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1. ARCHITECTURAL INFLUENCES

1.1Geographical

Norway and Sweden lie to the west and east of a great ridge which divides the peninsula, its coastline broken by countless rivers and fjord. Southern Sweden, Finland, and Denmark are flat and low-lying, with numerous watercourses and lakes.

1.2Geological

Sweden has very important deposits of iron and copper, both more significant to the economic well-being than to its building crafts. The country also has granite, marble and, in the south, suitable clay for bricks. The Danish earth-crust, like that of Skåne and north Germany, is predominantly boulder clay, and is not surprising that all these regions brick is the principal building material. Norway, Sweden, and Finland have vast tracks of forest, and wood is the basis of vernacular architecture in the three countries.

1.3Climatic

Due to the proximity of the sea throughout Scandinavia, and to the influence of the Gulf Stream and the effects of the prevailing west and south-west winds, the climate almost everywhere is less harsh than in countries further east of similar latitude, although the winters are habitually long and severe.

The wide availability of timber, with its effective insulation and weather-resistant properties, and the early development of ingenious wood-construction techniques counteracted to some extent the rigours of domestic life in the protracted cold season

1.4Political/Historical/Social/ Religious

Scandinavian history in the renaissance period is dominated by the kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden. Through the union of Kalmar (1397) the three Nordic kingdoms (Denmark, Sweden, and Norway) were united under Danish supremacy. In Denmark, Copenhagen was established as the capital in 1416; the accession of Christian I in 1448 marked the foundation of the Oldenburg dynasty, which still continues on the throne today. Danish history of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is punctuated by wars with Sweden (1513-23, 1563-70, 1623-15, 1643-5, 1675-1720). The turbulence of the period, which included the reformation and war with Germany (1625-9), did not prevent the initiation of large public works programmers under Christian IV (1588-1648), and they were renewed in the more peaceful years from 1720-1801. Between 1801 and 1814 Denmark was involved in the Napoleonic Wars against England, after which Norway was ceded to Sweden.

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Sweden broke away from Danish dominance under Gustavus Vas (1523-60), who established a hereditary monarchy and introduced Protestantism to Sweden (1527). The increasing power of the Crown in the seventeenth century coincided with a period during which grandiose buildings were constructed, particularly in Stockholm. Throughout the period, and especially during the reign of Queen Christina (1632-54), Sweden became a European power of some importance. However, wars at the end of the century against both Denmark and Russia caused Swedish prestige and the influence of the monarchy to be reduced at home. After the congress of Vienna (1814) Sweden gained Norway, but lost Finland, which had been a Swedish province since the fourteenth century. It had been repeatedly devastated in the eighteenth century during the wars between Sweden and Russia, and in 1809 was incorporated into the Russian empire as semi-autonomous Grand duchy. Such wealth as Norway and Finland had wad based on the supply of raw materials, especially iron and timber.

Gradually country houses replaced the castle-like dwellings which were favoured expression of wealth and authority among the Danish and Swedish nobility and royalty. Many country houses were built in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, often on forested estates, constructed of wood.

The cityscapes of Copenhagen and Stockholm reflect the increasing centralization of court life in the seventeenth century, and the rivalry between the two capitals. Copenhagen was modernized under Christian IV, while Stockholm took on much of its present-day character later in the seventeenth century.

The Lutheran reformation of Scandinavia greatly affected church designs in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Here, as with much domestic building, Scandinavia was inspired by Protestant Holland. Emblematic steeples remained characteristic features of Scandinavian religious (and secular) buildings, while centralised plans were often favoured for churches.

During the eighteenth century the two capitals were gradually eclipsed by the new S. Petersburg. Copenhagen, which had been ravaged by fire in 1721, embarked on a phase of urban renewal inspired by early neo-Classism in Paris. After 1800, the architects of the Finnish capital, Helsinki, looked to S. Petersburg and to Napoleonic Paris for inspiration, while Oslo (then called Christiania and by that time Swedish) turned for inspiration to Schickel’s Berlin.

Scandinavia has rich history of urban planning: an early example of a new town is Kristianstaad (Denmark), designed on a grid layout under Christian IV; Oslo (1624) and Stockholm (c. 1625) also have extensive gridded street plans.

Further major fires in Copenhagen (1794 and 1795) necessitated the rebuilding of large parts of the city, which, as a result, has an astonishingly unifies neo-Classical character. Many public buildings were rebuilt and reflect the enlightened Danish attitude to reform.

The capital of Finland was moved from Turku, the centre of the Swedish-speaking intelligentsia, to the fishing village of Helsinki in 1812. Like his colleague C.H. Grosch in Christiana

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(later Oslo), C.L. Engel in Helsinki was given commissions for a wide range of building types needed to serve government administrative centre.

2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

2.1Renaissance Architectural Character

a. Plan- In renaissance Architecture the plan focused on proportions. Their structures usually

have square and symmetrical plans.

b. Façade- It also shows symmetry especially in verticals. In domestic buildings, the façade usually

surmounted by cornice. The window openings in each floor are repeated and parallel to each other. The door is usually placed at the center.

- In churches the façade is surmounted by pediments. They also put pilasters, entablatures and arches. All architectural designs is organized and placed in order to gain a visual proportion and symmetry.

c. Arches- It was supported by piers or columns with capital. The arches in renaissance period are

semi-circular or segmental. Arches are often used in arcades.d. Column and Pilasters

- Renaissance was defined as the revival of classical styles. They still used the Roman orders of columns, Doric, Ionic Corinthian, Tuscan and Composite. These orders can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave or as decorative purpose in form of pilasters.

e. Vaults- The vaults in renaissance are semi-circular or segmental. In gothic they have ribbed

vaults, but in renaissance vaults do not have rib. Domes were also used frequently that may be as large structural features or as roofing for small spaces.

f. Ceilings- Ceilings were just simply flat but they also used coffred ceilings.

g. Doors- Doors usually set within an arch. Its upper portion is surmounted by a triangular or

segmental pediment. Some doors have square lintels.h. Windows

- Windows is similar on the style of the doors. It also set with a semi-circular arch (in mannerist period the Palladian arch was used also). It also may contain square lintels and triangular or segmental pediment. Windows were put in repeated orders, parallel to each other at each floor.

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3. DENMARK

3.1Renaissance Architecture in Denmark

Renaissance architecture thrived during the reigns of Frederick II and especially Christian IV. Inspired by the French castles of the times, Flemish architects designed masterpieces such as Kronborg Castle in Helsingør and Frederiksborg Palace in Hillerød. In Copenhagen, Rosenborg Castle (1606–1624) and Børsen or the former stock exchange (1640) are perhaps the city's most remarkable Renaissance buildings.

During the reign of Frederick II, Kronborg Castle was designed by two Flemish architects, Hans Hendrik van Paesschen who started the work in 1574 andAnthonis van Obbergen who finished it in 1585. Modelled on a three-winged French castle, it was finally completed as a full four-winged building. The castle burnt down in 1629 but, under orders from Christian IV, was quickly rebuilt under the leadership of Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger, son of the famous Flemish artist. It is widely recognized as one of Europe's most outstanding Renaissance castles and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Frederiksborg Palace (1602–1620) in Hillerød is the largest Renaissance palace in Scandinavia. Christian IV had most of Frederick II's original building pulled down in order to have van Steenwinckel complete a three-winged French-styled castle with a low terrace wing around a courtyard. The architectural expression and the decorative finish clearly reflect Dutch Renaissance preferences as evidenced by the ornamental portals and windows and especially in sweeping Italianate gables.

Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen, also built by Christian IV, is another example of the Dutch Renaissance style. In 1606, the king first had a two-storey summerhouse built on a site he used as a park for relaxation. He then decided to start work on a much more ambitious building, the castle, which developed in stages until a Dutch Renaissance masterpiece was completed in 1624. Predating the castle, the Renaissance-style park, is Denmark's oldest royal garden.

Sponsored by Christian IV, Børsen, one of the first commodity exchanges in Europe, was built from 1618 to 1624. It was designed to emphasize Copenhagen's position as a commercial metropolis. Although inspired by the Dutch Renaissance style, the distinctive towers and garrets on the roof reflect the taste of Christian IV. The characteristic spire of the building with four intertwinded dragon tails topped by three crowns, symbolises the then Kingdom of Denmark, which included Norway and Sweden.

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In 1614, Christian IV began work on the construction of the then Danish Kristianstad in Scania, now in the south of Sweden, completing many of its buildings in the Renaissance style. Particularly impressive is the Church of the Trinity (1618–1628) designed by Flemish-Danish architect Lorenz van Steenwinckel. It is said to be Scandinavia's finest example of a Renaissance church.

Christian IV also initiated a number of projects in Norway that were largely based on Renaissance architecture He established mining operations inKongsberg and Røros, now a World Heritage Site. After a devastating fire in 1624, the town of Oslo was moved to a new location and rebuilt as a fortified city with an orthogonal layout surrounded by ramparts, and renamed Christiania. King Christian also founded the trading city of Kristiansand, once again naming it after himself.

While stone buildings became more and more common as town houses, farms continued to be half-timbered, sometimes in conjunction with a single stone house. Ordinary people continued to live in half-timbered houses.

Holbæk in northwestern Sealand began to develop towards the end of the Middle Ages. Prosperity peaked in the 17th century as corn grown locally was traded with Germany and the Netherlands. The half-timbered houses which now form the museum date back to that period, providing an insight into how the town functioned at the time.

Danish country vicarages from this period tended to be built in the same style as farmhouses, though usually rather larger. A fine example is Kølstrup Vicarage near Kerteminde in north-eastern Funen. The house itself is a thatched half-timbered building with a large rectangular courtyard flanked by outhouses.

3.2Notable examples

a. FREDERIKSBORG PALACE - Frederiksborg Palace is a palace in Hillerød, Denmark. It was built as a royal residence for King Christian IV and is now a museum of national history. The current edifice replaced a previous castle erected by Frederick II and is the largest Renaissance palace in Scandinavia. The palace is located on three small islands in the middle of Palace Lake (Slotsøen) and is adjoined by a large formal garden in the Baroque style. During the reign of Frederick II, Kronborg Castle was designed by two Flemish architects, Hans Hendrik van Paesschen who started the work in 1574 and Anthonis van Obbergen who finished it in 1585. Modelled on a three-winged French castle, it was finally completed as a full four-winged building. The castle burnt down in 1629 but, under orders from Christian IV, was quickly rebuilt under the leadership of Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger, son of the

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famous Flemish artist. It is widely recognized as one of Europe's most outstanding Renaissance castles and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

- Frederiksborg Palace (1602–1620) in Hillerød is the largest Renaissance palace in Scandinavia. Christian IV had most of Frederick II's original building pulled down in order to have van Steenwinckel complete a three-winged French-styled castle with a low terrace wing around a courtyard. The architectural expression and the decorative finish clearly reflect Dutch Renaissance preferences as evidenced by the ornamental portals and windows and especially in sweeping Italianate gables.

b. ROSENBORG CASTLE - Rosenborg Castle is a renaissance castle located in the centre of Copenhagen, Denmark. The castle was originally built as a country summerhouse in 1606 and is an example of Christian IV's many architectural projects. It was built in the Dutch Renaissance style, typical of Danish buildings during this period, and has been expanded several times, finally evolving into its present condition by the year 1624. ArchitectsBertel Lange and Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger are associated with the structural planning of the castle. In 1606, the king first had a two-storey summerhouse built on a site he used as a park for relaxation. He then decided to start work on a much more ambitious building, the castle, which developed in stages until a Dutch Renaissance masterpiece was completed in 1624. Predating the castle, the Renaissance-style park, is Denmark's oldest royal garden.

c. KRONBORG - Kronborg is a castle and star fortress in the town of Helsingør, Denmark. Immortalized as Elsinore in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, Kronborg is one of the most important Renaissance castles in Northern Europe and was added to UNESCO's World Heritage Sites list on November 30, 2000.

- The castle is situated on the extreme northeastern tip of the island of Zealand at the narrowest point of the Øresund, the sound between Denmark andSweden. In this part, the sound is only 4 km wide, hence the strategic importance of maintaining a sea fortress at this location commanding one of the few outlets of the Baltic Sea.

- The castle's story dates back to a stronghold, Krogen, built by King Eric VII in the 1420s. Along with the fortress Kärnan, Helsingborg on the opposite coast of Øresund, it controlled the entranceway to the Baltic Sea. From 1574 to 1585 King Frederick II had the medieval fortress radically transformed into a magnificent Renaissance castle. The main architects were the Flemings Hans Hendrik van Paesschen and Anthonis van Obbergen, whereas the sculptural work was coordinated by Gert van Groningen. In 1629 a fire destroyed much of the castle, but King Christian IV subsequently had it rebuilt. In 1658 Kronborg was besieged

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and captured by the Swedes who took many of its valuable art treasures as war booty. In 1785 the castle ceased to be a royal residence and was converted into barracks for the army. The army left the castle in 1923, and after a thorough renovation it was opened to the public.

d. GAMLE HOUSE - While stone buildings became more and more common as town houses, farms continued to be half-timbered, sometimes in conjunction with a single stone house. Ordinary people continued to live in half-timbered houses.

- Holbæk in northwestern Sealand began to develop towards the end of the Middle Ages. Prosperity peaked in the 17th century as corn grown locally was traded with Germany and the Netherlands. The half-timbered houses which now form the museum date back to that period, providing an insight into how the town functioned at the time.

- Danish country vicarages from this period tended to be built in the same style as farmhouses, though usually rather larger. A fine example is Kølstrup Vicarage near Kerteminde in north-eastern Funen. The house itself is a thatched half-timbered building with a large rectangular courtyard flanked by outhouses.

e. TRINITY CHURCH - Designed by the Flemish-Danish architect, Lorenz van Steenwinckel, the grandiose building is widely considered by many to be Scandinavia's finest Renaissance church. Its extensive nave is able to accommodate congregations of up to 1,400. Like many Danish churches of the times, it is built of red brick. But this church is decorated with many sandstone statues and ornaments, including several monograms of Christian IV, testifying to his involvement.

- The well-preserved interior is decked with star-shaped cross vaults, supported by pillars of granite. Trinity Church has been little altered since it was built. The main addition is its 59-meter-tall tower constructed in 1865. The church is pleasantly and abundantly illuminated thanks to its 26 tall windows.

- The entrance through the western tower opens into a six-bay nave, with wide aisles, terminating in a projecting eastern sanctuary. The vaults are covered with a cross-gabled roof, with large ornamented gables on the north and south sides.

4. SWEDEN

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4.1Renaissance Architecture in Sweden

The union of Kalmar, which endured for more than a century, was characterized by constant dissension and wars between Danes and Swedes. In 1520, King Christian II of Denmark and Norway invaded Sweden to enforce his authority after a spirit of revolt had evinced itself. Having being crowned, however, he had hundreds of his opponents executed. The mass murders aroused a rebellion in 1521, led by Gustav Vasa, who became administrator after the successful rebellion and in 1523, king as Gustav I. Denmark, however, retained possession of the southern part of the peninsula. Under Gustav, Sweden became hereditary monarchy in which the power of nobles was circumscribed and that of the clergy subordinated to the state.

4.2Notable examples

a) PALACE THEATRE IN GRIPSHOLM-is a castle in Mariefred, Södermanland, in Sweden and is regarded as one of Sweden's finest historical monuments. A fortress was built at the location around 1380 by Bo Jonsson Grip, and belonged to his family until the confiscation of mansions and castles by King Gustav I in 1526. The King tore it down, and built a fortified castle with circular corner towers and a wall, for defensive purposes. Of the original medieval fortress, only the façade of a wall remains.

- After the Napoleonic Wars and the loss of Finland, national building activity was concentrated within the military sector. The Karlsborg Fortress and the Göta Canal, employing 60,000 men in a 23-year period, were the largest Swedish building projects of all time.

- During the 16th century Sweden enter a period of expansion. The Revalditrict of Estonia put itself voluntarily under Swedish protection in 1561, and as a result of the Livonia War of 1557 to 1582, Sweden acquired all of Estonia from Poland, including the district of Narva. Gradually the kingdom became a power in Baltic Area, and its expansionists policies were furthered by Gustav II Adolph, considered the greates Swedish King, who succeeded to the throne in 1611. The king died in 1632, but his policies were continued and brilliantly fulfilled by his chancellor, Count Axel Oxenstierna, who directed the Swedish government during the minority of the monarch’s eccentric daughter Christina.

- After the Rise of Sweden as a Great Power in the 17th century, the aristocracy began to build again. At the same time, the notion of the architect was established and the profession developed. Numerous city palaces and Landschlösser were built following Western European and above all, french models. Additionally, the building

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of churches was resumed.

b) KATARINA CHURCH- is one of the major churches in central Stockholm, Sweden. The original building was constructed 1656–1695. It has been rebuilt twice after being destroyed by fires, the second time during the 1990s. The Katarina-Sofia borough is named after the parish and the neighboring parish of Sofia.

c) STOCKHOLM PALACE- the official residence and major royal palace of the Swedish Monarch (the actual residence of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia is at Drottningholm Palace).

The palace is built of brick, with midsections of the west, south, and east façades covered by sandstone.

The roof slopes slightly inwards.

The roof is covered with copper and is surrounded by a stone balustrade which is stretched around the entire main building.

- The 17th century also saw the founding of a number of cities. They were set out with a regular Grid plan street pattern with central squares. The exceptions to this are the Danish Skåne and in Gothenburg, which were laid out to Dutch models in 1619 and include canals. The designs are still recognizable today, even where the original timber buildings have now perished.

5. NORWAY

5.1Renaissance Architecture in Norway

After the Black Death, monumental construction in Norway came to a standstill, except for vernacular building, only to be resumed in the 16th and 17th centuries under Danish administration. There are few examples of Renaissance architecture in Norway, the most prominent being the Rosenkrantz Tower in Bergen, Barony Rosendal in Hardanger, and the contemporary Austråt manor near Trondheim, and parts of Akershus Fortress.

Christian IV undertook a number of projects in Norway that were largely based on Renaissance architecture. He established mining operations in Kongsberg and Røros, now a World Heritage Site. After a devastating fire in 1624, the town of Oslo was moved to a new location and rebuilt as a fortified city with an orthogonal layout surrounded by ramparts, and

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renamed Christiania. King Christian also founded the trading city of Kristiansand, naming it after himself.

5.2Notable examples

a. BARONY ROSENDAL- (Baroniet Rosendal) is a historic estate and manor situated in Kvinnherad in Hordaland county, Norway.

- The history of Rosendal dates back to the 1650s, when the nobleman Ludvig Holgersen Rosenkrantz (1628-1685) came to Bergen as commissioner of war for the Danish king, Fredrik III. At a ball at the fortress of Bergenhus he met Karen Axelsdatter Mowatt (1630-1675), sole heiress to the largest fortune of the country at the time. Her father was a great land-owner and had more than 550 farms all over the western part of Norway. They married in 1658, and were given the farm of Hatteberg in Rosendal as a wedding present.

- In 1661, Ludwig Rosenkrantz started building his own manor in Rosendal. He completed this in 1665. In 1678 King Christian V of Denmark gave the estate the status of barony - the only one of its kind in Norway. Around 1850, an expansive renaissance garden was laid out around the manor.

- The families of Rosendal were important people in the cultural life of Norway. Authors Henrik Ibsen, Jonas Lie and Alexander Kielland and painters Hans Gude and Anders Askevold visited Rosendal often. Musicians like Edvard Grieg and Ole Bull were guests here. Often there were concerts in Rosendal, a tradition which is still kept alive.

b. ROSENKRANTZ TOWER- The Rosenkrantz Tower (Norwegian: Rosenkrantztårnet) is one of the most prominent buildings of Bergenhus fortress. The tower derives its name from governor Erik Rosenkrantz (1519-1575). It was during his administration (1559–1568) that the tower received its present shape and structure. The oldest part of the building, however, is made up of a medieval tower, known as the "Keep by the Sea", built by King Magnus the Lawmender in the 1270s as part of the royal castle in Bergen.

- The keep was slightly modified c. 1520, then extensively modified and expanded in the 1560s by Scottish stonemasons and architects in the service of Erik Rosenkrantz to attain its present form. Rosenkrantz' building contained dungeons on the ground floor, residential rooms for the governor higher up, and positions for cannons on the top floor. In the 1740s, the tower was converted to a magazine for gunpowder, a

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function it served until the 1930s. The whole building has been open to the general public since 1966. Today, the tower serves primarily as a tourist attraction.

c. AUSTRÅTT- Austrått or Austrått Manor (in Norwegian: Austråttborgen) is a manor in Ørland municipality, Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. Since the 10th century Austrått has been the residence for many noblemen, noblewomen and officials who played a significant role in Norwegian history. In historical records Austrått can also be found written as Østråt, Østeraat, Østeraad, Austaat and Austråt.

- The layout of the manor as it stands today is attributed to chancellor Ove Bjelke, for whom construction was completed around 1656. The manor house burned in 1916. Restoration was begun in the 1920s and completed in 1961. The manor house was previously part of a larger property, but the land is now independent from the manor house. The Norwegian state owns the manor house, which is administered by Nordenfjeldske Kunstindustrimuseumin Trondheim. The manor is open for public tours from June until August.

- The name Austrått is thought to derive from the old Norse terms for eastern (austr) and direction or (átt), which could be interpreted as eastbound, or possibly the eastern property.

- Skjegge Asbjørnson (also known as Jernskjegge meaning Iron Beard) is the first person whose name is coupled with Austrått, though only after his death. According to the Heimskringla Saga of Olav Tryggvason, Skjegge Asbjørnson from Uphaug in Yrjar (i.e. Opphaug in Ørland) was one of the opponents during King Olav Tryggvason’s efforts to convert Mid-Norway. Skjegge spoke against him at the Frostating in 997, and King Olav’s men killed Skjegge. Snorri Sturluson relates that Skjegge was buried in Skjegghaugen at Austrått (haugen from the Old Norse haugr meaning hill or mound), though this burial mound has never been identified.

- Austrått is one of the oldest residences for Norwegian chieftain & officials. In the 11th century the feudal lord (lendmann) Finn Arnesson resided there. He was married to Harald Hardråde’s niece Bergljot Halvdansdottir and so was related by marriage to two Norwegian Kings: Saint Olaf, and Harald Hardråde. His brother Kalf was killed in battle against Harald Hardråde at Funen and Finn became enemies with Harald. He then left Austrått to serve Sweyn Estridsson, who appointed him as jarl ruling Halland.

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- After Finn, Austrått is not mentioned in the historical sources for 80 years. It is likely that, consistent with the practice of the time, the land was property of the crown. In 1130 Kåre Saksesson (also called Kåre kongsbror – literally the king’s brother Kåre), is recorded as lord of Austrått. He was succeeded at Austrått by his son Sigurd Kåresson and his grandson Jon Sigurdsson. During this period the Austrått borgkapell (chapel) which still exists was constructed, most probably by Jon. Jon’s daughter Baugeid then came into possession of Austrått. She married Åsulv Eiriksson, who was responsible for the death of Duke Skule Bårdsson.

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Fletcher, B. (1896) Sir Banister Fletcher’s: A History of Architecture 20th edition. (D. Cruickshank, Ed.) Architectural press

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Scandinavian_art_and_architecture.aspx

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture#Characteristics_of_Renaissance_architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Denmark

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenborg_Castle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Denmark

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenborg_Castle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Denmark

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Church,_Kristianstad

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronborg

Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia (Volume 25)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripsholm_Castle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Sweden#Renaissance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina_Church

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Palace

http://www.destination-stockholm.com/sights/palace.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A5tt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_Rosendal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergenhus_Fortress

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Norway