EXPLORER MARCO POLO

(HE WANTED TO PROMOTE TRADE WITH FOREIGNORS AND MERCHANTS LANDOWNERS AND FARMERS BENEFIT FROM IT) 9. THEY WERE VERY FEIRCE IN WAR BUT WHEN IT CAM TO GOVERNMENT HE WAS VERY LENIANT E. GOLDEN AGE OR PAX MONGOLIA



1. HISTORIANS TODAY CALL THIS TIME PERIOD PAX MONLGOLIA F. THE COLLAPSE OF MONGOLIA 1. SIZE-ITS TOO BIG AND THEY CNT KEEP CONTROL. THEYRE ARENT ENOUGH MONGOLS ALONG THE EMPIRE

BECAUSE THEY ARE ALL DOING THE IMPORTANT JOBS AND THE EMPIE IS GIANTIC. THEY START TO BREAK APART (LIKE DOUGH

WHEN YOU STRETCH IT TO FAT IT RIPS) 2. CORRUPTION-PEOPLE TOOK BRIBESFROM OTHER WHEN TAX TIME CAME AND THEY STOPPED PAYING THE

KING AND THE GOVERNMENT WENT CORRUPT. 3. FAILED CONQUEST OF JAPAN-MONGOLS ARE GOING TO TRY TO CONQUER JAPAN BECAUSE THEY ARE THE

MISSING PART OF THE EMPIRE. KUBLAI KHAN SENDS OUT SHIPS WITH MILITARY TO GO ATTACK THE JAPANESE BUT BOTH

TIMES THAT HE TRIED TO INVADE THE JAPANES, A TSUNAMI HAD DESTROYED HIS SHIPS AND SO HE TOOK IT AS A SIGN

FROM GOD. THEY ALL IT A KAMAKAZE (DIVINE WINDS) WHEN THIS HAPPENS A. THIS WAS THE FIRST SIGN OF VULNERABILTY THAT THE MONGOLS SHOWED G. 1368 1. THE CHINESE PUSHED MONGOLS OUT OF CHINA UP NORTH OUT OF THE CHINESE WALL. THEY ARE SO

FOCUSED ON WAR THAT THE MONGOLS FORGET TO GOVERN THEY EVEN IGNORE THE GREAT CANAL. THE PEASENTS BEGIN TO

SUFFER FIRST BECAUSE THEY DEPEND ON TRADE ROUTES, RESOURCES AND IF THERE NOT GETTING IT THEY GET HURT. THE

CHINESE ARMIES ARE ALL OVER THE PALCE AND BYTHE TIME THE MONGOL ARMY GOT THERE THE WAR WAS ALREADY OVER. HOW IS CHINESE RULE RESTORED IN CHINA A. THE MING 1. THEY HAD TAKEN ADVANTAGES OF THE MONGOLS GROWING WEAKNESS IN THE 1300S 2. IT WAS LEAD BY ZHU YUANZHANG, A PEASENT LEADER, WHO RAISED AN ARMY AND CHASED THE MONGOLS

BEYOND THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA IN 1368 CE (WE EXPECTED THE LEADER OF THE REBELLION TO BE A PEASENT BECAUSE

THE PEASENTS WERE THE ONES WHO HAD GOOTEN HIRT THE MOST BY THE MONGOLS) 3. THEY HAD RESTORED THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAM-THIS SHOWS THAT THEY WANT THE PEOPLE TO BE

EDUCATED SO THAT THEY CAN HAVE SAMRT PEOPLE WORKING IN THE GOVERNMENT SO THAT THEY CAN HAVE A WELL

FUNCTIONING GOVERNMENT. THIS SHOWS THAT THEY ARE RESTORING CHINESE RULE BECAUSE THE CHINESE BELIEVED IN

EDUCATION 4.THEY HAD REPAIRED THE GRAND CANAL SYSTEM THAT HAD BEEN INORED BY THE MONGOLS 5. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION RISES WITH IMPROVEMENT IN FERTILLIZATION 6. THEY WERE VERY FAMOUS FOR THEIR PORCELAIN A. THERE PORCELAIN HAD A PATTERN 1. THIS PATTERN INVOLVED A LOT OF DETAIL AND THE COLOR BLUE (VERY AHRD TO MAKE) B. MING EXPLORATION 1. ZHENG HE AN ADMIRAL LEADS SEVERAL VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION 2. HE SAILS FROM THE MOUTH OF THE YANG ZE RIVER DOWN THE ESSTERN COAST OF CHINA AND INTO THE

INDIAN OCEAN 3. HE EXPLORED AS FAR WEST AS THE PERSIAN GULF AND THE COASTLINE OF AFRICA 4. HE BROUGHT BACK STRANGE ANIMALS TO CHINA A. ONE OF THE ANIMALS THAT HE HD BROUGHT BACK WAS A GIRAFFE 5. WHEN ZHENG HE HAD DIED THE EMPORER HAD DECIDED TO STOP EXPLORATIONTHEY HAD DISPOSED OF ALL

HIS SHIPS 6. WITHIN THE GENERATION OF HIS DEATH THEY BANNED MASTS ON A SHIP SO THAT PEOPLE WONT BE ABLE

TO GO TO FAR WAY FROM CHINA 7. THE REASON FOR THE BAN OF SHIPS IS BECAUSE : A. CHINA IS ETHNOCENTRIC-MEANING THAT THEY THINK THAT THEY ARE THE BEST



1. WHEN ZHENG HE HAD BROUGHT BACK ALL THIS NEW UNSEEN SRUFF THEY HAD REALOIED

THAT THEY MIGHT NOT BE THE BEST OF ALL AND THEREFORE OUT OF FEAR THEY DIDN’T LET ANYONE TRAVEL

INTERNATIONALLY 8. THE CHINESE WERE OW SCARED TO TRADE BECAUSE IF ANOTHER NATIO OFUND OUT THAT THEY WERE

RICH THEN THEY MIGHT TRY TO CONQUER THEM LIKE GHENGIZ KHAN. 9. THE MING TRY TO SVE THEMSELVES FROM CONQEST BUT IN THE END THIS THEY BRING CONQUEST TO

THEMSELVES HOW DOES ISLAM DEVELOP A. BASIC ISLAM BELEIFS 1. GOD-WHO IS THERE GOD A. ALLAH 1. IS THE GOD OF A. LIFE AND DEATH B. HEAVEN AND HELL C. THE GOD OF EVERYTHING 2. GOD IS EVERWATCHING 3. GOD DOES NOT NEED ANY THING TO SURVIVE AND IS NOT INFLUENCED BY ANYHTING

PHYSICAL 4.MUSLIMS ARE NT ALLOWED TO DRAW ANYTHING REALTED TO HEAVN OR MAKE IMAGES OF

WHAT THEY THINK THAT GOD CAN POSSIBLY LOOK LIKE 5. THEY ARE NOT ALLOWED TO A. PAINT PICTURE OF HUMANS B. PAINT PICTURES OF ANIMALS C. CARVE SCULPTURES (BECAUSE THE SCULPTURE MIGHT BECOME A TEMPTATION AND

THEN THEY WOULD BOW DOWN AND PRAY TO IT) D. DRAW OR PAINT MUHHAMED E. WORSHIP MUHHAMED 6. THE ONLY THING THERE ALLOWED TO BOW DOWN TO IS ALLAH AND NOTHING PHYSICAL

WHAT SO EVER 7. THE THREE POWERS OF GOD A. ALLAH IS OMNISCIENT (HE KNOWS EVERYTHING THAT IS GOING ON) B. ALLAH IS OMNI PRESENT MEANING THAT HE WAS EXISTED IN 1. THE PAST 2. THE PRESENT 3. THE FUTURE C. GOD IS OMNIPOTENT MEANING THAT THERE IS NOTHING THAT HE CANT AND

THAT HE HAS THE ALL POWER 2. THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM A. SHAHADAH–THE PROFFESION OF FAITH (SAYING THT YOU BELIEVE IN ALLAH) B. SALAT–THEY MUST PRAY TO ALLAH FIVE TIMES A DAY ON THEIR KNEES C. ZAKAT–THIS IS LIKE GIVING TZEDAKAH 1. IF YOU ARE POOR YOU SHOULD BE GETTING A JOB IN ORDER TO GIVE TO OTHERS D. ZAWM–FASTING FOR THE MONTH OF RAMADAN 1. DURING THIS MONTH THEY FAST THROUGH THE DAY AND ONLY EAT AT NIGHT 2. YOU DO NOT HAVE TO FAST IF YOU ARE A. PREGNANT B. SICK FOR ALL OF THESE EXCEPTIONS, ONE THEY ARE DONE



C. TRAVELING OR OVER, YOU MUST MAKE UP THE FASTING TIME D. OLD AND UNABLE TO FAST THAT YOU HAD MISSED E. HAJJ –PERFORMING THE PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA AT LEAST ONCE IN YOUR LIFETIME 1. THIS RITUAL IS FIVE DAYS LONG A. IN ORDER TO PERFORM THIS RITUAL YOU HAVE TO BE WILLING TO GIVE UP YOUR

TIME B. IF YOU DO NOT DO THIS RITUAL THEN GOD WILL “STRIKE YOU” FOR NOT DOING

IT 3. THE THREE HOLY SITES OF ISLAM A. MECCA 1. MECCA IS AN IMPORTANT SITE BECAUSE THERE IS A SHRINE THERE KNOWN AS THE KAABA A. THE KAABA IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT IS LIKE AN ALTER TO GOD ALL IN ASIA 1. THEY CLAIM THAT IT WAS BUILT BY ABRAHAM AND ISAAC A. THE MUSLIMS SAYTHAT THIS IS THE ALTER IN WHICH ABRAHAM

WAS GOING TO SACRAFICE HIS SON ISSAC B. MEDINA

C. JERUSALEM 1. ACCORDING TO HADITH, GABRIEL TAKES MUHHAMED FROM MECCA TO JERUSALEM AND TO

THE TEMPLE MOUNT, AND AT THIS POINT IT SAYS GOD PHYSICALLY TAKES MUHHAMED TO HEAVEN AND WHEN HE IS THERE HE

SEES MOSES AND ASKS MOSES IF HE CAN TALK WITH HIM BECAUSE HE WANTED TO BE ENLIGHTENED BY MOSES AND THEN

WHEN HE COMES BACK DOWN HE SAYS TO THE MUSLIMS THAT THEY MUST PRAY 50 TIMES A DAY BUT THEN MOSES CALL HIM

UP TO HEAVEN AGAIN AND TELLS HIM THAT IF THEY PRAT ONLY FIVE TIMES A DAY THEN IT WILL COUNT AS IF IT WAS 50 TIMES A DAY, THE MUSLIMS SAY THT MUHHAMED IS THE ONLY ONE THAT CAN SEE AND ARGUE WITH GOD AND LIVE. 4. THREE DIFFERENT IDEAS OF ISLAM A. SHARIAH-THIS THE WHOLE OF ISLAMIC LAW 1. ALL THE LAWS THAT THEY HAVE TAKEN FROM THE QUR’AN AND PUT ON PAPER (LIKE THE

SHULCHAN ARUCH) AND IT COVERS EVERY ASPECT OF LIFE B. SUNNAH-LIKE MINHAGGIM-CUSTOMS-GIVING TRIBUTE TO MUHAMMED C. HADITH-THIS EXPLAINS WHY THINGS ARE THE WAY THEY ARE (STORIES LIKE MYTHOLOGY) 5. THE ROLE OF WOMAN A. MEN AND WOMEN ARE MADE FROM THE SAME MOLD, NOT ONE FROM THE OTHER B. WOMEN SHOULD BE GIVEN RESPECT AND BE TREATED EQUALLY C. WOMEN HAVE INHERITANCE RIGHTS-THEY HAVE PROPERTY RIGHTS ACCORDING TO THE QUR’AN D. HEAVEN IS NOT SPLIT FOR MALES AND FEMALES, IF YOU DO GOOD YOU GO TO HEAVEN NO MATTER

WHAT YPUR SEX IS E. IN A SENSE MEN REALLY HAVE THE POWER BECAUSE IT IS THEIR WEALTH THAT IS GETTING

SPEANT ON THE WOMEN F. THE QUR’AN SAYS THAT WOMEN HAVE TO COVER THEMSELVES UP, THAT THEY ARE SUPPOSE TO

PROTECT THEIR MODESTY 1. WOMEN THAT DO NOT COMPLY WITH THESE RULES ARE EITHER SUPPOSE TO BE BEATEN OR

BANISHED UNTIL THEY LEARN TO OBEY THE RULES 6. THE PEOPLE OF THE BOOK-THE VIEW OF MUSLIMS TOWARD JEWS AND CHRISTIANS 7. THE QUR’AN-THE RECITAL A. MUHHAMED DID NOT READ OR WRITE ANY DOCUMENTS BUTAS HE HAD PREACHED HIS STUDENTS

HAD WRITTEN DOWN WHAT HE HAD SAID AND DONE B. THIS IS THE HOLY BOOK OF THE MUSLIMS 1.THIS IS WHAT MUHAMMED SPOKE



A. AFTER MUHAMMED HAD DIED THE MUSLIMS HAD PUBLISHED THIS BOOK AND HAD

NAMED IT THE QUR’AN C. WHEN MUHAMMED HAD SPOKE HE WAS VERY INSECURE BECAUSE HE DID NOT KNOW HOW TO TALK

TO BIG CROWDS D. THE MUSLIMS HAD WRITTEN THE QUR’AN WITH THE MORE INTERESTING EVENTS OF IT IN THE

BEGINNING WHILE AT THE SAME TIME PUTTING THE MORE BORING PART AT THE END SO PEOPE WOULD READ IT E. IN THE QUR’AN GOD IS REFFERED TO AS WE 1. MUHHAMED IS INDIRECTLY QUOTED AS YOU 2. MOSES IS THE MOST QUOTED MAN IN THE TORAH 3. IN TERMS OF MODESTY THEY SAY THAT MUHAMMED IS THE MOST MODEST BECAUSE HE

NEVER MENTIONS HIS NAME ONCE IN THE QUR’AN F. ACCORDING TO THE QUR’AN GOD HAD GIVEN

1.THE TORAH TO THE JEWISH PEOPLE THE REASON WHY THEY DENIE OUR TORAH IS 2. THE GOSPELS TO THE CHRISTIANS BECAUSE THEY SAY THAT WE CHANGED THE WORDS 3. JUDIASM, CHRISTIANITY, AND ISLAM ALL BELIEVE IN THE SAME EXACT GOD

B. ISLAM VOCABULARY 1. ISLAM-THE NAME OF THE RELIGION (EXAMPLE-JUDAISM) 2. MUSLIM-THIS IS SOMEONE THAT FOLLOWS THE RELIGION OF ISLAM (EXAMPLE-JEW IS JEWISH) REFERS

TO RELIGION 3. ISLAMIC-AN ADJECTIVE TOWARDS OBJECTS-ISLAMIC HOLY SITES (EXAMPLE-JUDAIC/JEWISH) 4. ARAB-THIS IS AN ETHNIC GROUP-ANYBODY BORN IN ARABIA, WHERE YOU ARE BORN (GEOGRAPHICALLY

SPEAKING) 5. PEYGAN-THESE PEOPLE BOWED TO IDOLS 6. JIHAD-STRUGGLE IN THE NAME OF GOD

C. GEOGRAPHY 1. SAUDI ARABIA A. MOSTLY DESSERT B. IT IS IN THE MIDDLE OF TWO SEAS C. THERE IS A LACK OF RESOURCES AND THEREFORE THE IMPACT OF SAUDI ARABIAS GEOGRAPHY ON

MUSLIMS IS THAT THEY LIVE IN KLANS AND ARE WANDERERS THAT ARE CONSTANTLY IN SEARCH OF RESOURCES D. ABRAHAM 1. THE MUSLIMS SAY THAT ABRAHAM WAS NOT JEWISH NOR CHRISTIAN BUT HE WAS TRULY A MUSLIM

BECAUSE THERE WAS NO TORAH BACK THEN 2. ISLAM (THE RELIGION)-THIS IS COMPLETE SUBMISSION TO THE WILL OF GOD A. THEREFORE THEY CLAIM THAT HE IS A MUSLIM BECAUSE HE WAS WILLING TO GIVE UP ALL THAT

HE HAD FOR GOD INCLUDING HIS SON ISAAC HOW DOES ISLAM SPREAD A. MUHAMMED 1. FROM THE YEARS 610-622 MUHAMMED IS TRYING TO TEACH THE ARABS HIS WAYS BUT A. THE ARABS ARE NOT VERY INTERESTED IN HIS RELIGION 1. ESPECIALLY THE MERCHENTS IN MECCA BECAUSE A. THEY ARE VERY WORRIED ABOUT WHAT MUHHAMED WILL DO B. THEY HAD THOUGHT THAT IF MUHHAMEDS RELIGION BECAME POPULAR THEN THE

PEYGANS (IDOL WORSHIPPERS) WILL FALL AND DECREASE AND IF THIS HAPPENS THEN THEY WOULDN’T COME TO MECCA TO

PRAY BY THE KABBA AND IF THIS HAPPENED AND NO ONE CAME THEN NO ONE WOULD BY ANYHTHING FROM THEM BECAUSE NO

ONE WILL BE THERE.



B. ABU TALIB 1. THIS WAS MUHAMMEDS UNCLE 2. ABU TALIB AOPTED MUHAMMED WHEN HIS MOTHER HAD DIED 3. HE IS THE ONE THAT IS KEEPING MUHAMMED ALIVE A. THE WAY HE WAS ABLE TO DO THIS WAS THAT HE WAS HIGH UP IN THE CLAN AND SO HE HAD

POWER AND WAS ABLE TO TOP THE PEOPLE FROM REBELLING AGAINST MUHHAMED 4. HE DIES IN THE YEAR 622 AND AT THIS POINT MUHHAMED PROTECTION IS GONE 5. AT THIS POINT MUHAMMED REALIZES THAT IF HE STAYS IN MECCA THEN THE PEOPLE WILL KILL HIM A. IN YEAR 622 HE HAD FOUND OUT THAT A GROUP OF PEOPLE IN MECCA ARE POLTTIN AN ATTACK IN

ORDER TO KILL HIM 1. WHEN HE HAD HEARD ABOUT THIS HE HAD RAN AWAY TO THE CITY OF MEDINA (A.K.A. YATHRIB) C. THE HIJRA 1. ONCE MUHAMMED HAD REALZED THAT IS TO DANGEROUS FOR HIM TO STAY IN MECCA HE FLEES TO

MEDINA 2. HIS FLIGHT TO MEDINA IS KNOWN AS THE HIJRA (MEANING THE FLIGHT) 3. WHEN HE HAD FLEED TO MEDINA IT WAS A VERY BIG TURNING POINT IN MUSLIM HISTORY BECAUSE A. MEDINA HAD GIVEN HIM PROTECTION AND WITHOUT THE PROTECTION OF MEDINA MUHAMED

MIGHT NOT OF BEEN ALIVE TO PREACH HIS WORDS FROM GOD AND WITHOUT THAT THERE WOULDN’T BE ANY ISLAM RELIGION

TODAY. 4. MEDINA HAD WANTED MUHAMMED TO COME TO THERE CITY BECAUSE THEY WANTED TO CREATE A

COMPETITION WITH MECCA A. IF MUHAMMED COMES THEN THERE CITY BECOMES POPULAR AND IF IT BECOME PPULART MORE

PEOPLE WILL COME AND THIS WILL INCREASE COMMERCE. 5. FROM THE YEEAR 622-630 MUHAMMED IS PLANING HIS RETURN TO MECCA A. HE IS PLANNING ON HOW HE CAN GET RID OF THE IDOL WORSHIPPORS FROM THE KABA B. HE DOES NOT WANT TO COME IN TO MECA AND START TO ATACK PEOPLE BECAUSE THEN PEOPLE

WILL SAY THAT HE IS CRAZY BECAUSE HE IS SAYING HE WANTS TO UNITE US BUT HES STARTING A WAR WITH US FOR NO

REASON. C. IF HE STARTS A WAR THEN HE WONT BE THE MAN OF PIECE THAT HE SAYS HE IS 6. MUHAMED PLAN WAS TO PROVOKE MECCA INTO FIGHTING WITH MEDINA AND WHEN DOING THIS HE CAN

LOOK LIKE THE DEFENDER A. HE MESSES WITH MECCAS TRADE ROUTES AND SO THE MERCHANTS THEN ATTACK MEDINA, AND

WHEN THE MERCHANTS HAD ATTACKED MEDINA, MEDINA HD EVENTUALLY WON THE WAR 1. WHEN THE WAR WAS OVER AND MEDINA WON, MUHAMMED HAD WENT BACK INTO MECCA

AND HAD GOTTEN RID OF THE KABA AND ALL THE IDOL WORSHIPPING. 2. HE HAD ALSO CONVERTED ALL THE PEOPLE FROM MECCA TO ISLAM D. THE SUNNI VS. THE SHIAH 1. MUHAMMED HAD NO SONS SO A. THE MAIN QUESTION IS WHO IS GOING TO LEAD AFTER HIM B. IF SOMEONE IS NOT APOINTED TO LEAD THE RELIGION THEN THERE WILL BE TOTAL CONFUSION

AND THEN THERE IS A BIG CHANCE THAT THE MSUSLIM RELIGION WILL FALL THEY ARENT SURE WHAT KIND OF LEADER THEY

WILL WANT AFTER MMUHAMMED THEY ARE WONDERING IF THE LEADER SHOULD BE A 1. POLITICAL LEADER-A LEADER THAT ONLY DEALS WITH POLITICS AND IS NOT ASSOCIATED

WIH THE RELIGION WHATSOEVER 2. POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS LEADER-THIS IS SOMEONE THAT LEADS WITH BITH THE

RELIGION AND DEALS WITH POLITICS 2. THE SHIA



A. THIS IS A GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT BELIEVED THAT THE LEADER SHOULD BE 1. MUHHAMEDS SON IN LAW 2. A BOTH POLITICAL AD RELIGIOUS LEADER 3. THE SUNNI A. THIS IS A GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT BELIEVE THAT 1. THE LEDER SHOULD ONLY POLITICAL AND NOT ASSOCIATD WITH GOD ND RELIGION WHAT

SO EVER. 4. MUHHAMED IS THE LAST PROPHET OF GOD AND THERE IS NO OTHER LEADER THAT WILL EVER BE LIKE

MUHHAMED IN ISLAMIC HISTORY A. BECAUSE MUHAMMED IS THE LAST PROPHET FROM GOD, THE SUNNI ASK THE SHIA IF THEY THINK

ITS POSSIBLE TO LT THE LEADER BOTH POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS BECAUSE MUHHAMED WAS SUPPOSE TO BE THE LAST

RELIGIOUS LEADER AND THE SUNNI AND THE SHIA STILL FIGHT ABOUT THIS UNTIL PRESENT DAY 5. THE SUNNI END UP WINNING THE FIGHT AND THE LEADER BECOME ABU KABR AND HE BECOME THE CALIPH

(LEADER) A. ABU KABR IS MUHAMMEDS FATHER IN LAW AND HE IS KNOWN FOR PUTTING THE QUR’AN IN BOOK

FORM B. WHEN ABU DIES THE LEADERSHIP FLLLS TO THE NEXT IN LINE OF MUHHAMEDS STUDENTS 6. THE FOURTH LEADER (CALIPH) IS ALI A. HE WAS KILLED IN 61 AND ALL OF HIS CHLDREN WERE KILLED SO THAT HIS FAMILY WOULD NOT

BE ABLE TO INERIT THE THRONE 7. THE FIRST FOUR CALIPHS ARE NOT RELATED BY BLOOD E. THE UMAYAAD 1. THEY HAD CREATED THE FIRST MUSLIM DYNASTY FROM 661-750 2. WHEN THEY TAKE CONTROL THEY HAD EXPANDED THE BORDERS OF THEIR COUNTRY 3. THEY DO NOT HAVE EBOUGH OFFICERS IN ORDER TO KEEP CONTROL AND THEREFORE THEY HAVE TO

APPOINT PEOPLE TO DO THE JOBS 4. THERE CAPITAL CITY WAS IN DAMASCUS SYRIA A. THE REASON WHY THEY CHANGE THEIR CAPITAL CITY FROM MEDINE IS TO SHOW THAT THE

POLITCAL WORLD HAS NOTHING AT ALL TO DO WITH THE RELIGIOUS WORLS BECAUSE THEY ARE SUNNI 5. THEY HAD HATED ANY MAN WOMEN OR CHILD THAT WAS NOT AN ARAB AND THIS WS ONE OF THE

REASONS OF THE FALLS OF THEIR DYNASTY 6. THERE DYNAST HAD ONLY LASTED 89 YEARS, AND WHEN THEY ARE OVERTHROWN , THEY ARE

OVERTHROWN BY THE ABBASID 7. THEY MOVE THERE CAPITAL CITY AGAUN FROM DAMASCUS TO BGHDAD BECAUSE A. BAGHDAD IS A GREAT OF TRADE B. IT HAS VERY FERTILE LAND C. THEY HAVE A LOT OF RESOURCES IN BAGHDAD 8. BY MOVING THEIR CAPITAL CITY TO BAGHDAD WHICH IS SO CLOSE TO IRAN, THEY ARE SAYING THAT EVEN

NON ARABS ARE PART OF THE UMMA (NATION) 9. THE REASON FOR THE CHNGE OF CITIES TO BAGHDAD IS BECAUSE A. PRACTICAL-OF ISUES AND TRADE B. POLITICAL-SO THAT THEY CAN SHOW THAT THEY ALSO LIKE NON ARABS HOW DOES ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION EXPERIENCE A GOLDEN AGE -DARK AGES REFERS TO THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND IGNORES EVERYTHING ELSE A. ISLAM AND THE GOLDEN AGE 1. AT THE SAME TIME THAT TYAT TH MUSLIMS WERE HABVING A GOLDEN AGE THE TANG WAS ALSO HAVING

A GOLDEN AGE (THERE GOLDEN AGES HAD COINCIDED-WE LEARNT AOUT THE TANG IN THE BEGINNING OF YEAR)



2. THE ISLAMIC GOLDEN GE IS KNOWN AS ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESFUL AND LUCRATIVE GOLDEN AGE OF ALL

TIME, THE REASON FOR THIS ARE BECAUSE A. ISLAMS ADVANTAGES OF ECONOMICAL GROWTH-THEY WERE ABLE TO HAVE AN ECONOMICAL

GROWTH (MONEY, TRADE) BECAUSE THEY WERE IN THE CENTER OF AFRICA AND A LOT OF PEOPLE PASS BY-THIS BRINGS TRADE 1. MUSLIMS VIEW OF MERCHANTS-THEY HAD VIEWED MERCHANTS IN A POSITIVE WAY

UNLIKE MANY OTHER SOCIETIES THAT HAD WENT BY THE PHILOSOPHYS OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLE. A. THIS EFFECTS THE RELIGION OF ISLAM BECAUSE MUHHAMED WAS A MERCHANT

AND THEREFOR PEOPLE LOOK UPON HIM IN A POSITIVE WAY AND BECAUSE OF THIS IT MAKES IT EASIER FOR THE RELIGION TO

DEVELOP. B. THE MUSLIMS HAD CREATED MODERN BANKING-IN THESE AREAS THE MERCHA T

AND OTHER CITIZENS WERE ABLE TO WALK AROUND WITH A PAPER SIGNED THT IT IS THE AMOUNT OF MONEY THAT THE MAN

HAS ISTEAD OF THE MAN HAVING TO WALK AROUND WITH A COW ALL DAY LONG. THIS MAKES TRADE EASIER. B. THEY ARE KNOWN AS THE CARRIERS OF KNOWLEDGE-BECAUSE THEY ARE CONSTANTLY TRADING

AND MOVING AROUND AND WHEN DOING THIS THEY ARE TAKING DIFFERENT CULTURES AND SPREADING THEM TO THE WORLD 1. INDIA-THEY TAKE THE CONCEPT OF ZERO FROM THEM A. THIS ALLOWED MORE COMPLICATED MATH BECAUSE ZERO IS A SPACE HOLDER 2. CHINA-THEY TAKE THE CONCEPT OF PAPER FROM THEM A. THE TANG DYNAST HAD INVENTED PAPER B. THIS HAS AN ECONOMICAL EFFECT BECAUSE 1. THIS LETS THE BANKS TO MAKE THE CHECKS THAT THE PEOPLE WILL USE

2. IT ALLOWS THE PEOPLE TO CREATE CONTRACTS AND WRITE IMPORTANT

DOCUMENTS SUCH AS-THE QUR’AN C. ART 1. MOSAIC-THIS IS A FORM OF ARTWORK THAT EMPHASIZES NATURE AND INVOLVED THE

TOOL OF GEOMETRY, ITS MADE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF COLORS AND TILES (USES PATTERNS-ALWAYS HAS CERTAIN SHAPE) 2. CALLIGRAPHY-A FORM OF WRITING (ARABIC SCRIPT)-IMPORTANT TO THE ISLAMIC WORLD A. THE REASON THAT THEY ARE MAKING THERE ARTWORK OUT OF WORDS AND NOT

PAINITNG IS BECAUSE AS WE HAVE SAID BEFORE 1. THEY ARE NOT ALLOWED TO TRY AND MAKE A PAINTING OF GOD, THEY

ARE NOT EVEN ALLOWED TO THINK ABOUT GODS TRUE FORM BECAUSE ACCORDING TO THEIR RELIGION GOD DOES NOT HAVE A

TRUE FORM SO INSTEAD OF MAKING PAINTINGS TO INTERPERIT GOD SO THEY: A. USE ARABIC SCRIPT TO WRITE THE NAME OF GOD (ALLAH) AND

TRY TO MAKE THE NAME LOOK GOOD USING THE ARABIC SCRIPT. 2. THEY ARE NOT ALLOWED TO DRAW PEOPLE OR ANIMALS BUT THEY WERE

ALLOWED TO WRITE THE WORD IN ARBIC SCRIPT AND MAKE IT LOOK NICE BECAUSE THEY DIDN’T WANT PEOPLE TO HAVE THE

TEMPTATIONS TO BOW DOWN TO THE ANIMALS OR PEOPLE 3. LANDSCAPE-THEY EMPHASIZE LANDSCAPE IN A LOT OF THEIR ARTWORK IN ORDER TO

SHOW NATURE THEY USE TREES AND RIVERS AND OTHER NATURE AFFILIATED ITEMS 4. MINARETS-THIS IS WHAT THEY CALL THE TOWERS IN THE ISAMIC RELIGION AND DURING

THE RULE OF THE MUSLIMS-THEY USE THESE MINARETS IN ORDER TO CALL OUT TO GOD WHEN THERE PRAYERS START. D. MEDICINE 1. IBN SINA (LIVED IN THE 900S) A. THE CANAN OF MEDICINE-THIS IS AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE-HE

WAS ALLOWED TO DRAW PICTURE OF PEOPLE AND ANIMALS IN THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BECAUSE 1. THERES NO FEAR THAT PEOPLE ARE GONNA WORSHIP A MEDICAL BOOK 2. YOU ARE ALLOWED TO DRAW IF IT IS FOR THE SAKE OF LEARNING B. HE IS ALSO KNOWN AS AVICENNA (HE HAD AQUIRED THIS NAME FROM EUROPE) C. HE HAD USED INFORMATION ON MEDICINE FROM



1. THE GREEKS 2. THE ARABS HE USED ALL THIS 3. THE INDIANS INFO TO 4. THE AFRICANS DIAGNOSE AND TREAT DISEASE 5. THE EUROPEANS E. KNOWLEDGE AND LEARNING 1. IBN RUSH’D (1100S)-HE IS ALSO KNOWN AS AREORES IN EUROPE A. HE HAD USED REASON TO TEST KNOWLEDGE 2. IN MATH MUSLIMS HAD WORKED ON THE BASICS OF ALGEBRA 3. MUSLIM ASTRONOMERS OBSERVED AND CATALOUGED ECLIPSES AND HAD STUDIED THE

ROTATION OF THE EARTH (THEY DID THIS TO KNOW HOW TO GET AROUND WHEN TRAVELING THE WATERWAYS) A. THE COMPASS-THIS TELLS YOU WHERE TO GO AND THE DIRECTION YOUR HEADED

B. ASTROLABE-THIS TELLS YOU EXACTLY WHERE YOU ARE 4. THE MUSLIMS INVENT NUMERALS (IVII) A. IN EUROPE THEY WERE USING ROMAN NUMERALS BUT THEY WERE VERY CONFUSIG, SO WHEN ARAB NUMERLS HAD GOTTEN TO EUROPE, EUROPE HAD REVERTED THEIR SYSTEM TO ARAB NUMERLS AND THE

MUSLIMS HAD THEREFORE SIMPLIFIED MATH. HOW DOES MUSLIM IMPACT INDIA A. OVERVIEW 1. THE MAIN RELIGION INDIA IS HINDUISM. A. IN 1947 WHEN BRITAIN HAD LEFT THEY SPLIT IT UP INTO THREE COUNTRIES 1. INDIA 2. PAKISTAN THESE WERE BOTH 3. BANGLADESH MUSLIM COUNTRIES B. MUSLIM INVASION IN INDIA 1. IN THE YEAR 711 THE MUSLIMS HAD WENT AFTER INDIA 2. THERE IS A PROBLEM WITH INDIAS GEOGRAPHY A. INDIAS GEOGRAPHY 1. DESERT 2. MOUNTAINS 3. PLAINS 4. IN THE NORTH THERE ARE RIVER VALLEYS 3. THE PEOPLE OF INDIA LIVE BY THE RIVER VALLEY (THERE ARE 3 RIVERS THERE) 4. WHEN THE MUSLIMS CONQUER INDIA THEY ONLY CAPTURED WHAT WAS IN THE ORTH BECAUSE THEY WERE

INTERESTED IN RESOURCES BUT WHEN THEY HAD GOTTEN TO THE DECAN (A DESSERT) THEY DID NOT CONQUER IT ECUASE

THEY WERENT INTERESTED IN IT BECAUSE IT DID NOT HAVE ANY RESOURCES AND THEY WONT BE INTERESTED I IT UNTIL

ABOUT THE YEAR 1200. 5. WHEN CONQUERING THE INDIANS THEY HAVE A PROBLEM A. THEY ARE NOT SURE HOW TO DEAL WITH THE INDIANS BECAUSE THEY ARE IDOL WORSHIPPERS

AND THEY BOW DOWN TO STATUES 1. IF THEY BOWTO STATUES THEN THEY ARE PEYGANS (SEE VOCABULARY OF AIM 6) B. IN ISLAMIC RELIGION, DHIMNI ARE PROTECTED SECOND CLASS CITIZENS AND THEY CANT BE

PROSECUTED BECAUSE 1. BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE IN THE SAME ONE GOD (JEWS, CHRISTIANS) 2. IF YOU ARE DHIMNI THEN YOU HAVE TO PAY TAXES AND THEN YOU CAN WORSHIP YOUT

ONE GOD FREELY.



C. ISLAM DOES NOT LIKE THE CASTE SYSTEM 1. ISLAM SAYS THAT EVERYONE IS PART OF THE SAME UMMA (MEANING THERE EQUAL) BUT

THE HINDUS SAY THAT EVERY ONE BELONGS TO THEIR OWN CASTE AND THAT THEY ARE NOT EQUAL 6. CULTURAL DIFFUSION A. SIKH-THIS IS A RELIGION IN INDIA AND IT IS A MIX BETWEEN HINDUISM AND ISLAM B. URDU-A MIX OF THE INDIAN ARABIC AND PERSIAN LANGUAGE CRUSADES-CHECK SHEET WHY ARE CRUSADES CONSIDERED A SUCCESFUL FAILURE A. CRUSADES (A MISSION) 1. THE CRUSADES TOOK PLACE FROM 1095 UNTIL 1296 ABOUT 200 YEARS 2. THE CRUSADES HAD TAKEN PLACE IN EUROPE 3. THE BAD THINGS ABOUT THE CRUSADES IS THAT IT ENCOURAGED FIGHTING DISEASE AND WARFAR 4. THE GOODTHING ABOUT THE CRUSADES IS THAT IN THE END IT HAD BROKEN UP AND ENDED THE DARK

AGES 5. THE CATHOLIC EUROPE (SPAIN AND ITALIES) VIEW ON MUSLIMS: POPE LEO THE IV A. THEY HAD WANTED TO TAKE THE LAND FROM THE MUSLIMS FOR RELIGIOUS PURPOSES AND POPE

LEO DID NOT WANT ANYONE TO GET KILLED WHILE TRYING TO GET MUSLIMS OUT OF EUROPEAN LAND 1. POPE LEO TELLS THE CHRISTIANS THAT IF THEY DO DIE WHEN THEY ARE FIGHTING FOR

THE LAND THEN THEY GO STRAIGHT TO HEAVEN 6. 200 YEARS LATER POPE URBAN II DECLARES THE FIRST CRUSADE A. THE POPE SAYS 1. THE ROMAN ESTERN EMPIRE HAD NEEDED THEIR HELP BECAUSE THE MUSLIMS HAVE

CONQUERED A LOT OF THEIR LAND 2. TO EXTERMINATE ALL OF THE MUSLIMS AND KICK THEM OUT OF THE LAND THAT WAS

ONCE THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE 3. THE POPE ALSO SAYS THAT IF YOU GO AND JUST TRY TO FIGHT, IT DOESN’T MATTER IF

YOU WIN OR LOSE, THEN ALL YOUR SINS GO AWAY A. THE POPE SAYS THAT HE CAN GUARENTEE IT BECAUSE HE HAS PETER IN HIM AND

THAT MEANS THT HE IS APPOINTED BY GOD 4. THE POPE SAYS THAT IF YOU DON’T HELP YOUR BROTHERS IN ROME THEN YOUR GONNA BE

PLAGUED AND WAR WIL BE BROUGHT ON TO YOU FROM GOD 5. THE POPE SAYS STOP KILLING EACHOTHER (FEUDALISM) AND START KILLING YOUR

ENEMIES B. THIS IS A LITTLE WEIRD BECAUSE THE POPE IS TELLING THEM TO GO HELP THEIR BROTHERS IN

THE EAST AFTER THE EAST ND THE WEST HAD SPLIT UP UT THE POPE SAYS 1. THAT THEY ARE ALL ONE AND THEY ARE ALL TOGETHER AND THAT IT IS THEIR DUTY TO

HELP BECAUSE THE MUSLIMS ARE TAKING OVER THE HOLY SITES IN THE BYZANTINE LAND 2. THE POPE CONSIDERS HIMSELF A SAVIOR C. THE CHRISTIANS HAD CLAIMED THAT MUSLIMS DON’T BELIEVE IN ONE GOD AND THAT THEY ARE

DEMON WORSHIPORS 7. MOTIVATIONS FOR THE CRUSADE A. RELIGIOUS MOTIVATIONS FOR THE CRUSADES 1. TO FREE THE HOLYLAND (ISRAEL) AND OTHER IMPORTANT RELIGIOUS CHRISTIAN SITES

FROM THE CONTROL OF THE NON BELEIVING MUSLIMS 2. TO ALLOW CHRISTIAN PILGRIMAGES INTO THE HOLY LAND (BECAUSE THE MUSLIMS ARE IN

THE WAY)



B. POLITICAL MOTIVATIONS FOR THE CRUSADES 1. HELPS TO INCREASE THE POPES POWER IN EUROPE BY ALLOWING HIM TO TAKE CONTROL OF

SUCH A GREAT MIITARY EXPEDITION 2. HELPS TO HEAL THE GREAT SCHISM BETWEEN EASTERN AND WESTERN EUROPE BY SAVING

EASTERN EUROPE 3. THIS INCREASES EUROPES INFLUENCE ON THE WORLD BY EXPANDING INTO THE NEAR EAST 8. PEASENTS WERE THE FIRST ONES TO GO ON CRUSADE BECAUSE THEY WERE LOOKING FOR FREEDOM FROM

FEUDALISM BECAUSE THEY WERE THE LEAST TO PROSPER BECAUSE FEUDALISM IS BASED ON LAND AND THEY DIDN’T HAVE ANY A. THOUGH A LOT OF PEASENTS WERENT ABLE TO GO BECAUSE IF THEY DID GO THEN THERE

WOULDN’T BE ANYONE TO FARM 9. EVERYONE CATHOLIC HAS SOMETHING TO GAIN FROM THE CRUSADES, THERE ARE THREE MAIN REASON

WHY CHRISTIANS HAD WENT TO GO FIGHT IN THE CRUSADES A. GLORY B. GOD C. GOLD B. CONSEQUECES OR RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES 1. EUROPEAN TRADE WILL GROW (TRADE ROUTES) A. IN ORDER TO CARRY OUT TRADE, ROADWAYS ARE GOING TO BE FIXED B. TRADE WITH ISLAMIC CIVILLIZATIONS (ECONOMY) 2. MASSACRE OF JEWS IN EUROPE (NON-BELEIVERS) PEASENTS THAT HAD GOTTEN DRNK AFTER THE FIRST

CURADE WERE THE ONES WHO HAD WENT AND CAUSED THIS MASSACRE 3. A PERMANENT BREAK IN THE EASTERN AND WESTERN CHRISTIANITY 4. THE CATHOLICS WIN THE FIRST CRUSADE (THEY KICK OUT THE MUSLIMS) BUT THEY LOSE EVERY OTHER

ONE AFTER THAT 5. THE WAY THEY DEALED WITH THE PEOPLE THEY CAPETURED WAS THAT THEY WOULD CUT OFF THEIR HEADS

AND THEIR LIMBS 6. WHEN THE CHRISTIAN HAD ENTERED JERUSALEM, EVERYONE WAS MASSACRED 7. “NEW” OLD KNOWLEDGE IS COING INTO EUROPE LIKE ARISTOTLE PLATO AND SOCRATES 8. THE CHRISTIANS HAD KICKED OUT THE MUSLIMS FOR 40 YEARS AND THEN THEY HAD CAME BACK AND HAD

EXPELLED THE CHRISTIANS 9. AT THIS POINT THEY HAD NOT ONLY GOT RID OF THE DARK AGES BUT AHD BROUGHT UPON THEMSELVES A

GOLDEN AGE 10. THE LAST CRUSADE WAS IN 1300 C. THE SUCCESS 1. TANGIBLE A. MONEY B. LAND C. TRADE (WITH MUSLIMS WHO CONNECTED TO ASIA AND AFRICA: TRADE ROUTES) D. GAINED KNOWLEDGE FROM THE MUSLIMS HOW ARE THE LATE (HIGH) MIDDLE AGES A TIME OF GREAT REVIVAL A. PERIOD OF REVIVAL (1200 TO 1500) 1. THERE ARE FOUR BASIC ASPECTS TO THE EUROPEANS AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION A. THE IRON PLOW AND HORSES-THIS WAS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT WAS NOT ONLY CHEAPER BUT IT

WAS A BETTER MORWE EFFICIENT WAY TO PLOW THE GROUND. YOU DIDN’T HAVE TO REPLACE THE PLOW AS OFTEN. THE IRON

PLOW HAD BROKEN UP THE EARTH BETTER THEN THE WOODEN PLOW ND THEREFORE AERATED IT MORE AND MADE IT BETTER

TO FARM ON. THE HORSES WERE BETTER THEN OXEN BECAUSE BECAUSE THEY WERE STRONGER AND EASIER TO TAKE CARE OF

AND ALSO FASTER.



B. WINDMILL-INSTEAD OF CRUSHING THE WHEAT BY HAND TO MAKE FLOUR THE WINDMILL

MECHANICALLY GRINDS WHEAT. NO MORE NEED OF WORKERS, MAKES IT A CHEAPER AND EASIER PROCESS C. LEGUMS AND LENTILS-THESE ARE BEANS AND PEAS PLANTS 1. THERE ARE NITROGEN FIXING PLANTS MEANING THAT IT RETURNS NUTRIENTS TO THE

SOIL TO PUT INTO THE CROPS THAT ARE GROWN. D. FROM THE TWO FIELD TO THE THREE FIELD SYSTEM 1. THE TWO FIELD SYSTEM DIVIDED THE LAND IN HALF, ONE SIDE WOULD BE PLANTED AND

THE OTHER WOULD BE FALLOW AND THE NEXT YEAR THE PLANTED SIDE WOULD BE FALLOW AND THE FALLOW SIDE WOULD BE

PLANTED, IIN ORDER TO LET THE SOIL REGENERATE ITS NUTRIENTS BUT NOW THEY CAME UPO WITH THE THREE FIELD

SYSTEM WHICH DIVIDES THE LAND TO 66 PRCENT PLNTED AND 34 PERCENT FALLOW AND THEREFORE THEY WEREABLE TO

GROW MORE 2. THE IMPACT OF ALL THIS IS THAT THAT THERE ARE MORE RESOURCES TO TRADE WITH. **A. SINCE NOW THERE IS SO MUCH FOOD THERE IS MORE FOR PEOPLE TO EAT THE MORE PEOPLE

EAT, THE LONGER THEY LIVE, AND THE LIFE SPAN EXPACTACY GROWS AND POPULATION GROWS, BUT IT IS NOT A GOLDEN

AGE BECAUSE THERE IS STILL A LOT OF CHAOS B. THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION 1. EURPEANS ARE STARTING TO TRADE AND S O THEY NEED MONEY 2. INCREASED NEED FOR CAPITAL (MONEY FOR INVESTMENTS) 3. BECAUSE THERE IS A GROWTH IN MONEY THEY HAVE T START DEVELOPIONG A. MONEY SYSTEMS B. BANKING CHECKS (MUSLIMS) C. BILLS OF EXCHANGE (PAPER THAT HAS A VALUE OF MONEY ON IT TO EXCHANGE IT WITH) D. BANKS 4. PARTNERSHIPS BEGIN TO DEVELOP (THIS IS IF YOU HAVE A BOAT GOING OVERSEAS AND YOU DON’T HAVE

INSURANCE THEN YOU ONLY HAVE TO PAY HAF O WHAT YOU LOST AND THIS MAKES IT EASIER ON EUROPE) 5. FARMERS ARE BEGINNING TO PAY RENT WITH ONEY INSTEAD OF WITH FOOD 6. DAY LABORORS-THESE ARE WORKERS THAT HAD HOME AND CAME TO WORK AND RETURN HOME EVERYDAY 7. INSURANCE IS BECOMING ECTREMELY IMPORTANT BECAUSE TRADE IS GETTING HUGE SO THERE IS MORE

LIKELY FOR ACCIDENTS TO OCCUR SO THEY WANT TO GET IT BACKED UP BY INSURANCE 8. THE INCREASE OF ONEY IS DESTROYING FEUDALISM BECAUSE EUDALISM IS BASED ON POWER BY LAND, BUT NEW SOCIETY IS BASED ON POWER BY MONEY 9. TOWNS BEGIN TO DEVELOP AND SO DO NEW VILLAGRS AND TRADE ROUTES THAT EAD TO THESE CITIES 10. ARTISAN FORMED GUILDS (UNIONS)

JOURNEYMAN PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM PEOPLE TRYING TO BE MERCHANTS APPRENTICE BECAUSE IF THERE ARE TO MANY THEN THEY WONT MAKE ANY MONEY

A. SO THEY DEVISE A SYSTEM TO LIMIT THE AMOUNT OF MERCHANTS AND TO PREVENT PEOPLE FROM

ENTERING THE GUILDS 1. AN APPRENTICE WILL GIVE HIS SON TO A MASTER TO LEARN AND SO HE COULD HAVE A

GOOD LIFE (BECAUSE THEY ARE POOR) AND THE MASTERS GET FREE LABOR. AFTER SEVEN YEARS THE APPRENTICE BECOMES

AJOURNEYMAN, AND AT THIS POINT HE MUST FIND HIMSELF ANOTHER MASTER AND OW HE ALSO GETS PAID, AND FINALLY



HE BECOME A MASTER AND PRODUCES A MASTERPEACE. SOMETIMES MASTERS WONT ALLOW PEOPLE TO BECOME APPENTICES

BECAUSE HE WANTS THERE TO BE ROOM FOR HIS SON TO BE AN APPRENTICE 11. IN FEUDALISM THEY MAKE A NEW RULE THAT IF A SERF CAN PROVE THAT HE WAS AT THE LORDS MANOR

FOR 366 DAYS THEN HE IS GUARENTEED FREEDOM FROM FEUDAL RIGHTS INSTEAD OF RUNNING AWAY A. THE WAY TO PROVE THAT YOU LIVED THERE SI THAT IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH KEEPS VERY GOOD

ECODS AND SO THEY HAVE WHEN YOU CAME AND WHEN YOU HAD LEFT 12. THEY ALSO DEVELOP UNIVERSITIES IN THIS TIME PERIOD, WHICH ARE DEVELOPED NEXT TO THE

CHURCHES A. THEY HAD STIDIED LATIN, LAW, SCIENCE, GREEK, AND THEOLOGY B. SCHOLASTICISM-TRYING TO TURN GOD INTO A TYPE OF SCIENCE BY TRYING TO PROVE HIS

EXISTENCE THROUGH SCIENCE C. THEY HAD BEGAN STUDYING AVEROES AND MAIMONIDIES D. THOMAS AQUINAS-HE WROTE SUMMA THEOLOGICA-THIS EXPLAINED CHRISTIANITY WITH

REASON AND LOGIC (SOCRATES) 13. ADVANCES IN WRITING

A. LOW VERNACULAR-THIS IS A LOW CLASS LANGAGE OF EVERYDAY PEASENTS SPEECH B. HIGH VERNACULAR-HIGH CLASS, ENGLISH, SPANISH PORTUGESE 1. DANTE HAD WRITTEN THE DIVINE COMEDY AND GEOFFERY CHACER HAD WRITTEN THE

CANTERBURY TALES IN VERNACULAR 2. ENGLISH, ITLAIAN, FRENCH, NOT LATIN 14. ARCHITECTURE-GOTHIC CATHOLIC ARCHITECTURE A. CHARECHTERISITICS-POINTY ROOF TOPS, HIGH ARCHWAYS, STAINED GLASS AND CREEPY LOOKING HOW ARE THE LATE (HIGH) MIDDLE AGES A TIME OF GREAT TROUBLE A. THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR (1337-1463) 1. THE WAR WAS BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE 2. THERE ARE MANY PROBLEMS IN EUROPE BECAUSE PEOPLE ARE FIGHTING OVER LAND (FEUDALISM HAS GONE

CRAZY) 3. THEY ARE FIGHTING OVER WHO WILL BECOME THE KINBG OF FRANCE, EATHER AN ENGLISHMEN OR A

FRENCHMAN A. POWER B. TITLE C. THEY BOTH WANT TO BE IN CONTROL OF THE OTHER ONE 4. IN THE YEAR 1066 A FRENCE NOBLE NAMED WILLIAM DUKE (MEANS HE CONTROLS LAND) OF NORMANDY

(NW FRANCE) HAD GOTTEN PERMISSION FROM THE POPE TO INVADE ENGLAND THE REASON THAT THE POPE HAD GIVEN

PERMISSION WAS BECAUSE THERE WERE PROBLEMS IN ENGLAND AND WILLIAMHAD PROMISED TO FIX THEM. SO HE HAD WENT

AND HE CONQUERED ENGLAND AND HEN HE CONQUERED ENGLAND HE HAD CLAIMED HIMSELF KING, BUT THE ONLY PROBLEM IS

THAT HE STILL OWES LOYALTY TO THE KING OF FRANCE 5. SO NOW IN THE YEAR 1337 THE KING OF FRANCE HAD NO HEIRS BUT THE KING OF ENGLAND (WILLIAM) HAD A DESCENDANT THAT NOW CLAIMED THE THRONE OF FRANCE HIS NAME WAS EDWARD THE III. SO NOW THEY ARE

TECHNICALL CONNECTED 6. NOW SOME PEOPLE IN FRANCE ARE STILL LOYAL TO WILLIAM DUKE OF NORMANDY BUTWHO IS NOW KING

OF ENGLAD, AND THEN THERE WERE THOSE THAT WERE LOYAL TO KING EDWARD THE III AND SO NOW THERE IS A CIVIL

WAR IN FRANCE BETWEEN THESE TWO GROUPS A. THE PEOPLE THAT’S SIDE WITH KING EDWARD AND WITH FRANCE ONLY SDE WITH HIM BECAUSE

THEY WANT LAMND AND HE IS THE MAN TO GET IT FROM 7. AT THIS POINT WILLIAM DUKE OF NORMANDY HAD CREATED HE LANGUAGE ENGLISH WHICH WAS A

MIXTURE OF GERMAN AND FRENCH



8. FRANCE IS GETTING ECTREMELY WEEK BECAUSE THEY ARE FIGHTING WITH EACHOTHER AND ENGLAND IS

GETTING STRONGER NAD IS WINNING THE WAR AT FIRST BECAUSE OF AN INNOVATION CALLED THE LONG BOW WHICH WAS

VERY ADVANTAGEOUS TO THEM 9. THE LONG BOW WAS SUCH A GREAT INVEWNTION BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT THE STRINFG WAS SO LONG

AND TIGHT, SO WHEN YOU SHOT AN ARROW IT WOULD GO VERY FAR AND STRONG 10. JOAN OF ARC A. SHE HAD CLAIMED THAT GOD HAD TOLD HER TO GO FIGHT FOR THE FRENCHMEN AND HBE THEIR

WARRIOR BUT SHE HAD SAID NO, BUT SHE HAD SAID THAT HE KEPT ON BOTHERING HER SO SHE SAID OK B. SHE GOES TO THE DUKE AND TELLS HIM TO GIVE HER HIS AERMY AND HE DOES AND NOW SHE HAS

CONTROL OF AN ARMY C. SHE WINS THE WAR AGAINST ENGLAND BUT 1. THE NOBLES THAT ARE LOYAL TO THE KING OF ENGLAND HAD SAID THAT JOAN OF ARC

HAD CREATED WHICHCRAFT AND HERACY AND THEY HAD CAPTURED AND PUT HER ON TRIAL, THEY ACCUSED HER FOR GOING

AGAINST THE CHURCH D. THEY FIND HER GUILTY AND THEY TIE HER UP AND BURN HER SO THAT SHE CAN SUFFER B. RESULTS OF THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR 1. ALL BATTLES TOOK PLACE IN FRANCE AND NOT ONE WAS IN ENGLAND SO NOW THE FRENCVH COUNTRY

SIDE HAS BEEN DESTROYED AND AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION GOES DOWN AND SO DOES THE ECONOMY 2. THE GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE IS WEAK AND THE KINGS DON’T HAVE ENOUGH POWER TO CONTROL FRANCE 3. ENGLAND IS NOW BAMKRUPT BECAUSE THEY HAD SPENT SO MUCH MONEY ON A WAR THAT THEY DIDN’T

EVEN WIN 4. EUROPE IS FACING THE PROBLEM OF A PLAGUE DURING THE 100 YEAR WAR 5. 1346-PLAGUE STARTS IN EUROPE, BIOLOGICAL WARFARE C. THE BLACK PLAGUE/DEATH 1. IT HAPEENED VERY SUDDENLY 2. DISEASES SPREAD BECAUSE OF THE CONDITIONS IN EUROPE 3. MANY THEORIES HAD DEVELOPED OF WHY IT HAD OCCURRED A. GOD WAS ANGRY AT THEM AND HE IS PUNISHING THEM THEREFORE PREISTS WOULD GO THROUGH

OUT THE CITY WEARING SHIRTS WITH HORSE AND WOULD WHIP THEMSELVES WITH BARBED WHIPS THAT WERE CALLED

FLAGELLAS B. NOT AS MUCH JEWS DIUED BECAUSE THEY WERE MORE SANITARY 1. THEY HAD USED MIKVEHS 2. ACCORDING TO JEWISH LAW THEY ARE NOT ALLOWED TO BE NEAR FECAL WASTE 3. THEY HAD THOUGHT THAT TRHE JEWS WERE USING WHICHCRAFT AND THAT THEY HAD

POISONEDTHERE WTAER BECAUSE THE JEWS DRANK FROM A DIFFERENT WATER SUPPLY 4. POGRAMS HAD STARTED-THESE WERE RIOTS AGAINST JEWS 5. THEY HAD KILLED CATS BECAUSE CATS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH WITCHCRAFT D. RESULTS OF THE BLACK DEATH IN EUROPE 1. ¼ TO 2/3 OF THE POPULATION HAD DIED (ABOUT 20 MILLION PEOPLE)-EVERYONE IS DYING-FEUDALISM

IS DYING BECAUSE EVEERYONE ELSE IS AND WHEN THE LORDS DIE THE SERFS ARE ALLLOWED TO GO FREE AND MOVE 2. ART LITERATURE AND MUSIC IS EFFECTED-THE POEM RING AROUND THE ROSIE WAS ABOUT DEATH HOW IS THE RENAISSANCE SO DIFFERENT FROM THE MIDEVIL AGES A. THE RENAISSANCE (REBIRTH)-THIS IS THE TIME PERIOD OF REBIRTH OF EUROPES CULTURES, ARTWORK, PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES, LITERATURE, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY 1. THIS WAS THE TIME PERIOD OF EUROPE AFTER THE BLACK DEATH 2. PETRARCH (HIS NAME LITERALLY MEANS ROCK) HAD WRITTEN A QUOTE ON HOW HIS TIME PERIOD (1304-1374) WAS HORRIBLE AND HOW HE HAD WISHED THAT HE COULD OF LIVED IN A BETTER TIME PERIOD



A. HE WANTS TO FOCUS ON ANTIQUITY 1. ANTIQUITY-THIS IS GREEK AND ROMAN CULTURE COMBINED, AND IT HAD CAME INTO

UROPE AFTER THE CRUSADES 3. HUMANISM-THIS IS AN EW PHILOSOPHY THAT DEVELOPS IN EUROPE, IT IS ALMOST THE EXACT OPPOSITE

OF SCHOLASTISISM (THIS WAS USING LOGIC AND RESON TO PROVE GODS EXISTENCE), HUMANISM FOCUSED ON THE POWER

OF HUMAN BEINGS TO KNOW TRUTH AND TO CREATE. IT CHANGES THE WAY THE EUROPEANS VIEW THE REST OF THE WORLD 4. THE RENAISSANCE STARTS IN ITALY BECAUSE

A. THEY WERENT HIT AS HARD BY THE BLACK PLAGUE B. THEY WERE HIT FIRST AND THEREFOR ABLE TO RECOVER FIRST C. THEY ARE IN THE MIDDLE OF 1. EUROPE 2. THE MEDITERANEAN SEA 3. THE ARABIAN WORLD D. THERE IS MORE STABILITY IN ITALY BECAUSE THE POPE IS THERE E. THE RENAISANCE IS MOSTLY IN VENACE AND FLORENCE BECAUSE OF THE SEA

5. THE FOCUS OF THE RENAISANCE IS ROMAN AND ITALIAN HEART 6. ARTWORK OF ITALY A. RELIGIOUS PAINTINGS B. IT IS 2 DIMENSIANAL C. FACINATION WITH THE HUMAN BODY (FROM GREECE) D. THERE ARE REALISTIC FEATURS IN THE PAINTINGS E. THE PAINTINGS REFLECT HUMANISM F. PATRONS-THESE ARE ARTISTS THAT THE CATHOLIC CHURCH PAID TO MAKE RELIGIOUS PAINTINGS G. LEONARDO DIVINCI-AN AMZING ARTIST OF THE RENAISANCE TIME PERIOD 1. HE HAD PAINTED THE MONA LISA A. THE MONA LISA WAS AN EXQUISITE PAINTING, IT WAS AMAZING, THE EYES

WERE ABLE TO MOV ALL OVE AND THEY LOOK AT YOU NO MATTER WHERE YOU HAD WENT 2. HE WAS KNOWN AS THE RENAISANCE MAN 3. HE WAS THE FIRST TO INVENT A MODEL FOR A FLYING OBJECT H. ARCHITECUTURE 1. THE STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE WAS KNOWN AS GOTHIC CATHOLIC ARCHITECTURE A. IT HAD INCLUDED 1. POINTED STEEPLES 2. STAIN GLASS WINDOWS 2. ST PETERS BASILICA-THE POPES CHURCH HAD NOW HAD DOMES AND PILLARS WHICH

REMINDS US OF ROME/GREEK (CLASSICAL) 7. DELAY IN THE NORTHERN REANAISANCE-THERE WAS A DELAY IN THE SPREDING OF THE RENISANCE FROM

ITALY TO NORTHERN EUROPE, THE REASONS FOR THIS WERE A. THE 100 YEAR WAR (THEY WERE SPENDING MONEY ON WAR INSTEAD OF ON OTHER STUFF) B. THE BLACK PLAGUE C. ALPS (MOUNTAINS) SPERATES ITALY FROM THE REST OF EUROPE B. THE NORTHEN RENAISSANCE 1. NORTHEN ART

A. ALBERT DEURAR-HE WAS A FAMOUS ARTUST AND HE HAD LEARNED FROM ITALIAN ARTISTS B. JAN AND HUBERT VAN HEYCK-THEY HAD DEVELOPED OIL PAINTING, THY HAD USED STRONG AND

VIVID COLORS THAT HAD LASTED LONGER C. PETER BRUGAL-HE HAD PORTRAYED PEASANT LIFE IN HIS PAINTINGS WHICH AHD MADE HIM

FAMOUS BECAUSE USUALLY PEASANTS ARE OVERLOOKED



2. HUMANISTS BELIEVED IN REFORMS AND THAT THEY SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT BY THE USE OF THE

KNOWLEDGE OF THE ROMANS AND GREEKS 3. ERASMUS-DUTCH NORTHERN HUMANIST HAD TRANSLATED THE BIBLE AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH WAS

WORLDY-THAT THEY SHOULD MAKE THEIR CHURCH BEAUTIFUL FOR GOD, THEY SHOULD BE MORE FOCUSED ON RELIGION 4. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE-HIS PLAYS WERE WRITTEN BETWEEN THE YEARS 1590-1613 A. HIS PLAYS WERE TRUE CLASSICS B. THEY AE SO AMAZING BECAUSE THEY RELATE TO SITUATIONS THAT OCCUR TODAY C. HE HAD WRITTEN COMEDIES, TRAGEDIES, AND HISTORIES 5. NICCOLIO MACHIAVELLI (ADJECTIVE FOR THE WORD SLY, CUNNING) A. HE HAD WRITTEN THE PRINCE (RULERSHIP FOR DUMMIES) 1. HE HAD SAID THAT RULERS ONLY HAD TO WORRY ABOUT WAR TO STAY IN POWER. HE HAD

ENFORCED REVENGE IN HIS BOOK 2. “IN THE END JUSTIFY THE MEANS”-THIS QUOPTE THAT HE HAD WRITTEN MEAS THAT IN

THE END AS LONG AS EVERYTHING WORKED OUT IT DOESN’T MATTER WHAT I DID 6. BOTH RENAISACES ARE NOT CONSIDERED A GOLDEN AGE BECAUSE THERE WERE A LOT OF PROBLEMS HOW AND WHY DO THE EUROPEANS BEGIN THERE VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION A. THIS CAN BE COMPARED TO THE SPACE RACE WITH US AND RUSSIA (PROS AND CONS) 1. B. REASONS, EXPLANATIONS, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF VOYAGES OF EXPLORATIONS 1. THE EUROPEANS HAD BELIEVE D THAT THERE WAS MORE LAND THEN WATER IN THE WORLD 2. THERE MAPS WERE EXTREMELY INACURATE 3. PORTUGAL WAS THE FIRST TO GO ON A VOYAGE, THE REASON WHY IT WAS PORTUGAL AND NOT ITALY TO

GO ON THE FIRST WAS BECAUSE A. ITALY DOESN’T HAVE TO GO ANYWHERE BECAUSE THEY ARE HAPPY WITH WHAT THEY HAVE –THEY

JUST HAD A RENNASSAINCE B. NOT FRANCE OR ENGLAND BECAUSE THEY JUST HAD THE ONE HUNDREDYEAR WAR AND THEY ARE

STILL RECOVERING AND THEY CANNOT AFFORD TO GO ON EXPLORATIONS RIGHT NOW C. THE MUSLIMS CONTROLLED SPAIN AND NORTH AFRICA, AND FOR PORTUGUAL TO GET TO ASIA

THEY HAVE TO GO THROUH THE MUSLIMS SO THEY NEED TO FIND A ROUTE DIRECTLY TO ASIA SO THEY 1. GO THROUGH THE TIP OF SOUTH AFRICA TO FIND DIFFERENT TRADE ROUTES TO ASIA BUT

IN AFRICA THEY FIND A. DIAMONDS B. SALT C. GOLD D. SLAVES 2. AND THEREFORE THEY GET DISTRACTED FROM GOING TO ASIA D. PRINCE HENRY: HE HAD PROMIOTED NAVIGATION IN ALL OF THE SCHOOLS OF PORTUGAL 4. SPAIN WAS THE NEXT TO GO ON A VOYAGE IN THE YEAR 1492 A. RECONQUISTA-SPANISH RECONQUER SPAIN FROM THE MUSLIMS B. KING FERDINAND (OF ARAGAGON) AND ISABELLA (OF CASTILLE)



1. THEY HAD KICKED ALL OF THE JEWS AND MUSLIMS OUT OF SPAIN C. COLUMBUS (AN ITALIAN) SALES TO AMERICA MOTIVTED TO FIND A NEW ROUTE TO ASIA BECAUSE

NOW THEY HATE THE MUSLIMS AND THEY DO NOT WANT TO TRAVEL THROUGH THEIR TERRITORY, THEY HAD GOTTEN MONEY

TOFUND THEIR VOYAGES FROM THE MUSLIMS AND THE JEWS THAT THEY HAD KICKED OUT 1. A CARAVEL-THIS WAS A SAIL THAT CUT THE AIR IN ORDER TO MAKE THE SHIPS TRAVEL

FASTER 2. THEY BORROW THE ASTROLABE AND THE SEXTANT A. THE ASTROLABE-TELLS LONGITUDE B. SEXTANT-TELLS LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE-IT HELPS YOU SEE NORTH SOUTH

WEST AND EAST 3. THEY HAD CARTOGROPHERS-MAP DRAWERS 4. WHEN COLUMBUS HAD HIT LAND HE WAS CONVINCED THAT IT WAS INDIA BUT IT WAS

REALLY PRESENT DAY CARRIBEANS, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, AND HISPANIOLA HE HAD NEVER ACTUALLY STEPPED FOOT ON

NORTH AMERICA BUT HE DID SET FOOT ON THE ISLANDS 5. COLUMBUS DID NOT KNOW HOW LONG THE VYAGE WAS GOING TO BE SO HE HAD BROUGHT

ALTED MEAT (LAST LONG) AND BISCUITS AND CRACKERS. THE PROBLEM AS THAT ALL FO COLUMBUSS MEN WERE LACKING

VITAMIN C IN THEIR DIET AND SO THEY BECAME SCURVY A. LOSS OF TEETH B. SUNKEN EYES C. PALE SKIN D. GUMS WEEKEN AND BLEED E. IF NOT TREATED OVER TIME THEY WOULD DIE 6. THE PEOPLE THAT WERE GOING ON THE VOYAGES DIDN’T MIND BECOMING SCURVY BECAUSE THEY WANTED FAME AND FORTUNE A. ACCIDENTLY SOMEONE INVENTEDSOMETHING THAT CAN CURE THE SCURVY THAT

CAN BE PRESERVED AND LAST LONG, IT IS SAUERKRAUT-CITRUS FRUITS THAT LAST LONG ALSO LIMES AND LEMONS HOW DO THE VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION IMPACT THE WORLD A. IMPACTS OF THE VOYAGES ON THE WORLD (AMERICAS, EUROPE, AFRICA, ASIA) 1. THE PORTUGESE HAD WENT SOUTH AND HAD FOUND SOUTHERN AFRICA, SPAIN HAD WENT WEST AND

FOUND THE AMERICAS, WHEN THE PORTUGESE SAW THIS THEY WERE JEALOUS AND WANTED TIO HAVE PART IN THE

AMERICAS, THIS IS GOING TO START A WAR SO THE POPE SEES AND SAYS THAT THEY ANNOT GO TO WAR BECAUSE IF THEY

DO THEN THE MUSLIMS ARE GOING TO COME BACK AND TAKE OVER SPAIN AGAIN SO THE POPE CREATES THE TREATY OF

TORDESILLAS 2. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS-THE TREATY STATES THAT PORTUGAL GETS AFRICA AND SPAING GETS THE NEW

WORLD, THIS TREATY DRAWS A LINE OF DEMARCATION THROUGH THE WORLD SPAIN HAD GOTTEN THE NEW WORLD ONLY BUT

PRTUGAL HAD GOTTEN ONE THING EXTRA A. A SMALL PIECE OF BRAZIL (THE MAIN LANGUAGES THERE IN PRESENT DAY ARE PORTUGESE AND

SPANISH) B. AT THIS POINT PORTUGAL THINKS THEY HAD GOTTEN THE BETTER END OF THE DEAL BECAUSE THEY

KNIOW AFRICA HAS GOLD BUT IN FIFTEEN YEARS SPAIN WILL EXPLORE AND FIND OUT THAT THEY TRULY GOT THE BETTER END

OF THE DEAL 3. THOMAS MAN HAD SAID A. IN ORDER TO HAVE A HEALTHY ECONOMY YOU HAVE TO TRADE OUT MORE THEN YOU TRADE IN

(MORE IMPORT THEN EXPORT) 4. THE IDEA OF MERCANTALISM BEGINS TO DEVELOP AND THERE ARE 3 BASIC IDEAS A. A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE IS NEEDED FOR A NATION TO BE CONSIDERED WEALTHY



B. THE WEALTH OF A NATION CAN BE MEASURED BY HOW MUCH GOLD IT HAS (NOT BY HOW MANY

PEOPLE BECAUSE PEOPLE USE AND CONSUME SO YOU CANNOT BASE IT ON THIS) C. COLONIES ARE IMPORTANT TO PROVIDE NEEDED RESOURCES FOR A COUNTRY 5. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE-THIS WAS AN INTERACTION THROUGH TRADE BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW

WORLD, IT HAD AN IMMENSE IMPACT ON THE WORLD A. AFRICA 1. GEOGRAPHY-NOT EASY TO TRAVEL THROUGH THE SAHARA DESSERT SPLITS NORTH AND SOUTH AFRICA 2. EUROPEANS STAY TO THE WEST 3. SLAVE TRADE-300 YEARS-MILLIONS OF PEOPLE HAD DIED A. 1/3 TO ½ OF SLAVES ON SHIPS (CARGO HOLD) DIED B. THE TRIANGULAR TRADE C. FROM THE OLD WORLD-WHEAT, SUGAR, RICE, COFFEE BEANS, LIVESTOCK, DISEASES (SMALL POX) D. FROM THE NEW WORLD-CORN, POTATOES, BEANS, COCOA BEANS, PRECIOUS METALS (GOLD AND

SILVER) TOBACCO B. IMPACT ON LATIN AMERICA 1. AZTEC-CIVILIZATION IN MACHU PICHU (SOUTH AMEICA, MEXICO) 2. INCA-PERU CIVILIZED 3. VOCABULARY A. CONQUISTADORS-EXPLORE AND CONQUER, THEY CONQUER ALL LATIN AMERICA IN 10 YEARS B. VICEROY- RULES IN THE NAME OF THE KING , HE IS THE KING ASSISTANT, ROYAL GOVERNOR C. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM-MOB-YOU (INDIANS) WORK FOR US, AND WE (SPANISH) WILL PROTECT YOU

FROM THE SPANISH D. PEON-A LOW LIFE (TRICK-YOU PEE ON THEM BECASE THERE NOTHING) 4. SOCIAL STATUS-PENISULARES AND CREOLES CREATE LAWS



5. THEY MAKE LARGE PLANTATIONS AND THE SPANISH TELL THE NATIVES TO WORK FOR THEM OR THEY’LL DIE 6. THE SPANISH ARE BLOWING THERE CHANCE BECASE THEY ARE SUPPOSED TO BE TRYING TO CONVERT S

MANY OF THE NATIVES THAT THEY CAN BUT INSTEAD THEY ARE KILLING THEM THE ONLY WAY TO CONVERT THEM IS TO BE

NICE TO THEM, SO NOW BARTELOMAEOS DE LA CASAS TOLD THEM THAT THEY HAVE TO CHANGE AND START BEING NICER TO

THEM SO THAT THEY CAN CONVERT C. IMPACT ON ASIA 1. WHILE THE MING IS STILL IN CONTROL OF CHINA IN THE 1500S AND THE EUROPEANS COME, THE MING

DOESN’T WANT ANYTHING TO WITH THEM BECAUSE THEY ARE ETHNOCENTRIC AND THEREFORE ISOLATE THEMSELVES 2. JAPAN CAN SELECTIVELY BORROW AND ADOPT A CLOSED DOOR POLICY WHICH MEANS THEY TO DON’T

WANT ANYTHING TO WITH EUROPE AND THEY DNT WANT CULTURAL DIFFUSION TO OCCUR 3. KOREA-THE HERMIT KINGDOM A. HERMIT-SOMEONE WHO HIDES AWAY AND KOREA PULLED BACK BECAUSE THEY ALSO LIKE CHINA

AND JAPAN DON’T WANT ANYTHING TO DO WITH EUROPE THEY ARE “PROTECTING THEMSELVES” D. IMPACT OF THE EXPLORATIONS ON THE WORLD 1. GROWTH OF THE SLAVE/TRIANGULAR TRADE-AFRICA IS BEING HURT BECAUSE THERE PEOPLE ARE BEING

TAKEN TO AMERICA TO WORK, THEY EVEN DIE ON THE WAY TO AMERICA. ONCE HE AFRICANS ARE TAKEN TO AMERICA HEY

HELP MAKE RAW GOODS THAT HELP EUROPE MAKE MANUFACTURED GOODS 2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE-THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW WORLD, ANIMALS, VEGETABLES, PLANTS, DISEASES (SMALL POX), EUROPE MAKES UT THE BEST IN THE END BECAUSE THEY MAKE ALL

THE MONEY 3. THE GROWTH OF MERCANTALISM AS AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM A. YOU NEED COLONIES TO SUPPORT THE MOTHER COUNTRIES BY SENDING RESOURCES B. GOLD-THEY NEED THIS AND SLAVES 4. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE-POWER WAS BASED ON LAND

(FEUDALISM) BUT NOW ITS BASED ON MONEY-GOLD!!! THEY MAKE STUFF THEN SELL IT FOR GOLD (JOINT STOCK COMPANY-CORRUPTION) 5. THE RETREAT OF ASIAS COUNTRIES- THEY CLOSE UP AND DON’T WANT ANYTHING FROM EURPEANS 6. A PLACE OF REFUGEE BECOMES AVAILABLE FOR JEWS THAT GOT KICKED OUT OF SPAIN AND GOT TO MOVE

TO AMERICA AIM: HOW DID THE AGE OF EXPLORATION AND THE “COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE” IMPACT THE WORLD (EUROPE, LATIN

AMERICA, AFRICA, CHINA, AND JAPAN)? (CHP 16 SEC 5, CHP 15 SEC 4) TRADE – INCREASE AND SUPPORT IN MERCANTILISM. THE GOVERNMENT ALSO SET STRICT LAWS REGULATING TRADE.

COLONIES COULD NOW NOT SET UP INDUSTRIES TO MANUFACTURE GOODS OR BUY GOODS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES. THE IDEA WAS TO INCREASE THE COUNTRY’S WEALTH.

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE – THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THE EXCHANGE WERE THAT THE SPANISH DEFEATED AZTEC AND

INCAN EMPIRES AND MILLIONS OF NATIVE AMERICANS DIED FROM DISEASES THAT WERE CARRIED INTO THE

AMERICAS BY EUROPEANS. SOON ENSLAVED AFRICANS WERE SENT TO THE AMERICAS IN THE SLAVE TRADE. THEN

THE SPANISH LIVING IN THE AMERICAS BROUGHT AMERICAN FOODS, INCLUDING CORN AND POTATOES, AND



INTRODUCED THEM TO THE EUROPEANS. THE LONG TERM EFFECTS WERE THE SPREAD OF ITEMS SUCH AS HORSES, CORN, POTATOES, AND SUGAR AROUND THE WORLD. POPULATION GREW IN EUROPE, AFRICA, AND ASIA, AND THERE

WAS AN EXCHANGE OF IDEAS, TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, AND LANGUAGE BETWEEN EUROPEANS AND THE AMERICAS. THERE WAS ALSO A POPULATION MIGRATION FROM EUROPE TO THE AMERICAS AND SO THERE WAS ALSO A LARGE

GROWTH OF CAPITALISM. INFLATION – ECONOMIC CYCLE THAT INVOLVES A RISE IN PRICES LINKED TO A SHARP INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF

MONEY AVAILABLE CAPITALISM – ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH THE MEANS OF THE PRODUCTION ARE PRIVATELY OWNED AND OPERATED FOR

PROFIT COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION – THE OPENING OF DIRECT LINKS WITH ASIA, AFRICA, AND THE AMERICAS WAS WHAT BEGAN

THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION. BECAUSE THERE WAS MORE TRADE, THERE WAS A RISE IN INFLATION IN EUROPE. THERE WAS ALSO AN INCREASE IN POPULATION WHICH ALSO RESULTED IN INFLATION. AS MORE GOLD AND SILVER

FLOWED INTO EUROPE, MORE MONEY WAS BEING PRODUCED. INCREASED MONEY CIRCULATION COMBINED WITH THE

SCARCITY OF GOODS, CAUSED PRICED TO RISE. THERE WAS ALSO A GROWTH OF CAPITALISM AND AN INCREASE OF

ENTREPRENEURS. NEW BUSINESS METHODS LIKE JOINT STOCK COMPANIES ALSO DEVELOPED AND HELPED FUEL THE

COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION. INSURANCE – WAS AN IDEA USED TO HELP REDUCE BUSINESS RISKS. FOR A SMALL FEE, AN UNDERWRITER WOULD INSURE

THE MERCHANT’S SHIPMENT. IF THE GOODS ARRIVED SAFELY, THE MERCHANT LOST THE SMALL INSURANCE FEE. BUT

IF THE SHIPMENT WAS LOST OF DESTROYED, THE UNDERWRITER PAID THE MERCHANT MOST OF ITS VALUE. ENTREPRENEURS – PERSON WHO ASSUMES FINANCIAL RISKS IN THE HOPE OF MAKING A PROFIT, ENTERPRISING

MERCHANTS. THEY HIRED WORKERS AND PAID FOR RAW MATERIALS, TRANSPORT AND OTHER COSTS OF PRODUCTION. MERCANTILISM – POLICY BY WHICH A NATION SOUGHT TO STOP TRADE BY PUTTING HEAVY TAXES ON IMPORTED ITEMS IN

ORDER TO BUILD ITS SUPPLY OF GOLD AND SILVER TARIFF – TAX ON IMPORTED GOODS IRISH POTATO FAMINE – THE POTATO WAS INTRODUCED TO IRELAND FROM THE AMERICAS IN THE 1580S. SOON THE

IRISH PEASANTS BEGAN TO GREATLY DEPEND ON THE POTATO, WHICH HAD BECOME THEIR MAIN SOURCE OF FOOD. THEN IN 1845, DISASTER STRUCK. IN A SINGLE MONTH, A BLIGHT WIPED OUT THE ENTIRE POTATO CROP. MORE

THAN A MILLION IRISH DIED OF STARVATION AND DISEASE IN THE FAMINE THAT FOLLOWED. THE TENS OF

THOUSANDS OF STARVING IRISH LEFT THEIR HOMELAND TO SEEK A NEW LIFE IN THE AMERICAS. “CLOSED DOOR” – WHEN THE TOKUGAWA SHOGUN BECAME INCREASINGLY HOSTILE TOWARD FOREIGNERS. THE FELT THAT

THE SPANISH WERE AGENTS OF AN INVADING FORCE. THEN THE JAPANESE BEGAN TO FEAR THAT THE JAPANESE

CHRISTIANS (WHO HAD REACHED 300,000 PEOPLE) OWED THEIR ALLEGIANCE TO THE POPE. IN RESPONSE THE

TOKUGAWAS EXPELLED FOREIGN MISSIONARIES AND THEY BRUTALLY PERSECUTED JAPANESE CHRISTIANS. ISOLATIONISM – WHEN CHINA ISOLATED THEMSELVES FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD AND TO THEM THE PORTUGUESE WERE

“SOUTHERN BARBARIANS.” HERMIT KINGDOM – NWO EVENTS THAT LED KOREANS TO BECOME THE HERMIT KINGDOM. THE FIRST WAS THE JAPANESE

INVASION IN THE 1590S, WHICH DEVASTATED THE LAND OF KOREA. THEN IN 1636 THE MANCHUS CONQUERED

KOREA BEFORE OVERRUNNING MING CHINA. WHEN THE MANCHUS SET UP THE QING DYNASTY IN CHINA, KOREA

BECAME A TRIBUTARY STATE. THEY WERE FORCED TO ACKNOWLEDGE CHINESE SUPREMACY AND THE TWO INVASIONS

LEFT KOREA FEELING LIKE “A SHRIMP AMONG WHALES.” IN RESPONSE, THE KOREANS CHOSE ISOLATION. WHEN

EUROPEAN SAILORS WERE SHIPWRECKED ON KOREAN SHORES, THEY WERE IMPRISONED AND AS A RESULT KOREA

BECAME KNOWN AS THE HERMIT KINGDOM. IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE THE “COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE”. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE WAS THE EXCHANGE BETWEEN

AFRICA, EUROPE, AND THE AMERICAS. THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THE EXCHANGE WERE THAT THE SPANISH

DEFEATED AZTEC AND INCAN EMPIRES AND MILLIONS OF NATIVE AMERICANS DIED FROM DISEASES THAT WERE

CARRIED INTO THE AMERICAS BY EUROPEANS. SOON ENSLAVED AFRICANS WERE SENT TO THE AMERICAS IN THE

SLAVE TRADE. THEN THE SPANISH LIVING IN THE AMERICAS BROUGHT AMERICAN FOODS, INCLUDING CORN AND

POTATOES, AND INTRODUCED THEM TO THE EUROPEANS. THE LONG TERM EFFECTS WERE THE SPREAD OF ITEMS SUCH



AS HORSES, CORN, POTATOES, AND SUGAR AROUND THE WORLD. POPULATION GREW IN EUROPE, AFRICA, AND

ASIA, AND THERE WAS AN EXCHANGE OF IDEAS, TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, AND LANGUAGE BETWEEN EUROPEANS AND THE

AMERICAS. THERE WAS ALSO A POPULATION MIGRATION FROM EUROPE TO THE AMERICAS AND SO THERE WAS ALSO

A LARGE GROWTH OF CAPITALISM. THE CONNECTIONS TO TODAY ARE THAT THE MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY IN THE

UNITED STATES THAT EVOLVED BECAUSE OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE. THERE IS NOW ALSO A WORLDWIDE

RELIANCE ON ITEMS SUCH AS CORN AND POTATOES. DISCUSS THE VARIOUS IMPACTS (SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL) OF THE AGE OF EXPLORATION ON EUROPE, LATIN

AMERICA AND AFRICA. THE AGE OF EXPLORATION RESULTED IN EUROPE CONQUERING LAND IN THE AMERICAS AND

THAT WAY MANY EUROPEAN COMPANIES STRENGTHENED THEIR EMPIRES. NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS

COLLAPSED AND AFRICAN SLAVES WERE INTRODUCED TO NEW PARTS OF THE WORLD. THE TRADING TRIANGLE WAS

WHAT BROUGHT THE MOST IMPACT UNTO THE AGE OF EXPLORATION AND THE COUNTRIES INVOLVED. DISCUSS HOW THE JAPANESE (TOKUGAWA) AND CHINESE (QING) REACTED TO EUROPEAN EXPLORATION. THE QING

DYNASTY MAINTAINED A POLICY OF RESTRICTING FOREIGN TRADERS. IN 1793, LORD MACARTNEY ARRIVED IN

CHINA AT THE HEAD OF A BRITISH DIPLOMATIC MISSION. HE BROUGHT SAMPLES OF BRITISH MADE GOODS TO SHOW

THE CHINESE THE ADVANTAGES OF TRADE WITH WESTERNERS. BUT THE CHINESE MISUNDERSTOOD WHAT THE GIFT

WAS FOR AND LOOKED AT THEM AS RATHER CRUDE. FURTHER MISUNDERSTANDINGS ENSUED WHEN MACARTNEY

REFUSED TO BOW TO THE GROUND AND SHOW RESPECT TO THE EMPEROR. HE ALSO OFFENDED THE CHINESE BY

SPEAKING OF HOW SUPERIOR THE ENGLISH WERE. THE JAPANESE TOKUGAWA DYNASTY, WERE THE FIRST TO ACCEPT

WESTERN TRADERS. IN 1543, THE PORTUGUESE REACHED JAPAN THEN LATER CAME THE SPANISH, DUTCH AND

ENGLISH. THE JAPANESE QUICKLY ACQUIRED WESTERN FIREARMS AND BUILT CASTLES MODELED ON EUROPEAN

DESIGNS. JAPAN WAS ALSO OPEN TO EUROPEAN MISSIONARIES. BUT BECAUSE OF FEARS OF A WESTERN INVASION, THE JAPANESE EXPELLED ALL WESTERNERS AND CLOSED THEIR DOORS TO THEM FOR OVER 200 YEARS.

AIM: HOW DID LOUIS XIV (FRANCE), PHILIP II (SPAIN), AND JAMES 1 (ENGLAND) RULE THEIR RESPECTIVE COUNTRIES? (CHP 17 SEC 1, 2, 3) ABSOLUTE MONARCHY – RULER WITH COMPLETE AUTHORITY OVER THE GOVERNMENT AND LIVES OF THE PEOPLE IN WHICH

HE OR SHE GOVERNS DIVINE RIGHT – BELIEF THAT A RULER’S AUTHORITY COMES DIRECTLY FROM GOD INTENDANT – OFFICIAL APPOINTED BY FRENCH KING LOUIS THE FOURTEENTH TO GOVERN THE PROVINCES HAPSBURG – THE AUSTRIAN RULERS OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE NETHERLANDS. CHARLES V WAS THE HEIR TO

THE HAPSBURG EMPIRE. WHEN CHARLES DIED THE HAPSBURG EMPIRE DIVIDED. SPANISH ARMADA – A SPANISH FLEET THAT WAS SENT BY PHILIP II TO CARRY OUT A SPANISH INVASION FORCE TO

ENGLAND. THE ARMADA SAILED WITH MORE THAN 130 SHIPS, 20,000 MEN, AND 2,400 PIECES OF ARTILLERY. BUT THE SPANISH ARMADA WAS DEFEATED BECAUSE OF STRANGE WEATHER AND THIS ENDED PHILIP’S PLAN TO

INVADE ENGLAND. EDICT OF NANTES – WAS ISSUED BY HENRY IV IN 1598 AND IT GRANTED THE HUGUENOTS RELIGIOUS TOLERATION AND

LET THEM FORTIFY THEIR OWN TOWNS AND CITIES. PALACE OF VERSAILLES – ROUIS XIV’S PALACE. HE TRANSFORMED IT INTO ONE OF THE MOST MAGNIFICENT BUILDINGS

IN EUROPE. VERSAILLES BECAME THE PERFECT SYMBOL OF THE SUN KING’S WEALTH AND POWER. THE PALACE WAS

HOME TO THE KING AND THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT, AND IT WAS HOME TO OVER 10,000 OFFICIALS, NOBLES, AND

SERVANTS. “L’ETAT C’EST MOI” – SOUIS XIV WAS OFTEN QUOTED SAYING THIS, “I AM THE STATE.” FRONDE – SOON AFTER LOUIS XIV BECAME KING, DISORDER SWEPT FRANCE AND IN AN UPRISING CALLED THE FRONDE,

NOBLES, MERCHANTS, PEASANTS, AND THE URBAN POOR REBELLED. LOUIS XIV – UE INHERITED THE THRONE IN 1643, THE YEAR AFTER CARDINAL RICHELIEU’S DEATH AT THE AGE OF 5. HE

WAS AN EXPERT ON POWER AND HAD ABSOLUTE MONARCH. BUT SOON AFTER LOUIS XIV CAME INTO POWER, DISORDER SWEPT FRANCE AND AN UPRISING CALLED FRONDE OCCURRED. WHEN LOUIS’S CHIEF MINISTER DIED HE



RESOLVED TO TAKE OVER THE GOVERNMENT HIMSELF. AT A YOUNG AGE HE WAS CALLED THE BOY KING AND THEN THE

SUN KING (THIS NAME WAS GIVEN TO HIM BECAUSE HE SAID HE WAS THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE AND LIKE THE

HELIOCENTRIC THEORY, THE UNIVERSE REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN). NOT ONCE DURING HIS REIGN DID LOUIS CALL

A MEETING OF THE ESTATES GENERAL. LIKE PHILIP II, LOUIS SPENT MUCH OF HIS TIME TENDING TO GOVERNMENT

AFFAIRS. UNDER LOUIS THE FRENCH ARMY ALSO BECAME THE STRONGEST IN EUROPE. LOUIS XIV RULED FRANCE

FOR 72 YEARS, WHICH IS THE LONGEST ANY MONARCH EVER RULED. LOUIS ALSO RESTRICTED THE EDICT OF NANTES

AND UNDID EVERYTHING HENRY IV DID FOR PROTESTANTS OF HIS COUNTRY. JEAN BAPTISTE COLBERT – THE CHIEF FINANCE MINISTER OF LOUIS XIV. HE FOLLOWED MERCANTILIST POLICIES TO

PROMOTE TRADE. HE HAD NEW LANDS CLEARED FOR FARMING, ENCOURAGED MINING AND OTHER BASIC INDUSTRIES. HE BUILT UP LUXURY TRADES SUCH AS LACE-MAKING AND TO PROTECT FRENCH MANUFACTURERS HE PUT HIGH TARIFF

ON IMPORTED GOODS. COLBERT’S POLICIES HELPED MAKE FRANCE THE WEALTHIEST STATE IN EUROPE. CHARLES V – WITHIN SPAIN, HE WAS KNOWN AS CHARLES I. HOWEVER, HISTORIANS REFER TO HIM AS CHARLES V. HE

RULED FROM 1519 TO 1556 AND HE WAS HEIR TO THE HAPSBURGS, THE AUSTRIAN RULERS OF THE HOLY ROMAN

EMPIRE AND THE NETHERLANDS. RULING 2 EMPIRES LEFT HIM IN CONSTANT WARFARE. AS HEIR TO THE HAPSBURG

EMPIRE HE CONTINUED A LONG STRUGGLE WITH FRANCE OVER RIVAL CLAIMS IN ITALY. HE ALSO FOUGHT TO

SUPPRESS THE PROTESTANT MOVEMENT IN THE GERMAN STATES. WHEN HE DIED HE DIVIDED THE HAPSBURG EMPIRE, LEAVING HALF TO HIS BROTHER FERDINAND AND LEAVING THE NETHERLANDS TO SPAIN. AO HIS SON

PHILIP HE LEFT THE SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE AMERICAS. PHILIP II – HE WAS HARDWORKING, DEVOUT, AND AMBITIOUS. DURING HIS LONG REIGN FROM 1556 TO 1598, HE

SOUGHT TO EXPAND SPANISH INFLUENCE, STRENGTHEN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH, AND MAKE HIS OWN POWER

ABSOLUTE. BECAUSE OF THE EXCESS SILVER FROM THE AMERICAS, PHILIP II MADE SPAIN THE MOST POWERFUL

EMPIRE IN EUROPE. PHILIP ALSO DEVOTED MUCH OF HIS TIME TO GOVERNMENT WORK. HE LIVED IN AN ISOLATED

PALACE CALLED THE ESCORIAL AND IT SERVED AS A CHURCH,, RESIDENCE, AND TOMB FOR MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL

FAMILY. PHILIP BECAME AN ABSOLUTE MONARCH AND ALSO BELIEVED THAT HE RULED BY DIVINE RIGHT. ELIZABETH I – TO PHILIP II SHE WAS SEEN AS THE ULTIMATE PROTESTANT ENEMY. SHE SUPPORTED THE DUTCH AGAINST

SPAIN. SHE EVEN ENCOURAGED ENGLISH CAPTAINS, KNOWN AS SEA DOGS, TO PLUNDER SPANISH TREASURE SHIPS. ELIZABETH EVEN REWARDED A SEA DOG FOR LOOTING SPANISH CITIES IN THE AMERICAS.

JAMES I – THE FIRST STUART MONARCH WHO AGREED TO RULE ACCORDING TO ENGLISH LAWS AND CUSTOMS. HE

REPEATEDLY CLASHED WITH PARLIAMENT OVER MONEY AND FOREIGN POLICY. HE ALSO FOUND HIMSELF IN MANY

RELIGIOUS DISPUTES WITH PURITANS (PROTESTANT EXTREMISTS TRYING TO PURIFY THE CHURCH OF CATHOLICS). HE ALSO ASKED A GROUP OF SCHOLARS IN 1604, TO TRANSLATE THE BIBLE FROM GREEK AND HEBREW INTO

ENGLISH. FOR SEVEN YEARS THE COMMITTEE WORKED ON “KING JAMES” BIBLE. IT IS ONE OF THE BEST KNOWN

ENGLISH VERSION OF THE BIBLE. HENRY IV – A BOURBON PRINCE AND HUGUENOT LEADER. IN 1589, HENRY OF NAVARRE INHERITED THE FRENCH

THRONE. KNOWING THAT HE WOULD FACE SEVERE PROBLEMS RULING A CATHOLIC LAND AS A HUGUENOT, HE BECAME

CATHOLIC. BUT TO PROTECT PROTESTANTS LIVING IN FRANCE HE ISSUED THE EDICT OF NANTES IN 1598. HENRY

ALSO SET OUT TO HEAL HIS STRUGGLING LAND. HIS GOAL WAS “A CHICKEN IN EVERY POT.” UNDER HENRY THE

GOVERNMENT REACHED INTO EVERY AREA OF LIFE. ROYAL OFFICIALS ADMINISTERED JUSTICE, IMPROVED ROADS, BUILT BRIDGES, AND REVIVED AGRICULTURE. BU BUILDING THE ROYAL BUREAUCRACY AND REDUCING THE INFLUENCE

OF NOBLE, HENRY LAID THE FOUNDATIONS FOR ROYAL ABSOLUTISM. HE WAS KILLED BY AN ASSASSIN IN 1610 AND

HIS SON LOUIS TOOK OVER THE THRONE. HENRY VIII – BROKE WITH THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH THEN TURNED TO PARLIAMENT FOR APPROVAL. PARLIAMENT

THEN APPROVED THE ACT OF SUPREMACY, MAKING HIM HEAD OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. HENRY ALSO LOST MUCH

OF HIS MONEY IN FUNDING OVERSEAS WARS AND HAD TO LEVY NEW TAXES OFTEN. ACT OF SUPREMACY – THE ACT PASSED BY PARLIAMENT THAT PUT HENRY VIII AT THE HEAD OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND

AND VOTED FOR HIM TO SEIZE MONASTERY LAND. CHARLES I – INHERITED THE THRONE AFTER HIS FATHER JAMES I IN 1625. HE BEHAVED LIKE AN ABSOLUTE MONARCH

AND HE IMPRISONED HIS ENEMIES WITHOUT TRIAL AND KEPT SQUEEZING THE NATION FOR MONEY. HE LATER



APPROACHED PARLIAMENT IN 1628 TO HIGHER TAXES AND THOUGH THEY AGREED THEY ASKED HIM TO SIGN THE

PETITION OF RIGHT. THIS WOULD FORCE CHARLES TO CONSULT PARLIAMENT BEFORE RAISING TAXES. THEN DURING

THE SCOTTISH REVOLT CHARLES APPROACHED PARLIAMENT ONCE AGAIN, 11 YEARS AFTER HE HAD SHUNNED THEM. BUT PARLIAMENT LAUNCHED ITS OWN REVOLT AND THE PARLIAMENT NOW BECAME KNOWN AS THE LONG

PARLIAMENT. BUT CHARLES I FOUGHT BACK AND IN 1642 HE SENT HIS ARMY TO ARREST PARLIAMENTS MOST

RADICAL LEADERS. BUT ON JANUARY 1649, CHARLES I WAS EXECUTED AND AFTER HIS EXECUTION THE HOUSE OF

COMMONS ABOLISHED THE MONARCHY, THE HOUSE OF LORDS, AND THE OFFICIAL CHURCH IF ENGLAND. LOUIS XV – WAS LOUIS XIV’S GRANDSON AND HE INHERITED THE THRONE AT AGE FIVE IN 1715. HE WAS A WEAK KING

AND COULD NOT DEAL WITH THE COUNTRY’S FINANCIAL ISSUES. HE NEGLECTED HIS DUTIES AND DURING THAT TIME

A REFORM WAS GROWING. WILLIAM LAUDS – UHARLES I’S ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. HE TRIED TO FORCE ALL CLERGY TO FOLLOW STRICT

ANGLICAN RULES, IMPRISONING ANYONE WHO RESISTED. HE THEN TRIED TO IMPOSE THE ANGLICAN PRAYER BOOK

ON SCOTLAND, THE MOSTLY CALVINIST COUNTRY REVOLTED. CHARLES II – WAS HEIR TO THE THRONE AND LAUNCHED AN ATTACK ON ENGLAND THROUGH IRELAND AND SCOTLAND.

CROMWELL THEN LED FORCES INTO IRELAND AND ENDED THE UPRISING. IN 1660, A NEWLY ELECTED PARLIAMENT

INVITED CHARLES II TO RETURN TO ENGLAND FORM EXILE. HE WAS A POPULAR RULER AND REOPENED THEATRE AND

TAVERNS. HE RESTORED THE OFFICIAL CHURCH OF ENGLAND BUT TOLERATED OTHER PROTESTANTS. ALTHOUGH HE

ACCEPTED THE PETITION OF RIGHT, HE STILL HAD FAITH IN AN ABSOLUTE MONARCHY. JAMES II – MHARLES II’S BROTHER WHO INHERITED THE THRONE IN 1685. AND UNLIKE CHARLES, JAMES FLAUNTED HIS

CATHOLIC FAITH. HE ANGERED MANY BY APPOINTING CATHOLICS TO HIGH OFFICE. IN 1688, HIS DAUGHTER MARY

AND HER DUTCH PROTESTANT HUSBAND, WILLIAM III OF ORANGE, BECAME RULERS OF ENGLAND. IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ABSOLUTE MONARCHY AND DIVINE RIGHT MONARCHY. AN ABSOLUTE

MONARCHY IS WHEN THE KING POWERFUL AND HAS THE MOST CONTROL. MANY KINGS HAD POWERFUL ABSOLUTE

MONARCHIES AND IN SOME CASES PARLIAMENT REBELLED TO STOP THE KING FROM GAINING MORE POWER. DIVINE

RIGHT MONARCHY IS WHEN THE KING FEELS THAT HE WAS CHOSEN BY GOD TO RULE AND HE TAKES IT UP ON HIMSELF

TO RULE LIKE A RELIGIOUS LEADER. DISCUSS THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV AND ITS IMPACTS ON FRANCE. HE INHERITED THE THRONE IN 1643 AT THE AGE OF

5. HE WAS AN EXPERT ON POWER AND HAD ABSOLUTE MONARCH. BUT SOON AFTER LOUIS XIV CAME INTO POWER, DISORDER SWEPT FRANCE AND AN UPRISING CALLED FRONDE OCCURRED. WHEN LOUIS’S CHIEF MINISTER DIED HE

RESOLVED TO TAKE OVER THE GOVERNMENT HIMSELF. NOT ONCE DURING HIS REIGN DID LOUIS CALL A MEETING OF

THE ESTATES GENERAL. LIKE PHILIP II, LOUIS SPENT MUCH OF HIS TIME TENDING TO GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS. UNDER LOUIS THE FRENCH ARMY ALSO BECAME THE STRONGEST IN EUROPE. LOUIS XIV RULED FRANCE FOR 72 YEARS, WHICH IS THE LONGEST ANY MONARCH EVER RULED. LOUIS ALSO RESTRICTED THE EDICT OF NANTES AND

UNDID EVERYTHING HENRY IV DID FOR PROTESTANTS OF HIS COUNTRY. HE WAS HARSH ON PROTESTANTS AND HE

TOOK AWAY MUCH OF THEIR FREEDOMS. AIM: HOW DID PARLIAMENT TRIUMPH OVER THE MONARCH IN ENGLAND? (CHP 17 SEC 3) PARLIAMENT – RARLIAMENT WAS THE ACTING GOVERNMENT. THE KING WOULD NEED THEIR APPROVAL IN ORDER TO LEVY

TAXES AND THEY TRIED TO GET MORE POWER AND END MONARCHY. MAGNA CARTA – PETITION OF RIGHT – SIGNED IN 1629 BY CHARLES I. IT PROHIBITED THE KING FROM RAISING TAXES WITHOUT

CONSULTING PARLIAMENTS OR IMPRISONING ANYONE WITHOUT JUST CAUSE. PURITAN REVOLUTION – VROTESTANT EXTREMISTS TRYING TO PURIFY THE CHURCH OF CATHOLICS. PURITANS WERE

AGAINST THEATRES, DANCING AND GAMBLING. THEN CROMWELL CLOSED ALL THEATRES. PURITANS ALSO FELT EVERY

CHRISTIAN, RICH AND POOR, MUST BE ABLE TO READ THE BIBLE. AND TO SPREAD RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE THEY

ENCOURAGE EDUCATION FOR ALL PEOPLE. PURITANS ALSO PUSHED FOR CHANGES IN MARRIAGE, THEY TRIED TO

ENCOURAGE MARRIAGE BASED ON LOVE AND NOT BUSINESS. THE PURITAN REVOLUTION ENDED IN THE RESTORATION



OF THE MONARCHY. CAVALIERS – SUPPORTERS OF CHARLES I DURING THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR, WHICH LASTED FROM 1642 TO 1649. MANY

CAVALIERS WERE WEALTHY NOBLES, THEY WELL RAINED IN DUELING AND WARFARE. ROUNDHEADS – CALLED ROUNDHEAD BECAUSE THEY HAD SHOT HAIR. THEIR LEADER WAS OLIVER CROMWELL WHO WAS A

PURITAN MEMBER AND A SKILLED GENERAL. HABEAS CORPUS – NO PERSON COULD BE HELD IN PRISON WITHOUT FIRST BEING CHARGED WITH A SPECIFIC CRIME. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION – VILLIAM AND MARY LANDED WITH THEIR ARMY IN ENGLAND IN 1688 IN ORDER TO OVERTHROW

JAMES II. BUT JAMES FLED TO FRANCE BEFORE ANY WAR COULD ENSUE. THIS BLOODLESS OVERTHROW OF THE KING

WAS KNOWN AS THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION. WHAT THIS REVOLUTION ACCOMPLISHED WAS NOT DEMOCRACY BUT

THE BEGINNINGS OF CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY. NOW ENGLISH RULERS STILL HAD POWER BUT THE HAD TO OBEY

THE LAW AND GOVERN IN PARTNERSHIP WITH PARLIAMENT. ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS – GILLIAM AND MARY HAD TO ACCEPT SEVERAL ACTS PASSED BY PARLIAMENT KNOWN AS THE

ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS. THE BILL OF RIGHTS ENSURED THE SUPERIORITY OF PARLIAMENT OVER THE MONARCHY. IT REQUIRED THE MONARCH TO SUMMON PARLIAMENT REGULARLY AND GAVE THE HOUSE OF COMMONS THE “POWER

OF THE PURSE.” A KING OR QUEEN COULD NO LONGER INTERFERE WITH PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES OR SUSPEND LAWS. THE BILL ALSO BARRED ANY CATHOLIC FROM SITTING ON THE THRONE AND UNDER THE BILL ENGLAND BECAME A

LIMITED MONARCHY. THE BILL ALSO REINSTATED THE TRADITIONAL RIGHTS OF ENGLISH CITIZENS SUCH AS TRIAL

BY JURY. IT ALSO AFFIRMED THE PRINCIPLE OF HABEAS CORPUS. LIMITED CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY – A GOVERNMENT IN WHICH THE CONSTITUTION OR LEGISLATIVE BODY LIMITS THE

MONARCH’S POWERS. STUART MONARCH – IN 1603, AFTER A 45-YEAR REIGN, ELIZABETH DIED WITH NO DIRECT HEIR TO THE THRONE.. SO

IT WAS PASSED ON TO HER RELATIVES THE STUARTS, THE RULING FAMILY OF SCOTLAND. THEY WERE NOT AS

POPULAR AS THE TUDORS, NOR AS SKILLFUL AS DEALING WITH PARLIAMENTS. THEY ALSO INHERITED PROBLEMS

THAT HENRY AND ELIZABETH HAD LONG SUPPRESSED. THE RESULT WAS A “CENTURY OR REVOLUTION” THAT PUT THE

STUART MONARCHS AGAINST PARLIAMENT. JAMES I WAS THE FIRST STUART MONARCH. OLIVER CROMWELL – WAS A MEMBER OF THE ROUNDHEADS. HE ORGANIZED THE “NEW MODEL ARMY” FOR PARLIAMENT

INTO A DISCIPLINED FIGHTING FORCE. INSPIRED BY PURITAN CHAPLAINS, CROMWELL’S ARMY DEFEATED THE

CAVALIERS IN A SERIES OF DECISIVE BATTLES. BY 1647, THE KING WAS IN THE HANDS OF THE PARLIAMENT. IN

1653 WAS WHEN HE TOOK UP THE TITLE LORD PROTECTOR. WILLIAM AND MARY – RARY WAS THE DAUGHTER OF JAMES II AND WILLIAM II OF ORANGE WAS HER DUTCH

PROTESTANT HUSBAND. THEY LANDED THEIR ARMY IN ENGLAND AND JAMES II FLED TO FRANCE. BUT BEFORE THEY

COULD BE CROWNED, THEY HAD TO AGREE TO SEVERAL ACTS PASSED BY PARLIAMENT THAT BECAME KNOWN AS THE

ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS. EXPLAIN HOW THE STUARTS CLASHED WITH PARLIAMENT. THE STUART MONARCHY REPEATEDLY CLASHED WITH

PARLIAMENT, ESPECIALLY WHEN JAMES I WAS IS POWER. HE USUALLY FOUGHT WITH THEM OVER MONEY AND

FOREIGN POLICY. JAMES WANTED MONEY TO FUND HIS WARS AND LAVISH COURTS AND INSTEAD OF TURNING TO

PARLIAMENT FOR APPROVAL, HE JUST COLLECTED TAXES ON HIS OWN. WHEN JAMES’S SON CHARLES I INHERITED

THE THRONE IN 1625, HE SIGNED THE PETITION OF RIGHT BUT THEN IGNORED PARLIAMENT FOR OVER 11 YEARS. THIS TRIGGERED PARLIAMENT TO REVOLT AND FORM THE ROUNDHEADS AND THEIR LEADER OLIVER CROMWELL.

EXPLAIN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS WAS

TO LIMIT THE ROYAL POWER. UNDER THE BILL OF RIGHT ENGLAND BECAME A LIMITED MONARCHY AND IT REQUIRED

THE MONARCH TO SUMMON PARLIAMENT REGULARLY. IN ADDITION TO THAT IT ALSO AFFIRMED THE PRINCIPLE OF

HABEAS CORPUS, WHICH MEANT THAT NO PERSON COULD BE HELD IN PRISON WITHOUT FIRST BEING CHARGED WITH

A SPECIFIC CRIME. THE IDEA WAS TO STOP ANY FURTHER ABSOLUTE MONARCHIES THAT WOULD OVERPOWER

PARLIAMENT.

written by: allen shalam a.k.a. “alshal” ® al-shal 198736

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