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Wr frqvwuxfw Idpd0Iuhqfk vw|ohg idfwruv/ zh irup sruwirolrv edvhg rq pdunhw fdslwdol}d0wlrqv dqg errn0wr0pdunhw udwlrv1 Sruwirolrv duh fuhdwhg xvlqj wkh xqlyhuvh ri qrq0�qdqfldoQ\VH olvwhg �upv zlwk qrq0plvvlqj vl}h dqg errn0wr0pdunhw txdvl01 Zh xvh wkh dqqxdoFrpsxvwdw �ohv wr fdofxodwh vl}h +V, dqg errn0wr0pdunhw +EP, dv GDWD4<<�GDWD58 dqgGDWD5492+GDWD45 . GDWD43, uhvshfwlyho|1 EP ydoxhv juhdwhu wkdq 433 duh vhw wr 4331Zh wkhq frqyhuw wklv dqqxdo gdwdvhw wr d prqwko| iuhtxhqf| edvhg rq wkh �vfdo |hdu hqgprqwk iru hdfk �up1 Iru h{dpsoh/ d �up zlwk Mxqh dv lwv �vfdo |hdu hqg lv frxqwhg dvkdylqj lwv 4<<8 dqqxdo V dqg EP ydoxhv iurp Mxqh 4<<8 xqwlo Pd| 4<<91 Ilupv duh wkhqjurxshg hdfk prqwk lqwr V dqg EP fodvvhv1 Wr hqvxuh wkdw sruwirolr irupdwlrq lv edvhgrq lqirupdwlrq dydlodeoh lq wkh fxuuhqw prqwk/ zh irup fodvvhv edvhg rq V dqg EP ydoxhviurp wkh sulru prqwk1

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Dfhprjox/ Gdurq/ dqg Dqguhz Qhzpdq1 _Wkh Oderu Pdunhw dqg Frusrudwh Vwuxfwxuh1%Plphrjudsk/ PLW/ 4<<:1

Djjduzdo/ Udmhvk/ dqg Dqguhz D1 Vdpzlfn1 _H{hfxwlyh Frpshqvdwlrq/ Vwudwhjlf Frp0shwlwlrq/ dqg Uhodwlyh Hydoxdwlrq= Wkhru| dqg Hylghqfh1% Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh 77+Ghfhpehu 4<<<,1

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Dqwoh/ Ulfn/ dqg Deelh Vplwk1 _Dq Hpslulfdo Lqyhvwljdwlrq ri wkh Uhodwlyh ShuirupdqfhHydoxdwlrq ri Frusrudwh H{hfxwlyhv1% Mrxuqdo ri Dffrxqwlqj Uhvhdufk 57 +4<;9,=406<1

Ednhu/ Jhrujh S1/ dqg Euldq M1 Kdoo1 _FHR Lqfhqwlyhv dqg Ilup Vl}h1% Zrunlqj SdshuQr1 9;9;/ Qdwlrqdo Exuhdx ri Hfrqrplf Uhvhdufk/ Ghfhpehu 4<<;1

Ednhu/ Jhrujh/ Plfkdho F1 Mhqvhq/ dqg Nhylq M1 Pxusk|1 _Frpshqvdwlrq dqg Lqfhqwlyhv=Sudfwlfh yhuvxv Wkhru|1% Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh 76 +Vhswhpehu 4<;;,= 8<609491

Ednhu/ Pdofrop dqg Sdxo D1 Jrpshuv1 _Dq Dqdo|vlv ri H{hfxwlyh Frpshqvdwlrq/ Rzqhu0vkls/ dqg Frqwuro lq Forvho| Khog Ilupv1% Zrunlqj Sdshu/ Kduydug Exvlqhvv Vfkrro/Pdufk 4<<<1

Eduur/ Mdvrq/ dqg Urehuw M1 Eduur1 _Sd|/ Shuirupdqfh/ dqg Wxuqryhu ri Edqn FHRv1%Mrxuqdo ri Oderu Hfrqrplfv ; +Rfwrehu 4<<3,= 77;07;41

Ehuoh/ Dgrosk D1/ dqg Jduglqhu F1 Phdqv1 Wkh Prghuq Frusrudwlrq dqg Sulydwh Surshuw|1Qhz \run/ 4<651

Ehuwudqg/ Pduldqqh/ dqg Vhqgklo Pxoodlqdwkdq1 _Duh FHRv Uhzdughg iru OxfnB D Whvwri Shuirupdqfh Ilowhulqj1% Plphrjudsk/ Sulqfhwrq Xqlyhuvlw|/ Pdufk 4<<<1

Eodqfk�rzhu/ Gdylg J1/ Dqguhz M1 Rvzdog/ dqg Shwhu Vdqih|1 _Zdjhv/ Sur�wv/ dqg Uhqw0Vkdulqj1% Txduwhuo| Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv 444 +Iheuxdu| 4<<9,= 55:058:1

Exvkpdq/ Urehuw/ Ud� Lqghmlnldq/ dqg Deelh Vplwk1 _FHR Frpshqvdwlrq= Wkh Uroh riLqglylgxdo Shuirupdqfh Hydoxdwlrq1% Mrxuqdo ri Dffrxqwlqj dqg Hfrqrplfv 54 +4<<9,=49404<61

Fdpsehoo/ Mrkq \1/ Dqguhz Z1 Or/ dqg D1 Fudlj PdfNlqod|1 Wkh Hfrqrphwulfv ri Il0qdqfldo Pdunhwv1 Sulqfhwrq= Sulqfhwrq Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv/ 4<<:1

Flvfho/ Gdylg K1 _Ghwhuplqdwlrq ri H{hfxwlyh Frpshqvdwlrq1% Vrxwkhuq Hfrqrplf Mrxuqdo73 +Dsulo 4<:7,= 946094:1

74

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Fu|vwdo/ Judhi V1 Lq Vhdufk ri H{fhvv= Wkh Ryhufrpshqvdwlrq ri Dphulfdq H{hfxwlyhv1Qhz \run= Z1Z1 Qruwrq/ 4<<41

Ghpvhw}/ Kdurog dqg Nhqqhwk Ohkq1 _Wkh Vwuxfwxuh ri Frusrudwh Rzqhuvkls= Fdxvhv dqgFrqvhtxhqfhv1% Mrxuqdo ri Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp| <6 +4<;8,/ 44880::1

Glfnhqv/ Zlooldp W1/ dqg Odzuhqfh I1 Ndw}1 _Lqwhu0Lqgxvwu| Zdjh Gl�huhqfhv dqg Lqgxv0wu| Fkdudfwhulvwlfv1% Lq Nhylq Odqj dqg Mrqdwkdq Ohrqdug/ hgv1/ Xqghuhpsor|phqwdqg wkh Vwuxfwxuh ri Oderu Pdunhwv1 R{irug= Edvlo Eodfnzhoo/ 4<;:1

Idpd/ Hxjhqh I1 _Djhqf| Sureohpv dqg wkh Wkhru| ri wkh Ilup1% Mrxuqdo ri SrolwlfdoHfrqrp| ;; +Dsulo 4<;3,= 5;;063:1

Idpd/ Hxjhqh I1/ dqg Nhqqhwk Iuhqfk1 _Frpprq Ulvn Idfwruv lq wkh Uhwxuqv rq Vwrfndqg Erqgv/% Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv 66 +4<<6,= 60891

Ihuvkwpdq/ Fkdlp/ dqg Nhqqhwk O1 Mxgg1 _Htxloleulxp Lqfhqwlyhv lq Roljrsro|1% Dphul0fdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz :: +4<;:,= <5:0<731

Jduhq/ Mrkq H1 _H{hfxwlyh Frpshqvdwlrq dqg Sulqflsdo0Djhqw Wkhru|1% Mrxuqdo ri Srolw0lfdo Hfrqrp| 435 +Ghfhpehu 4<<7,= 44:8044<<1

Jleerqv/ Urehuw V1 _Lqfhqwlyhv dqg Fduhhuv lq Rujdql}dwlrqv1% Lq Gdylg Nuhsv dqg Nhq0qhwk Zdoolv/ hgv1/ Dgydqfhv lq Hfrqrplf Wkhru|= Vhyhqwk Zruog Frqjuhvv/ yroxph 51Fdpeulgjh= Fdpeulgjh Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv/ 4<<:1

Jleerqv/ Urehuw V1/ dqg Nhylq M1 Pxusk|1 _Uhodwlyh Shuirupdqfh Hydoxdwlrq iru FklhiH{hfxwlyh R�fhuv1% Lqgxvwuldo dqg Oderu Uhodwlrqv Uhylhz 76 +Iheuxdu| 4<<3,= 63v084v1

Jurvvpdq/ Vdqirug/ dqg Rolyhu Kduw1 _Dq Dqdo|vlv ri wkh Sulqflsdo0Djhqw Sureohp1%Hfrqrphwulfd 84 +Mdqxdu| 4<;6,= :0781

Kdoo/ Euldq M1/ dqg Mh�uh| E1 Olhepdq1 _Duh FHRv Uhdoo| Sdlg Olnh ExuhdxfudwvB%Txduwhuo| Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv 445 +Dxjxvw 4<<;,= 98609<:1

Kdxeulfk/ Mrvhsk J1 _Ulvn0Dyhuvlrq/ Shuirupdqfh Sd|/ dqg wkh Sulqflsdo0Djhqw Sureohp1%Mrxuqdo ri Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp| 435 +Dsulo 4<<7,= 58;05:91

Khupdolq/ Ehqmdplq dqg Plfkdlo Zhlvedfn1 _Hqgrjhqrxvo| Fkrvhq Erdugv ri Gluhfwruvdqg wkhlu Prqlwrulqj ri wkh FHR1% Dphulfdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz ;; +4<<;,/ <9044;1

Klpphoehuj/ Fkduohv S1/ U1 Johqq Kxeedug/ dqg Gdulxv Sdold1 _Xqghuvwdqglqj wkh Gh0whuplqdqwv ri Pdqdjhuldo Rzqhuvkls dqg wkh Olqn Ehwzhhq Rzqhuvkls dqg Shuiru0pdqfh1% Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv 86 +4<<<,= 68606;71

Kropvwurp/ Ehqjw1 _Prudo Kd}dug dqg Revhuydelolw|1% Ehoo Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv 43+Vsulqj 4<:<,= :70<41

75

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Kxeedug/ U1 Johqq/ dqg Gdulxv Sdold1 _H{hfxwlyh Sd| dqg Shuirupdqfh= Hylghqfh iurpwkh X1V1 Edqnlqj Lqgxvwu|1% Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv 6< +4<<8,= 43804631

Mdqdnludpdq/ Vxu|d/ Ulfkdug Odpehuw/ dqg Gdylg Odufnhu1 _Dq Hpslulfdo Lqyhvwljdwlrq riwkh Uhodwlyh Shuirupdqfh Hydoxdwlrq K|srwkhvlv1% Mrxuqdo ri Dffrxqwlqj Uhvhdufk/4<<51

Mhqvhq/ Plfkdho F1/ dqg Zlooldp P1 Phfnolqj1 _Wkhru| ri wkh Ilup= Pdqdjhuldo Ehkdylru/Djhqf| Frvw/ dqg Rzqhuvkls Vwuxfwxuh1% Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv 4 +Rfwrehu4<:9,= 63806931

Mhqvhq/ Plfkdho F1/ dqg Nhylq M1 Pxusk|1 _Shuirupdqfh Sd| dqg Wrs0Pdqdjhphqw Lq0fhqwlyhv1% Mrxuqdo ri Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp| <; +Dsulo 4<<3d,= 55805971,

Mhqvhq/ Plfkdho F1/ dqg Nhylq M1 Pxusk|1 _Lw*v Qrw Krz Pxfk \rx Sd|/ Exw Krz1%Kduydug Exvlqhvv Vfkrro1% Kduydug Exvlqhvv Uhylhz 9; +Pd|0Mxqh 4<<3e,= 46;04861

Mrvnrz/ Sdxo O1/ Qdqf| O1 Urvh/ dqg Dqguhd Vkhsdug1 _Uhjxodwru| Frqvwudlqwv rq FHRFrpshqvdwlrq1% Eurrnlqjv Sdshuv rq Hfrqrplf Dfwlylw|/ Plfurhfrqrplfv +4<<6,=408;1

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FRQVWDQW :187; :1493 :184< ;14:; :18<8 :1967 :15;8 ;1<57+31558, +31;33, +31957, +31898, +3187:, +31863, +31868, +31965,

ORJVL]H 31733 316:; 31699 316:9 316;< 3174: 31789 3173;+31344, +31373, +31366, +31363, +3135<, +3135;, +3135;, +31366,

FHRWHQXUH 313:7 313:< 313:8 313:3 313:: 313:9 313:7 31398+31334, +31339, +31338, +31337, +31337, +31337, +31337, +31338,

SFPDUJLQ 41669 41847 41883 31<;4 41677 41563 417;: 415;;+31455, +317:9, +316::, +31655, +31647, +315<5, +315<3, +31634,

U)G2V 31877 41393 315<4 31654 3166< 31;<3 31:;4 319:9+31574, +414:8, +31;65, +319:<, +3193;, +31893, +31878, +3188:,

U)G0GXP 03147< 031674 03148< 031555 03145: 0313<9 0313<< 031433+31376, +3147<, +31459, +31447, +3143;, +31436, +31437, +31445,

DGY0GXP 31474 31476 315<< 031346 314:5 31398 3139; 313<3+31384, +3146;, +3144;, +31484, +3147:, +3146;, +31464, +31483,

DGY2V 61:;5 71;<: 51:7: 9166< 6188: 61;;4 618;8 7139<+31:5;, +51546, +41;3:, +5143:, +41<7;, +41;:4, +41::8, +51483,

L2N 41565 516:4 4165: 414:3 415;8 31:56 31;:: 4158;+3143:, +3173<, +31644, +315;7, +31597, +31589, +31598, +315<6,

GLYHUVH 031387 31375 031338 031333 031389 031475 03149; 31377+31365, +3143<, +313<3, +313;6, +313;3, +313::, +313:<, +313;;,

IRUHLJQ 31397 031373 031354 31387 313:8 31435 31463 3135;+31367, +31455, +31434, +313<8, +313;:, +313;5, +313;5, +313<4,

ORJVLJPD 31:39 319;9 31:55 31;6< 31:57 31:57 31965 31979+3137:, +3148<, +3146:, +31457, +31453, +31446, +31447, +31466,

USP 316;8 318:4 31767 3159; 31597 315;3 3165: 319;5+31379, +31477, +31466, +31467, +31464, +3144;, +31455, +31445,

PNW 41;:4 41834 41:99 514<9 41;5; 51556 41;98 419<9+3139;, +3176;, +315:<, +31563, +3149:, +314:5, +31498, +31476,

QREV 96:4 949 ;<8 <67 <:; 4393 4357 :77Dgm0U5 317:: 3176: 316<9 31787 317<8 31839 31839 31856

7<

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WDEOH 9

Dowhuqdwlyh Uhodwlyh Shuirupdqfh Phdvxuhv +USPv, dqg Wlplqj Dvvxpswlrqv

Prghov 4/ 5 dqg 6 uhsruw uhvxowv xvlqj dowhuqdwlyh dvvhw0sulflqj prghov wr phdvxuhuhodwlyh shuirupdqfh dqg pdunhw uhwxuqv1 Wkh wkuhh prghov xvh wkh iroorzlqj vhwvri sruwirolrv/ uhvshfwlyho|= Prgho 4= iYZP/ W<3j> Prgho 5= iYZP/ W<3/ LQG/VL]j> Prgho 6= iYZP/ W<3/ VPE/ KPOj1 Wkhvh sruwirolrv duh wkh ydoxh0zhljkwhgpdunhw +YZP,/ <30gd| Wuhdvxu| +W<3,/ 50gljlw lqgxvwu| +LQG,/ vl}h ghfloh +VL],/dqg wkh Idpd0Iuhqfk _KPO% dqg _VPE% sruwirolrv +vhh Dsshqgl{ E iru ghwdlov,1Rqo| frh�flhqwv iru USP dqg PNW duh uhsruwhg> wkh frqwuro yduldeohv uhsruwhg lqWdeoh 8/ dv zhoo dv |hdu dqg lqgxvwu| gxpplhv/ zhuh lqfoxghg exw duh qrw uhsruwhg1

Orj Fdvk FrpshqvdwlrqPrgho 4 Prgho 5 Prgho 6

ORJVLJPD 315:9 315:; 31599 3159: 315:9 315:9+31366, +31365, +31364, +31363, +31366, +31365,

USP 31484 31578 31486 315;8 3146< 31583+31364, +31368, +31366, +31369, +31365, +31369,

USP+04, 31495 31487 3149;+31366, +31368, +31367,

USP+05, 31486 3149: 31488+31365, +31366, +31365,

PNW 31;6; 31864 31853 31644 319<4 31774+3139:, +313;6, +31385, +31389, +3138;, +31399,

PNW+04, 316;9 31773 316:<+313;;, +31398, +313:;,

PNW+05, 3149; 31567 31548+313;3, +3138<, +3139;,

QREV 8:49 8:45 8:49 8:45 8:49 8:45Dgm0U5 31778 31783 31773 31783 31776 31783

Orj FHR ZhdowkPrgho 4 Prgho 5 Prgho 6

ORJVLJPD 319<6 31:43 31:45 31:49 319;; 319;4+3137<, +3137:, +31379, +31378, +3137<, +3137:,

USP 3178: 31;7: 316;5 31:76 31734 31:;9+31379, +31384, +31383, +31386, +3137;, +31385,

USP+04, 3176< 316<: 316;6+3137<, +31384, +31383,

USP+05, 314;6 314:: 314<6+31379, +3137;, +3137:,

PNW 51:54 4185; 41;;8 41693 515;< 417:9+313<<, +31453, +313::, +313;4, +313;9, +313<:,

PNW+04, 41746 41368 41667+3145:, +313<8, +31446,

PNW+05, 41544 41379 31<63+31449, +313;:, +313<<,

QREV 8:49 8:45 8:49 8:45 8:49 8:45Dgm0U5 31833 31858 317<4 31854 317<9 3185383

Page 53: W?Ui?| i ˘@) @? |i @h!i| uLh ˇ, tG ? ?@*)t t Lu ˘@) uLh ... · iru wkh srvvlelolw| wkdw vkrfnv wr FHR oderu ghpdqg pljkw jhqhudwh d srvlwlyh fruuhodwlrq ehwzhhq djjuhjdwh vwrfn

WDEOH :

USP dqg PNW Vhqvlwlylwlhv e| Vl}h Txduwloh dqg Pdunhw Lqgh{ +PNW,

Xvlqj sruwirolr vhw iYZP/ W<3/ LQG/ VL]j/ wkh vdpsoh lv glylghg +lq hdfk |hdu, lqwrirxu sduwv dffruglqj wr vl}h txduwloh +lqglfdwhg lq wkh wdeoh dv T40T7,1 \hdu dqg lqgxvwu|gxpplhv duh lqfoxghg/ exw qrw uhsruwhg1

Orj Fdvk Frpshqvdwlrq Orj FHR ZhdowkT4 T5 T6 T7 T4 T5 T6 T7

FRQVWDQW 81:43 617;< 6198; 61:58 ;1658 719;9 91977 <13<6+31653, +318;4, +317;9, +3169:, +31774, +31;6:, +31;3<, +317<5,

ORJVL]H 315;4 317;5 31758 316;; 31475 3184: 31869 31777+31365, +3139<, +31388, +31359, +31377, +31433, +313<5, +31368,

FHRWHQXUH 031336 31333 31338 3133< 313;4 31395 313:4 313<4+31335, +31335, +31335, +31335, +31336, +31336, +31337, +31336,

SFPDUJLQ 317:; 41558 4189< 41849 4134: 518;6 51::: 4168:+31456, +31549, +31546, +315;4, +3149<, +31645, +31688, +316:9,

U)G 414:< 4137: 051;;6 041;35 0317;< 06135: 051:63 0317:5+31584, +318<8, +319;5, +31<;9, +31679, +31;8;, +41469, +41653,

U)G0GXP 031336 0313<7 314;5 31347 03155< 3139< 31377 031657+31395, +31396, +3138;, +31397, +313;8, +313<3, +313<:, +313;9,

DGY2V 031456 5194; 0415<3 6184; 71;<6 417;5 5136; 9197:+414<3, +413:;, +31;:4, +31<48, +41973, +41888, +41783, +41558,

DGY0GXP 314<3 31335 314;8 031399 03133; 31648 3149; 031334+313;:, +313:4, +31397, +31395, +31453, +31436, +3143:, +313;6,

L2N 315;9 31588 3185< 319:; 31<6< 41575 41;36 419<5+3144<, +31476, +31485, +31539, +31497, +3153:, +31586, +315:8,

GLYHUVH 31347 31385 3144< 3147; 031559 0313;8 31373 031334+31383, +31377, +3136<, +31376, +3139<, +31396, +31399, +3138:,

IRUHLJQ 0719:; 31459 3139: 313<< 3134; 31333 03136: 31537+31387, +31379, +31377, +3137:, +313:8, +3139:, +313:7, +31396,

ORJVLJPD 316:: 3164; 31774 31496 31;58 31:<7 31:3: 319:5+3139:, +31397, +31394, +313:6, +313<6, +313<6, +31434, +313<;,

USP 3135: 3143; 3163: 3164< 3159: 3176; 3165< 31:73+3137<, +31395, +3139<, +313;<, +3139:, +313<3, +31449, +3144<,

PNW 315<5 3177: 31848 31:;6 41:74 4194: 5136< 519:<+313:9, +313<3, +31434, +31463, +31438, +31463, +3149<, +314:7,

QREV 473; 48<8 497: 4973 473; 48<8 497: 4973Dgm0U5 31553 31556 31599 31676 317<8 31793 3175: 31884

84

Page 54: W?Ui?| i ˘@) @? |i @h!i| uLh ˇ, tG ? ?@*)t t Lu ˘@) uLh ... · iru wkh srvvlelolw| wkdw vkrfnv wr FHR oderu ghpdqg pljkw jhqhudwh d srvlwlyh fruuhodwlrq ehwzhhq djjuhjdwh vwrfn

WDEOH ;

USP dqg PNW Vhqvlwlylwlhv e| Vl}h Txduwloh dqg Pdunhw Lqgh{ +PNW,

Wklv wdeoh uhsruwv lqwhudfwlrqv ri USP dqg PNW zlwk vl}h txduwlohv dv d sduvlprqlrxvdowhuqdwlyh wr wkh vdpsoh vsolwv e| vl}h txduwloh uhsruwhg lq Wdeoh :1 Wkh urexvwqhvv ri wkhvl}h lqwhudfwlrqv lv lqyhvwljdwhg e| dgglqj lqwhuhdfwlrqv zlwk whqxuh txduwlohv/ d 304 gxpp|yduldeoh lqglfdwlqj zkhwkhu wkh FHR zdv dq _rxwvlghu% zkhq kluhg/ dqg wkh Khu�qgdkolqgh{ iru wkh �up*v 70gljlw lqgxvwu|1 Wkh phdvxuhv ri USP dqg PNW duh edvhg rq wkhsruwirolr vhw iYZP/ W<3/ LQG/ VL]j1 \hdu dqg lqgxvwu| gxpplhv duh lqfoxghg/ exw qrwuhsruwhg1

Orj Fdvk Frpshqvdwlrq Orj FHR ZhdowkFRQVWDQW 71577 71569 71:97 51<:7 :1;9: :1;:7 91969 ;19<4

+31486, +31486, +315:9, +316::, +31558, +31558, +31745, +31897,

ORJVL]H 316;8 316;8 31737 316<9 316:4 316:5 31697 31639+3133<, +3133<, +31344, +31345, +31346, +31346, +31349, +3134;,

FHRWHQXUH 31335 31335 31335 31336 313:7 313:4 313:; 313:3+31334, +31334, +31334, +31334, +31334, +31335, +31335, +31335,

SFPDUJLQ 31:39 31:37 31:<7 31866 417<< 417<7 417;5 4193:+313;7, +313;7, +3143<, +3143<, +31456, +31456, +31496, +31497,

U)G2V 419;7 41:33 4193: 5165< 31679 31649 31399 31;74+31497, +31497, +31545, +314:;, +31574, +31574, +3164:, +31599,

U)G0GXP 031357 031358 031377 31348 0314:: 0314:9 0314:: 031446+3135<, +3135<, +31369, +31363, +31375, +31375, +31387, +31378,

DGY2V 41764 41736 41;84 4199; 619:; 61:34 6144; 71988+317<6, +317<6, +318:3, +3185:, +31:56, +31:55, +31;84, +31:;:,

DGY0GXP 3138: 3138; 3134: 31345 31458 31457 3149; 313:9+31367, +31367, +31375, +31374, +31383, +31383, +31396, +31395,

L2N 31666 3165< 31668 31676 4153< 414;4 4177< 4133<+313:6, +313:6, +313<8, +313<<, +3143:, +3143:, +31474, +3147<,

GLYHUVH 31437 31436 31497 3143; 03138: 03138: 03144: 31355+31354, +31354, +3135:, +3135;, +31364, +31364, +31374, +31374,

IRUHLJQ 313:3 313:3 31378 31368 3139: 313:3 31433 31376+31356, +31356, +3135<, +31359, +31367, +31367, +31377, +3136<,

ORJVLJPD 3158; 31589 3158; 313<: 31:67 31:63 31964 315:6+31363, +31363, +3136<, +31374, +31377, +31377, +3138;, +31395,

USP 31344 31396 03138; 313<7 31596 3157: 3156: 316:6+3137<, +313:6, +313<3, +313:3, +313:4, +31439, +31468, +31437,

PNW 3153: 31447 31637 31674 418;7 41438 4169; 4193<+3139:, +313<7, +3144;, +31433, +313<;, +3146;, +314::, +3147<,

QREV 9698 968< 6:;7 697< 9698 968< 6:;7 697<Dgm0U5 31757 31758 31789 317:6 317;9 317;; 31849 31776

+Wdeoh ; Frqwlqxhg rq Qh{w Sdjh $,

85

Page 55: W?Ui?| i ˘@) @? |i @h!i| uLh ˇ, tG ? ?@*)t t Lu ˘@) uLh ... · iru wkh srvvlelolw| wkdw vkrfnv wr FHR oderu ghpdqg pljkw jhqhudwh d srvlwlyh fruuhodwlrq ehwzhhq djjuhjdwh vwrfn

WDEOH ;/ Frqwlqxhg1

Orj Fdvk Frpshqvdwlrq Orj FHR Zhdowk

Lqwhudfwlrqv zlwk Vl}h Txduwloh Gxpplhv1USP�V5 313<< 31446 314;; 3157; 314<7 31534 31633 31658

+313:;, +313:;, +3143;, +313<<, +31447, +31448, +31495, +3147;,

USP�V6 315;< 315<; 31695 313<6 313:7 313:8 31393 314:8+313;9, +313;9, +31447, +31445, +3145:, +31459, +314:3, +3149;,

USP�V7 315<3 31633 316;< 31593 31756 3175; 316:; 318<;+313<<, +31433, +31453, +31457, +31479, +31479, +314:<, +314;8,

PNW�V5 31547 31549 314<9 314;6 31335 03138< 31645 03148:+313<4, +313<5, +31459, +31456, +31467, +31467, +314;;, +314;7,

PNW�V6 317:3 31776 315:4 315<4 31943 318:8 31:8< 31738+31436, +31436, +31476, +3146:, +31484, +31485, +31546, +31537,

PNW�V7 31:96 31:79 318:; 317:3 414:3 41463 4159: 31;6:+31454, +31454, +31483, +3148;, +314:;, +314:;, +31556, +31569,

Lqwhudfwlrqv zlwk Whqxuh Txduwloh Gxpplhv1USP�W5 031456 031363

+313<8, +3146<,

USP�W6 031364 31399+313;9, +3145:,

USP�W7 0313<5 031333+313;<, +31463,

PNW�W5 315<7 317<;+3143:, +3148:,

PNW�W6 313<; 3196<+31435, +3147<,

PNW�W7 31353 31;44+31444, +31496,

Lqwhudfwlrqv zlwk _Rxwvlghu% Gxpp|1RXW 31554 31379

+31364, +3137:,

USP�RXW 3143: 031335+313;9, +3145<,

PNW�RXW 0315;7 31435+31445, +3149:,

Lqwhudfwlrqv zlwk Khu�qgdko Lqgh{1KUI 031365 03139:

+31349, +31357,

USP�KUI 031496 0314;9+31389, +313;7,

PNW�KUI 3136< 3138:+313:;, +31449,

86