wwf project proposal 2007 - main text -...

WWF Project Proposal – Mufunta GMA participatory natural resource management 2008

Project Name: Mufunta Game Management Area (GMA) participatory natural resource management

Project Location: Mufunta Game Management adjacent to the Kafue National Park, Zambia

Project Number: Norad Project no. GLO-05/312-9WWF Zambia Coordination Office Project no. ZM0040WWF Norway Project no. 5011

Project Budget: 2008: NOK 1,973,365 requested from Norad, incl. 8% adm. grant to WWF-Norway

Local Partner(s): WWF Southern Africa Regional Programme Office (SARPO)

Contact Person(s): Harrison Kojwang, Russell Taylor (WWF-SARPO), (WWF-Norway)

Start Date: 2007-January Expected End Date: 2011-December

Global 200 Ecoregion(s)1

Part of an ecoregion action programme? Yes No X

1 Indicate the ecoregion(s) in which the project has a conservation impact.

WWF ZAM Mufunta 2008_main text 2007-10-01 1


EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis is a project proposal for the Conservation and Livelihoods in Mufunta Game Management Area Project. Mufunta Game Management Area is adjacent to the Kafue National Park west of Lusaka, Zambia’s capital city. The first phase of the project, preceeded by the 2006 preparatory phase, is anticipated to last 3 years, starting in January 2007 and ending in December 2011. The long term goal of the project is to contribute to the reduction of poverty and biodiversity conservation through sustainable natural resource management and the improvement of livelihoods in the Mufunta Game Management Area adjacent to the Kafue National Park. The purpose of the project is to establish efficient, equitable, and sustainable participatory natural resource management systems in Mufunta Game Management Area by 2015.

The preparatory phase generated baseline information used to prepare the initial project proposal that commenced implementation in 2007. A sensitization campaign among target group stakeholders on the purpose of the project and stakeholder profiling were successfully conducted. An assessment of local level institutional structures for natural resources management identified the need to establish functional Village Action Groups from which a Community Resources Board was established. A project management/technical team was recruited and located with office space in Kaoma. Office equipment, furniture and vehicles were purchased. The process of technical reviews, reporting and preparation of budgets and work plans was established. The development process of a database of project reports, baseline studies, monitoring systems and establishment of school conservation clubs is in advanced stages.

Introduction and project backgroundMufunta Game Management Area falls within the Zambezian biome and is located on the western side of Kafue National Park (IUCN Category II; area of 22,400 km2; 150 12’S – 250 38’E) between longitudes 24º 50' to 25º 35' East and latitudes 14º 36' to 15º 58' South covering about 6,555 km2 in extent. The nearest administrative settlement is Kaoma, a district which is about 410 Km west of Lusaka in the western province. Mufunta is sparsely populated with an estimated population of close to 30,000 and estimated population growth rate of 3.4% and density of 7 persons per square kilometre.

The Mufunta GMA was given a legal status in 2007. The fact that the GMA had not been legally established led to unsustainable and illegal harvesting of natural resources. Unsustainable and illegal activities include illegal:

(a) Fishing methods such as the use of mosquito nets, application of poisons in rivers, streams and dambos to kill fish, catching of juvenile fish and fishing during the fish breeding seasons;

(b) Harvesting of forest products such as timber of Guibourtia coleospermum for commercial sale in Lusaka;

(c) Off-take of various species of wildlife;

(d) Agricultural activities and application of agrochemicals in ecologically sensitive environments such dambos, plains and pans.

Natural resources of Mufunta can be sustainably managed by enhancing capacities at the local community level, Zambia Wildlife Authority, other natural resource management institutions and local level structures that will complement the establishment and functioning of the game management area. The diminishing natural resource base is partially a result of inadequate local level natural resource management capacity, other livelihood options and environmental awareness at local level. This project was developed to address these issues and some of its initial successes are noted above and below.

Previous experiences The 2006 Mufunta Preparatory Phase Project (ZM00400) had the sole purpose of developing a project proposal. The activities of the preparatory phase were designed to collect baseline information on the culture, socio-economic, vegetation and wildlife ecology, and potential natural resource based



enterprises. The baseline information was used to develop the initial project proposal in 2007. Notable positive side-effects of the preparatory phase have been the formation of an environmental conservation club for school children at Nkeyema High School. The initial phases of the implementation stage in 2007 scored some significant successes as noted above with community and stakeholder mobilization resulting in the identification and formation of Village Action Groups and Community Resource Board respectively and the development of the project organizational processes.

Goal and Purpose

The goal and purpose of the Conservation and Livelihoods in Mufunta Game Management Area Project are:

Goal: Conservation and sustainable use of natural resources by communities in the Mufunta Game Management Area (GMA) secures maintenance of biodiversity and livelihood security for present and future generations.

Purpose: Sustainable participatory natural resource management systems in Mufunta Game Management Area established, including provision of alternative livelihoods.

Indicators to the Purpose: Participatory natural resource management processes are ongoing and supported by ZAWA by

end of 2008.

Natural resource management plans developed, approved and in process of implementation by end of 2009.

Sustainable alternative livelihood strategies for local communities being implemented by end of 2010.

Mandated natural resource management agencies and communities are leading sustainable natural resource management initiatives by end of 2012.

OutputsFive main outputs will be pursued in order to achieve the project purpose and contribute to the project goal:

Output 1: Local level institutional structures for natural resources management developed and/or strengthened.

Output 2: Participatory natural resource use management plan developed and implementation facilitated.

Output 3: Range of ecologically sustainable agro- and natural resource based livelihood options identified, developed and adopted.

Output 4: Environmental awareness on natural resource management issues raised in local population of the Mufunta GMA.

Output 5: System for project management and monitoring established and operational.

Project Implementation ArrangementsThe project aims to help create a foundation for sustainable resource use focusing on the local communities in rural areas of Mufunta Game Management Area. It will apply a combined strategy of enterprise development, capacity building in sustainable resource utilization, environmental awareness



raising, gender and participation and mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS into project by working through Community Based Organisations and other relevant institutions in local villages. The enterprise and capacity building model aims at integrating natural resource based enterprises into the natural resources management structure of the Village Action Group (VAG) and other grass root level structures to ensure access to benefits in natural resources management for all households at community level and also to widen the range of resources from which communities can benefit. This model will ensure that Village Action Groups, the Community Resource Board (CRB) and other Community Based Organisations (CBOs) as well as traditional leaders have sufficient skills for enterprise management, budgeting and natural resources management.

In order to implement this model, the project will:

At local level, work through the Village Action Groups and other Community Based Organisations

At district level, work through the District Natural Resources Committee, NGOs and other district level structures

At national level, work through relevant government bodies and other partner institutions/organisations.

This arrangement will be facilitated by a project management/technical team comprising a Project Manager, Project Field Officer and Project Administration Assistant/Driver who will be based in Kaoma, and the Natural Resources Management Officer who will be based in Lusaka. Actual field implementation is the responsibility of the Project Manager.

Budget

The table below shows the proposed total project budget for 2008, detailing WWF-Norway’s matching funds (10 per cent of project budget), Norad’s direct project contribution (90 or 100 per cent of project funds) and Norad’s administration grant (8 per cent of 90 or 100 per cent of project budget). All figures are in NOK.

Year WWF-Norway matching funds

Norad direct project funding

Norad adm. grant (8 per cent) Total budget

2008 203,021 1,827,190 146,175 2,176,386

.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND....................................................................81.1 Mufunta Game Management Area...............................................................................................8

1.1.1 Location and Physiography............................................................................................81.1.2 Environmental Issues....................................................................................................121.1.3 Socio-economic Issues.................................................................................................161.1.4 Cultural Issues................................................................................................................171.1.4.1 Tribes and Languages..............................................................................................171.1.4.2 History and Culture of the Nkoya..............................................................................191.1.4.3 History of the Luvale.................................................................................................201.1.4.4 History of the Lozi.....................................................................................................211.1.4.5 Important Historical Events within Mufunta...............................................................211.1.5 Institutional and Legal Issues.......................................................................................221.1.5.1 Existing Legal and Policy Framework.......................................................................221.1.5.2 Natural resource policy and legal reforms.................................................................231.1.6 Political Issues.................................................................................................................. 24

1.2 Threats, Problems and Opportunities.........................................................................................251.3 Stakeholders.............................................................................................................................. 291.4 Contribution to the Implementation of National Plans.................................................................34

1.4.1 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)......................................................................341.4.2 Environmental plans and strategies.................................................................................351.4.3 Other national, sectoral, regional and local development plans.......................................35

1.5 Global thematic programme, ecoregional targets and global policy initiatives............................371.5.1 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)......................................................371.5.2 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)..........................................................................371.5.3 New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD).......................................................381.5.4 Geographical Area...........................................................................................................381.5.5 Thematic Area.................................................................................................................. 381.5.6 Global Priorities................................................................................................................391.5.7 Regional Priorities............................................................................................................39

2 PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS, LESSONS AND DEVIATIONS..................................................412.1 Describe the extent to which the expected results have been achieved during the last years. . .412.2 Describe internal or external factors that have particularly affected project performance or the

planning...................................................................................................................................... 42

3 PROJECT GOAL AND PURPOSE............................................................................................433.1 Project Goal................................................................................................................................ 433.2 Project Purpose.......................................................................................................................... 43

4 PROJECT OUTPUTS................................................................................................................444.1 Output 1...................................................................................................................................... 444.2 Output 2...................................................................................................................................... 454.3 Output 3...................................................................................................................................... 454.4 Output 4...................................................................................................................................... 464.5 Output 5...................................................................................................................................... 46

5 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION.................................................................................................475.1 Overall Approach / Implementation Strategy..............................................................................475.2 Activities..................................................................................................................................... 505.3 Project Implementation Arrangement.........................................................................................52

5.3.1 Project Organisation.........................................................................................................525.3.3 Relationship with Other Relevant Initiatives.....................................................................52

5.4 Main Beneficiaries and Target Groups.......................................................................................54



5.5 Sustainability and Exit Strategy..................................................................................................555.5.1 Sustainability criteria........................................................................................................555.5.2 Exit strategy..................................................................................................................... 55

6. BUDGET................................................................................................................................... 556.1 Project budget............................................................................................................................ 556.2. Other donor’s contribution to the project.....................................................................................55

7. ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS....................................................................................................557.1. Assumptions............................................................................................................................... 557.2. Risks........................................................................................................................................... 56

8. MONITORING AND EVALUATION...........................................................................................568.1. Monitoring and Indicators...........................................................................................................568.2. Reviews and Evaluations...........................................................................................................58

References........................................................................................................................................... 59

LIST OF TABLESTable 1. Common uses of plant species found in Mufunta GMA..........................................................16Table 2. Projected HIV/AIDS statistics for Kaoma district.....................................................................18Table 3. Relative abundance (RA) of tribes within Mufunta Game Management Area.........................18Table 4. Presence of tribes (heads of households and spouses) expressed as percentages for

Njonjolo, Nkeyema and Shimano..........................................................................................19Table 5. Relative frequency (RF) of languages spoken within Mufunta................................................20Table 6. Aspects of early Nkoya culture at around the time they came to settle within Mufunta...........20Table 7. Important historical and natural events in the history of Mufunta............................................23Table 8. Threat and problem analysis..................................................................................................26Table 9. Stakeholder Analysis Matrix...................................................................................................29Table 10. Objectives and strategies for the natural resources sector under the Fifth National

Development Plan................................................................................................................. 36Table 11. Properties of potential natural resource based enterprises in Mufunta.................................47Table 12. Key stakeholder institutions and areas of collaboration........................................................52

LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Map of Zambia showing the location of Mufunta game management area...................10Figure 2.The generalised vegetation map of the Mufunta game management area.............................12Figure 3. Problem Tree......................................................................................................................... 28

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 Detailed budget (as separate document)Appendix 2 Logical Framework Analysis (as separate document)Appendix 3 Project Organisation Chart Appendix 3 Map showing the project location/areaAppendix 5 Activity ScheduleAppendix 6 Job descriptions for key positions Appendix 7a Plant species composition in vegetation types in Mufunta GMAAppendix 7b Habitat Fauna Associations in Mufunta GMAAppendix 7c Zambian birds known to occur within Mufunta GMA



ABBREVIATIONSADC Area Development CommitteeCBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community Based OrganisationCBNRM Community Based Natural Resources ManagementCCD Convention to Combat DesertificationCITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild

Flora and Fauna CRA Cumulative Relative AbundanceCRB Community Resource BoardCRF Cumulative Relative FrequencyCRUAT Community Resource Use Assessment TeamCSO Central Statistical OfficeDRC Democratic Republic of CongoDR CONGO Democratic Republic of CongoESP Environmental Support ProgrammeFNDP Fifth National Development PlanGMA Game Management AreaIUCN World Conservation UnionIZC Inter-zonal CommitteeJMC Joint Management CommittteeKm KilometreKNP Kafue National ParkMDGs Millennium Development GoalsMOLG Ministry of Local GovernmentMOMS Management Oriented Monitoring SystemNAPA National Adaptation Program of ActionNEAP National Environmental Action PlanNEP National Environment PolicyNEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s DevelopmentNGO Non-governmental OrganisationNOK Norwegian KronerNORAD Norwegian Agency for International DevelopmentNRM Natural Resource ManagementPRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy PaperRA Relative AbundanceRF Relative FrequencySARPO Southern African Regional Programme OfficeSEED Support for Economic Expansion and DiversificationSLAMU South Luangwa Area Management UnitSNV Netherlands Development OrganisationTBZ Tobacco Boarg of ZambiaTDCF Tourism Development Credit FacilityToR Terms of ReferenceTNDP Transitional National Development PlanUNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat DesertificationUNFCCD United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeWEHAB Water, Environment, Health, Agriculture and BiodiversityWRAP Water Resources Action PlanWSSD World Summit for Sustainable DevelopmentWWF World Wide Fund for NatureVMC Village Management CommitteeZFAP Zambia Forestry Action PlanZM Zambia ZMC Zonal Management Committee



1. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 Mufunta Game Management Area

The Mufunta Game Management Area (GMA) is on the western border of the Kafue National Park, Zambia’s largest national park. Until recently in 2007, the GMA had no legal status, a situation that led to unsustainable and illegal harvesting of natural resources. Unsustainable and illegal activities include illegal:

(a) Fishing methods such as the use of mosquito nets, application of poisons in rivers, streams and dambos to kill fish, catching of juvenile fish and fishing during the fish breeding seasons;

(b) Harvesting of forest products such as timber of Guibourtia coleospermum for commercial sale in Lusaka;

(c) Off-take of various species of wildlife;

(d) Agricultural activities and application of agrochemicals in ecologically sensitive environments such dambos, plains and pans.

Natural resources of Mufunta can be sustainably managed by enhancing capacities in the Zambia Wildlife Authority, other natural resource management institutions and local level structures that will complement the establishment of the game management area. The diminishing natural resource base is partially a result of inadequate local level natural resource management capacity, other livelihood options and environmental awareness at local level.

1.1.1 Location and Physiography

The Mufunta Game Management Area falls within the Zambezian biome and is located on the western side of Kafue National Park (IUCN Category II; area of 22,400 km2; 150 12’S – 250 38’E) between longitudes 24º 50' to 25º 35' East and latitudes 14º 36' to 15º 58' South covering about 6,555 km 2 in extent (Fig. 1).. The Kafue National Park, partially surrounded by eight Game Management Areas, lies south west of Lusaka (the capital city of Zambia). The nearest administrative settlement is Kaoma, a district which is about 410 Km west of Lusaka in the western province. Mufunta is sparsely populated has an estimated population of close to 30,000 with an estimated population growth rate of 3.4% and density of 7 persons per square kilometer. According to the population statistics of 2000 (CSO, 2003), the estimated 30,000 people are spread out in Lalafuta, Litoya, Namilangi and Nkeyema administrative units known as “wards”. The Lusaka – Mongu highway, which is an all weather road, passes on the northern boundary of Mufunta making accessibility to the area feasible throughout the year.



Figure 1. Map of Zambia showing the location of Mufunta game management area

The elevation ranges between 1,118 m and 1,235 m above sea level. Most of the area is generally flat and undulating in a few places. Luena, Luampa and a myriad of seasonal tributaries such as Kalongo, Litoya, Kopa, Shilonga, Mwangalesha, Nambungu and Mulambwa constitute the major drainage system and forms one of the important ecological features of the area. The headwaters including catchment areas of the Luampa and Luena Rivers are almost entirely within the proposed Mufunta GMA.

Mufunta can be typically described to lie in rather a high diversity ecological region. The following distinctive vegetation types (Fig. 2) in Mufunta game management area are:

1. Miombo woodland predominantly comprising Brachystegia spiciformis and Julbernadia paniculata as the canopy species associated with Burkea africana. Typically the understorey predominantly covered by Hyparrhenia filipendula and Andropogon schirensis;

2. The second category of the Miombo is classified as open woodland, characteristic with Julbernadia paniculata as the predominant canopy species associated with Uapaca species. Distinctively the understorey is covered by the Hyparrhenia species;

3. The third category of the Miombo is a scrubland with secondary mixed species, but characteristic with Hyparrhenia rufa and Pennisetum polystachion;

4. Relics of dry evergreen forests also reflected in past ecological studies. It is notable that Cryptosepalum woodland exists as a mix of Cryptosepalum exfoliatum and Guibortia coleosperma as well as Digitaria milanjiana. Hyparrhenia species still dominate the under storey grass cover;



5. Other sub categories of the dry evergreen forests include, woodland thicket, bush group woodland, Chipya and fallow shrub lands to bush land;

6. The other relevant vegetation types relevant to mention include the Riparian forests associated with catchments areas;

7. Finally the area has been endowed with river valley and dambo grasslands often referred to as dry river plains dominated by Loudentia simplex, Tristchya nodiglumia, Eragrostis species and Aristida meridionalis.

The species compositions in each vegetation type are listed in Appendix 7a.

It is clear though based on all previous studies that Mufunta constituted largely mixed Miombo woodland particularly that in transition. It is also noted that dry evergreen forests mainly existing, as woodlands and localized forests were limited on the northern margins of Kalahari sand basin soils.



Figure 2.The generalised vegetation map of the Mufunta game management area.

There are several grassland pans giving rise to seapage dambos and are hosts to several ground springs, which provide the headwaters of key rivers such as Luena, Longe, Namando and Munkuye Rivers. The pans are sources of reeds, which is used in making of various mats and basketry as well as materials for thatching grass. At least 6 spring points were noted during this assessment. The headwaters also support series of relic riparian vegetation types typically of Syzygium guineense spp. barotsense. This division of the gallery woodland is carried out along headwaters. It suggests that riparian woodland probably was once much more extensive. Fire and possibly changes in drainage have destroyed the woodland on the flats leaving only some relic patches. Because of its dense nature the riparian forests remain relatively intact. They provide a unique hide out for wildlife as well as a ray of plant diversity. Other notable key species observed included Garcinia livingstonei, Diospyros mespilliformis, Mimosops zeyheri with common small tree and sub shrubs of Chrysopphyllum megalismontanum, Oncoba spinosa, Rhus quartiana, Antidesma venosum, Ficus capreifolia, Ficus pygmaea, Maytenus buchanani, Phragmits mauritianus, Phyllanthus reticulates and Tricalysia andogensis and all have folk uses in crafts, edible fruits and phytomedicines.

It has also been documented that the soils and vegetation types in Mufunta are largely of transitional nature from plateau soils on the eastern side to that of Kalahari sand soils on the western margins.



Consequently partial destruction of dry evergreen forest and dry deciduous forests on either of the plateau or Kalahari sands lead to invasive Miombo and Kalahari woodland types respectively.

1.1.2 Environmental Issues

1.1.2.1 Natural resources and biodiversity values

Description of habitat types

Four major habitat types and a matrix of habitat types referred to as Minor-habitats have been identified (Fig. 2) and are divided into habitat type, extent of coverage relative to the entire proposed Mufunta GMA, species composition and status of the habitat type including associated impacts.

Miombo Woodland: This habitat type is the most widely distributed in the Mufunta GMA covering about 4,976 Km2 (76 % of the total area). Characteristic tall trees include Julbernardia paniculata, J. globiflora, Burkea africana, Brachystegia spiciformis, B. boehmii, Parinari curatellifolia, Erythrophleum africanum and Sclerocarya birrea. Other common trees and shrubs include Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Combretum adenogonium, Diospyros kirkii, Uapaca spp., Keetia gueinzii, Dalbergiella nyasae, Bauhinia petersiana, Baphia massaiensis and Terminalia sericea.

The herb, sub shrub and grass layer is sparse but very diverse and is characterised by Lannea edulis, Acalypha segetalis, Acrotome inflata, Ageratum conyzoides, Aloe chabaudii, Amaranthus hybridus, A. spinosus, Ansellia africana, Bidens spp, Bulbine abyssinica, Celosia trigyna, Clematopsis scabiosifolia, Cleome spp, Combretum sericeum, Commelina spp, Crassocephalum sarcobasis, Crotalaria goreensis, Cyanotis longifolia, Duranta stramonium, Dicoma angustifolia, Diplolophium zambesianum, Dolichos spp, Erythrocephalum zambesianum, Gardenia subacaulis, Gerbera viridifolia, Hibiscus spp, Hypoxis goetzei, Leonotis nepetifolia, Leucas martinicensis, Nicandra physalodes, Ochna richardsiae, Oxygonum sinuatum, Phyllanthus leucanthus, Stapelia gigantean, Striga spp, Diospyros virgata, Abrus pulchellus, Tylosema fassoglense and Vigna vexillata.

Common grasses include Aristida spp., Brachiaria brizantha, Chloris spp., Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, D. giganteum, Digitaria velutina, Eleusine coracana, Eragrostis spp., Melinis repens, Sporobolus fimbriatus, Tragus berteronianus and Urochloa spp.

There are some human-induced impacts in a few places within this habitat type. The most distinct impacts are commercial farming in the TBZ2 area and bush fires. Other impacts include land clearing and associated medium-scale and subsistence farming and timber logging. The collective impact of these human activities is habitat fragmentation resulting in undermining the integrity of the ecosystem by dissecting large and continuous habitats into smaller isolated units and increasing what is known as the ‘edge effect’ whereby the wildlife habitat is affected by conditions of the modified habitats on its edge.

Wooded Grassland: This habitat type is interspersed within the Miombo Woodland and is characterised by a well-developed herb and grass layers with scattered shrubs collectively covering 860 km2 (13 % of the total area). The very rare tall trees include Julbernardia paniculata and Brachystegia spiciformis. Dominant small trees and shrubs include Combretum adenogonium, C. molle, Terminalia stenostachya, Bauhinia petersiana, Cassia abbreviata, Diospyros lycioides, D. kirkii, Kraussia floribunda and Strychnos potatorum. Common herbs include Acanthospermum hispidum, Achyranthes aspera, Amaranthus spp., Aneilema johnstonii, Asystasia gangetica, Berleria mackenii, Bidens spp., Boophone disticha, Cassia obtusiforlia, Celosia trigyna, Ceratotheca sesamoides, Chironia palustris, Clematopsis scabiosifolia, Cleome spp., Conyza welwitschii, Crassocephalum rubens, C. sarcobasis, Crotalaria juncea, Cycnium tubulosum, Dicoma angustifolia, Erythrocephalum zambesianum, Gardenia subacaulis, Gerbera viridifolia, Haplocarpha scaposa, Hibiscus spp., Hypoxis

2 Settlement started through tobacco cultivation which was promoted by the Tobacco Board of Zambia.



angustifolia, Lapeirousia odoratissima, Momordica balsamina, Nicandra physalodes, Pachycarpus lineolatus, Pentas decora, Scadoxus multiflorus, Striga spp., Tagetes minuta, Tribulus terrestris, Tricliceras longipedunculatum and Vigna nuda. Grasses include Andropogon spp., Chloris spp., Digitaria ternata, Eragrostis spp, Loudetia simplex, Schizachrium sanguineum, Sporoborus spp., Themeda triandra, Panicum coloratum and Urochloa oligotricha. Bush fire and land clearing for subsistence farming and small-scale tobacco farming are the major impacts in this habitat type.

Grassland: Similar to the Wooded Grassland, this habitat type is interspersed within Miombo Woodland covering 491 km2 (about 7 % of the total area) and is characterized by distinct expanse of grass cover and comparatively very low woody species cover. The grass layer is well developed than the herb and sub shrub layer. Common grasses include Andropogon eucomus, Dichanthium annulatum, Echinocloa colona, E. pyramidalis, Eragrostis rotifer, Hemarthria altissima, Hyparrhenia spp., Chloris guyana, Panicum maximum, Sorghum bicolor and Sporobolus fimbriatus. Andropogon spp., Bothriochloa bladhii, Diplachne fusca, Eragrostis rotifer, Setaria pumila, Urochloa mossambicensis, Themeda triandra, Loudetia simplex, Miscanthus junceus, Panicum repens, Vossia cuspidata, Oryza longistaminata and Sporobolus festivus. Herbs and sub shrubs include Cycnium tubulosum, Eulophia speciosa, Lapeirousia rivularis and Pachycarpus lineolatus. Few clusters of small trees and shrubs found include Croton megalobotrys, Syzygium guineense and Rhus spp.

The most serious impact in this habitat type comes from subsistence farming and in some cases use of fertilizers and other polluting agents. Grass cutting for thatching is a common land use activity but does not have very serious impact.

River Plain: This habitat type is associated with river systems covering about 228 km2 (about 4 % of the total area) and is characterized by grasslands and low woody species. Lower levels consist of swamps and small wetlands. Common grass species are Loudetia, Tristachya, Themeda, Eragrostis, Echinocloa, Oryza and Vossia. Swampy areas are dominated by Phragmites mauritianus while drier parts are dominated by Hyparrhenia and Cynodon spp. Isolated stands of woody species include Termitaria sericea, Phoenix reclinata and clusters of Croton megalobotrys, Syzygium guineense, Combretum and Acacia spp.

Minor-habitats: These habitat types – in comparison to major habitat types - are relatively small and widely scattered across the landscape of the GMA. Dambos, wetlands, swamps, clusters of Acacia woodlands, thickets, scattered habitat remnants and forest strips, characterize minor-habitats. In some cases, land use activities convert habitat types into minor-habitats called shreds - long narrow strips primarily caused by subsistence farming. Shreds are especially vivid along watercourses such as the Syzygium Riverine Forest patch along the Luena River. Some scattered habitat remnants are probably ‘Stepping Stones’ – patches of habitats, which ease movement of animals through the landscape without necessarily creating direct links to other habitat types.

Wildlife of the Mufunta game management area

A range of small to large game is found in the Mufunta game management area (Appendix 7b).

Animals that can be sighted by day include ungulates (common Duiker, Impala), carnivores (banded Mongoose), primates (Chacma Baboon, Vervet Monkey), reptiles (Monitor lizard), rodents (Bush squirrel). Bird sightings include African Gray Hornbill, African Jacana, African Mourning Dove, African Pied Wagtail, Lilac-breasted Roller, Pale-billed Hornbill, Pied Crow, Pied Kingfisher, Red-billed Hornbil, Ring-necked Dove, Southern Yello-billed Hornbill, Swainson’s Francolin.

Animal sightings reported by local community members include ungulates (Buffalo, Bush Pig, Warthog, Water and ReedBuck), rodents (Mole rat, mouse), other animal species (Elephant). Mufunta Game Management Area has been reported as a sanctuary of elephants during the rainy season. Bird species sighted by local communities include Crested Guinea fowl



It has been observed that the level of endemism in the proposed Mufunta GMA is low. It is, however, important to note that out of the 130 so-called Zambian birds, 8 species have been found to occur in the proposed Mufunta GMA (Appendix 7c).

There is very limited knowledge to ascertain local endemism for plant species, mammal species, reptiles and amphibians. Birds are probably the best known of all groups in terms of distribution and abundance and Mufunta game management area is classified as a landscape of biological significance as an important area of bird species endemism.

The wealth of natural resources of Mufunta game management area

Mufunta GMA still has extensive vegetation cover providing a rich source of pollen and nectar and can be harnessed for production of honey and other bee products.

The dry grass (Laudentia simplex) for thatching is currently being harvested and marketed.

A numbers of species that have suitable for pressed oils were identified in the Mufunta GMA. Those of particular interest include Ochna pulchra, Copaifera baumiana and Parinari curatelifolia which all have potentially some economic uses.

Analysis of the spring water will be useful to understand the quality parameters of the water for commercialisation.

There is historical use of phytomedicines and plant supplements that is an opportunity for the local people to commercially engage in the folk knowledge such as herbal teas for nutritional use, extraction of pressed and essential oils as well as gels from Aloes for use in various skin conditions.

The assessment confirmed that some plant species were exploited for various domestic and economic uses. Some of the common domestic uses and suggests some potential commercial applications are listed in Table 1.



Table 1. Common uses of plant species found in Mufunta GMA

Species NameDomestic

useScale of

harvestingOther Potential commercial use of

speciesBrachystegia species Charcoal, fuel

wood, construction poles

Localized intensive felling

Bee keeping pollen source

Julbernadia paniculata Charcoal production, fuel wood, construction poles

Common and widespread

Bee keeping pollen and nectar source

Cryptosepalum oxfoliatum

Bow and arrows, fuel wood and land clearing

Extensive Bee keeping pollen and nectar source

Guibortia coleosperma Timber Locally high Quality commercial timber

Pterocarpus angolensis Timber Widespread Commercial timberCopaifera baumiana Herbal

medicinesLow Source of copal resin, nutritional

supplements, beekeeping source of pollen & nectar

Parinari curatelliforia Edible fruits, herbal medicines

Common Pressed oil for cosmetic use, source of pollen and nectar

Flacoutia indica Edible fruits, herbal medicines

Common Beverage production, flavour extracts, phyto-medicines

Ochna pulchra Medium Pressed oils for cosmetic usesLoudentia simplex Thatching of

homesHigh High quality thatching for hospitality

industryPhragmites mauritianus Basketry,

matsMedium Commercial basket making

Fagara trijuga Edible vegetables

Low Herbal tea, traditional vegetables

Uapaca kirkiana Edible fruits High Production of beverages

1.1.2.2 Conservation areas

The Mufunta game management area is among Zambia’s game management areas by the Zambia Wildlife Authority. This process has been driven by the local community through the senior traditional leader, Chief Kahare. The area south of the Lusaka – Mongu Road, in the present Mufunta GMA was first surveyed in 1976 with a view to assessing its potential to be declared into a game management area. The survey found that animal populations were too scarce to warrant the area to be declared a game management area. The next survey was undertaken in 1992 and the Surveyor General approved the drawing for the proposed Mufunta Game Management Area No. 38 covering a total area of 5,417 km2 on 14th September 1992. Chief Kahare and Kaoma District Council Secretary approved the drawing on 25th January 1993 and 28th June 1993 respectively. The establishment of the Mufunta game management area reinforces the conservation of natural resources in the Kafue National Park as it provides a buffer on the western border which previously was an open area.



1.1.3 Socio-economic Issues

1.1.3.1 Population and economic issues

The area has an estimated population of 30,000 with a population growth rate of 3.4% and density of 4-7 persons per square kilometre. Close to 50% of the 30,000 live within 10 Km on either side of the Lusaka-Mongu road. About 73% of this population are poor as reflected in poor social indicators such as high levels of illiteracy, unemployment, declining life expectancy and unsatisfactory access to clean water, education and health services needed to sustain basic human needs. Sample surveys suggest the presence of almost equal numbers of males and females. Mean family size, defined as those “eating from the same pot” is 6.4 people per household. One fifth of the total population is younger than 7 years; 36% between 7 and 20 years, and the remaining 45% are older than 20 years. Seventy-seven per cent of households are headed by men and 23% by women. There is a low level of polygamy whereby about 8 % of the male headed households have two wives, and roughly 5% do not have a wife. Less than half the heads of households were born in Kaoma, and less than one quarter locally in their current area of residence. Principal districts in which current heads of households were born are Kalabo, Mongu and Senanga. Two thirds of households have been established at their current locations since 1990. The modal age for heads of households is between 40 and 49, and their modal level of education is Grade 7. Twenty percent of heads of households do not have any education, predominantly the elders. About 75% of children of school going age (taken as 7 – 20 years) were reported to be attending school. The principal sources of income within Mufunta are crop production and short term hired labour. The main income generating crops are maize (corn) and tobacco, followed by vegetables, sweet potatoes, cassava, groundnuts (peanuts) and bananas. Other important non-crop sources of income are chicken production, running small businesses, beer brewing and receipt of pensions and salaries. Reported values for annual household income ranged from US$ 2.70 to US$ 22,700, with mean values of US$ 160 to US$ 1,020 and modal values of US$ 100 to US$ 270. Figures for annual expenditure are very similar. Principal forms of expenditure are beer, food, farming inputs, transport and short term hired labour. Principal centres where money is spent are Lusaka and Mongu, and within Mufunta, TBZ and within villages. Lusaka is the main source of goods, whilst Mongu provides a market for food products which are bought after selling their goods.

1.1.3.2 HIV/AIDS and other health related issues

Projected HIV/AIDS prevalence for western Zambia has been estimated at 12.6% for 2004 with projected HIV cases of 58,347. Projected annual AIDS deaths in western Zambia for 2004 were estimated at 5,763. HIV/AIDS statistics projections for Kaoma district are in Table 2. The HIV/AIDS pandemic is decimating an already limited pool of skilled workers and managers and eroding the rural labour force. The impact is enormous in terms of loss of economic productivity, loss of income, social liabilities, disruption of the family unit, pressure on social services such as education and health, and increasing pressure on natural resources as affected rural communities increasingly depend on wild natural resource harvesting using unsustainable methods to irk out a living. HIV/AIDS is now recognized by Zambia as one of the greatest threats to development and regional integration, with a significant impact on women in particular. With an estimated adult HIV prevalence rate of 20 per cent or greater in Southern Africa, governments are struggling to determine how to confront the problem without neglecting other, equally compelling issues. Malaria is among the top causes of illness and deaths Zambia Other major health risks include tuberculosis, cholera, and dysentery.



Table 2. Projected HIV/AIDS statistics for Kaoma district Description Year

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

HIV Prevalence (%) 9.5 9.2 8.9 8.6 8.3

Number of People infected 8,986 8,933 8,876 8,808 8,723

Annual new AIDS cases

678 678 673 666 656

Annual AIDS-deaths

675 681 680 675 667

Number of orphans

1,270 1,326 1,369 1,398 1,412

Number of AIDS orphans

888 953 1,004 1,040 1,062

1.1.4 Cultural Issues

1.1.4.1 Tribes and Languages

Mufunta includes a wide variety of different tribes. A total of 20 different tribes (Table 3) have been reported but a total of 22 were encountered during the census process (Table 4). Some of these, particularly for the Lubale and the Lozi) can be grouped together on the basis of sharing similar origins and cultures (Table 5).

The three largest groups are the Luvale, Lozi and Nkoyas (Tables 3), although the numerical differences between these may not be as big. Njonjolo, Nkeyema and Shimano each includes a good mix of tribes (especially Shimano), although different groups are more prominent in some villages than others: Nkoyas in Njonjolo, Lozi in Shimano and Luvale (including Mbundas) in Nkeyema. Relations between members of different tribes appear to be amicable and devoid of any significant conflicts. There is also a relatively high rate of intermarriage.

Table 3. Relative abundance (RA) of tribes within Mufunta Game Management Area

Tribe Score RA CRA Subgroups with similar culturesLubale 288 0,513 0,513 Lubale, Mbunda, Luchazi, Chokwe, Yauma, Nkangala

Lozi 144 0,257 0,770Mashi, Kwangwa, Nyengo, Makoma, Mweni, Subiya, Totela

Nkoya 72 0,128 0,898Kaonde 24 0,043 0,941Tonga 12 0,021 0,963Nyanja 8 0,014 0,977Bemba 7 0,012 0,989Lunda 5 0,009 0,998Zezuru 1 0,002 1,000Total 561 1,000



Table 4. Presence of tribes (heads of households and spouses) expressed as percentages for Njonjolo, Nkeyema and Shimano

Tribe Njonjolo Shimano Nkeyema TotalNkoya 78.8 12.8 18.3 32.4Lozi 11.5 43.6 18.3 25.4Mbunda 1.8 14.8 29.9 17.1Luvale 0.9 9.4 14.0 8.9Luchazi 4.7 6.7 4.2Kaonde 4.4 1.3 6.1 4.0Tonga 0.9 1.3 1.8 1.4Chokwe 0.9 0.7 1.2 0.9Komakoma 2.0 0.7Simaa 2.0 0.7Kwamashi 0.7 1.2 0.7Chewa 0.9 0.7 0.5Shona/Zezuru 1.3 0.5Lunda 1.3 0.5Tumbuka 1.2 0.5Lamba 0.7 0.2Mbowe 0.7 0.2Nyengo 0.7 0.2Mwenyi 0.7 0.2Muyauma 0.7 0.2Nsenga 0.6 0.2Lenje 0.6 0.2Total 100 100 100 100

The diversity of languages within Mufunta (Table 5) reflects the variety of constituent tribes. The principal language is Lozi, followed by Mbunda, English, Nyanja and Nkoya. Education is carried out predominantly in English. The relatively high prevalence of Nyanja and Bemba are indicative of and result from a relatively high level of interaction with Lusaka.



Table 5. Relative frequency (RF) of languages spoken within Mufunta

Language Score RF CRFLozi 200 0,165 0,165Mbunda 190 0,157 0,323English 180 0,149 0,471Nyanja 165 0,136 0,608Nkoya 160 0,132 0,740Luvale 80 0,066 0,806Bemba 64 0,053 0,859Kaonde 58 0,048 0,907Makoma 54 0,045 0,952Luchazi 18 0,015 0,967Tonga 15 0,012 0,979Chokwe 10 0,008 0,988Lunda 8 0,007 0,994Mashi 4 0,003 0,998Kwangwa 2 0,002 0,999Nyengo 1 0,001 1,000Total 1209 1,000

1.1.4.2 History and Culture of the Nkoya

The Nkoyas were the original tribe within the Mufunta area. They originated in central DRC from a place called “Kola”. Most of the Nkoyas within Mufunta speak a dialect called Mashasha (which means sour beer). Others speak Lushange who are found just after Njonjolo and in the vicinity of Mwangaleshi.

The principle districts where Nkoya people are currently found are: Lukulu, Sesheke, Kasempa, Kalabo, Mumbwa, Namwala, Itezhitezhi, Kaoma and Kalomo. They are also found in Choma, Livingstone, Lusaka, Kabwe and Luanshya. The reason for shifting from the DRC is believed to be due to congestion and overcrowding. Movement from Kola was a slow process of shifting and settling, being disturbed, shifting again, rather than as a single direct journey. The time of movement from the DRC was sometime during the early 1700’s. The Nkoya leader at that time, who took them from the DRC to North-western Province, was Kabazi. Movement to Mufunta was only considerably later (about 1899), and from Kasempa. Their leader in Kasempa was Shikanda, who died in Kasempa. After the death of Shikanda the tribe was without a chief for some time. The children decided to move across the Kafue River (about 1899), where they met with some cousins under Kabulwekabulwe and initially settled at a place called Mangangi which is within what is now the Kafue National Park. Subsequently they separated, leaving Kabulwekabulwe there, and continued south towards Namwala. Once in Namwala, an uncle of Shamamano went to fish at a certain pool (near Njoko). Some Ila people challenged him as to why he was fishing there, and in the following dispute killed him. This was the start of fighting with the Ilas. Shamamano (a grandson of Kasempa) was very brave (Shamamano means a man of courage), and was later installed as the chief . From Njoko, Shamamano subsequently moved (c. 1917) to a small stream called Kawoma, which is just inside Mufunta (c. 1917), and this is where his grave is. Prior to this the area is reported to have been empty of any other settlement. The reason for settling in Mufunta was that this seemed to be a good area for farming and for hunting.

Aspects of Nkoya culture are listed in Table 6.



Table 6. Aspects of early Nkoya culture at around the time they came to settle within Mufunta.Culture Notes

Crops The peoples originating from the DRC (the Nkoyas and Kaondes and also the Bemba) did not have a culture of growing maize. Their principal crops were sorghum, groundnuts, yams (which they brought with them), fingermillet and cucumbers.

Hunting Nkoyas made use of a variety of tools for hunting, including: muzzle loaders, bows and arrows (with poison), dogs, spears, pit traps (mankwina) and other traps (sprint traps, stones). Nowadays the main hunting techniques used are guns, dogs, spears, and traps such as snares.

Cloth and clothes

Used to make a type of cloth called jitata from the bark of certain trees called muhamba (Brachystegia longifolia and B. boehmii). This was used to make blankets (called jilondo) and also for clothing. Also used animal skins such as from antelopes and duiker. The use of lion and leopard skins, and also that of genets, was reserved only for the Chief.

Fire Fire was made by means of creating sparks by clashing stones together and “catching” the sparks in cotton wool.

Pots Made different types of clay pots for water (ntesho) and for cooking (nyunguya and jima).Kitchen utensils

Made wooden spoons, and also spoons from shells called ngambangamba (a type of bivalve found in rivers) and which are still in use today.

Tools Made metal tools such as axes, hoes, knives, from a type of stone called utare. This stone is found locally for example just south of Njonjolo.

Shoes Shoes were made from bark and from animal skins for example from hippo and buffalo.

The current Chief is called Mwene Kahare XII. The first Chief Kahares I and II were still in the Congo. The lineage is known, but is quite confusing in that some Chiefs have numbers and others do not and are simply known by their names.

1.1.4.3 History of the Luvale

Lubale people form a distinctive group in North-western Province, but are used here collectively as a name for a number of groups with similar cultures such as the Mbundas, Chokwe and Luchazi. Like the Nkoyas, these people also all originated from central DR Congo, but from where they moved to settle in Angola.

Within Mufunta, Mbundas are more dominant than the Lubales. They are found along the Luampa river and along the main roads, particularly where there is more pronounced “urban” development. They are reported to be strong on trading. In addition to Kaoma, the main areas where you find Luvale people are Lukulu, Kaoma, Chavuma, Mwinilunga South and Kasempa Districts. They are also found in Zambezi, Kalabo, Mongu, Luampa, Senanga, Kabompo and Livingstone, Lusaka, as well as in Angola. The reasons for shifting from Angola and coming to here was both as refugees and also to find good areas for farming. Initial movements were stimulated by a desire to escape the presence of the Portuguese colonial administration in Angola. More recently movements have been driven by the Savimbi wars during which time many Luvale came to Zambia to escape the fighting in Angola. Initial movement from Angola to Zambia was lead by three Mbunda chiefs: Chiyengele, Kandala and Katabola. The latter was the group that settled within Mufunta, whilst the other two are settled outside of Mufunta.

From Angola the Mbundas came first to Kalabo, and from there to Mongu. The Barotse Chief in the 1920s did not allow the Mbundas to live on the floodplain, so they settled within the adjacent forests. However, the soils there are very poor (Kalahari sands), such that they concentrated in the head water areas where they caused a lot of destruction. As a result the Barotse Chief Lwenyika Yeta decided to push them further east into Kaoma, from where they came into Mufunta (about the 1920s). Their movements were partly also driven by following the extraction of timber, thus resulting in settlements at Luampa, Nyambi etc.



These people introduced cassava to the area. They also introduced mutete, a type of wild vegetable known locally as Mbunda cabbage, and that has now been brought into cultivation, as well as brush millet (mashangu).

The Mbundas used a similar array of hunting techniques as the Nkoyas, as well as other techniques such as kusheka (the running down of an animal by chasing it on foot), and vumbu (digging holes to catch small animals such as mice).

1.1.4.4 History of the Lozi

Lozi people also originated from the central Congo, from the Lubalunda kingdom. Before coming to Mufunta they first settled in Mongu, sometime during the 1800s, at which time they were under the leadership of Mbuywa Mwambwa. When the Nkoyas started fighting with the Ilas (c. 1917) they sent a message to the Lozis to seek assistance. The Lozi responded positively and sent a number of Ndunas to provide protection. By the time they arrived the fighting was already over. However, the ndunas were settled locally, throughout the area, and through doing so provided lasting protection. This resulted in the establishment of 14 subchiefs (including a few Nkoyas and Mbundas). Twelve subchiefs identified in the area are Kakumba, Libinga, Kanguya, Afumba (Nkoya – he was included as he was the one who lead the others to introduce them to Shamamano), Siwalyondo, Mufaya, Kasimba (Mbunda), Nkumbula, Mwetete (Nkoya), Kasabi (Mbunda), Chilanda, Muleka (and two others). These were spread over the area as assigned by Chief Kahare. Four of these subchiefs are currently settled within Mufunta (Afumba, Nkumbula, Chilanda and Muleka).

This is how the first Lozi people came to this area, ie about 1917 at the time of the conflict with the Ilas. The bulk of the settlement however has been since 1959 which was the time the father of Mr. Mombotwa (one of the Community Resource Use A assessment Team members) came to settle in the scheme at Shimano. Lozi people are now found all over the place, including Angola, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Crops grown by the Lozi were maize sorghum, yams, wheat and groundnuts. The Lozi are credited with introducing maize to this area, Having been exposed to it through contact with early missionaries, and from where it spread to neighbouring areas. The Lozi also appear to be responsible for bringing cattle to Mufunta. Cattle seem to have come into this area from Namwala. Prior to the Nkoyas coming to Mufunta, the Lozis had a conflict with the Tongas about a women, which resulted in the Lozi’s collecting cattle from the Ilas. These animals used to graze on both sides of the Kafue, such that cattle were probably here from the time of the initial Nkoya settlement, although the Nkoya were not interested at all in keeping cattle. The initial cattle were short horned animals that are resistant to tsetse fly. Long horn cattle were introduced much later, and recently have suffered heavily from diseases, such that they seem to be in the process of being eliminated.

1.1.4.5 Important Historical Events within Mufunta

When asked to identify important historical events (Table 7), the resource use assessment concentrated on political happenings, but on prompting did add a few natural perturbations too (locusts, floods and drought). The absence of severe drought events is notable. There was some confusion surrounding the dates of the earlier events concerning the conflict with the Ilas etc.



Table 7. Important historical and natural events in the history of Mufunta

Date EventConflict with the Ilas over fishing grounds. Nkoyas lead by Shamamano.Shamamano is installed as Chief Kahare IV. Shifted to make his palace at Kawoma which is within the Kafue National Park but close to the border with Mufunta.Establishment of the Lukena (Litoya Lya Mbuma) by Chief Timuna near Njonjolo (during the 1900’s)

c.1917 Establishment of Lilhlo Ndunas (subchiefs) within the Nkoya kingdom for protection of the area.1945 Crop invasion by locusts.1948 Chief Mutondo by the name of Muchayila was taken in exile to Kalabo by the royal Lozi

establishment for 10 years.1948 Excessive floods which prompted many Lozis to flee from the floodplains to upper lands.1958 Excessive floods again.1968 District name was changed from Mankoya to Kaoma in order to harmonise tribal groupings in

the area.1970 Introduction of the Tobacco Board of Zambia to Mufunta by a white man called Mr. Rangel

(known locally as Kapayipi after the pipe he liked to smoke). People living in the area were integrated into the scheme. The land under the scheme was designated as state land, leaving the remaining village areas under customary tenure.

1972 Construction of tar road from Lusaka to Mongu1992 Drought and importation of yellow maize1996 Succession wrangle of Kalunga to Nduna Kakumba leads to tribal conflict between the Nkoya

and Lozi. Some houses were burnt at Ntuba (outside of Mufunta). Both hands of the Litoya Mwanashihemi (Simon Mukumbi) were broken. The case was taken to the courts, which ruled that the Mwanashihemi should be compensated for his injuries. Subsequently the key actors came together and resolved their differences, and today people are working together as one for the development of the area.

2002 Mwene Kahare XI died 16 April 2002. 2006 Current Mwene Kahare XII confirmed 26 June 2002

The history of the Nkoya seeking and accepting protection from the Lozis has been the root of more recent local conflict, in that the Lozi now claim “ownership” of the area, but the Nkoya are proud of their heritage and at times have been reluctant to accept this – hence the exile of Chief Mutondo in 1948 and the more recent disturbances during 1996. Communities of Mufunta do not generally consider the creation of Kafue National Park to have been of any marked importance. This is in marked contrast to many protected areas, particularly where their creation has lead directly to the subsequent displacement of resident communities. This does not appear to have been a factor in the history of the current settlements within Mufunta.

1.1.5 Institutional and Legal Issues

1.1.5.1 Existing Legal and Policy Framework

The Zambian Government has demonstrated its commitment to environment management conservation. Notable natural resource related legislation include the Fisheries Act No. 21 of 1974, Forest Act of 1973 Cap 199 and the Wildlife Act of 1998. However, further legislative reform and devolution is required to consolidate the natural resources gains made in the past decade. Continued engagement with the political leadership at the policy and legislative level is therefore a key task.

Important legislative processes that need to be completed here include development and implementation of subsidiary legislation that empowers communities to own and benefit from their natural resources, and the need to valorise the use of Community Based Organisations as an implementation mechanism to achieve the objectives of national level environmental action plans and multilateral instruments such as the CBD and the CCD. Such subsidiary legislation include the statutory



instruments, such as Statutory Instrument No. 52 of 2002 that was issued in support of joint forest management, and bye-laws.

Substantive legislation supporting the involvement of local communities in the management of natural resources is anchored primarily anchored in the Wildlife Act of 1998. The institutionalisation of community based natural resource management in the Wildlife Act of 1998 is potentially far-sighted. It provides a legal framework for formation of Community Resource Boards (CRBs) and provides mechanisms for community involvement in benefit sharing from wildlife resources and its management.

The perceived successes in the wildlife sector encouraged participatory approaches in other sectors including the fisheries sector. Even though community based fisheries management programes have been implemented, they have not been supported by legislation. Such programmes include the SNV-Zambia initiated community-based fisheries management programme in Luapula province, which is operational in the Luapula River, Lake Mweru and Bangweulu swamps fisheries. The second documented initiative is the Lake Kariba Community fisheries management programme through local management structures in the Lake Kariba fisheries called Village Management Committees (VMCs) at the fishing village level, Zone Management Committees (ZMCs) at Chiefdom level and the Inter-Zonal Management Committee (IZC) covers the whole lakeshore from Sinazongwe to Siavonga. The origin of emerging fisheries co-management projects in these areas can be found in the ongoing democratization process taking place in Zambia.

Legislation and policies in forestry management were revised in 1999 and 1998 respectively with the aim of devolving resource management powers and benefit sharing to local communities through various local level institutions. The changes outlined considerable change in the management of Zambia's forest, encouraging the active involvement of local communities in the protection, management and utilisation of forest resources. The revised policy and legislation also introduced the concept of revenue sharing between government and local communities, and presented different approaches to be implemented in the management of Forest Reserves and open areas (under customary land). The draft Forest Act of 1999 which provides for a sense of ownership and benefit sharing has not yet commenced. To facilitate implementation of participatory management of forest resources, Statutory Instrument No. 52 of 2002 was passed to facilitate the implementation of the Forest Policy of 2000.

1.1.5.2 Natural resource policy and legal reforms

A legislative development process that will further elaborate participatory natural resource management processes with the involvement of local level institutions is underway in fisheries and wildlife sectors. The fisheries sector, through the Department of Fisheries has drawn up a roadmap for formulating a fisheries policy through participatory policy. Policies and legislation related to forest management were revised in 1998 and 1999 aimed at devolving natural resource management authority and benefit sharing to local communities using local level institutions. The draft Forest Act No. 7 of 1999 which provides ownership and benefit sharing has not yet been activated.

An elaborate community based natural resource policy process is currently underway by the Zambia Wildlife Authority, with WWF support, that has produced a working document for the “National Community Based Natural Resources Management Policy for Game Management Areas and Open Areas”. Important governance and participatory strategies articulated include the role of local communities, local governance structures and traditional leaders in land use planning, Natural resource protection and monitoring of resources use and population trend, sustainable hunting quotas, hunting monitoring and local management of hunting, revenue-generating enterprises from wildlife and other natural resources and sustainable agricultural practices under Objective 1. Objective 2 of the draft working document of the CBNRM policy aims at ensuring the full participation of local communities in managing wildlife in game management areas and open areas whereas Objective 5 aims at promoting community support of private sector investments in wildlife and other natural resources based enterprises and in the development of sustainable utilization of natural resources in game management areas and open areas



1.1.6 Political Issues

The Zambian Government has demonstrated its commitment to environment management and conservation. However, further policy and legislative reform and devolution are required to consolidate the natural resources gains made in the past decade.

1.2 Threats, Problems and Opportunities

The threat and problem analysis appears in Table 8 whereas the problem tree is in Figure 3.

Table 8. Threat and problem analysis Key-problems (described in terms of decline in state, either quantity or quality, of the environment)

Key problem: A deteriorating and diminishing natural resource base contributing to declining livelihoods.

Causes of the key problems (describe pressures)

Scale of pressures (quantify and/or describe significance)

Underlying causes (list at least 2 causes per pressure)

Possible responses by the Project

Pressure 1: Land Clearing

High = Up to 10 Km north (Kamakokwa) and 25 Km south from Lusaka-Mongu road (Njonjolo, Nkeyema, and Shimano)

Medium = Lalafuta (north of Lusaka – Mongu road)

Low = South from Njonjolo to southern end of Mufunta game management area in Shakalongo.

1. Agriculture expansion

2. Expansion of settlements

3. Infrastructure development

4.

1. Land use plans2. Improved land

husbandry such as conservation agriculture

Pressure 2: Unsustainable and unregulated use of natural resource

High = In timber south of Njonjolo; land for agriculture from Njonjolo to northern end of Mufunta GMA; wetland utilisation from Njonjolo to northern end of Mufunta GMA; poaching is higher south of Njonjolo than in the north.

Low = Timber south of Njonjolo

1.access and benefits to manage natural resources

2.knowledge and information natural resource base and management

3.failures

4.5.

appropriate technology

1. Formulation and implementation of participatory natural resource management plans

2. Formulate through a consultative process and submit bye-laws to the Kaoma District Council

3. Build institutional and community capacity for management of natural resources

Pressure 3: High = 10 Km south and 1. Agriculture 1. Formulation and



Deforestation 15 Km north of Lusaka-Mongu road.

Low = in remainder of Mufunta GMA.

expansion2. Tobacco

curing3. Fire4. Infrastructur

e development

implementation of participatory natural resource management plans


3. Strengthen capacity of local level institutions and communities for management of natural resources

4. Formulation and implementation of environmental awareness strategies

Pressure 4: Uncontrolled fire

High throughout the Mufunta GMA

1. Land clearing (shifting cultivation)

2. Uncontrolled use of fire as a management tool

3. Hunting activities

4. Inadequate knowledge on fire management


2. Strengthen capacity of local level institutions and communities for management of natural resources

3. Formulation and implementation of environmental awareness strategies

4. Formulation and implementation of participatory natural


Habitat & ecosystem degradation


resource management plans

Pressure 5: Use and mismanagement of agro-chemicals and poisons

High north of Njonjolo up to Kabilulwe

1. Need to improve agricultural crop yields

2. Fish harvesting

3. Inadequate knowledge on use and application of agro-chemicals and poisons

4. Expansion of out-grower schemes for cotton and tobacco

Formulation of a strategy for the safe use and management of agro-chemicals and poisons



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Effects

Causes

Key-problemUnsustainable & unregulated consumption of natural resources

Reduced animal productivity

Increased human wildlife conflict

Irreversible collapse in the wildlife population / unique nature phenomenon

Unplanned Infrastructure Development

Illegal trade in meat, timber & other NR

Diminishing natural resource base

Loss of employment

Habitat & ecosystem degradation & modification

Competition for key resources

Loss of substantial tourism related income

Increasing poverty levelsBiodiversity Loss


Figure 3. Problem Tree


Accidental / run-away fire

Charcoal productionInadequate knowledge on fire management

Settlement Expansion

Land tenure vested in traditional authority

Land / Bush clearing

PoachingFood insecurity

Limited IGA opportunities

Lack of incentives & benefits

Increased demand for agricultural productsAvailability of illegal

firearms (high calibre)

Inadequate skills, knowledge & information on NR base & management

Inadequate knowledge on land and fire managementCharcoal production

Uncontrolled FiresSubsistence and commercial Agric Expansion

Poor law enforcement on land issues

Increased demand for timber


1.3 Stakeholders

Table 9. Stakeholder Analysis MatrixList stakeholders per category in relation to the Threats Analysis Matrix

Describe the "stake" Describe potential role in the Project

Who make use or benefit from the Natural Resources (Distinguish between commercial and subsistence & indicate who is threatening them)

1) Stakeholder group 1

Local Communities/Subsistence Farmers

Access to natural resources e.g. micro-wetlands, hunting grounds and fishing grounds.

Income generation from the resources e.g. grass, game meat

Land for farming and settlement.

Formation of the Village Action Groups

And Management of Village Zones

Formation of Commodity groups and implementation of their programmes

Implementation of the safe criteria for agro-chemicals and sustainable natural resource utilization

2) Stakeholder group 2

(a) Chief Kahare And The Mabombora Royal Court

(b) Sub-Chiefs And Village Headmen-

Improved livelihood for subjects

Access to natural resources and benefits from their sustainable use

Establishment and development of Mufunta

Infrastructure development and other development initiatives.

Increased access to natural resources for subjects;

Better livelihoods for subjects from natural resource use

Providing traditional, social and natural resource governance and leadership. Structures.

Administration of customary land.

Community mobilization Patron of the GMA

Community Mobilization in development activities

Conflict resolution and management.

Promotion of indigenous knowledge system

Participation in resource management.

3) Stakeholder group 3: Resource Users

(a) Pit sawyers(b) Beekeepers

(c ) Fish Farmers and fishermen

Access to timber species Access to forests for

beekeeping activities

and honey collection

Access to wetlands. And water bodies

Fishing rights

Fire management Promotion of sustainable

harvesting methods for timber resources

Promotion of modern beekeeping

Management of micro-wetlands and other fisheries



(d) Livestock Owners

(e) Charcoal Producers

(f) Grass cutters (normally women and youth)

Access to grazing grounds

Access to forests and trees for charcoal production

Access to plains and grasslands where thatch grass is found

Restocking of natural ponds and water bodies

Construction of fish-ponds

Management of grazing lands

Fire management Fire management Coppice management Forest protection

Fire management and maintenance of plains and grass lands and protection of their staked parcels

3. Commercial entities

(a) Zambia Leaf Tobacco Ltd

(b) Dunavant Cotton

(c ) Cheetah Zambia Ltd.

(d) Traders

(e) Commercial Farmers

Tobacco production and marketing

Cotton production and marketing

Promotion of paprika production and, marketing

Arable land

Promotion of f farm woodlots

Promotion of sustainable wood harvesting methods for tobacco curing on farms

Promotion of safe use of agro-chemical

Promotion of safe methods of agrochemical use

As above

Purchase of natural resource based produce and products; such as grass, timber honey, fish’

Traditional crafts etc Sales of essential

commodities second hand clothing

Promotion of conservation farming

Promotion of safe agro-chemical use and management

Fire management Management of indigenous

trees on the farm

4. Service Institutions

(a) Zambia Wildlife Authority Increased revenue from Co - Management of



(b) Forestry Department

(c ) Department Of Community Development

(d) Department Of Agriculture

(e) Ministry of Local Government And HousingAnd Kaoma District Council

(f) Schools

(g) Ministry Of Health

game licenses.

Increased animal (game) population

Establishment of Community Resource Board

Sustainable Management of Forest resources

Revenues from Forest licences

Raised adult literacy Reduction in vulnerability

to poverty in women and youth

Increased knowledge and appropriate agriculture technology for farming households (Both commercial and subsistence)

New Sub-District Administrative Centre

Decentralized governance structures

Revenues

The future of the youth in the communities

Wildlife Resources. With local communities

Formation Of Game Management Area

Anti-poaching activities with community structures.

Co - management of forest resources. With community level structures

Creation of cost and benefit sharing mechanisms with local communities

Formulation and implementation of fire management plans

Promotion of adult literacy.

Promotion of income generation activities for women and youth groups.

Facilitation of food security Incorporation of

environmental issues in adult literacy curriculum

Incorporation of environmental issues in extension packages

Promotion of safe use and management of agro-chemicals

Fire management

Development of infrastructure

Delegation of development planning and implementation framework

Strengthening of Area Development Committees

Providing democratically elected civic representation

Facilitates the mobilization of resources for local development projects.

Technical support through District Development Committee

Provision of education. to the youth



(h) Servicing Non-Governmental Organizations

Program Against Malnutrition

Women For Change

Keepers Zambia Foundation

The social and economic development of the area

Good Human and Environmental Health

Eradication of hunger and famine from the community

Power and Rights for the local communities

Socio-economic empowerment of the local communities

Socio-empowerment of rural households

Promotion of environmental education

Provision of service centre for all development initiatives.

Community mobilization

Promotion of Human and environmental health

Education on, and management of the HIV/AIDS pandemic

Provision of food Security packs

Promotion of income generating activities

Promotion of good governance issues in natural resource management

Promotion of gender issues in natural resource management

Promotion of income generating activities.

Promotion of wetland utilization

Group formation.

Promotion of micro-finance

Promotion of market linkages for small scale producers.

Distribution of agriculture in-puts

Who are responsible for the NR

1) Stakeholder group x

Traditional Leaders and local c0mmunities

Heredity rights to the resource

Some useful traditional laws and practices

They will not easily

They are committed to share in the responsibility of managing the entity

They will need knowledge and skills in natural



abandon the entity in the face of negative impacts

Useful indigenous knowledge and technologies

resource management and utilization.

2) Stakeholder group y

Government Departments:Agriculture, Community Development,, Education, Fisheries, Forestry, Health, Local Government, Zambia Wildlife Authority,

Legal Mandates to execute Government policies in the conservation of natural resources and delivery of social services

Harmonizing co-management policies (Joint Forest Management, Community Resource Boards, Fisheries Management Board,, Educational Boards) which are meant enhance community participation in the Social and environmental sectors.

3) Stakeholder group z

Non-Governmental Organisations:Keepers Zambia Foundation, Women For Change-Zambia National Farmers Union

Have non bureaucratic mandates to mobilize resources and implement projects with rural communities

They are already in the area executing related livelihood projects

4) Private Sector:Zambia Leaf Tobacco, Dunavant Cotton, Cheetah Zambia

Working with Out grower Schemes for tobacco.. cotton and paprika growers

Already conscious of environmental impacts being exerted on the entity and are struggling to mitigate them

Who has specific interests in the problems?

1) Stakeholder group a

Agriculture Fisheries Forestry Zambia Wildlife Authority

Escalating land clearing in the central part of the entity

Dividing and changing habitat characteristics

Increasing use of agro-chemicals

Increased levels of poaching and dwindling animal populations

Introducing agro forestry systems and on farm management of indigenous trees and forests.

Encouraging protection of ecologically sensitive areas on private farms

Encouraging safe methods of use and management of agrichemicals

Arresting possible effects of deforestation and promoting agro forestry systems in farming areas

Creation of the Game mManagement Area and increasing community participation in wildlife management

2) Traditional Leaders And Local Communities

-Natural resource degradationIncreasing poverty levels in the

-Formation of the GMA and participating in natural resource



communities management-Creation of mechanisms that will release the potential to benefit from the local natural resources

2) Stakeholder group b

3) Stakeholder group c

Who has most knowledge or are most capable of dealing with the problems?

1) Stakeholder group I

(a) Grass cutters(b) Traditional beekeepers,(c ) Pit sawyers(d) Government extension officers(e) Non governmental organisations(f) Traditional leadership,(g) Rural Women

Resource users have knowledge on where various resources can be found and how they can be managed for the benefit of everybody

The Traditional leadership has traditional rules and regulations for resource use and management.

Government Extension Officers have technical and scientific knowledge in natural resource management.

Successful natural resources takes into account both scientific and indigenous knowledge in developing sustainable management regimes over resources in the commons.

NGOs have also generated a lot of practical lessons from the various projects they have undertaken together with local rural communities. These documented lessons could be adopted and tried in the implementation of the project.

Rural women have tremendous knowledge on various plant species and their importance; Furthermore they know how to deal with traditional subsistence Farming systems

2) Stakeholder group ii

3) Stakeholder group iii

1.4 Contribution to the Implementation of National Plans1.4.1 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

The implementation of the first PRSP (2002-2004) and the Transitional National Development Plan (TNDP 2002-2005) came to an end in December 2005. Zambia’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (2002-2004) specifically identified the close and crosscutting relationship between poverty reduction and the environment. It highlighted the prevailing situation where the poor depend on natural resources but are in danger of severely depleting the resource base. It therefore concluded that ‘the involvement“ of affected local communities in environmental management was crucial to the success of poverty reduction. In addition to linking the environment and the livelihoods of the poor, the PRSP as well as the various national policies frequently mentioned the importance of community involvement, capacity building at local level and the need to ensure devolution of natural resource management to local communities. The PRSP was reviewed against the indicators of Millennium Development Goals. The implementation of the MDG relating to the environment was inadequate and hence the Fifth



National Development Plan addresses this indicator in more detail than the PRSP. The PRSP was effected between 2002 and 2005 and has been replaced by the Fifth National Development Plan for 2006 to 2010.

1.4.2 Environmental plans and strategies

Four major national planning frameworks, the National Environmental Action Plan/Environmental Support Programme (NEAP/ESP), the Zambia Forestry Action Plan (ZFAP), the National Biodiversity Action Plan, and the Water Resources Action Plan (WRAP) provide the national framework for the implementation of environment related projects. Priorities in the NEAP/ESP include capacity development while the ZFAP is geared towards the sustainable management of Zambia's forest resources, to which both objectives this project is contributing. ZFAP acknowledges the potential contribution of forest resources to poverty alleviation in Zambia through increased household food security and nutrition through forest products, provision of employment for both rural and urban populations through forest activities and the sustained role of maintaining ecological processes.

1.4.3 Other national, sectoral, regional and local development plans

(i) National Environmental Policy (NEP)

The policy recognises the pressing need to manage the impact of human activity on the environment with particular regard to five main areas of environmental concern; deforestation, wildlife depletion, land degradation, heritage destruction and loss, air pollution, water pollution and inadequate sanitation. This project falls within one of the immediate objectives of the NEP, i.e. to enhance sustainable natural resource management for improved environmental health and sustainable livelihoods of rural communities with improved local regulations and institutional structures.

(ii) Draft CBNRM Policy

The policy goal is to provide an adequate framework to guide the participation of the various stakeholders in wildlife management in the game management areas and open areas. The lack of/or inadequate participation of local communities in the decision making processes and sharing of benefits arising from managing wildlife has been cited as one of the major contributing factors to the increased levels of poaching of wildlife in the country. The project through intervention at local level will ensure the full participation of local communities in managing wildlife in game management areas and open areas. Ensuring continued community participation in wildlife management is key to sustainable wildlife management.

(iii) Fifth National Development Plan

The implementation of the PRSP between 2002 and 2005 resulted in inadequate achievement of the MDG related to the environment. According to Chapter 2 under non-income poverty, the Fifth National Development Plan 2006-2011 (FNDP) indicates that “…environmental degradation has reached alarming proportions. The country’s forests are under tremendous pressure, with wood harvesting for fuel and timber and the clearance for agriculture and human settlement being some of the primary causes. In the last decade, environmental degradation, especially deforestation and wildlife and fish depletion, has become particularly severe and threatens sustainable economic growth and the survival of the poorest populations”. Therefore, in trying to address some of the short comings of the PRSP, the FNDP has Chapter 9 on natural resources and Chapter 30 on the environment that have strategies to address environmental issues. The objectives and strategies for the natural resources sector are captured in Table 10.



Table 10. Objectives and strategies for the natural resources sector under the Fifth National Development Plan

No. Objective Strategies1 1. To maintain a representation of

Eco-systems for the benefit of current and future generations

a) Maintenance of representative protected areas network system

b) Expansion of protected area system to include wetlands types which are not currently under protection

2 2. To develop a conducive policy and legislative framework for enhanced contribution of the sector to the National Economy

a) Formulate and implement appropriate policies and plans b) Integrate private sector driven policies and programs in

NRMc) Integrate international environmental conventions in

national laws and local programs 3 3. To strengthen the management

systems for sustainable utilization of the natural resources.

a) Improved Coordination and administrationb) Institutional development and capacity building

4 4. To mainstream Gender and HIV/AIDS in Sector activities

Promotion of gender HIV/AIDS equity and awareness

5 5. To effectively conserve and manage wildlife and habitats

a) Improving habitat productivity, protection and monitoringb) Rehabilitation protected areas infrastructurec) Integrated regional law enforcement

6 6. To promote the sustainable utilization of wildlife resources

a) Co-management of wildlife resourcesb) Commercialisation of wildlife industries

7 7. To strengthen community participation in wildlife management

Co-management of wildlife resources

8 8. To strengthen institutional and human resource capacities of the Zambia Wildlife Authority

a) Improved Coordination and administrationb) Institutional development and capacity building

9 9. To mainstream Gender, HIV and AIDS into ZAWA

Promotion of gender HIV/AIDS equity and awareness

10 10. To effectively manage the process of institutional change and reform of the forestry sector

a) Institutional reformb) Strengthening of institutions and human resourcesc) Enhanced institutional inter-sectoral and regional

collaboration11 11. To manage and conserve

indigenous forests and enhance local forest governance in a sustainable way

a) Integrate forestry into relevant cross-sectoral development activities

b) Implement sustainable forest management and conservation

c) Strengthen forest resource protection and monitoring12 12. To enhance the economic and

social contributions from industrial and plantation forestry through sustainable commercialisation

a) Strengthen commercial forestry b) Improve rural and urban livelihoods through sustainable

forest-based enterprisec) Develop forest sector financing

13 13. To enhance the quality of forest information through improved data generation, management and dissemination

a) Build capacity of forest staff in research & information b) Implement research programmes, inventories and

assessments c) Disseminate forest information and data to key

stakeholders and the general public14 14. To mainstream Gender, HIV and

AIDS into ZAWAPromotion of gender HIV/AIDS equity and awareness

15 15. To promote conservation and sustainable utilization of wetland resources

a) Promotion of community participation.b) Promote commercialisation and value addition for

wetland resources.c) Develop integrated land use planning.d) Improve regional and international Collaboration:

16 16. Strengthen the management systems for sustainable utilization of wetlands.

a) Improve coordination of wetlands managementb) Improve Public awareness on wetland values and

functions.17 17. Mainstream Gender and HIV/AIDS

in wetlands managementa) Promote awareness of gender issues and HIV/AIDS.b) Encourage equity between women and menc) Put in place deliberate measures to equip, protect, care

and support d) HIV/AIDS infected people

18 18. To conserve and manage national heritage

a) to encourage community participation in the conservation and management of the national



heritageb) Promote the commercialisation on national heritagec) Promote Sustainable Tourism Developmentd) Promote Public Awareness and Education in heritage

conservatione) Strengthen Research and Management planningf) Improve regional and international collaborationg) Improve Infrastructureh) Strengthen Analysis, Treatment and Curation of

Heritage Materialsi) Strengthen National Heritage resource protection and

monitoring19 19. Improve organization and

management systemsa) Strengthen national and regional coordinationb) Improve human resources for the organization and

administrative systemc) Improve Financial Management Systemsd) Improve the legal and policy frameworke) Improve Data Management Systemsf) Improve Monitoring Capability

20 20. To Mainstream Gender and HIV Utilise Gender and HIV policies to integrate gender and HIV into heritage management

This project will contribute to Objectives 2, 3, 11, 15, 16, 17, by formulating natural resource usage by-laws, strengthening the local level management systems for sustainable utilization of natural resources, sustainable management of indigenous forests and wetlands, mainstreaming HIV/AIDS awareness and gender empowerment in natural resource management. In order to entrench benefit accrual from natural resources, a strategy to negotiate and establish formal public-private partnerships for environmentally safe product enterprises and market linkage development will be supported.

1.5 Global thematic programme, ecoregional targets and global policy initiatives

1.5.1 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)

The 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) did not provide all the global commitments needed to urgently and effectively address poverty and environment issues. However, probably more than ever before, the process highlighted the fundamental links between poverty and the environment, and that lasting poverty reduction cannot be accomplished without sustainable natural resource management. The need for community-based approaches was highlighted, and also included in the Plan of Implementation that came out as a main result of the Summit. As such, the project’s core principles relate very well with the summit. We believe that such initiatives are among the most relevant to address the main issues discussed by the Summit, namely poverty reduction within the framework of sustainable natural resource management. This will also be the basis for meeting the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. The most important outcome of the summit in the short term was the decision to focus follow-up activities on the so-called WEHAB commitments.

1.5.2 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

The project will contribute towards MDGs 1- Eradicate extreme poverty and 7- Ensure environmental sustainability, through its Income generation activities - poor people tend to be the most dependent upon the direct utilization of biodiversity for their livelihoods, and are therefore the first to suffer when these resources are degraded or lost. Biodiversity also offers great potential for marketing unique products, many of which are extremely valuable but the benefits only infrequently accrue to the poor.



1.5.3 New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)

The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) is a pledge by African leaders to eradicate poverty and to place their countries on a path of sustainable growth and development and thus halt the marginalization of Africa in the globalisation process.

The ten priority sectors identified for urgent action under NEPAD includes the Environment Initiative. The introduction to NEPAD’s Action Programme notes that poverty reduction depends on the health and good stewardship of the environment. One of NEPAD’s goals, “to implement national strategies for sustainable development by 2005 so as to reverse the loss of environmental resources by 2015” gives credence to the Regional CBNRM Project. Under the sectoral priority on the Environment Initiative, NEPAD targets the following eight sub-themes as priority interventions: combating desertification, wetland conservation, invasive alien species, coastal management, global warming, cross-border conservation areas, environmental governance, and financing.

Details of the various work programmes under NEPAD are still under development. WWF has, together with UNEP, IUCN and the World Bank been invited to develop NEPAD’s environment component further. WWF is therefore in a good position to link the further development of NEPAD with this project. Thus, this Project will facilitate efforts to put NEPAD Environmental Initiative into actual operation, at local scale.

1.5.4 Geographical Area

WWF Zambia Coordination Office in Lusaka has been operating in Zambia since registration with the Zambian government in 1991. The project sites in which WWF Zambia Coordination Office has been operating include Copperbelt, Bangweulu Basin, Kafue Flats, Kafue river basin in Katuba and Namwala, Luangwa Valley, lower Zambezi, Mumbwa and lately Mufunta game management area.

1.5.5 Thematic Area

Since the 1990s, the WWF Zambia Programme Office in Lusaka has worked with the Zambian government, NGO and other partners in:

Environmental education for children and adults in Bangweulu, Lower Zambezi, Namwala and Mumbwa

Community based natural resource management institutional and policy development for Zambia

Conserving forests and freshwater resources in the Kafue Basin in the Kafue headwaters and Kafue flats

Conservation of the African wild dog in Luangwa Valley and Lechwe in the Kafue Flats

Intergrated water resources management and food security for the Kafue River Basin in Katuba and Namwala

Luangwa Valley land use planning

Mitigating of human elephant conflict Luangwa Valley

Linking sustainable livelihoods and conservation in the Bangweulu Basin

Tourism and protected areas in the Kafue South Bank Game Management Area

WWF Zambia has been in the forefront to facilitate the formation and registration of the Zambia Community Based Natural Resources Management Forum and supporting in community based natural resources management activities in selected Game Management Areas, e.g. in the Kafue



Flats and the Bangweulu Swamps, and has worked to push development of appropriate policies and legislation at the national level.

Between January and September 2006, WWF Zambia Coordination Office and WWF Norway with the support of the Norwegian government implemented the Mufunta CBNRM Project Inception phase whose main activities were to collect baseline information on natural resources of Mufunta, identify stakeholders and carry out stakeholder consultations and natural resource related issues for the purpose of developing the project proposal. Presently WWF Zambia Coordination Office has created good rapport with stakeholders and knowledge coverage of the whole Mufunta game management area. The implementation of the various projects in environmental education, community based natural resource management, freshwater, forestry, wildlife and land use planning has enhanced the capacity of WWF Zambia Coordination Office to implement a project of the magnitude of the current proposal.

1.5.6 Global Priorities

WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature by conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.

WWF’s strengths lie in its ability to think globally and act locally; and that the mixture of fieldwork, policy and campaigning, influencing markets and forming partnerships bring a unique approach which allow effective delivery on the Mission through the One Global Programme. WWF chose its global conservation priorities by first identifying three biomes on the basis of the One Global Programme – forests, freshwater ecosystems and oceans/coasts – and then providing a geographical focus in these ecosystems through the Global 200 Ecoregions. The Miombo eco-region is one of the Global 200 eco-region, the largest eco-region on mainland sub-Saharan Africa. The eco-region provides a good example in which management of landscapes of biological significance is central to maintaining its essential features, such as soil moisture regimes, dominant vegetation cover, characteristic species and associated ecosystem processes.

1.5.7 Regional Priorities

WWF-SARPO (World Wide Fund for nature’s Southern Africa Regional Programme Office) has been tasked with the implementation of WWF’s global mission and targets at the Southern African sub-regional level. WWF –SARPO collaborates with governments, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and other institutions working in the sub-region in the process of executing its programmes of conservation of nature and ecosystem processes. The regional focus translates into the same number of biomes with an additional five issue based or cross-cutting objectives that include savanna ecosystems, arid lands, sustainable wildlife use, environmental awareness and capacity building. The project will therefore target 4 regional objectives i.e. from the WWF SARPO 2006-2010 Conservation Plan:

Objective 1. Web of Life: Key terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and processes conserved, sustainably managed and used in Southern Africa.

Objective 2. Roar of the Wild: Flagship and priority Southern African species managed for population and range expansion where appropriate, to meet ecological and socio economic requirements of the region.

Objective 3. Sharing Nature’s Bounty: Livelihoods and equitable benefits harnessed for people through economic, social, and cultural contributions from the sustainable use of natural resources in Southern Africa.



Objective 4. Constructive Engagement with Policy Makers: Conservation and sustainable natural resource management in Southern Africa supported by sound policy, legislation and macro economic understanding at local and global levels.

WWF-SARPO has an active eco-region conservation programme, the Miombo Ecoregion Conservation Programme, for the Miombo or Southern Caesalpinoid Woodlands Eco-region. The Miombo eco-region is one of the Global 200 eco-region, the largest eco-region on mainland sub-Saharan Africa. The eco-region provides a good example in which management of landscapes of biological significance is central to maintaining its essential features, such as soil moisture regimes, dominant vegetation cover, characteristic species and associated ecosystem processes.This project, implemented within the Miombo eco-region, will target objectives 1 to 3 and provide an on-going source of technical advice to other projects with which SARPO is already directly associated with in Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Further, Mufunta GMA is a central component of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA), a conservation initiative by five soutnern African countries of Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe and in which countries, except Angola, WWF through WWF-SARPO has very active conservation programs. The KAZA TFCA is an essential area required to complete ecological systems such as the migration of wildlife and in particular elephant and playing an important role in biodiversity, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem maintenance across the international boundaries of the partner countries.

2 PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS, LESSONS AND DEVIATIONS

2.1 Describe the extent to which the expected results have been achieved during the last years

The Mufunta Community Based Natural Resource Management Project – preparatory phase Zambia (ZAM), Project No. ZM0040 started in January 2006 and was completed in September 2006. The project purpose was “Development of a project proposal for a Community Based Natural Resource Management Project for the Mufunta Game Management Area outlining the institutional framework for collaboration, specific implementation, monitoring and evaluation guidelines and the development of plans for the sustainable management of the natural resources of Mufunta Game Management Area adjacent to the Kafue National Park.”

The preparatory phase in 2006 supported stakeholder consultations at different levels within the proposed project site and in addition, produced baseline information, identified gaps and methods for gap filling as well as establishing a framework for monitoring and evaluation. The project brought together relevant stakeholders to focus their complementarities and strengths and in that way built a basis for a local and broad-based ownership of the proposed community based natural resources management project. The preparatory phase ensured that issues pertaining to the sustainable natural resources management using locally based initiatives in the Mufunta Game Management Area become part and parcel of each government department’s sustainable natural resource management agenda.

Other achievements in 2006 include the formation of a Conservation Club at Nkeyema High School arising from the Head Teacher’s attendance of the stakeholder workshop.

Project Implementation in 2007

The preparatory phase led to the production of the 2007 project proposal document that not only created an enabling framework through which key stakeholders in natural resources management sector can work together but also a basis for implementing a community based natural resources management project for the Mufunta Game Management Area. The intervention logic for the proposal, including indicators, was developed through a workshop with



stakeholders held in the Kafue National Park. Stakeholders present represented fisheries, forestry, wildlife sectors as well as the Kaoma district local government.

The actual project implementation started in January 2007. Notable achievements are summarized in the table below and are described in detail in the text.

Output Indicators of achievement

Progress Remarks if any

1.0 Local level institutional structures for natural resources management (NRM) developed and/or strengthened. Local level institutional structures for natural resources management (NRM) developed and/or strengthened.

3 indicators for 2007 All 3 were achieved Remaining 3 indicators are for 2008

2.0 Participatory natural resource use management plan developed and implementation facilitated

The earliest indicator is for 2008

Preliminary activities e.g. resource mapping to be completed in 2007

All indicators are for 2008 to 2010

3.0 Range of ecologically sustainable agro- and natural resource based livelihood options identified, developed and adopted.

1 Ongoing and to be achieved by end of 2007

The rest of the 4 indicators are for 2008 to 2010

4.0 Environmental awareness on natural resource management issues raised in local population of the Mufunta GMA

1 Achieved

5.0 System for project management and monitoring established and operational.

3 Ongoing and to be achieved by end of 2007

(a) Identification and initiation of the establishment process of three (3) Village Action Groups (VAGs) and one (1) Community Resources Board (CRB). These are the major vehicles for implementing the planned activities in the GMA. The formation of the 3 VAGS was arrived at after extensive discussions within the GMA between WWF, ZAWA, traditional leadership and local communities. This number of VAGs was considered manageable from the points of view of the stakeholders involved. From the points of view of WWF and ZAWA, this number was



considered appropriate for focussed attention in critical areas and that the limited resources that would be available, for example revenue sharing from tourism activities, would not have to be distributed thinly among many VAGs. The communities themselves felt comfortable with this arrangement as there would be adequate resources to share between few institutions at the village level. The single CRB formed was in accordance with the Zambia Wildlife Authority Act that stipulates that there shall be only one (1) CRB in any one GMA;

(b) Significant sensitization of and acceptance by the identified target groups in Kaoma District; including the Kaoma District Administration and development NGOs operating in Kaoma, and local communities in Mufunta GMA of the Mufunta CBNRM Project;

(c) Acquisition of office space in Kaoma for the project management team. The District Administration assisted with the identification and provision of a 4-room office block within town for use by the Project Management staff.

(d) The recruitment of the project management staff, comprising the Project Manager, Project Field Officer and Project Assistant for the Kaoma field office;

2.2 Describe internal or external factors that have particularly affected project performance or the planning

The implementation phase started in January 2007. The progress described in 2.1 above has been affected by internal and external factors outlined below:

2.2.1 Internal factors

Limited initial presence of project staff in the project site slowed down progress in undertaking some of activities until there was a full compliment of staff. Due to the finance and administration cycle of Norwegian Government Aid Agency funds, the first transfers of funds to the Mufunta project arrived in March. As there was a good foundation from the Inception phase and some project staff was available, activities started in the field in April, The District Administration of Kaoma helped by providing office space for the Project management team. The recruitment process for a project executant took longer, but in July 2007 a full team was in place in the field office of Kaoma.

2.2.2 External factors

This Project involves partnerships with many stakeholders that are mandated to carry out various government functions. While the project had plans for two CRBs and 10 VAGs, by law, ZAWA only allows for one CRB. ZAWA also advised that only three VAGs could be established at this stage in Mufunta for reasons explained above.

2.3. Describe significant changes in geographical and thematic areas of priorities or work in the project

There were no changes in geographical and thematic areas of priorities or work in the project.

3 PROJECT GOAL AND PURPOSE3.1 Project Goal



The Goal of the proposed Mufunta Community Based Natural Resource Management Project is “Conservation and sustainable use of natural resources by communities in the Mufunta Game Management Area (GMA) secures maintenance of biodiversity and livelihood security for present and future generations”. This project goal statement has remained the same since the start the Project.

Indicators: Degradation of biodiversity and conservation values stopped and where necessary

restored

Benefit flows (livelihoods and ecosystem services) maintained or increased from natural resources in the Mufunta GMA.

3.2 Project Purpose

The Purpose of the proposed Mufunta Community Based Natural Resource Management Project is “Sustainable participatory natural resource management systems in Mufunta Game Management Area established, including provision of alternative livelihoods”. This project purpose statement has remained the same since the start of the Project.

Indicators: Participatory natural resource management processes are ongoing and supported by

ZAWA by end of 2008.

Natural resource management plans developed, approved and in process of implementation by end of 2009.

Sustainable alternative livelihood strategies for local communities being implemented by end of 2010.

Mandated natural resource management agencies and communities are leading sustainable natural resource management initiatives by end of 2012.

4 PROJECT OUTPUTS

The achievements and progress have been summarised in 2.0 above. Progress is also highlighted under each output in the following section.

4.1 Output 1

Output 1: Local level institutional structures for natural resources management (NRM) developed and/or strengthened.

Local level institutions in the Mufunta game management area that are important to the project are the Community Resource Board and associated Village Action Groups, commodity groups, and school conservation clubs. These institutions will be formed through a consultative process with various local and national stakeholders. Through this process, 3 Village Action Groups and 1 Community Resources Board were formed in 2007. In order to improve capacity for organisational and natural resource management at local level, the institutions that will be established including other community based organisations, Area Development Committees, associations such as those representing out-growers and traditional leaders will be incorporated in capacity building programs. To support the institutional structures and the capacity building programs, by-laws will be formulated and submitted for approval to the Kaoma District Council.



Indicators: Appropriateness and effectiveness of local level institutional structures for natural

resource management completely assessed by mid 2007.

Three Village Actions Groups established by end of 2007.

It was envisioned during the preparation of the 2007 project proposal document that it would be possible to establish 10 Village Action Groups in Mufunta GMA. However, a consultative process involving the local communities and ZAWA, the legal managers of the GMA, with WWF’s facilitation established that only 3 VAGs should be established in the GMA at this stage. These have since been established.

One Community Resource Board established by February 2008.

Training needs for local level institutional structures for natural resource management assessed by June of 2008.

Community members from local level support structures have received training on identified needs by end 2008.

Adequate incentives for sustainable participatory natural resource management by local communities within the Mufunta GMA secured through enabling policy, legal and institutional framework by the end of 2008.

4.2 Output 2

Output 2: Participatory natural resource use management plan developed and implementation facilitated

The natural resource base of Mufunta game management area is not surveyed, making it difficult to formulate elaborate sectoral management plans. In order to create baseline for formulation of sectoral management plans, natural resource based surveys will be conducted for fisheries, forest, and water and wildlife resources for the whole Mufunta game management area. Resource based surveys will be coupled with land use mapping in order to create land use plans. Due to the high frequency of occurrence of bush fires, and the unsafe and mismanagement of agrochemicals and poisons, strategies for the management of fire, agrochemicals and poisons will be formulated in collaboration with local community members as well as suppliers of agrochemicals. Management plans for natural resources, fire, agrochemicals and poisons will be embedded with the management orientated monitoring system that WWF has been implementing with the Zambia Wildlife Authority. The project level management plans will then be passed to the Zambia Wildlife Authority for incorporation into the Mufunta GMA management plan.

Indicators: Natural resource management plans (e.g. fisheries, forestry, water, wildlife), that will feed

into overall management plan / land use plan for the GMA, developed and submitted to the Kaoma District Council by September 2008.

Fire management strategy developed by December 2008.

Strategy and action plan to reduce negative impact of agrochemicals developed by December 2008.

Draft Mufunta GMA management plan based on comprehensive participation developed by mid July 2009.

By-laws for natural resource use developed and submitted by December 2009.

Implementation of Mufunta GMA management plan facilitated by December 2010.



4.3 Output 3

Output 3: Range of ecologically sustainable agro- and natural resource based livelihood options identified, developed and adopted.

Environmentally unsafe agro and natural resource activities that have been going on in Mufunta game management area include unsustainable harvesting of timber (i.e. Rosewood, teak), and agrochemical based cotton and tobacco growing. Improved management practices of agro and natural resource based livelihood activities will greatly enhance their contributory positive effects to the environment.

The identification of livelihood options, capacity improvement, and support and establishment of public-private partnerships for environmentally safe products, enterprises and market linkages are key to catalysing changes in practices and operations.

Indicators: Survey of agro- and natural resource based livelihood activities by October 2007.

Six commodity groups of 15 members each established by February 2008.

Training needs of commodity groups in alternative livelihood strategies assessed by July 2008.

Commodity groups trained in identified needs by end 2009.

Alternative livelihoods strategies developed and implemented by commodity groups by end 2010.

4.4 Output 4


Experiential learning and effective communication are key to environmental awareness amongst local communities. Cross-cutting issues of HIV/AIDS and gender are generally downplayed at the local traditional leadership level. The project will mainstream these issues in its activities and design communication tools/materials that will suit specific stakeholders.

Indicators: All identified target groups (user groups, Kaoma district authorities, traditional leaders,

Community Resource Boards, Community Based Organisations, private sector, Non-governmental organisations, local communities, groups outside the Mufunta GMA) are familiar with the purpose of the project by August 2007.

Environmental awareness strategy developed and implemented by December 2009.

Sixty per cent of the farmers, commodity groups and other natural resource users are aware of the environmental implications on the natural resource base of their activities by December 2009.

4.5 Output 5


The project is expected to be fully in place by April 2007 after the project implementation team comprising the Project Manager, Project Field Officer/Coordinator and Project Assistant are well



positioned and settle in the project area. The project implementation team will prepare workplans, technical and financial reports, communicate the project and carry out relationship management during the implementation of the project.

Indicators:

- Project Manager/Executant, Project Field Officer/Coordinator & project assistants recruited and functional by April 2007.

The project management team has since been recruited and is functioning in Kaoma.

- Annual process of technical reviews, reporting and preparation of budgets and work plans established by mid 2007, incorporating participation by key stakeholders.

The process has been established and is on-going.

- Database of project reports, baseline studies, monitoring system etc. established and operational by end of 2007.

The database has been established and is operational.

5 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION5.1 Overall Approach / Implementation Strategy

Though Zambia is a country with great natural resources in the form of wildlife, biodiversity, land and freshwater resources it is also one of the world’s poorest countries where a large proportion of the population live under severe poverty conditions. Most of the population still depend on the direct utilisation of natural resources around them. Farming, livestock grazing, fisheries, hunting and collection of natural resources like firewood constitute some of the sustenance initiatives. Over harvesting of the natural resources is increasingly becoming a problem, and with the fast growing population and further rise in consumption patterns, it is apparent that in the near future there will be further over harvesting. This could lead to increase in environmental degradation and further poverty and reduced options for development, unless a more sustainable resource use and new development options can be introduced.

The project aims to help create a foundation for sustainable resource use focusing on the communities in rural areas of Mufunta Game Management Area. It will apply a combined strategy of enterprise development, capacity building on sustainable resource utilization and awareness raising, working through Community Based Organisations and other relevant institutions in the local villages.

Enterprise Development

Communities in the Mufunta GMA have requested the Zambia Wildlife Authority to set up the Game Management Area, so that they can benefit from revenue collection. The purpose of introducing enterprise development is to enhance entrepreneurship at local level, provide alternative sources of livelihoods, encourage conservation and establish sustainability of project interventions in a more practical way.

Thus far, WWF has had discussions with members of MUMWA CRAFT of Mongu as potential investors in and clients for crafts from Mufunta both for domestic and international markets. Mpongwe Honey Processors has been approached as possible partners in honey production and processing from the GMA. The Zambia Agribusiness Technical Assistance Centre (ZATAC) has been approached to facilitate market linkages and support for quality natural resources products from the GMA. FARM Zambia have shown interest to develop the agrobusiness focussing on livestock (Poultry). Through CEZ, another WWF project funded by WWF Denmark in Mumbwa,



carpentry projects are to be linked to Mufunta. The Mumbwa project is on the eastern side side the Kafue National Park.

This strategic approach will aim at developing a model that incorporates community management of natural resources methodologies and linkages with the private sector in beekeeping, thatch grass, crafts, spring water and lodge developers through a public-private partnership. The model will include identification and formation of commodity groups3, Village Action Groups and other local level structures; building capacity in commodity groups, Village Action Groups and other local level structures; linking commodity groups and Village Action Groups with the private sector such as the Zambia Agribusiness Technical Assistance Centre and the Mumwa Crafts Association mentioned above. The private sector will bring business skills that will build capacity at local level in small scale business management, access to low capital such as the Zambian government’s Tourism Development Credit Facility, and access to local markets for their products. Beekeeping, thatch grass, crafts and spring water are resources that are readily available in Mufunta. Presently, beekeeping, thatch grass and crafts are harnessed and sold to bulk buyers such as Mumwa Crafts Association from Mongu for crafts (Mumwa Crafts Association has an annual purchasing budget of US$ 20,000 with 3,500 members in western province). Promoting trade in commodities that are already traded (Table 11) in the area with known markets and market players provides a niche to the strategy that will be implemented.

Table 11. Properties of potential natural resource based enterprises in MufuntaEnterprise Subsector Potential Product Requirements for

Enterprise DevelopmentPotential Markets

Beekeeping Liquid HoneyBeeswax (value chains: cosmetics, water proffing, floor & furniture polishes, candle for lighting)

Technical & business skills; financial management

Forest Fruits Ltd.;T & C Environment & Devl. In Zambia;Speciality Foods Ltd’ ;Rivonia ;Munati Honey

Thatch Grass Thatching grass As above Golden Grass Ltd.; Hotels, restaurants & lodges

Crafts BasketsDecorative articles

As above Mumwa Crafts Association

Wild Organic Mushrooms Edible mushrooms As above OPPAZ (Organic Producers & Processors Association of Zambia)

Portable Spring Water Drinking water As above KaomaMongu Lusaka (retail outlets

One of the key problems found in Community Resource Boards country-wide is that they are revenue-sinks. Building capacity at the Village Action Group and local level structures is expected to change the practice in Community Resource Boards where revenue received is put to consumptive use instead of channelling it into capital projects that create revenue at local level. Secondly, this model entails a major shift from intervening at the Community Resource Board to the Village Action Group and other local level structures that are not at the same level as a Community Resource Board.

The model will provide practitioners in the natural resources management sector a framework, which incorporates standards for peer review and a continuous process of lesson learning and sharing experiences. The Community Resource Boards under the Zambia Wildlife Authority are centrally controlled providing a focal point for all community participation initiatives. Historically

3 Commodity Group: A group identified by a product which can be food or another physical product – an article of commerce. The group will consist of a range of parts, components and suppliers which have been grouped together for reasons of trading ease and synergy. These groups will be formed in accordance with the criteria of similar component and supplier structure.



emphasis is placed on large game and revenue from hunting as the driver for community development.

The alternative model aims at integrating NRM at Village Action Group (VAG) and other grass root level structures to ensure access to benefits in natural resources management for households at community level and also to widen the range of resources from which communities can benefit.

This new approach will contribute to sustainable natural resources management through the formation/and support for secure community driven organizational structures and capacity building for local level decision-making through smallholder commercialization.

Capacity building

The project will in general work through existing local institutions like CRB’ ADC’s and community organisation/institutions and build the capacity of these. It will be an integrated approach from the project to include the relevant local stakeholders in all the relevant steps in the training from the needs assessments, development of training materials, implementation of the training, to the evaluation and documentation of the results. Also the project plan to involve and utilize the different local resource persons in and around the communities, district and province in connection with all the relevant steps. So, using and building the local resources will be an important aspect of the project. To be able to develop a model that can easily be replicated in other similar settings in Zambia and other countries, it is necessary to utilize as much local human resources as possible and build the capacity building of these. As a starting point Community Animators will be trained in various skills including community mobilization, commodity group organization and community level monitoring of activities including planning.

Environmental Awareness

The project seeks to integrate the awareness on environmental issues and capacity building on natural resource use for both children and adults in the Mufunta community. This will be done by supporting integrated training in the following:

a. School based conservation activities: clubs, field trips and competitions.

b. Support localized curriculum to integrate conservation and community interventions in natural resources management.

c. Community environmental education.

d. Develop learning support materials for schools and communities.

The training of both children and adults in some of the subjects in NRM, will create opportunities for mutual dialogue and involvement between the two groups in both the training situations and otherwise. In this way the schools will come to function as resource centres for the whole community on sustainable natural resource management and other community initiatives on enterprises will also function as learning resources.

Gender and participation

The project will work to ensure participation by all members of the communities in the project activities. As mentioned above local indigenous people is a specific target group, and the project includes specific efforts to ensure that poor and disadvantaged members are included and benefit from the project activities. The project will also work to ensure equal participation by men and women. The project will support and encourage equal participation in project activities, and use methods that can ensure better integration of especially the women in the activities (e.g. special classes for women).



With regard to the training activities for the adults the project will work to ensure equal participation and benefit for men, women and the youth, and in connection with this encourage and ensure that the subjects chosen for training and capacity building both are of interest and benefit for men, women and the youth. The project will therefore collaborate strongly with community based organisations that are targeting women such as Women for Change and Home based care (HIV/AIDS) organisations to ensure that synergies are developed and strengthened between the project and on-going programs.

HIV/AIDS Although the project will focus on activities within the natural resource sector, other important development issues will be included in the training in the project. In view of the importance of the HIV/AIDS issue in Zambia, the proposed project will integrate HIV/AIDS in its activities. HIV/AIDS leads to large numbers of orphaned children, high infant/child mortality and human resource drain, - and is an area of great concern for any future development process in Zambia. The project will where possible support the training activities on HIV/AIDS e.g. through club activities and adult education. Also, the project will collaborate with relevant organisations and institutions working with the issue to ensure relevant awareness and capacity building activities on the issue in the project areas is achieved.

5.2 Activities

The activities listed below will be undertaken to produce the above outputs.

Output 1. Local level institutional structures for natural resource management developed and/or strengthened.

Activity 1.1 Assess appropriateness and effectiveness of local level institutional structures for NRM by mid 2007.

This has been done and a determination made of the need to have local level institutional structures for NRM in Mufunta GMA.

Activity 1.2 Establish Village Action Groups by end 2007

The three Village Action Groups deemed appropriate through stakeholder consultations have been formed.

Activity 1.3 Establish the Community Resource Board by February 2008

The Community Resource Board has been established.

Activity 1.4 Assess training needs for NRM by June 2008

Activity 1.5 Facilitate the establishment of school conservation clubs by June 2007 One (1) school conservation club has been established at Kayema Primary School. This is activity is somewhat delayed and it is planned that the rest of the schools will have clubs established by December 2007



Activity 1.6 Mobilize resources to support the activities of school conservation clubs by 2009

Activity 1.7 Train community members from local level support structures in leadership, financial appreciation, planning and management, and natural resource management by December 2008

Activity 1.8 Train members from commodity groups in entrepreneurship and business management by June 2008

Output 2: Participatory natural resource use management plan developed and implementation facilitated

Activity 2.1 Conduct natural resource base surveys for fisheries, forests, water and wildlife by September 2007.

Natural resource surveys have been commenced by ZAWA targeting wildlife. This activity is somewhat delayed and work will be done to target fisheries, water and forestry by the project.

Activity 2.2 Develop NRM / land use plans by September 2008.Activity 2.3 Formulate fire, fisheries, forestry, water and wildlife management plans by

December 2008.Activity 2.4 Facilitate the implementation of fire, fisheries, forestry, water and wildlife

management plans by 2009.Activity 2.5 Formulate an agrochemical strategy for safe use and management by

December 2008.Activity 2.6 Develop draft for the Mufunta GMA management plan by July 2008.Activity 2.7 Facilitate the formulation of natural resource management by-laws by 2009.Activity 2.8 Facilitate Implementation of Mufunta GMA management plan by Dec 2010.

Output 3: Range of ecologically sustainable agro- and natural resource based alternative livelihood options identified, developed and adopted.

Activity 3.1 Conduct a survey of agro- and natural resource based livelihood activities by October 2007.

Activity 3.2 Establish commodity groups by February 2008.Activity 3.3 Train community members from commodity groups in entrepreneurship,

business management and marketing by June 2008.Activity 3.4 Support negotiation and establishment of formal public-private partnerships for

product, enterprise and market linkages development by December 2008.


Activity 4.1 Identify and develop profiles of all stakeholders in the project area by September 2007.

This is ongoing and will be completed by October 2007.

Activity 4.2 By May 2007, conduct 2 meetings with community representatives, traditional leaders, government authorities, non-governmental organisations, Zambia Wildlife Authority and others to discuss project purpose, outputs and participatory approaches to be used.

This has been done.



Activity 4.3 Conduct 4 training workshops for community representatives, traditional leaders and members from commodity groups in gender empowerment, HIV/AIDS awareness and their links to environmental and community development, by January 2008.

Activity 4.4 Formulate and implement an environmental awareness strategy for children in school children out of school and adults by December 2009.


Activity 5.1 Recruit project personnel by April 2007

This has been done.

Activity 5.2 Produce annual, bi-annual and quarterly workplans and reportsActivity 5.3 Conduct monitoring and evaluation continuouslyActivity 5.4 Communicate project activities and achievements to local partners, donors,

interest groups and members of the public quarterly

Activities 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4 are ongoing.

5.3 Project Implementation Arrangement

5.3.1 Project Organisation

The WWF SARPO (Southern Africa Regional Programme Office) is the contractual partner with WWF-Norway, and WWF ZCO (Zambia Coordination Office) is responsible for implementation in the field in close collaboration with various partners (see section 5.3.2). The project management centre and the Field Office will be based in Kaoma in the Western Province of Zambia. The staffing will be as follows:

1. Field Office Kaoma

Project Manager

Project Field Officer

Project Administration Assistant

Project Driver

Project Office orderly/Cleaner

Two CRB Administrators

Seven Community Animators

The ZCO Project Manager will have the core function of managing the project and will be assisted by the Project Field Officer. The ZCO Project Field Officer will be responsible for carrying out field activities and organization of meetings and workshops under the supervision and direction of the Project Manager. SARPO and WWF-Norway lends technical and administrative support. WWF-Norway is ultimately responsible for the Project and its deliveries through the contract with the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad).



5.3.2 Local cooperation partners

Within Kaoma District and Mufunta GMA in particular, cooperation partners are the District Administration authorities; the District Natural Resources Management Committee; the Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA); traditional authorities including Chief Kahare and his senior headmen and headmen; local communities; and Non-Governmental Organizations undertaking development projects.

5.3.3 Relationship with Other Relevant Initiatives

The project will work and exchange experiences with and learn from a wide range of actors and programmes active within the natural resources management sector in Zambia and the region as a whole. Among these are several NORAD funded projects like the SEED project in the Kafue National Park, the Luangwa Valley Land Use Planning Project, and SLAMU Phase V. The Project is also interacting with the Danish funded Children and Environment in Zambia Project operating in Mumbwa and Namwala GMAs and another CBNRM project funded by the Danish Embassy in Mumbwa whose activities have been transferred to WWF. The Mufunta Project falls within the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA-TCFA) which has been described earlier and covers Angola, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe. WWF is key to KAZA-TFCA and is involved in its implementation. The lessons under Mufunta with regards to baselines and preliminary community enterprise identification are contributing towards the formulation of the KAZA-TFCA plans of the Zambian component. Geographically, Mufunta will provide the key corridor for transfrontier movements of game in the project area.

With the project’s focus on working through village level structures and other key institutions (Table 16), the project will be complementary to these other activities, and it is expected that the projects will, in this way, learn from each other and exchange the experiences and models developed.

The Project will further collaborate with other institutions that have promoted community participation in resource utilisation and those that have promoted natural resources conservation, the notable ones are highlighted in Table 12.

Table 12. Key stakeholder institutions and areas of collaboration Institution Location Relevance and area of collaboration with

the projectKaoma District Council Kaoma Approval And Incorporation Of Community

NRM Plans in to the District Plan And Development Frame-work.

Approval And Passing Of NRM by-laws which are important in the management and utilization pf Natural Resources

District Natural Resources Committee comprising

Forestry

Fisheries

ZAWA

Veterinary Services

District Planning Officer

Kaoma Providing Technical Support To The Implementation Of Sector NRM Plan

Facilitating Access To Beekeeping Groups To The State Of The Art Honey And Wax Processing Factory, For The High Quality Processing Of Merchantable And Exportable Honey Products.

Further Incorporating Of Community NRM Plans To The Sector Development Plans

Developing Mechanisms For Cost And Benefit Sharing For Natural Resource Management initiatives



District AIDS TASK FORCE Kaoma Coordinating on issues of HIV/AIDS in Natural Resources Management

Keepers Zambia Foundation Kaoma Collaboration in facilitating

The development of Commodity Groups

The sustainable use of micro wetlands

The market linkages for small producers

Facilitating Foundation Courses For Community Groups in ;

o Business Management

o Basic Book Keeping

o Leadership

o Group ManagementMumwa Crafts Centre Mongu Facilitating the production and marketing of

merchantable/exportable traditional crafts.

It has a membership of of 3500 craftsmen/women through out the Western Province the Mufunta Project Area included.

It strongly incorporates HIV?AIDS and Gender in its projects

Women For Change

District And Zone Teachers Resource Centres

Lusaka

Kaoma, Nkeyema, And Nyambi

Promoting income generating activities such as Beekeeping for Women and Youth. It has activities in the project area

Developing And Promoting Tailor-made Environmental Education

Training Of Environmental Education Mentors

Zambia National Farmers Union-Kaoma Branch

Kaoma And Nkeyema Facilitating The Diversification Of Farm

Income Sources Through The Incorporation Of Coordinated production And Marketing Of Natural Resource Based Products

Facilitating The Dialogue On Safe Use And Management Of Agro-chemicals In The Project Area

Village Action Groups Mufunta Preparation And Implementation Of Zone NRM Plans

Selection And Supervision Of Community Scouts And Patrol Crews.

Identification Of Commodity Groups In Each Zone

The Chief Kahare

Mabombola Royal Court

Sub-chiefs

Village Headmen

Mufunta Community Mobilization

Traditional\Customary Natural Resources Regulations

Approval And Facilitating The Implementation Of Land- Use Plan

Patronage Of The Community Resource Board Of Mufunta GMA



5.4 Main Beneficiaries and Target Groups

The primary beneficiaries of the Natural Resources Management activities in the Mufunta GMA will be the residents of Chief Kahare / Community Resource Board and the Village Action Groups under Kaoma District. The benefits will constitute direct earnings derived from wildlife based as well as enterprise development activities undertaken in Mufunta GMA. In addition, land use planning will contribute to a reduction in human-wildlife conflicts. Directly and indirectly, both Kaoma District Council and ZAWA, Western Region will also benefit from the contributions of the project, as the preparation of appropriate land use plans, notably those components relating to tourism and urban infrastructure development, will greatly aid decision making and provide the basis for a regulatory framework for planning. Importantly, the project hopes to assist beneficiaries avoid making wrong and irreversible planning decisions through formulation of by-laws which would help them during implementation.

5.5 Sustainability and Exit Strategy

5.5.1 Sustainability criteriaFor the duration of the Project (2007 to 2011) the partnership of WWF Zambia and WWF SARPO ensures a high level of technical and administrative support for the Mufunta project planning process. The sustainability of the project and its implementation once terminated will depend on a number of factors. Central to the planning process is the resumption of direct benefits to communities from wildlife utilisation. It is anticipated that these direct and indirect economic benefits will maintain the conservation efforts under the Mufunta GMA land use plan. In addition the Project seeks to engender a culture of planning, implementation and monitoring in order that the “plan” is a process rather than a set of boundaries on a map.

5.5.2 Exit strategyGiven both incentives and capacity to continue a process, which the project aims to achieve, it should be possible to ensure a level of sustainability. The wider CBNRM process within ZAWA around the Kafue National Park should also allow this project to exit after 2011 without creating a total vacuum.

The establishment and empowerment of local communities, which include traditional leaders, emergent businessmen and women, as well as institutional groupings such as the VAGs, once well developed will also contribute to sustainability and continuity after the end of the project.

6. BUDGET

6.1 Project budgetThe table below shows the proposed total project budget for 2008, detailing WWF-Norway’s matching funds (10 per cent of project budget), Norad’s direct project contribution (90 or 100 per cent of project funds) and Norad’s administration grant (8 per cent of 90 or 100 per cent of project budget). All figures are in NOK.

Year WWF-Norway matching funds

Norad direct project funding

Norad adm. grant (8 per cent) Total budget

2008 203,021 1,827,190 146,175 2,176,386



6.2. Other donor’s contribution to the projectNo other donor is contributing to this project at this stage. However, synergies have been created with other donor funded projects in the GMA east of the Kafue National Park. The project will not need to buy Vsat satellite equipment necessary for data generation but will utilise the one donated by the Danish Embassy in Mumbwa.

7. ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS

7.1. AssumptionsIn any given situation a proposed project meets all the required standards, but there are some underlying assumptions and risks which could delay or out disrupt implementation. The assumptions listed below are partly drawn from the logical framework analysis in Appendix 2 (as separate document) and describe situations, events, conditions or decisions which are necessary for project success, but which are largely or completely beyond the control of the Mufunta Project management. In the forgoing analysis it is therefore assumed that the project is likely to achieve the goals and objectives if there is no risk of major deviations or changes.

The project will work within the new political framework in Zambia after election of the Republican President (2006 – 2011).

Government policy and enabling environment conducive to project implementation.

Partners share vision and objectives and are committed for 3 years during the project implementation phase.

Macro-economic conditions favourable to the project

Social change will contribute to local communities economic well being as well as address local environmental issues.

WWF Zambia Country Programme Strategy will continue to support education for sustainable development

Villagers/communities will adopt participatory NRM as an alternative economic route to poverty reduction and economic empowerment.

Growth in tourism/eco-tourism will continue and the Government of Zambia continues to see this as priority sector in the present and future national development plans.

Donor policy remains conducive to project implementation.

Exchange rate fluctuations are minimal

7.2. Risks Funding partners can’t find adequate funds and the project becomes skewed or imbalanced

to one component.

Other NGOs/CBOs working in project sites, which work in a different way, do not see CBNRM as an alternative to rural livelihood improvement strategy. This could derail the long-term process.

Closeness and dependence on natural resources. How traditional would the communities want to remain?

Communities have the time/interest to engage with (i.e. take up the opportunities offered by) schools as learning/resource centres.



8. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

8.1. Monitoring and Indicators

Periodic monitoring will be fundamental to keeping this project on track and ensuring quality outputs. It will provide essential information needed to make decisions and manage the project well. In short, monitoring will give us the ability to:

Adapt to changing conditions.

Provide the information we need to learn and develop a knowledge base.

Forecast

Develop an early warning system in the way we are executing the project

Facilitate periodic evaluations

Communicate results, to ourselves and our stakeholders

Spread excitement about our work to the relevant stakeholders

Answer fundamental questions, such as – are we making a difference.

Aggregate our overall environmental education impact

Ensure accountability with regard to the disbursement of inputs and the delivery of outputs

These are important responsibilities for this project. They are particularly weighty when taken in the context of the important leadership role WWF as an organization plays in global conservation and influencing policy.

In WWF, the fundamental tool for monitoring success has been the logical framework approach to goal setting and defining the components for achieving those goals. The figure below illustrates the theoretical ‘linkages’ in the hierarchy of these plans, culminating in a cumulative impact with respect to WWF’s global mission. Success at the individual project level gives an indication of success at the country level, and so on.



8.2. Reviews and Evaluations

The evaluation plan for the project comprises three elements:

Internal technical evaluations twice a year

A mid-term review of the first three-year project phase late 2008.

An end of first three-year project phase in third quarter 2009

The mid-term project review will be carried out according to a format stipulated by WWF- Norway and WWF SARPO. This requires participation by project partners in the review/evaluation process and consultations with key stakeholders. The review/evaluation team will be led by an independent consultant, who will be responsible for overseeing the review/evaluation processes and producing reports. The purpose of the review/evaluation will be to conduct open and transparent reflection and analysis of the implementation of the project. The review/evaluation processes should also contribute to learning and empowerment of the project team by stimulating analytical capacity and critical awareness, and helping to improve planning and implementation skills. Recommendations of the mid term review will be incorporated into the following workplan. The Project is willing to incorporate any issues that Norad would like examined and will invite Norad to be represented in the review and evaluation teams.

REFERENCES

Central Statistical Office. 2006. Selected socio-economic indicators 2003-2004. CSO, Lusaka.Central Statistical Office. 2005. HIV/AIDS epidemiological projections, 1985-2010. CSO, Lusaka.Central Statistical Office. 2005. Living conditions monitoring survey report. CSO. LusakaKaoma District Council. 2004. District development and poverty reduction strategy (DDPRS).

District Planning Unit, District Development Coordinating Committee, KaomaKaoma District Council. 2005. Kaoma district annual investment plan-2006. District Planning Unit,

District Development Coordinating Committee, Kaoma.Kaoma District Council. 2005. Kaoma district development plan, 2006-2011. District Planning

Unit, District Development Coordinating Committee, KaomaMinistry of Finance and National Planning. 2006. Fifth National Development Plan 2006-2010.

First Draft incorporating revisions to the zero draft. Volume 1, Main Plan. 18 April 2006.NACSO. 2004. Namibia’s communal conservancies: a review of progress and challenges.

NACSONorwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2006. Nowergian action plan for environment in

development cooperation. June 2006.Provincial Planning Office.2006. Nkeyema development plan. Department of physical planning

and housing. Mongu.State of the environment, Zambezi Basin. 2000. SADC/IUCN/ZRA/SARDCWWF. 2004. Lupande CBNRM Land Use Planning Project. Mid-term internal progress review.WWF Southern African Regional Programme Office. Conservation Strategy 2006-2010WWF Zambia Coordination Office. 2006. Report on vegetation and ecological assessment of the

proposed Mufunta game management area.WWF Zambia Coordination Office. 2006. Widlife ecology of the proposed Mufunta game

management area adjacent to the Kafue National Park.WWF Zambia Coordination Office. 2006. Resource use assessment of the proposed Mufunta

game management area.WWF Zambia Coordination Office, 2006. Potential natural resource based enterprises in the

Mufunta game management area.Zambia Wildlife Authority. 2005. National community based natural resources management policy

for game management areas and open areas. Working DRAFT Document.



LIST OF APPENDICESAppendix 1 Detailed budget (as separate document)Appendix 2 Logical Framework Analysis (as separate document)Appendix 3 Project Organisation Chart Appendix 4 Map showing the project location/areaAppendix 5 Activity ScheduleAppendix 6 Job descriptions for key positions Appendix 7a Plant species composition in vegetation types in Mufunta GMAAppendix 7b Habitat Fauna Associations in Mufunta GMAAppendix 7c Zambian birds known to occur within Mufunta GMA



Appendix 3 Project organisation chart

Program Officer –------------------------------------------ (Charles Nkhoma)

Natural Resources Management officer…………………………….

Key


NORADNorwegian Agency for Development

Cooperation

WWF Norway(Anne Martinussen)

WWF Zambia-LusakaCountry Coordinator –

(James Phiri)

WWF SARPOConservation Director

(Russell Taylor)

Field Office - KaomaProject Manager – (Martin Mbewe)Project Field Officer-(Stephen Mtongo)Project Admin Assistant

Project PartnersADC; VAGs; CRB; DNRC; Schools; Traditional leadershipWomen for Change

Other Stakeholders

Government depts: fisheries, forestry, water; ZAWA

Kaoma District District Planning Office

Keepers Zambia Foundation

Home based care (HIV/AIDS)

Mumwa Crafts Association

Zambia Agribusiness Technical Assistance Centre

Peoples Participation Service

Other CBOs

Other NGOs

Reporting and supervisionCoordination and dialogueReporting, supervision and coordination

OSLO

SARPO

Zambia


Appendix 4. Map showing project location

1. REGIONS 1 & 2: Northern project management area to be managed by one Field Coordinator. Area covers two Chiefs, i.e. Chief Muleka & Chief Nkumbula

2. REGION 3 & 4: Southern project management area to be managed by second Field Coordinator. Area covers two Chiefs, i.e. Chief Afumba & Chief Shakalonga

3. LEMVU RIVER: Forms the natural boundary between the north and southern project areas


1

2

3

4

Boundary dividing northern from southern project areas

Project field office


Appendix 5. Activity Schedule

Activity 2008 2009Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8

1.1.Establish commodity groups by February 20081.2.Facilitate the establishment of school conservation clubs by June 20071.3.Mobilize resources to support the activities of school conservation clubs by 20091.4.Train community members from local level support structures in leadership, financial appreciation, planning and management, and natural resource management by December 20081.5.Train members from commodity groups in entrepreneurship and business management by December 20081.6.Facilitate the formulation of natural resource management by-laws by 2009.2.1.Conduct natural resource base surveys for fisheries, forests, water and wildlife by September 20072.2.Prepare land use plans by September 20082.3.Formulate fire, fisheries, forestry, water and wildlife management plans by December 2008.2.4.Facilitate the implementation of fire, fisheries, forestry, water and wildlife management plans by December 2008.2.5.Formulate an agrochemical strategy for safe use and management by December 2008.2.6.Develop the Mufunta GMA management plan by July 2008.3.1.Conduct a survey of agro- and natural resource based livelihood activities by October 2007.3.2.Train community members from commodity groups in entrepreneurship, business management and marketing by June 2008.3.3.Support negotiation and establishment of formal public-private partnerships for environmentally safe product enterprise and market linkages development by December 2008.4.1.Identify and develop profiles of all stakeholders in the project area by September 2007.4.2.By May 2007, conduct 2 meetings with community representatives, traditional leaders, government authorities, non-governmental organisations, Zambia Wildlife Authority and others to discuss project purpose, outputs and participatory approaches to be used.4.3.Conduct 4 training workshops for community representatives, traditional leaders and members from commodity groups in gender empowerment, HIV/AIDS awareness and their links to environmental and community development, by January 20084.4.Formulate and implement an environmental awareness strategy for children in school, children out of school and adults by December 2009.5.1.Produce annual, bi-annual and quarterly workplans and reports5.2.Conduct monitoring and evaluation continuously5.3.Communicate project activities and achievements to local partners, donors, interest groups and members of the public quarterly



Appendix 6. Job descriptions for key positions (Terms of References) for Mufunta Community Based Natural Resources Management Project

Project Manager

Administrative Reports to: WWF-ZCO Country CoordinatorTechnical Reports to: WWF-ZCO Programme OfficerLocation of assignment: WWF-ZCO (Kaoma)

I. Overall Responsibilities

The Project Manager will be responsible for running the WWF Mufunta Community Based Natural Resources Management Project. He/she will have delegated authority for oversight and co-ordination of project activities, organisation of meetings, and representation of the project at meetings and forums where necessary and appropriate as determined by the Country Coordinator. The Project Manager ensures the completion of activities specified in the project document, ensures effective communication and co-operation between WWF-ZCO and partner organizations including Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA), Kaoma, District Natural Resources Committee, Local and District Authorities, Community Based Organisations and NGOs, Government Departments and other partners critical to the successful implementation of and the attainment of intended project objectives including ensuring the anchorage of project into the key partner institutions. The Project Manager will be responsible for writing and timely submission of project progress reports and ensures that project documentation is maintained and up-to-date. He/she is expected to be involved in writing and or assist in the writing and preparation of other project proposals to support the project. The project manager will act as a contact person for programme participants including project staff and consultants. The Project Manager will draft contracts for consultants and be responsible for supervising work of consultants. Through the Country Coordinator, the Project Manager serves as contact person with the donor(s) (WWF-Norway).

II. Specific Duties and Tasks

1. Supervision of all project staff including the Project Field officer, Natural Resources Management Officer and Field Project Assistants.

2. Overall implementation, coordination and project management (including preparation of work plans and reporting) of the Mufunta CBNRM Project in close collaboration with the ZCO Programme Officer.

3. In consultation with Country Coordinator and Programme Officer, initiate and execute start-up management activities including: hiring of staff; staff training and orientation; establishment of operational systems and adherence to WWF financial systems.

4. Responsible for partnership building and management, including preparation of formal agreements such as contracts and MoU's with key partners, ZAWA, District Natural Resources Committee, MTENR, MACO and other key organizations.

5. Co-ordinate the development of inception project activities including project mobilization, inception report, recruitment of field staff, revising project implementation plan, communication strategy and monitoring system.

6. In close collaboration with ZCO Programme Officer, prepare additional fund-raising documents deemed necessary for the fulfillment of WWF’s co-financing responsibilities.

7. Act as secretary of the steering committee of the project and provide secretarial



services and meeting logistics.8. Alert the Country Coordinator immediately of any problems or complications that

arise in implementation of the project. 9. Link with policy-issues, at the national, regional and international level.10. In consultation with the Country Coordinator, facilitate proper communication with

the Norwegian Embassy in Lusaka.11. Liaison with the WWF Norway on technical matters of the project.12. Preparation, coordination and facilitation of formal evaluations of the project. 13. Develop and implement internal technical reporting procedures inside of the project

team14. Ensure adequate financial management and project reporting according to WWF

procedures.15. Supervision of overall financial management of the project team according to agreed

WWF procedures.16. Prepare WWF format Technical Progress Reports to be submitted to Programme

Officer, Regional Conservation Director and project donors.

III. Working Relationships

Internal: Interacts regularly with other WWF ZCO project staff.

External: Interacts with WWF SARPO offices in the network and WWF Norway. Interacts with partners, staff and visitors from other conservation organizations, major donors from the private sector as well as from government aid agencies and foundations.

IV. Minimum Qualifications

Knowledge: A postgraduate qualification in natural resource management coupled with project management experience in a natural resource management and community participation project framework. He/she should hold a minimum of BSc, preferably an MSc or higher.

Experience: He/she should have more than five years of work experience in Community Based Natural Resources Management at project management level. He/She must have proven experience of working with rural communities. Experience of working in a multi-disciplinary environment will be essential. Skills and Abilities: Should be skilled in project proposal writing, project management (planning and coordination of project activities) and reporting. Should relate easily with people and be easy and must be a team builder.



PROJECT FIELD OFFICER

Location : WWF-ZCO (Kaoma)Reports to : Project ManagerDate : September 2007 – September 2008Basic Qualifications : Minimum Diploma Forestry/Environment/Natural

Resources Management/Agriculture

I. Major FunctionsThe WWF Zambia Coordination Office employs a Project Officer (Field Facilitator) for Mufunta Community Based Natural Resources Management Project in Kaoma, responsible for carrying out field activities under the supervision and direction of the Project Manager. The Project Officer (Field Facilitator) will have delegated duties for co-ordination of field activities and organisation of meetings and workshops. S/He will provide the project manager with routine reports on field activities mandated by the project.

II. Major Duties and Responsibilities

1. Data collection, analysis and synthesis.

2. In consultation with the Project Manager, liaise and interact with project stakeholders including traditional leadership and communities in Mufunta Game Management Area.

3. Undertake delegated responsibility in implementing specific project activities. Specifically, he/she will have regular links with Community Based Organizations, Village Action Groups and Community Resource Board in natural resource enterprise and skill development and management, sustainable natural resource utilization, environmental awareness and mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS into the project.

4. Assist consultants to access areas of data collection.

5. Contribute to the development of CBNRM Programme in Zambia through proposing of ideas to the Project Manager.

6. Alert the Project Manager immediately of any problems or complications that arise in implementation of the project in the communities.

7. He/she will be assigned any other appropriate responsibility as need may arise during the implementation of the project

III. Working Relationships



Internal: Interacts regularly with other WWF ZCO project staff at the Kaoma Field Office.

External: Interacts with other ZCO project staff at the Lusaka office. Interacts with partners, staff and visitors to the Kaoma field office.

Appendix 7a. Plant species composition in vegetation typesSpecies Miombo Cryptosepalum

& ChipyaRiparian Pan

GrasslandsTall treesBrachystegia spiciformis A La RBrachystegia longifolia Lc CBerchemia discolor R rCombretum collinum Lo cCryptosepalum exfoliatum R lcPeltophorum africanum Lo RLonchocarpus nelsii o-lf oPteleopsis anisoptera O LoTerminalia sericea Lf LoXeroderris stuhlmannii RPterocarpus angolensis O O

Small treesBoscia albitrunea LoBoscia angustifolia o-lfCassia abbreviata LoCitropsis daweana LfCombretum celastroides LfCombretum elaengnoides CCommiphora pracanthoides RCrotea gratissimus LcFagara trijuga LoGardenia spatulifolia RHaplocoelum foliosum r-loHexalobus monopetalus RMarkharmia acuminata LoMarkhamia fischeri LoRhus longipes LoRothmania fischeri R rSchrebera trichoclada RSecuridaca longipendiculata O LoStrychnos madagascariensis LoTerenna neurophylla RVangueria infausta RVitex payos RXimenia Americana OXimenia caffra R

ShrubsAcacia ataxacantha Lf lf LoAcacia fleckii R r LoAcacia scheinfthurthi Lo lfAcalypha chirindica Lf lfAlchornea occidentalis LfAllophylus africanus LoAllophylus whitei R



Species Miombo Cryptosepalum & Chipya

Riparian Pan Grasslands

Baphia massaiansis spp. Obovata

F f R

Bauhimia petersiana R lfBauhinia macrantha o-lfByrocarpus orientalis Lo loCanthium burtti loCanthium frangula Lo lfCassipourea sp RClerodendron capitatum Lo oClerodendron myricoided Lo oCombretum engleri o-lf lfCrotalaria falvicarinata LoCroton scheffleri LoDichrostachys cinerea LoErythrococca menyharthii RFlacourtia indica Lo loGrewia avellana LfGrewia flavescens LoGrewia retinervis LoSida cordifolia LoIndigofera ormocarpoides LoLantana rhodesiensis RLeonotis nepetifolia LoMaytenus senegalensis RMagaritaria discolor OPaveta assimilis Lo loPlectranthus candelabriformis v.loPlumbago zeylanica LfPremma senensis RTricalysia allenii loWaltheria indica LfXeromphis obovata Lo

Sub shrubsAchyrathes aspera Lf loBlepharis maderaspatensis LfClerodendrum uncinatum LoCrotalaria virgata RGardenia brachythamnus LoHemizygia bracteosa LoHibscus lobatus LoHypoestus verticillaris LoJusticia betanica LoMonechma debile LoPhyllanthus maderspatensis LoPupalia lappacea LoTephrosia cephalantha LfTriumfetta tomentosa LcTriumfetta trichocarpa R

ClimbersBaissea wilftherstii o-lfBonania spectabilis LcCapparis tomentosa LoClematis brachista Lo



Species Miombo Cryptosepalum & Chipya

Riparian Pan Grasslands

Combretum mossambiecense LoCymphostema congestum LoDioscorea hirtifoflora LoHippocratea parviflora o-lfIpomea verbaeccidea LcJasmimum streptopus LcLandolphia parvifolia Lo lcMaerua friesii LoMucuna glabrialata RPentarrhinum insipidium RRhynchosia caribea LcSecamone erythradenia LoStrephanthus kombe LoTilacora funifera R

Grasses and HerbsAloe chabaudi LoAbrus pulchellus LfDiplachme fusca LfEriocharysis pallida LfHyparrhenia sp Lc lfLaudentia simplex LaPhragmites mauritianus LfSetaria hombleiSetaria phragmitoidesSporobulus consimilisSacciolepsis huillensisSacciolepsis scirpoidesVossia cuspidata

Frequency symbols:- AbundantLd - Locally dominantc. - Commonlc - locally commonf - Frequentlf - locally frequentv.lf - very locally frequentr - Rareo - Occasionallo - locally occasional



Appendix 7b. Habitat-Fauna associations in the Mufunta game management area

Species HabitatUNGULATESBuffalo Syncerus caffer d w GD MW RP Bush Pig Potamochoerus larvatus MW RP Common Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia MW Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius w GD RP Oribi Ourebia ourebi GD RP Sharpe's Grysbok Raphicerus sharpie MW Warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus d w GD MWWaterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa d w GD Roan Antelope Hippotragus equinus MW WG Sable Antelope Hippotragus niger MW WG Lichtenstein's Hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteinii d GD MW Blue Wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus GD WG

Impala Aepyceros melampus dGD

MW RPWG

Bushbuck Tragephus scriptus r t A C Greater Kudu Tragephus strepsiceros WG Eland Taurotragus oryx MW WG Plains Zebra Equus burchellii d GD WG Reedbuck Redunca arundinum d GD

CARNIVORES African Wild Dog Lycaon pictus MW A Banded mongoose Mungos mungo MW A Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus GD Lion Panthera leo GD MW Side-striped Jackal Canis adustus GD Spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta GD MW African civet Civettictis civetta MW

PRIMATES

Chacma Baboon Papio cynocephalus ursinus GD MWVervet Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops WG MW

REPTILES Black Mamba Dendroaspis polylepis MW GD DC Common African python Python sebae GD WG G Leopard tortoise Geochelone pardalis WG GD WG Monitor lizard Veranus niloticus MW RP Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus RP w RODENTS Bush squirrel Paraxerus cepapi MW WG Mole rat Cryptomys damarensis GD WG MW aMouse Mastomys spp GD WG MW aPorcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis MW A Springhare Pedetes capensis GD WG OTHER ANIMALS SPECIES Aardvark Orycteropus afer WG MW Elephant Loxodonta africana MW WG RP GD D w



Species HabitatHare Lepus victoriae MW D BIRDS Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii GD African Darter Anhinga melanogaster RP w African Gray Hornbill Tockus nasutus MW C African Jacana Actophilorius africana RP C African Mourning Dove Streptopelia decipiens MW African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp MW Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus G MW Bearded Woodpecker Thripias namaquus MW D Black-capped Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta KF Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus MW C Black-collared eremomela Eremomela atricollis MW Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicus nubicoides KFR Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis K B Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild WG Crested Barbet Trachyphonus vaillantii C Crested Guineafowl Guttera pucherani GD Crested Hoopoe Upupa epops WG G Crowned Hornbill Tockus alboterminatus MW C Crowned Plover Vanellus coronatus KF RVC Eastern Paradise Whydah Vidua paradisaea G MW Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vocifer KF Gabon Nightjar Scotornis fossii D Garden Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus WG A Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus GD RP Goliath Heron Ardea goliath GD C Gray Go-away-bird Corythaixoides concolor MW Gray Heron Ardea cinerea GD Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator D Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash r RP Kori Bustard Ardeotis kori GD MW Lappet-faced Vulture Aegypius tracheliotus GD MW Lilac-breasted Roller Coracias caudate GD WG MWMalachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata KF Marbou Stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus GD I MW Miombo pied barbet* Tricholaema frontana MW Open-billed Stork Anastomus lamelligerus GD RP Pale-billed hornbill Tockus pallidirostris MW Pied Crow Corvus albus WG Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis RP Red-billed Hornbill Tockus erythrorynchus GD MW Red-billed Oxpecker Buphagus erythrorhynchus GD WG Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola MW Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopica GD RP

Saddle-billed StorkEphippiorhynchus senegalensis

GDRP

Southern Black Flycatcher Melaenornis pammelaina GD A Southern Ground-Hornbill Bucorvus cafer WG MW Southern Red Bishop Euplectes orix WG Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill Tockus leucomelas MW C Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis WG



Species HabitatSpoonbill Platalea alba GD Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus gambensis RP w K1 Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides KFR RP Swainson's Francolin Francolinus swainsonii WG MW B Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus WG MW Wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus GD White-bellied Sunbird Nectarinia talatala MW GD White-breasted Cormorant Phalacrocorax lucidus RP K1 White-cheeked bee-eater* Merops variegates MW White-crowned Plover Vanellus albiceps RP w White-faced Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna viduata RP w White-headed Vulture Aegypius occipitalis GD WG MW White-winged black tit* Parus leucomelas MW C Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava WG MW Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis GD RP

Key to habitat abbreviationsMajor habitat types Minor-habitatsMW: Miombo Woodland d: DamboWG: WOODED GRASSLAND w: WetlandsGD: GRASSLAND s: Swamp

RP: RIVER PLAIN:- including small and ephemeral rivers a:Acacia woodland - cluster

r: Riparian Forest t: Thicket

Note: (1) Fauna: Highlighted black indicates actual sightings while highlighted blue indicates recording from signs – rest of the species are those likely to occur in the indicated habitat types.

Species marked with * are known to occur only in Zambia (more details in Appendix 2c) (2) Habitat: Two-letter abbreviation refers to major habitat types shown on the accompanying map



Appendix 7c. Zambian birds known to occur within the Mufunta Game Management Area

Species Habitat Common name Scientific name White-cheeked bee eater Merops variegates Floodplain / DamboMiombo pied barbet Tricholaema frontana Miombo WoodlandCentral bearded scrub robin Erythyropygia barbata Miombo WoodlandBohm's flycatcher Muscicapa boehmi Miombo WoodlandWhite-winged black tit Parus leucomelas Grassland/River PlainStripe-breasted seed-eater Serinus reichardi Miombo WoodlandFulleborn's longclaw Macronyx fuellenbornii DamboGrey- headed sparrow Passer griseus Miombo Woodland


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