WWI Review!

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

M is for Militarism

Militarism: The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army mobilized (or ready for battle).

The build-up of military arms or ARMS RACE.

Militarism

MONEY SPENT ON MILITARY (in millions of dollars)

1880 1914

Germany 1.3m 5.0mFrance .73m 4.0mRussia .40m 1.2m

A is for Alliances

Alliances: A close association of nations that is formed to support the interest of those nations.

I is for Imperialism

Imperialism: The control of domination of one country over another.

N is for Nationalism

Nationalism: A deep devotion of one’s nation. It can also mean a desire for a nation’s independence. Serbia’s

national flag

June 28, 1914 The Spark!

The Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, are assassinated by a Serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip.

July 23, 1914 Austria-Hungary gives Serbia an ultimatum

(sort of an unreasonable one) Serbia agreed to ultimatum on all but 2 points and

said they would discuss these points in an international conference

July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary rejected Serbia’s offer and declares

war on Serbia

In response to Austria’s declaration of war, Russia (Serbia’s ally) moved its troops onto the Austria-Hungary and German border as a precaution.

August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia and Russia looks to

France for help. August 3, 1914

Germany declares war on France

Schlieffen Plan

August 4: Germany declares war on Belgium; Germany invades Belgium

August 4: Britain was outraged and declared war on Germany

Germany’s Plan of Attack?

The Schlieffen Plan

This was Germany’s plan to race west to defeat France and then return to fight Russia.

Germans wanted to avoid a two front war.

Germany decided to invade France (by surprise) through a stretch of unprotected land in Belgium, defeat France quickly, and then return to Russia.

Doesn’t work because Britain helps Belgium

Schlieffen Plan

The War Divides Europe

The Triple Alliance became the Central Powers and consist of German & Austria-Hungary (and soon are joined by the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria)

The Triple Entente became the Allies and consists of Great Britain, France & Russia (and soon are joined by Italy and Japan)

Major Players in WWI

The US Enters the War

Germany’s policy of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (Germany declared it would sink any ship around the UK) was one of the major reasons the US joined the war.

The final straw was the Zimmerman Telegram, which was a note from Germany to Mexico, saying that if the Mexicans joined the Central Powers, they would in turn help them regain their “lost” territory.

This caused President Wilson to ask congress to declare war, on April 2, 1917.

War Affects the Home Front

WWI became a Total War and used Propaganda

Because of short supply, many foods underwent Rationing, where people could only buy small amounts of those goods

Total war meant that women also needed to help in the war effort. They took over jobs in factories, offices, and shops. They also helped on the front lines with food, clothing, weapons, and medical aid.

The Allies Win the War

Russia Withdraws: After the Russian Revolution, Lenin pulls Russia out of

the war.With Russia out of the war, Germany sent all

of its remaining troops to the western front for a final offensive, successfully getting all the way back to Marne. They eventually met fresh American troops and lost.

On November 11, WWI came to an end, after the German government signed an armistice, or a cease-fire, with France.

Battles

Battle of the First Marne September 6 – 12, 1914 Ended the movement of the Germans, and created Trench

Warfare French troops were sent from Paris to the front lines in

600 taxis It ended with the German offensive retreating and the

land was taken back French lost 250,000; Germany 250,000; UK 13,000

Significance Started Trench Warfare Ended the German Schlieffen Plan, ended their hopes of

making the war short

Battle of the Marne

Battles

Battle of Verdun Feb. 21 – Dec. 15, 1916 Longest Battle in history The Germans wanted to take over 20 French Forts, which

represented France’s pride and independence Ended in a stalemate and both positions ended up where

they startedSignificance

Became a symbol of French determination – the French were not going to give up easily and set the war up to be a War of Attrition

Established the Maginot Line Created further tensions between France and Germany

leading into WWII

Battle of Verdun

Battles

Battle of the Somme Began July 1, 1916 On the first day, the British suffered 58,000 causalities

Bloodiest day in the history of Britain First use of the tank Eventually the French and British won, sort of, but no one

really was victoriousSignificance

Gave Britain more credit for a land force Began using unrestricted submarine warfare War of Attrition – even though France and England “won,”

they only did so by trying to wear the other one down.

Battle of the Somme

The Paris Peace ConferenceJan. 18, 1919 a

conference began to set the terms for peace

32 countries attended“Big Four” dominated

the meetingRussia (in a civil war)

and Central Powers were not present

France and Britain wanted to use the Treaty to punish Germany

Palace of Versailles

The “Big Four”Georges Clemenceau (France)

David Lloyd George (England)

Woodrow Wilson (USA)

Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Wilson’s Fourteen Pointsa plan for a fair and lasting peace

Point 14 “a general association of nations” that would protect

“great and small states alike” (The League of Nations) This reflected the US’s hope that in the future world

conflicts could be solved peacefully

The Treaty of Versailles

League of Nations International peace organization Membership included 32 Allied and neutral nations Germany and Russia excluded

Territorial Losses Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France French border extended Germany surrenders all of its overseas colonies in

Africa and Pacific

Territorial Losses in Europe

The Treaty of Versailles

Military Restrictions Limits size of German army Germany prohibited from importing or manufacturing

weapons or war material Germany forbidden to build/buy submarines or have

an air force

War Guilt Sole responsibility for war placed on Germany Germany forced to pay $33 billion dollars in

reparations over 30 years

Legacy of the War

Short-Term A generation of Europeans are killed or wounded

8.5 million soldiers dead; 21 million wounded; additional civilians dead due to starvation, disease, slaughter

Empires Fall Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Russia

New Countries created Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Turkey,

Palestine, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Romania, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

An Age of Uncertainty

The horrors of WWI shattered Enlightenment belief that progress would continue and reason would prevail. New ideas and patterns of life developed in the 1920s that changed the way people looked at the world.

Changes after WWI

Science The ideas of Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud

revolutionized scientific thoughtLiterature

After WWI, writers began to write about their disillusionment with the war and other concerns

Existentialism, or the search for meaning in an uncertain world, was created

Art Painters began breaking away from tradition, with new

forms of art like surrealism (a style that incorporated dream-like qualities and showed objects in unrealistic ways)

Surrealism

Changes after WWI

Music Jazz was created by the US, a style of music that

captured the freedom of this new ageSociety

Because of the new views on life, the youth were more willing to break away from tradition. Women abandoned restrictive clothing and hairstyles. They wanted equal rights, and fought for the right to vote

Technology The automobile began mass production, and changed

transportation. Airplanes began to be used commercially The radio and movies began to be in wide use

Automobile