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September 4, 2014

University of Bristol

Do all the millions of fossils in museums around the world give abalanced view of the history of life, or is the record too incomplete to besure? This question was first recognized by Charles Darwin and hasworried scientists ever since.

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How good is the fossil record? New study casts doubt on their

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Credit: Dr Alex Dunhill [Click to enlarge image]

M

A map showing the geology of Great Britain spanning the past 550 million years.

ethods have been developed to try to identify and correct for bias inthe fossil record but new research from the Universities of Bristol andBath, suggests many of these correction methods may actually be

misleading.

The study, led by Dr Alex Dunhill, formerly at theUniversities of Bristol and Bath and now at theUniversity of Leeds, explored the rich and well-studiedfossil record of Great Britain. Professional geologicalwork has been done in the British Isles for over 200years and the British Geological Survey (dating fromthe 1830s) has amassed enormous, detailedknowledge of every inch of the rocks and fossils ofthe islands.

Together with collaborators from the Universities ofBristol and Bergen, Dr Dunhill compared biodiversitythrough the last 550 million years of the British fossilrecord against a number of geological andenvironmental factors including the area ofsedimentary rock, the number of recorded fossilcollections and the number of named geological

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'formations'. All of these measures have been used asyardsticks against which the quality of the fossil record can be assessed -- but thenew study casts doubt on their usefulness.

Dr Dunhill said: "We suspected that the similar patterns displayed by the rock andfossil records were due to external factors rather than the number of fossils beingsimply dictated by the amount of accessible rock. Our work shows this is true.Factors such as counts of geological formations and collections cannot be used tocorrect biodiversity in the fossil record."

The study benefits from the application of advanced mathematical techniques that not

only identify whether two data sets correlate, but also whether one drives the other.The results show that out of all the geological factors, only the area of preserved rockdrives biodiversity. Therefore, the other geological factors -- counts of fossil collectionsand geological formations -- are not independent measures of bias in the fossil record.

Co-author, Bjarte Hannisdal from the University of Bergen, said: "We can learn moreby analysing old data in new ways, than by analysing new data in old ways."

This discovery fundamentally alters the way we view the diversity of life through time. Itshows that both the preservation of rock and the preservation of fossils were probablydriven by external environmental factors like climate change and sea level. This betterexplains the similarities between the rock and fossil records, as both responding to the

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University of Bristol. "How good is the fossil record? New study casts doubt ontheir usefulness." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 4 September 2014..

same external factors. The alternative idea, that rock preservation was driving the fossilrecord is now strongly queried by this study. Perhaps the record of biodiversity in thefossil record is more accurate than previously feared.

Professor Michael Benton from the University of Bristol, another co-author of the study,said: "Palaeontologists are right to be cautious about the quality of the fossil record,but perhaps some have been too cautious. The sequence of fossils in the rocks moreor less tells us the story of the history of life, and we have sensible ways of dealingwith uncertainty. Some recent work on 'correcting' the fossil record by using formationcounts may produce nonsense results."

The research is published in Nature Communications.

Story Source:

The above story is based on materialsprovided by University of Bristol. Note:Materials may be edited for content and length.

Journal Reference:

1. Alexander M. Dunhill, Bjarte Hannisdal, Michael J. Benton. Disentangling rockrecord bias and common-cause from redundancy in the British fossil record.Nature Communications, 2014; 5: 4818 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5818

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Ancient DNA

Earl Climate
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Discrepancy in GreenlandTemperatures During Endof Last Ice Age ResolvedSep. 4, 2014 A new study ofthree ice cores from Greenland

documents the warming of the large ice sheet at theend of the last ice age -- resolving a long-standingparadox over when that warming ... full story

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