ww1 aftermath.pdf

7/27/2019 WW1 Aftermath.pdf

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MAKING

PEACE


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Wilsons 14 Points

Pres. Wilson outlined his

goals for a peace settlement

in January 1918

Main goal was to remove the

causes of war

1. No secret treaties

2. Freedom of the seas

3. Free trade

4. Reduction of armaments5. Self determination for

colonies

6. Evacuation of Russia by

Germany

7. Evacuation of Belgium

8. Evacuation of France & return of

Alsace-Lorraine

9. Expansion of Italy to include all

Italian peoples

10 & 11. Application of self

determination to the Balkans,

including Austria-Hungary

12. Application of self determination

to Ottoman Empire

13. Self determination for Polish

people

14. League of Nations

Britain & France viewed most of

these ideas as idealistic and nave Served as the basis for the Treat


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Paris Peace Conference

January, 1919 to January 1920

30 countries sent delegations to

Paris to create a peace treaty to

end the war

They had drastically differing goals

France: to permanently weaken Germany

Britain: to ensure French security,

weaken the Germany navy, and

strengthen the British Empire

US: to resist what it saw as the punitiveand imperialist goals of France & Britain

Italy: to gain the Austria territories

promised by the Allies in 1915

Japan: to gain German colonies in Pacific

region and to pass a racial equality

clause Central Powers & Russia were not

David Lloyd George (Britain),

Vittorio Orlando (Italy),

Georges Clemenceau

(France) & Woodrow Wilson
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Council_of_Four_Versailles.jpg


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Treaty of Versailles

Alsace-Lorraine returned to

France

French occupation of the

Saarland until 1935 Rhineland permanently

demilitarized

Loss of small territories to

Belgium, Netherlands,

Denmark & Lithuania

Large chunk of territory given

to Poland

Port of Danzig made a free

city

Anschluss with Austria

banned

Sudetenland given to

Czechoslovakia All German colonies given to

Allies as mandates

Permanent limits put on size

of Germanys military

Article 231: War Guilt Clause

assigned blame for war to

Germany

Reparations: Germany must

pay 132 billion gold marks toAllies
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svg


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Alsace-Lorraine to France

Saarland occupied by

France unti l 1935

Memel given to L ithuania

Northern Schlieswig

given to Denmark

Given to Poland

Danzig made a free city

Given to Belgium

Demilitarization of Rhineland

Anschluss banned

Army may not exceed 100,000

Navy may not exceed 15,000

Armed aircraft , tanks, & poison gas bannedColonies given to Allies as mandates

War Guilt Clause

Reparations

Sudetenland kept by

Czechoslovakia
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svg


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Reactions

Anti-treaty protests in Berlin

French thought Treaty too

lenient

US Senate rejected the treaty

as too harsh and refused tojoin the League of Nations

Germans were outraged at the

harsh terms and initially

refused to sign it

New govt was elected andsigned it on June 28, 1919

German conservatives created

the stab-in-the-back myth

blaming Jews and communists

for betraying Germany andvowing revenge
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Mass_demonstration_in_front_of_the_Reichstag_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg


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The hour has struck for the weighty settlement of our account. You

have asked us for peace. We are disposed to give it to you.

Georges Clemenceau

The demand is made that we shall acknowledge that we alone are

guilty of having caused the war. Such a confession in my mouth

would be a lie. Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau

If I were a German, I think I should never sign it. Woodrow Wilson

Victory was to be bought so dear as to be almost indistinguishable

from defeat. Winston Churchill


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Treaties of St. Germain & Neuilly

Austria lost land to Italy,

Czhechoslovakia, Poland and

Yugoslavia

Hungary lost 2/3 of land and

its population to Romania,Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia

Bulgaria lost land to Romania,

Greece & Serbia

Italy gained major parts of

Austria, including manyGermans

Was denied Fiume and African

colonies

Italy withdrew from the conference

and nationalists took over Fiume
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.png


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Treaties of Sevres

and Lausanne Treaty of Sevres dismantled

Ottoman Empire

French mandates: Syria &

Lebanon British mandates: Iraq, Trans-

Jordan & Palestine

Removed all Arab lands

Straits internationalized

Armenia created from easternTurkey

Greece given territory in western

Turkey

Much of the rest of Turkey carved

into spheres of influence byFrance, Britain & Italy

Mustapha Kemal organized a

rebel force which drove out the

Greeks and established

Republic of Turkey in 1922

Treaty of Lausanne (1923)restored much territory to Turkey

Southern Turkey returned and

spheres of influence eliminated

Straits returned to Turkish

control


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Ottoman Empire dismantledTreaty of Sevres


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League of Nations

Covenant of the League

Not to resort to war

Open relations

Adherence to international law

Respect for treaty obligations

Faults

Excluded defeated countries

Excluded Russia US Senate refused to join

Lacked strength to enforce

decisions

Defeated countries and some

Allies vowed to reverseVersailles

Fascists gained power in Italy in

1922 and demanded Fiume

German freikorp(war veterans)

formed and demanded treatyrevision and constantly

challenged the Weimar

government

Japanese were outraged by the

rejection of racial equality

League failed to respond when:

Japan invaded Manchuria in

1931

Germany began to rearm in

1934

Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935


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Though it is a harsh treaty, it is a just one. Woodrow

Wilson

In the end, it is what it is; above all else it is the work of

human beings and, as a result, it is not perfect.

Georges Clemenceau

This is not a peace treaty. It is an armistice for twenty

years. Ferdinand Foch


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POLITICAL

AFTERMATH


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Germany

Allies maintain a naval blockadeof Germany for 8 months after thearmistice

250,000 civilians die of hunger anddisease in 1919

Communists briefly seize control

of Berlin Many veterans join bands of

nationalist thugs called freikorps

Nationalists proclaim the stab inthe back myth German Armywas betrayed by communists and

Jews Elected assembly drafts newdemocratic constitution WeimarRepublic


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Russia

1917: Bolsheviks under Leninestablish communist regime

Immediately seize all land andredistribute all wealth

1918: Violently suppress all

opposition Coalition of conservative and

liberal opponents called theWhites forms

8 nations send to troops to aidthe White armies

1919: Red Army defeats theWhite Armies one by one

1920: defeats an invasion byPoland


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Eastern Europe

1918: Czechs, Poles,Hungarians, Romanians,Yugoslavs, and Italians alldeclare independence

All create new armies try tosnatch as much territory aspossible

Communists briefly seizepower in Hungary

Italian nationalists seize theYugoslav port of Fiume

23 million find themselvesethnic minorities in a newlycreated country


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Turkey

1918: Allies occupy Istanbul andopen the Straits

Greek army occupies key pointsin western Turkey

1918: Turkish nationalists rally toMustapha Kemal who creates anew army

Turkey defeats Armenia andannexes much of it

1922: Turkish army defeatsGreek-French-British coalition

and forces 1.5 million Greeks toleave Anatolia

750,000 Turks are deportedfrom Greece


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Britain & France

Both end the war with hugedebts

Both experienced hugeinflation during the war

Both expand welfare programsfor the poor

Britain grants women the rightto vote

Many colonies begin to call for

independence Irish nationalists launch a civil

war to gain independence forIreland successful in 1922


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United States

President Wilson suffers astroke and is seriously disabled

Senate rejects Treaty ofVersailles

US chooses not to join theLeague of Nations

1920: Republicans promise areturn to normalcy and areturn to isolation from worldaffairs

Women receive the right to

vote Rising xenophobia leads to

tight restrictions on non-whiteimmigration


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Italy

Italian nationalists seize the

Yugoslav port of Fiume

Italian politicians are angered

that Versailles does not fulfill all

the Allied promises mutilated victory

Italian nationalists and veterans

begin to form groups of violent

thugs called fascists

Closing of war industries causedmassive unemployment

Violent clashes between

nationalist veterans and socialist

workers


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China

Chinese are angered by the

refusal of the West to return

Shantung from Japan

Anti-foreign protests on May 4th

lead to the May 4th

Movement expression of Chinese

nationalism

1922: Chinese Communist Party

established

Growing anger and resentmenttoward the West and Japan


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SOCIAL

AFTERMATH


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The Lost Generation

Large proportion of men age 18-40 are killed or physicallydisabled

Many men carry psychologicalscars for years

Huge deficit of men leaves manywomen unmarried anddepresses the birth rate

Medical and disability costs are ahuge burden on society

End of war production causeshuge spike in unemployment

High taxes are necessary to payoff war debts


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Disillusionment

Many lose sense of patriotism

Rise in pacifism

Growth in cynicism and

nihilism idea that life ismeaningless, random and

cruel

Art and literature mock war,

politics and focus on suffering

Many turn to radical politicalideologies such as socialism

and nationalism

Many lose faith in idea of

human goodness, societal

progress, and beauty

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