Ally: A country that agrees to help another country achieve a common goal.

War bond: A low-interest loan by civilians to the government.

Patriotism: Love or devotion for one’s country.

Draft: A government call for registered citizens to engage in active military service

1910- Revolution begins in MX because citizens had grown tired of their poor living conditions.

During revolution Francisco “Pancho” Villa is angered that U.S. does not recognize him as leader.

Villa begins raiding and killing U.S. citizens across the border (1911-1918)

Gen. John J. Pershing sent to capture Villa in Mexico

Angered by U.S. invasion, Mexicans help hide Villa

1918 – Mexican government strikes a deal with Villa to stop his raids.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated in Bosnia by a secret society known as the Black Hand. (June 28, 1914)

WWI begins on July 28, 1914, when Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.

France, Great Britain, and Russia. Also Italy, Serbia, Belgium and several other countries.

The U.S. will join in 1917.

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/ottoman-empire-1580.gif

May 7, 1915: A British passenger ship was sunk off the coast of Ireland by a German U-Boat. About 1,200 people died including 128 Americans.

The sinking of the Lusitania outraged Americans

U-Boats (Underwater Boats): German submarines

Zimmerman Telegraph: Sent by Foreign Secretary of Germany, Arthur Zimmerman, in January of 1917 to Mexico.

Germany was asking Mexico to join them and fight against the U.S.

In return Germany would help Mexico regain land that they lost in the Mexican Cession (Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona)

Telegraph intercepted by the British.

President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for permission to go to war on April 2, 1917.

U.S. Congress officially declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917.

The U.S. joined the Allies.

Nearly 198,000 Texans served in the armed forces including about 450 nurses.

By 1918 nearly 5,000 Texans had died. Many military training camps were

started in TX. The largest aviation training center in

the U.S. was established at Kelly Field in San Antonio.

In support, many civilians invested their money in war bonds or donated to the American Red Cross.

Public schools instructed students in patriotism for at least 10 minutes a day.

In order to send more food overseas families cut back certain foods. (ex. “meatless” Tuesdays and “porkless” Thursdays)

Large Tanks Chemical/Gas Warfare (Mustard Gas) Rapid fire weapons Trench Warfare Zeppelin

Fighting ended in WWI on November 11, 1918, when Germany signed an armistice with the Allies. (11th hour, 11th day of the 11th month)

Armistice: a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms (agreement to stop all fighting)

Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed by Germany with the Allies on June 28, 1919 to end the war.

8-10 million soldiers were killed.

First Armistice Day: November 11, 1919.

Changed to a federal holiday in 1938. In 1954 it was changed to Veteran’s

Day by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Texans and Americans grew to hate Germany, along with its culture.

It made life for German immigrants in TX and the U.S. difficult.

¼ of the U.S. soldiers were African Americans and they still found themselves targets of segregation. More severe in the South.

Mexican Americans were also threatened and denied many opportunities.

Growth of oil industry during the 1920s was most important economic development after WWI.

Agriculture remained the leading economic force in TX during 1920s. By the end of the 1920s, the value of agricultural products was three times that of oil.

Farmers overproduced and many refused to slow down production which dropped the price of crops.

By 1920s automobiles were becoming common in TX. Farmers could transport by truck now and not just railroads.

Farm work was made faster and simpler by creating tractors to replace mules and horses. They also created combines which did the work of both binders and threshers increasing wheat production.

The prohibition period lasted for about 13 years until it was ended in 1933 with the 21st amendment.

The 21st amendment (ended prohibition) repealed the 18th amendment which banned the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcohol.

Intolerance: An unwillingness to accept different people, ideas, or behaviors.

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) declared that its postwar goals were to preserve patriotism and moral behavior.

Its members openly opposed Catholics, Jews, African Americans, and Hispanics.

The KKK grew to 100,000 members and had elected members to important offices in TX and the U.S.