written report malaysian architecture

8/12/2019 Written Report Malaysian Architecture

1/23

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Architecture and Fine Arts

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Sta. Mesa, Manila

Submitted by:

Apigo, Kryzia A.

Asuncion, Arvin Jerome A.

Basco Jr., Mario A.

Calleja, Martin Owen G.

Erni, Ned Angelo J.

Estadilla, Jerome Cristopher H.

Fabregas, Alissa Joana C.

BS Arch II-2

Submitted to:

Archt. Jocelyn LutapProfessor

February 18, 2013


2/23

I. INTRODUCTION

Architecture of Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore reflects the diversity

of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped the said countries as a whole.

Invaders, colonizers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a

profound effect on building styles and techniques of these countries.

A. MALAYSIA

Architecture in Malaysia is a combination of many styles, from Islamic and Chinese

styles to those brought by European colonists. Malay architecture has changed due to these

influences. Houses in the north are similar to those in Thailand, while those in the south are

similar to those in Java. New materials, such as glass and nails, were brought in by Europeans,

changing the architecture.

B. INDONESIA

The Architecture of Indonesiareflects the diversityof cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole.

Invaders, colonisers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a

profound effect on building styles and techniques. Traditionally, the most significant foreign

influence has been Indian. However, Chinese, Araband since the 18th and 19th centuries

European influences have played significant roles too in shaping Indonesian architecture.

Although religious architecture has been widespread in Indonesia, the most significant

was developed in Java. The island's long tradition of religious syncretism extended to

architecture, which fostered uniquely Javanese styles of Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and to a

lesser extent, Christian architecture

C. SINGAPORE

The architecture of Singapore displays a range of influences and styles from different

places and periods. These range from the eclectic styles and hybrid forms of the colonial period

to the tendency of more contemporary architecture to incorporate trends from around the world.

In both aesthetic and technological terms, Singapore architecture may be divided into the more

traditional pre-World War II colonial period, and the largely modern post-war and post-colonial

period.


3/23

II. INFLUENCES

A. MALAYSIA

Geographical

Malaysia is a country located inSoutheast Asia.There are two distinct parts tothis country beingPeninsular Malaysia to the west andEast Malaysia to the east.

Peninsular Malaysia is located south of Thailand, north ofSingapore and east of

theIndonesian island ofSumatra.East Malaysia is located on the island ofBorneo and

shares borders withBrunei andIndonesia.

The architecture was taking on the

feel of the country that each region

was settled by as neighborhoods,

especially in Malacca, arose in the

Chinese style and Indian style;certain regions, such as the northern

part of the Malay Peninsula took on

outside influences as well, such as

theThailand style, while those in the

south are similar to those inJava.

Geological

Since Malaysia has a tropical climate, building materials such as timber, rattan,

tree roots, bamboo and leaves are easily available from the tropical forests. In a

traditional Malay house, timber is used for the building structures, rattan and tree roots

are used for tieing up joints whereas bamboo and leaves are used for floors and walls.

ClimaticMalaysia is situated in the central part of the Southeast Asia, it is bordered by

longitudes 100 degrees and 120 degrees east; and by Latitudes of the Equator and 7

degrees North. The country is sunny, hot anf humid all year round with temperatures

range from 25 C to 34 C. It has an annual rainfall from 80" to 100". Due to heavy

monsoon rains, the roofs of the Malay vernacular houses are very steep. In some

places, flooding occurs after heavy rainfalls. To solve this problem, some houseshave

used timber stilts to elevate the building above the ground level. The warm climate also

effects the style of the Malay vernacular architecture. For ventilation purposes, manybuildings have large openings on the sides and grilles are provided at high level in gable

ends. Houses raised on stilts are provided with better natural ventilation.

Culture & Religion

In the Malay culture, buildings such as houses andpalaces that are highly hand-

crafted and beautifully patterned and decorated reflect the building owners high status.

For instance, the old Kenangan Palace in Kuala Kangsar, Perak which was built by a

Fig.1. Map of Malaysia.http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/malaysia_ma .htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://www.safaritheglobe.com/thailand.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://www.safaritheglobe.com/thailand.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia


4/23

Malay sultan, has mignificiently crafted walls. As Muslims, the Malays have adopted the

Islamic principles of orientation of mosques, particularly the prayer halls which have to

be designed and faced towards Mecca. In other cases, some of the traditional Malay

houses have floors at different levels, indicating the room functions. For instance, the

verandah floor is raised lower than the living room floor. This is not only indicating the

room functions but also giving a sense of spatial transition in the building.

Foreign Influence

During the colonisation periods of the Portuguese, Dutch and British, Malay

architecture was exposed to many new building technologies. For example, zinc and

clay tiles as substitutes for roofs made of leaves; brick and cement columns as

replacements for timber stilts and ladder; glass for windows which were formerly open;

and nails as alternatives for rattan and tree roots that tie joints together. These features

can be seen at the Alor Setar's Balai Besar or Audience Hall in Kedah state. Built in

1898, the building has clay tile roofs, brick and cement stairs, glass windows with brick

and timber walls. Each of these had a profound impact on the Malay vernacular

architecture. It can also, then, be observed that the process of adopting new

technologies to ancient architecture is not entirely a new idea. Malay architecture has

been modified by technological and cultural changes for centuries.

Today, the styles of the Malay vernacular achitecture have inspired many young

architects and engineers in designing Malaysia's contemporary architecture. In the past

years, many modern buildings have focused their design concepts on the Malay

vernacular architecture, particularly the Malay houses and palaces. Various roof shapes

have derived from the Malay houses such as from the states of Negeri Sembilan,

Kelantan and Terengganu.

B. INDONESIA

Geographical


5/23

Indonesia is anarchipelagicisland country in Southeast Asia,lying between theIndian

Ocean and thePacific Ocean.It is in a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from

Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean. The country's variations in culture have been shaped although

not specifically determinedby centuries of complex interactions with the physical environment.

Indonesia is an archipelagic country extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to

west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south. It encompasses an estimated 17,508

islands, only 6,000 of which are inhabited. It comprises five main islands: Sumatra, Java,

Borneo (known as "Kalimantan" in Indonesia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea; two major

archipelagos (Nusa Tenggara and theMaluku Islands); and sixty smaller archipelagoes. Four of

the islands are shared with other nations: Borneo is shared with Malaysia andBrunei,Sebatik,

located eastern coast of Kalimantan, shared with Malaysia, Timor is shared with East Timor,

and the newly divided provinces ofPapua andWest Papua share the island ofNew Guinea with

Papua New Guinea.Indonesia's total land area is 1,919,317 square kilometres (741,052 sq mi).

Latitude = 5.00 S & Longitude = 120.00 W

Geological

Sumatra, Java, Madura, and Kalimantan lie on theSunda Shelf and geographers have

conventionally grouped them, (along with Sulawesi), as the Greater Sunda Islands. At

Indonesia's eastern extremity is western New Guinea, which lies on the Sahul Shelf. Sea depths

in the Sunda and Sahul shelves average 200 metres (656 ft) or less. Borneo is the third largest

island in the world and the original vegetation was mostlyBorneo lowland rain forests although

much of this has been cleared with wildlife retreating to theBorneo montane rain forests inland.

Nusa Tenggara consists of two strings of islands stretching eastward from Bali toward

Papua. The inner arc of Nusa Tenggara is a continuation of the chain of mountains and

volcanoes extending from Sumatra through Java, Bali, and Flores, and trailing off in the volcanicBanda Islands, which along with the Kai Islands and the Tanimbar Islands and other small

islands in the Banda Sea are typical examples of the Wallacea mixture of Asian and

Australasian plant and animal life.

The Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) are geologically among the most complex of the

Indonesian islands. They are located in the northeast sector of the archipelago, bounded by the

Philippines to the north, Papua to the east, and Nusa Tenggara to the south. The largest of

these islands include Halmahera, Seram and Buru,all of which rise steeply out of very deep

seas and have unique Wallacea vegetation.

Climatic

Lying along the equator, Indonesia's climate tends to be relatively even year-round. The

country experiences two seasonsa wet season and a dry seasonwith no extremes of

summer or winter. For most of Indonesia, the wet season falls between October and April with

the dry season between May and September. Some regions, such as Kalimantan and Sumatra,

experience only slight differences in rainfall and temperature between the seasons, whereas

others, such as Nusa Tenggara, experience far more pronounced differences with droughts in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28island%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Tenggarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebatikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_%28Indonesian_province%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua_%28province%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Shelfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_lowland_rain_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_montane_rain_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanimbar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaceahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmaherahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmaherahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaceahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanimbar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_montane_rain_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_lowland_rain_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Shelfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua_%28province%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_%28Indonesian_province%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebatikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Tenggarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28island%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia


6/23

the dry season, and floods in the wet. Rainfall in Indonesia is plentiful, particularly in west

Sumatra, northwest Kalimantan, west Java, and western New Guinea. Parts of Sulawesi and

some islands closer to Australia, such as Sumba and Timor, are drier, however, these are

exceptions.

Historical, Social, Religious

Althoughreligious architecture has been widespread in Indonesia, the most significant

was developed in Java. The island's long tradition of religious syncretism extended to

architecture, which fostered uniquely Javanese styles of Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, and to a

lesser extent, Christian architecture.

A number of often large and sophisticated religious structures (known as candi in

Indonesian)were built in Java during the peak of Indonesia's great Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms

between the 8th and 14th centuries. The earliest surviving Hindu temples in Java are at the

Dieng Plateau.The Dieng structures were small and relatively plain, but architecture developed

substantially and just 100 years later the second Kingdom of Mataram built the Prambanan

complex nearYogyakarta;considered the largest and finest example of Hindu architecture in

Java. The World Heritage-listed Buddhist monument Borobudur was built by the Sailendra

Dynasty between 750 and 850 AD, but it was abandoned shortly after its completion as a result

of the decline of Buddhism and a shift of power to eastern Java. The monument contains a vast

number of intricate carvings that tell a story as one moves through to the upper levels,

metaphorically reachingenlightenment.With the decline of theMataram Kingdom,eastern Java

became the focus of religious architecture with an exuberant style reflectingShaivist,Buddhist

and Javanese influences; a fusion that was characteristic of religion throughout Java.

Although brick was used to some extent during Indonesia's classical era, it was the

Majapahit builders who mastered it, using amortar of vine sap andpalm sugar.The temples ofMajaphit have a strong geometrical quality with a sense of verticality achieved through the use

of numerous horizontal lines often with an almost art-deco sense of streamlining and proportion.

Majapahit influencess can be seen today in the enormous number ofHindu temples of varying

sizes spread throughoutBali.Although they have elements in common with global Hindu styles,

they are of a style largely unique to Bali and owe much to the Majapahit era.

By the fifteenth century, Islam had become the dominant religion in Java andSumatra,

Indonesia's two most populous islands. As with Hinduism and Buddhism before it, the new

religion, and the foreign influences that accompanied it, were absorbed and reinterpreted, with

mosques given a unique Indonesian/Javanese interpretation. At the time, Javanese mosques

took many design cues from Hindu, Buddhist, and evenChinese architectural influences

In 19th century, the sultanates of Indonesian archipelago began to adopt and absorb foreign

influences of Islamic architecture, as alternative to Javanese style already popular in the

archipelago. The Indo-Islamic and Moorish style are particularly favoured by Aceh Sultanate

andDeli Sultanate,as displayed inBanda AcehBaiturrahman Grand Mosque built in 1881, and

Medan Grand Mosque built in 1906. Particularly during the decades since Indonesian
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism#Religious_syncretismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieng_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mataramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prambananhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deli_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Acehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_Raya_Baiturrahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_Raya_Baiturrahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Acehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deli_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prambananhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mataramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieng_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism#Religious_syncretismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba


7/23

independence,mosques have tended to be built in styles more consistent with global Islamic

styles,which mirrors the trend in Indonesia towards more orthodox practice ofIslam.

C. SINGAPORE

Geographical

Singapore is comprises 1 main island and

about 50 small adjacent islands off the southern

tip of the Malay Peninsula. The main island,

Singapore Island, is separated from Malaysia on

the north by the narrow Johore Strait and is linked

by road and rail to the Malaysian city of Johor

Baharu. On the south, Singapore Island is

separated from Indonesias Riau Archipelago by

the Singapore Strait, an important shipping

channel linking the Indian Ocean to the west with

the South China Sea on the east.

Geological

Tropical hardwood plays an important role

in erecting the skeletal structure of their houses.

Medium hardwoods, like meranti, were used as

floor boards, roof rafters and door and windowframes. Soils are relatively infertile, and clays and

sand are the only mineral resources.

A timber house in Palau Ubin is an example of

vernacular architecture part of village or

kampong houses built in theMalay tradition.

Malay kampong houses were built on stilts and

raised above the ground or water depending on

location.

Climatic

Because Singapore lies just north of the equator, the wet tropical climate has no clearly

defined seasons. The average annual temperature is 27C and the average annual rainfall is

2,400 mm. Although rainfall is abundant throughout the year, November through January is the

Fig.4

A timber house in Palau Ubin en.wikipedia.com

Fig.3

Map of Singapore-www.learngeo.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image-House_on_Pulau_Ubin.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image-House_on_Pulau_Ubin.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_independence


8/23

wettest months. Due to the countrys climate emphasis of lush landscaping and sleek sun -

shading are developed.

Historical, Social and Religious

Inhabitants of the Malaysian peninsula and the island of Singapore first migrated to the

area between 2500 and 1500 B.C. British and Dutch interest in the region grew with the spice

trade as it was made a separate Crown colony of Britain in 1946, when the former colony of the

Straits Settlements was dissolved. The other two settlements on the peninsulaPenang and

Malaccabecame part of the Union of Malaya, and the small island of Labuan was transferred

to North Borneo.

Singapores principal religions are Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity. The

majority of Chinese Singaporeans follow Buddhism, although Daoism (Taoism), and more

recently Christianity, are also popular. Malay Singaporeans are predominantly Muslim, while

more than half the Indian Singaporeans profess Hinduism.

Singapores cultural and social life reflects its past colonial administration and thecountrys diverse population. Chinese, Malay, Indian, and British influences are apparent in

Singapores art, architecture, and fine arts. British colonial architecture, for example, is

represented by the Parliament House, City Hall, and the Raffles Hotel. Chinese, Hindu, and

Islamic architecture are represented in the ornate Shuang Lin Temple, the Sri Mariamman

Temple, and the Sultan Mosque, respectively. Singapores National Museum complex consists

of one museum devoted to the contemporary art of Southeast Asia, one to Asian cultures, and

III. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

A. MALAYSIA

Architecture in Malaysia is a combination of Islamic,

Chinese and European brought by European colonists.

Houses in the north are similar to those in Thailand, while

those in the south are similar to those in Java. New

materials, such as glass and nails, were brought in by

Europeans, changing the architecture. Houses are built for

tropical conditions, raised on stilts with high roofs and large

windows, allowing air to flow through the house and cool it

down. Wood has been the main building material for much of

Malaysia's history; it is used for everything from the simple

kampong(a Malay hamlet or village see fig . ) to royal

palaces. Besides wood, other common materials such as

bamboo and leaves were used.The Oral Asal of East Malaysia live in longhouses and water

villages(see fig .). Longhouses are elevated and on stilts, and can house 20 to 100 families.

Fig.5

Kamponga malaysian village-walkingbackintime.wordpress.com
http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=kampong+malaysian+village&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=RxUcfsohhOMUqM&tbnid=cfVbNQeo9AnYYM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://walkingbackintime.wordpress.com/&ei=SDkXUafwOcGhiQfk6IGICQ&bvm=bv.42080656,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNHWk7WYo6r0qkqlxd0AWlJZz6eRKw&ust=1360562881088539


9/23

Water villages are also built on stilts, with houses connected with planks and most transport by

boats.

Even before the Second World War,

European style had influenced the architecture of

Malaya, especially to the buildings style in Malacca,

Penang, Kuala Lumpur as well as Perak. The styles

were modified according to the tropical climate and

combined with architecture influence of Malay,

Classical Portuguese, Dutch, English and Chinese.

Since 15th Century, when Chinese merchants came

to the Straits Settlement of Malacca, they had

brought in Straits Eclectic styles. Besides, the British

architecture was also altered to cope with the tropical

climate and combined with the influence of Malay,

European, Portuguese and Dutch. It has created a

unique style in urban architecture, such asshophouses and terrace houses. This architecture style was very initially influential in Penang

and Singapore but later spreading to the whole of the town and cities in Malaysia.

These styles have a few variations from one region to another where large numbers of

Chinese populations have settled predominantly in Penang, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.

Within this general style, several building periods can be identified as:

1) Malacca Town Houses

Town houses designs were unique and had variety of architectural styles. Columns and

pilasters may be in Doric and Corinthian. Windows may be Venetian, Chinese or Malay imitativewith louvered by European influence, or solid shutters, by Chinese influence. In houses of that

era, the upper floors do not extend beyond the walkway and instead there is a lower secondary

roof. Though the main architecture influences to the buildings were from Chinese, the European

architecture influences, especially Dutch row houses tradition were very obvious as well.

Buildings are usually less lavish with more usage of

wood on the faade. The houses were usually only two

storeys with a variety of building heights but some of them

were only 1 storey. The unique roofs tiled with Chinese clay

tiles with the rounded gabled end, which originated from

Chinese were one of the features rare to be found in this era.These roofs do not have a secondary roof for ventilation and

only rely on internal air wells.

Fig.6

Long houses are elevated and on stilts,

and can house 20 to 100 families-isharethese.blogspot.com

Figure:7

Town houses built during

Mid-18th century and earlier; or

known as early town houses-malaysiadesignarchive.org
http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=long+houses+malaysia&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dKJVbH5-5lm46M&tbnid=jmjvDyWRmqvfXM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://isharethese.blogspot.com/2012/10/iban-longhouse-borneo-malaysia.html&ei=_DkXUcLHMaWjiAfJ9YHYAw&bvm=bv.42080656,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNFmP_mby3VPQLQJ1-FbaCwy3GW4uQ&ust=1360563033595760http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=long+houses+malaysia&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dKJVbH5-5lm46M&tbnid=jmjvDyWRmqvfXM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://isharethese.blogspot.com/2012/10/iban-longhouse-borneo-malaysia.html&ei=_DkXUcLHMaWjiAfJ9YHYAw&bvm=bv.42080656,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNFmP_mby3VPQLQJ1-FbaCwy3GW4uQ&ust=1360563033595760


10/23

2) Kuala Lumpur Shophouses

In the 1850s, many Chinese tin miners migrated from Klang to Kuala Lumpur to operate

new and larger tin mines under Sultan of Selangor. It was then the beginning of the

development of Kuala Lumpur. Though the shophouse form was developed in Malacca, Penang

and Singapore by the early 19th century, shophouses were only introduced in Kuala Lumpur

during 1884. The Kuala Lumpur shophouses styles are similar to the styles that are current in

Europe. Kuala Lumpur because of its strategic location. During this early period, all building

structures were made of wood and attap (thatch roof).

Thereafter, buildings are required to be constructed in bricks and tiles also the

introduction of a building system by instructing the original attap hut settlement to be rebuilt in

brick with tiled roofs and a five foot covered passageway along the road. A shophouse was

required to provide a walkway or veranda-way, which at least had five feet in width. Since then,

this kind of walkway was called the kaki lima or five -foot way. The main reason of creating a

1.5m wide covered passage in front of the shophouse was to enable pedestrians to walk under

cover, protected from the sun and rain, and away from vehicular traffic. Later on, they also

imposed a regulation to leave a space or lane at the back of the shophouses as a sanitary lane.

It was a space in between two rows of shophouses that faced back to back.

Figure :8

Kuala Lumpur in transition (c 1884) attap shanties in the

foreground and brick buildings behind with the wall of

jungle in the background; Source: Gullick, J. M., (2000), A History of

Kuala Lumpur 1856 -1939, Selangor: MBRAS, p. 312

Figure : 9

The first shophouses built in brick, sited

in Old Market Square,

and built by Yap Ah Loy, noticeably

lacking the ornate fronts of later

shophouses, though they are two-storey

buildings of that type.Source: Gullick, J. M., (2000), A History of Kuala Lumpur

18561939,

Selangor: MBRAS, p. 319


11/23

3) Kuala Lumpur villas

The grand villas in Malaysia were mainly built during the late 19th century and beginning

of the 20th century by wealthy Chinese businessman. After staying sometime in Europe, they

were strongly influenced by the architecture style. After returning to Malaysia, they asked their

designers to design and employed craftsman from Europe to build mansions, which look like the

ones they saw in Europe. They even imitate the Neo-Classical motifs that were popular in

Europe. The Chinese believe in fengshui and it was incorporated into the design of these

buildings and this gave them a specifically European/Asian eclecticism. The orientation of the

buildings was strictly following fengshui principles and the mansions were liberally decorated

with symbolic ornamentation that had special meanings to them. Within the Straits Eclectic

style, several architectural styles can be identified in Kuala Lumpur villas:

A. European influence - These buildings had a mixture of different style but the building

plans were mainly European-style with some Baroque influence and Palladian style

during Renaissance revivalism. The Renaissance and Palladian buildings have a special

feature, which is a symmetrical design. However, the slight curve on the portico,

ornateness of the gate and grand central stairs are of Baroque influence. The roof in

Malaysia has a steep pitch. The balustrade on the roof peak serves the purpose of

hiding skylight that provides natural lighting for the hall on the upper floor. There is also a

verandah surrounding the building on its both floors.

Bok House, which is located at

JalanAmpang, is one of the great examples

of these types of the villas. It is a more

purely European-style villa built in the early1890s in Kuala Lumpur. The symmetry of

the building, the uniquely shaped balusters,

the repetition of columns at the corners and

the extreme use of the dentils and the

brackets at the architrave showed that the

Renaissance planning was adapted to the

tropical climate.

B. Chinese/European influenceThese buildings have various styles from both Chinese

and European influences. Another example on this style is WismaLoke. The mansion is

reminiscent of a European-style villa and had a symmetrical design with a central

entrance doorway leading to an inner two-storey courtyard. The annexe, which has

ornate balcony terraces with decorative formed iron beautify the building. There are

artworks on the Dutch gable ends and on the front faade of the building. Chinese-style

ventilators and windows were used and roof-top parapets obviously rose above the roof

line. Chinese murals, Chinese figures and sculptured relief are found in the exterior and

Fig..10 Bok House (example of Kuala Lumpur villa)

bonescythe.blogspot.com
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7j0sJ_OBeFA/UKiLUeicq8I/AAAAAAAABV0/MV_irRcvq98/s1600/Bok+House+-+Jalan+Ampang.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7j0sJ_OBeFA/UKiLUeicq8I/AAAAAAAABV0/MV_irRcvq98/s1600/Bok+House+-+Jalan+Ampang.jpghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7j0sJ_OBeFA/UKiLUeicq8I/AAAAAAAABV0/MV_irRcvq98/s1600/Bok+House+-+Jalan+Ampang.jpg


12/23

interior of the mansion. Although the style is more to European style, the integration of

Chinese style makes these houses a unique Straits Eclectic structure.

B. INDONESIA

The architecture in middle Java consists of solid stone walls, corbelled arches and with

no load bearing columns, which reached its consummation with the stupa of Barabadur and the

temple complex of prambanam. It is always associated with isolated religious communities and

never with large centers of popoulation.

In the 11th century, With the shift of power to east Java ,A new

development started characterized by lessening the Indian Influence and

focus on native Indonesian tradition, reflected especially in the sculpturewhich already foreshadows the folk-art of the Javanese wayangpuppet

drama.( see fig )

Timber is abundant and varried throughout Indonesia and has

always been the material used for houses, the traditional dwelling is a long

house(see fig.. ) generally raised on stilts and often sheltering an entire

clan. It is seen at its architectural best in Menang Kabau homes of South

Central Sumatra, which are carried on carved and decorated wooden

pillars, the facades adorned with colored patterns of intertwined flowers in white , black and red,

he inwar-sloping ridge(saddle back) roof with high gables at each ornamented with buffalo

horns.

Figure :11WismaLoke stands on the site of an

earlier mansion which

was erected by a wealthy tin miner, Chow Ah

Loke in 1885

Fig.12Wayang shadow

puppet


13/23

Each of Indonesia's ethnic groups has its own distinctive form of the traditionalvernacular architecture of Indonesia. Rumahadat(see fig) are at the centre of a web of customs,

social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and religions that bind the villagers together. The

house provides the main focus for the family and its community, and is the point of departure for

many activities of its residents.Traditional Indonesian homes are not architect designed, rather

villagers build their own homes, or a community will pool their resources for a structure built

under the direction of a master builder and/or a carpenter

Traditional dwellings have developed to respond to natural environmental conditions,

particularly Indonesia's hot and wet monsoon climate. As is common throughout South East

Asia and the South West Pacific, most rumahadat are built on stilts, with the exception of Java

and Bali. Building houses off the ground on stilts serve a number of purposes: it allows breezes

to moderate the hot tropical temperatures; it elevates the dwelling above stormwater runoff and

mud; it allows houses to be built on rivers and wetland margins; it keeps people, goods and food

from dampness and moisture; lifts living quarters above malaria-carrying mosquitos; and

reduces the risk of dry rot and termites. The sharply inclined roof allows the heavy tropical rain

to quickly sheet off, and large overhanging eaves keep water out of the house and provide

shade in the heat. In hot and humid low-lying coastal regions, homes can have many windows

providing good cross-ventilation, whereas in cooler mountainous interior areas, homes often

have a vast roof and few windows.

Fig.13 Indonesian long hous

http://artasia.www2.50megs.com/Indonesia/

houses.htm

Fig.14. Rumahadat : A traditional Indonesian

dwelling -ibijehmata.wordpress.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia#Ethnic_groupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adathttp://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rumah+adat&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=VSnzsiT5xwhEaM&tbnid=I7UsCyPazo7j6M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://sibijehmata.wordpress.com/2010/10/02/kunjungan-ke-awe-geutah/&ei=4n4XUazwCMWviQfKzIHoBA&bvm=bv.42080656,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNFvBl7uFHdRG5bpb4W2SWX7iWXDZQ&ust=1360580667834139http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=rumah+adat&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=VSnzsiT5xwhEaM&tbnid=I7UsCyPazo7j6M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://sibijehmata.wordpress.com/2010/10/02/kunjungan-ke-awe-geutah/&ei=4n4XUazwCMWviQfKzIHoBA&bvm=bv.42080656,d.aGc&psig=AFQjCNFvBl7uFHdRG5bpb4W2SWX7iWXDZQ&ust=1360580667834139http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia#Ethnic_groups


14/23

IV. EXAMPLES

SINGAPORE

Marina Bay Sands

Marina Bay Sands is an Integrated Resort fronting Marina Bayin Singapore. Developed by Las Vegas Sands, it is billed as the world's

most expensive standalone casino property at S$8 billion, including

cost of the prime land.

Design

The resort is designed by Moshe Safdie, who says it was initially inspired by card decks.

In addition to the casino, other key components of the plan are three hotel towers with 2,500

rooms and suites, a 200,000-square-foot (19,000 m2) ArtScience Museum and a convention

centre 110,000 sq. m of space, capable of accommodating up to 45,000 people. The resort's

architecture and major design changes along the way were also approved by its feng shuiconsultants, the late Master Chong Swan Lek and Master Louisa Ong-Lee.

Esplanade Theatres on the Bay

EsplanadeTheatres on the Bay is a waterside building

located on six hectares of waterfront land alongside Marina Bay

near the mouth of the Singapore River, purpose-built to be the

centre for performing arts for the island nation of Singapore.

Taking its name from the nearby Esplanade, it contains a Concert

Hall which seats about 1,600 and a Theatre with a capacity of

about 2,000 for the performing arts.

The library at esplanade is located on the third floor of the building. There are outdoor

performing centres, and retail and food space at the Esplanade Mall. There is an outdoor open

space on the fourth floor of the building, which is the highest point open to the public.

Design

The building was designed by two architectural firms working

in conjunction: by DP Architects (DPA) of Singapore and the

London-based Michael Wilford & Partners (MWP), although the latter

left the project in May 1995. The original design, presented to the

public in 1994, consisted of unadorned glass cases over the

theaters, and initially elicited criticisms from the public, including

calling it "two copulating aardvarks". Critics also accused that the

design is insensitive to Singapore's location and climate as it would have created a greenhouse

in the tropical climate of Singapore, but according to DPA director Vikas Gore some form of

shading was always intended, and a cladding of aluminum sunshades was added to the final

design. The unique architectural design has been said to have an appearance similar to either a


15/23


16/23

located with Singapore's first school, Raffles Institution, at a site now occupied by the Raffles

City complex. It moved to a separate Library and Museum Building in 1887 under the name of

Raffles Library as part of the Raffles Museum, before moving to the Stamford Road premises in

1960 under the name of the National Library of Singapore.

As Singapore gained its independence in 1965, and as the country's population spread

into the suburbs, the library, in collaboration with the city's urban planners, established a

presence in the suburbs by building a library branch in most of the new towns built by the

Housing and Development Board. These branch libraries were each considered a physical

extension of the original library at Stamford Road, rather than distinct institutions in their own

right, thus the term "National Library" could be said to apply to the original institution and all its

affiliates.

Parliament House, Singapore

The Parliament House of Singapore is a public building

and cultural landmark and houses the Parliament of Singapore.

It is located in the Civic District of the Downtown Core within

Singapore's central business district (the Central Area). Within

its vicinity is Raffles Place, which lies across it from the

Singapore River, and the Supreme Court's building across the

road. The building was designed to represent a contemporary architectural expression of

stateliness and authority. The prism-shaped top, designed by the late former president Ong

Teng Cheong, was similarly a modernist take on the traditional dome.

Architecture

The new Parliament House was designed by the Public Works Department, and

comprises three new blocks (Chamber Block, Front Block and Public Block) integrated with an

existing restored building built in 1864 and which once housed the Attorney-General's

Chambers. This block was gazetted as a national monument on 14 February 1992. The building

was built not only as a venue for parliamentary debates, but also a research centre and meeting

place for the members of parliament (MPs), as well as a place of interest for students and the

general public.

Due to its setting in the richly historical area, the building's overall design

harks back to its more historical neighbors with its slate grey external

colour scheme and liberal use of accentuated columns reflective of the

colonnade design common in classical architecture.

The main entrance from North Bridge Road is preceded by a

grand ceremonial driveway flanked by palm trees, an iconic tree peculiar to the tropical region

and complemented by fountain pools. The building's grand foyer is toped by the timber atrium,

seen from the outside as the building's signature prism-shaped pinnacle.

With 100 seats and room for 20 more, the new Chamber features contemporary IT

features like an electronic voting system, an integrated congress system, IT terminals and so


17/23

on. Generous space is devoted to the Strangers' Gallery and the Press Gallery, allowing for

more members of the public to observe proceedings. In addition, a new sound-proofed

Educational Gallery was built on the top floor of the chamber allowing for staff and teachers to

verbally explain live parliamentary proceedings to students, as well as a moot parliament,

history corner, and multimedia information kiosks to provide a full educational programme, as is

the case in the Parliament House in Canberra.

Also part of the new building are a 170-seat auditorium, a library, range of meeting and IT

rooms and media facilities, a dining room, a 100-seat public cafeteria and even a gymnasium.

Carparking is available below ground, leaving much valuable space above to include lush

landscaping and a 2,770 square metre garden.

Raffles Hotel

Raffles Hotel is a colonial-style hotel in Singapore. It was

established by two Armenian brothers from PersiaMartin and

Tigran Sarkiesin 1887. In later years they were joined by younger

brothers Aviet and Arshak and kinsman Martyrose Arathoon. With

their innovative cuisine and extensive modernisations, the firm built

the hotel into Singapore's best known icon. It was named after

Stamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore, whose statue had been unveiled in 1887.

The hotel is currently managed by Fairmont Raffles Hotels International and houses a tropical

garden courtyard, museum, and Victorian-style theatre.

OCBC Centre

OCBC Centre is a 197.7 m (649 ft), 52-storey skyscraper in

Singapore. Serving as the current headquarters of OCBC Bank, the

building was completed in 1976 and was the tallest building in the country,

and South East Asia, at that time. There are two extensions, OCBC Centre

South and OCBC Centre East. There is an Executive Club on one of the

higher floors of the building. OCBC Centre East has food and beverage

outlets.

History

OCBC Centre was the result of the second Sale of Sites of the Urban Renewal

Department of the Housing and Development Board in 1968. The building was designed by I. M.

Pei & Partners (now Pei Cobb Freed & Partners) together with now defunct BEP Akitek (Pte)

Singapore and started construction in 1975. Its construction period was only two years due to a

three-tier system. The building was completed on 26 November 1976 and was Southeast Asia's

tallest building at the time. A bronze sculpture designed by Tan Teng Kee sat at the building

until 1983 when it was moved to the now defunct Bras Basah Park. A reclining figure sculpture

by Henry Moore has replaced it and a new plaza and reflecting pool were built outside the front

entrance of the building. The building has undergone several modernisations and OCBC Centre

East and South was constructed at a later date.


18/23

Architecture

It is designed to be a symbol of strength and permanence, and its structure

consists of two semi-circular reinforced concrete cores as well as three lateral

girders which helped made construction faster. The building is divided into three

sections due to the steel trusses being constructed off-site and were put into

position. Each section consists of floors that are cantilevered 6 metres from each

column, with load transfer girders spanning at each end taking up boxed sections

of the pre-stressed concrete.

Swisstel The Stamford

Swisstel The Stamford, is a luxury hotel in Singapore managed by

Swisstel Hotels & Resorts. Designed by architect I.M. Pei, Swisstel The

Stamford, at a height of 226 metres is one of Southeast Asias tallest hotels.

Located in the heart of Singapore, this hotel is part of the Raffles City

complex comprising two hotels, the Raffles City convention centre, Raffles

City shopping centre, and an office tower. Situated at 2 Stamford Road, the

hotel sits above City Hall subway station.

The 5-star hotel has 1,261 rooms and suites, 16 restaurants and

bars, Raffles City Convention Centre, and one of Asia's largest Spas.

The hotel was designed by architect I.M. Pei as The Westin Stamford Singapore, along

with its adjacent smaller sister hotel, The Westin Plaza. When completed by the South Korean

firm SsangYong Group in 1986, The Westin Stamford was the world's tallest hotel building,

rising to a height of 226 metres.

Republic Plaza

Republic Plaza is one of the three tallest skyscrapers in Singapore,

located at the Southern end of Raffles Place in the Downtown Core, the

central business district of Singapore. It shares the title of "tallest building"

with the OUB Centre and UOB Plaza One. Built at 280 metres (919 feet)

tall, it was completed in 1995, and incorporates earthquake proof features

despite the city being relatively far from earthquake zones.

Architectural Features

The tower is turned 45 degrees from the axis of the ground floor level to maintain seaviews from the upper floors.

The building has 15 double-decker vertical lifts.

The tower was designed to reflect a subtle Oriental influence.

The main lobby is four storeys high, finished in polished granite and ceramics.

The lobby is framed by concrete-filled tubular steel columns.

The exterior faade transitions from granite with strip windows to tinted wall glass,

smoothly inclining from an octagonal base to a square top.


19/23

Overseas Union Bank Centre (OUB Centre)

Overseas Union Bank Centre, is one of the three

tallest skyscrapers in the city of Singapore, sharing the

title with the UOB Plaza One and Republic Plaza. At 280

,it was the tallest building in the world outside NorthAmerica at the time of its completion in 1986, surpassing

South Korea's 63 Building completed 1 year earlier, until

it was succeeded by the Bank of China Tower. 280 m is

the maximum height permitted by the National Aviation

Authority. The building sits at the city centre of Raffles Place.

Architectural Features

The building consists of two triangular structures with a small space between them.

The steel frame allows for column-free office space.

The floor system is of reinforced concrete slab composite with a ribbed steel deck. A car park, retail areas, and a link to the MRT system can be found above and below

ground.

The tower is clad by chemically treated aluminium alloy which changes colour along with

the light it reflects.

Square and circular designs perforate the building's faade, etched by a grid pattern of

rectangles and window units.

The dramatic entrance is presented by an eight-storey high cutaway, coupled with

skylights and other lighting effects to create an airy feel

MALAYSIA

Petronas Towers

The Petronas Towers, also known as the Petronas

Twin Towers are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia. According to the CTBUH's official definition and

ranking, they were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998

to 2004 until surpassed by Taipei 101. The buildings are the

landmark of Kuala Lumpur with nearby Kuala Lumpur Tower.

Designed by Argentinian architectCsar Pelli. They

chose a distinctivepostmodern style to create a 21st century

icon forKuala Lumpur. Planning on the Petronas Towers

started on 1 January 1992 and included rigorous tests and simulations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Pelli


20/23

of wind and structural loads on the design. Seven years of construction followed, beginning on 1

March 1993 with the excavation, which involved moving 500 truckloads of earth every night to

dig down 30 metres (98 ft) below the surface.

Kuala Lumpur Tower

The Kuala Lumpur Tower is a tall tower located in Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia. Its construction was completed on 1 March

1995. It is used for communication purposes and features an

antenna that reaches 421 metres. The roof of the pod is at 335

metres. The rest of the tower below has a stairwell and an

elevator to reach the upper area, which also contains a revolving

restaurant, providing diners with a panoramic view of the city.

The official groundbreaking for the Kuala Lumpur Tower was overseen by the 4th Prime

Minister of Malaysia's Dato Seri Doktor Mahathir Bin Mohamad on 1 October 1991. Constructionof the tower was a three-phase process.

The first phase was the widening of Jalan Bukit Nanas and the excavation of soil from

the construction site. This phase was completed on 1 August 1992.

On 1 July 1992, the second phase began with the construction of the foundation and

basement of the tower. Approximately 50,000 cubic metres of concrete were continuously

poured for 31 hours, thus setting a record in the Malaysian construction industry. The foundation

work, requiring no piling, was completed on 1 April 1993.

The third phase was the construction of the 'superstructure' which began on 1 May 1994.The construction of the tower started with the erection of the tower shaft, then the tower head.

As the finishing touches to the tower head were applied, the construction of the touristic building

began. The construction was completed in record time.

Maybank Tower

Maybank Tower is a major skyscraper and landmark in Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia. Located near Puduraya on the eastern fringe of

the old Kuala Lumpur city centre, the tower is the headquarters of

Maybank, and houses the Maybank Numismatic Museum.

History

The construction of Maybank Tower commenced in 1984 on

Court Hill, over the site of a colonial era Sessions Court building, and

was completed in 1988. Before the construction of the Petronas Twin

Towers in 1995, Maybank Tower was the tallest building in Kuala

Lumpur as well as Malaysia, at 244 m, around half the height of

Petronas Twin Towers. The tower remains a prominent part of the city's skyline.


21/23

Architecture

The floor plan of the tower consists of two

square-based blocks that interlock each other at one of

their corners. Each of the two block features a roof and

lower base that slant at a direction opposite its other

block, while the midsection stands in a perpendicular

angle. The main access points of the tower are at the

two corners of the structure that feature a space formed from the combination of the structure's

two blocks, covered by tiered triangular roofs.

Sultan Abdul Samad Building

The Sultan Abdul Samad Building is located in front of

the Dataran Merdeka (Independence Square) and the Royal

Selangor Club, by Jalan Raja in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The

structure takes its name from Sultan Abdul Samad, the

reigning sultan of Selangor at the time when construction

began. The building houses the offices of the Ministry of

Information, Communications and Culture of Malaysia.

It was designed by A.C. Norman and built in 1894-1897 to house several important

government departments during the British administration. A.C. Norman spent time in Africa and

saw Muslim mosques in India which led him to use Moorish architecture in the building's

design.The 41-meter tower chimed for the first time to coincide with Queen Victorias Jubilee

Parade in 1897 and has chimed since.


22/23

Bibliography:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Bay_Sands

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Marina_Bay_Sands_in_the_evening_

-_20101120.jpg/220px-Marina_Bay_Sands_in_the_evening_-_20101120.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Thea

tres_on_the_Bay.jpg/350px-The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Esplanade_4%2C_Singapore

%2C_Dec_05.JPG/220px-The_Esplanade_4%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bay

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by

_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg/240px-Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_B

ay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpg/350px-

Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Singapore

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Old_Parliament_House%2C_Singa

pore%2C_Feb_06.JPG/300px-Old_Parliament_House%2C_Singapore%2C_Feb_06.JPG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Arts,_Singapore

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/School_of_the_Arts%2C_Singapore

.jpg/220px-School_of_the_Arts%2C_Singapore.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library,_Singapore

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Singapore_National_Library-2009-

06-12.jpg/250px-Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Singapore

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Parliament_House_Singapore.jpg/2

20px-Parliament_House_Singapore.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Hotel

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Singapore_Raffles_Hotel.jpg/250px-

Singapore_Raffles_Hotel.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Bay_Sandshttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Marina_Bay_Sands_in_the_evening_-_20101120.jpg/220px-Marina_Bay_Sands_in_the_evening_-_20101120.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Marina_Bay_Sands_in_the_evening_-_20101120.jpg/220px-Marina_Bay_Sands_in_the_evening_-_20101120.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bayhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpg/350px-The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpg/350px-The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Esplanade_4%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPG/220px-The_Esplanade_4%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Esplanade_4%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPG/220px-The_Esplanade_4%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bayhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg/240px-Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg/240px-Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg/240px-Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpg/350px-Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpg/350px-Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpg/350px-Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Singaporehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Old_Parliament_House%2C_Singapore%2C_Feb_06.JPG/300px-Old_Parliament_House%2C_Singapore%2C_Feb_06.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Old_Parliament_House%2C_Singapore%2C_Feb_06.JPG/300px-Old_Parliament_House%2C_Singapore%2C_Feb_06.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Arts,_Singaporehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/School_of_the_Arts%2C_Singapore.jpg/220px-School_of_the_Arts%2C_Singapore.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/School_of_the_Arts%2C_Singapore.jpg/220px-School_of_the_Arts%2C_Singapore.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library,_Singaporehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpg/250px-Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpg/250px-Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Singaporehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Parliament_House_Singapore.jpg/220px-Parliament_House_Singapore.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Parliament_House_Singapore.jpg/220px-Parliament_House_Singapore.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Hotelhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Singapore_Raffles_Hotel.jpg/250px-Singapore_Raffles_Hotel.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Singapore_Raffles_Hotel.jpg/250px-Singapore_Raffles_Hotel.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Singapore_Raffles_Hotel.jpg/250px-Singapore_Raffles_Hotel.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Singapore_Raffles_Hotel.jpg/250px-Singapore_Raffles_Hotel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_Hotelhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Parliament_House_Singapore.jpg/220px-Parliament_House_Singapore.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Parliament_House_Singapore.jpg/220px-Parliament_House_Singapore.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Singaporehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpg/250px-Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpg/250px-Singapore_National_Library-2009-06-12.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library,_Singaporehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/School_of_the_Arts%2C_Singapore.jpg/220px-School_of_the_Arts%2C_Singapore.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/School_of_the_Arts%2C_Singapore.jpg/220px-School_of_the_Arts%2C_Singapore.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Arts,_Singaporehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Old_Parliament_House%2C_Singapore%2C_Feb_06.JPG/300px-Old_Parliament_House%2C_Singapore%2C_Feb_06.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Old_Parliament_House%2C_Singapore%2C_Feb_06.JPG/300px-Old_Parliament_House%2C_Singapore%2C_Feb_06.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Singaporehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpg/350px-Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpg/350px-Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpg/350px-Dawn_view_of_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20111113-03.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg/240px-Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg/240px-Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpg/240px-Supertree_Grove%2C_Gardens_by_the_Bay%2C_Singapore_-_20120712-02.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_by_the_Bayhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Esplanade_4%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPG/220px-The_Esplanade_4%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Esplanade_4%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPG/220px-The_Esplanade_4%2C_Singapore%2C_Dec_05.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpg/350px-The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpg/350px-The_Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bay.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplanade_%E2%80%93_Theatres_on_the_Bayhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Marina_Bay_Sands_in_the_evening_-_20101120.jpg/220px-Marina_Bay_Sands_in_the_evening_-_20101120.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Marina_Bay_Sands_in_the_evening_-_20101120.jpg/220px-Marina_Bay_Sands_in_the_evening_-_20101120.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Bay_Sands


23/23

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCBC_Centre

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/OCBC_Centre.JPG/250px-

OCBC_Centre.JPG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%C3%B4tel_The_Stamford

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Swissotel_The_Stamford.JPG/250p

x-Swissotel_The_Stamford.JPG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Plaza,_Singapore

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Republic_Plaza.jpg/250px-

Republic_Plaza.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OUB_Centre

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/OUB_Centre.JPG/220px-

OUB_Centre.JPG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Towers

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Petronas_Panorama_II.jpg/220px-

Petronas_Panorama_II.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Tower

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Menara_By_Night_2012.JPG/220px

-Menara_By_Night_2012.JPG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybank_Tower_(Kuala_Lumpur)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maybank_Tower_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg

/250px-Maybank_Tower_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Samad_Building

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kuala_Lumpur_Sultan_Abdul_Buildi

ng.jpg/325px-Kuala_Lumpur_Sultan_Abdul_Building.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCBC_Centrehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/OCBC_Centre.JPG/250px-OCBC_Centre.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/OCBC_Centre.JPG/250px-OCBC_Centre.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%C3%B4tel_The_Stamfordhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Swissotel_The_Stamford.JPG/250px-Swissotel_The_Stamford.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Swissotel_The_Stamford.JPG/250px-Swissotel_The_Stamford.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Plaza,_Singaporehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Republic_Plaza.jpg/250px-Republic_Plaza.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Republic_Plaza.jpg/250px-Republic_Plaza.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OUB_Centrehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/OUB_Centre.JPG/220px-OUB_Centre.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/OUB_Centre.JPG/220px-OUB_Centre.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Towershttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Petronas_Panorama_II.jpg/220px-Petronas_Panorama_II.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Petronas_Panorama_II.jpg/220px-Petronas_Panorama_II.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Towerhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Menara_By_Night_2012.JPG/220px-Menara_By_Night_2012.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Menara_By_Night_2012.JPG/220px-Menara_By_Night_2012.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybank_Tower_(Kuala_Lumpur)http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maybank_Tower_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg/250px-Maybank_Tower_Kuala_Lumpur.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maybank_Tower_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg/250px-Maybank_Tower_Kuala_Lumpur.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Samad_Buildinghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kuala_Lumpur_Sultan_Abdul_Building.jpg/325px-Kuala_Lumpur_Sultan_Abdul_Building.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kuala_Lumpur_Sultan_Abdul_Building.jpg/325px-Kuala_Lumpur_Sultan_Abdul_Building.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kuala_Lumpur_Sultan_Abdul_Building.jpg/325px-Kuala_Lumpur_Sultan_Abdul_Building.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kuala_Lumpur_Sultan_Abdul_Building.jpg/325px-Kuala_Lumpur_Sultan_Abdul_Building.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Samad_Buildinghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maybank_Tower_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg/250px-Maybank_Tower_Kuala_Lumpur.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Maybank_Tower_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg/250px-Maybank_Tower_Kuala_Lumpur.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybank_Tower_(Kuala_Lumpur)http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Menara_By_Night_2012.JPG/220px-Menara_By_Night_2012.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Menara_By_Night_2012.JPG/220px-Menara_By_Night_2012.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Towerhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Petronas_Panorama_II.jpg/220px-Petronas_Panorama_II.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Petronas_Panorama_II.jpg/220px-Petronas_Panorama_II.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Towershttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/OUB_Centre.JPG/220px-OUB_Centre.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/OUB_Centre.JPG/220px-OUB_Centre.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OUB_Centrehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Republic_Plaza.jpg/250px-Republic_Plaza.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Republic_Plaza.jpg/250px-Republic_Plaza.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Plaza,_Singaporehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Swissotel_The_Stamford.JPG/250px-Swissotel_The_Stamford.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Swissotel_The_Stamford.JPG/250px-Swissotel_The_Stamford.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%C3%B4tel_The_Stamfordhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/OCBC_Centre.JPG/250px-OCBC_Centre.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/OCBC_Centre.JPG/250px-OCBC_Centre.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCBC_Centre

written report malaysian architecture

Documents