www.cengage.com/cj/siegel

Larry J. SiegelBrandon C. Welsh

David R. Montague, Lisa Hutchinson & Sharniece R. HughesUniversity of Arkansas at Little Rock

Chapter 9Schools and Delinquency

Chapter Goals

Discuss role of education in human development Understand problems facing educational system Understand hazards facing dropouts Describe association between school failure and

delinquency Know personal/social factors related to school failure Discuss factors contributing to delinquency in school Know nature/extent of school shootings Be familiar with efforts to reduce school crime Understand type of school-based delinquency

prevention Be familiar with legal rights of students

Case Profile: Ciara’s Story

Lives with mom and 3 siblings No involvement from father Academic/social issues = high risk for dropout Involved in after-school program Improved relationships with school personnel Reduced influence of academic/social issues

Modern American Schools

Plays significant role in shaping values of youth Primary determinant of social/economic status Engine of social change/improvement Delinquency is related to academic achievement

Low achievement leads to delinquency Correlation between school experience and

delinquency Current trends in education problematic

Improvement in some areas, but minimal Wide gap between minority and Caucasian youth Many youth at risk for educational problems

Dropping Out

Alienation in school often leads to dropping out Rates declining in recent years, but still serious

issue Reasons for dropping out:

Seeking employment School dissatisfaction Exacerbated by family dysfunction and poverty Pushing out by school systems

Effects of dropping out mixed Some say significantly increases delinquency Some find no link

Academic Performance

Low school achievement results in delinquency Chronic underachievers most likely to be delinquent No high school diploma = increased risk for

delinquency It’s a stronger predictor of delinquency than race,

ethnicity, or peer influence School failure and delinquency are related

Direct cause of delinquency Leads to emotional/psychological problems that cause

antisocial behavior Share a common cause

Correlates of School Failure

Personal problems Dysfunctional family Psychological abnormalities Low self control

Social class Lower-class children more likely to drop out Economic status require part time employment

Tracking Involves dividing students into groups according to

ability Leads to academic failure/achievement

Alienation Youth who don’t like/care about school more likely to

be delinquent

Delinquency in School

General victimization Significant portion of juvenile crime occurs during school day

and on school grounds Teacher victimization

Students not only ones being victimized Bullying

Repeated negative acts committed by one or more youth against another

See Focus on Delinquency p. 236 School Shootings

Highly publicized events Profile of school shooters developed Many shooters had history of abuse, bullying, and perceived

lack of support

Causes of School Crime

School-level causes High proportion of students below reading level, welfare

recipients, and location in social disorganized areas, are linked to school delinquency

Individual-level causes Emotional/psychological causes, isolation, alienation, and

substance abuse linked to school delinquency Community-level causes

Socially disorganized neighborhoods leads to drug abuse and crime in schools

Single parent families, high population density, and transient populations lead to higher school crime

Reducing School Crime

School security efforts Access control, control lighting, gates, picture ids,

control book bags, random checks, security cameras

Employing law enforcement Many schools have school resource officers Some have undercover officers

Improving school climate Critics argue security measures reduce morale Improving educational climate encourages

attachment/commitment to school and reduces delinquency

Role of School in Delinquency Prevention

Advocates called for reforming system to be more responsive to needs of students

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 increased accountability for schools

School based prevention efforts Cognitive Affective Behavioral Environmental Therapeutic

Legal Rights in School

Right to Personal Privacy New Jersey vs. T.L.O. merely requires reasonable

suspicion by school officials

Drug Testing Drug testing without probable cause constitutional for all

students as long as policies are “reasonable”

Drug Searches Searches must be “reasonably related” to objectives and

not “excessively intrusive”

Academic Privacy Student records are confidential

Legal Rights in School

Free speech Passive speech allowed with few limitations Off-campus speech can be limited State courts have limited student speech in cyberspace

School prayer Prayers led by “elected” student unconstitutional Space for after-school religious groups must be

provided

School Discipline Corporal punishment allowed in 20 states Allowed under in loco parentis Suspensions/expulsions require due process hearing

Conclusion

Know the role of education in human development Be familiar with issues facing U.S. educational

system Understands hazards facing dropouts Describe school failure/delinquency association List persona/social factors linked to school failure Discuss factors contributing to school delinquency Know nature/extent of school shootings Be familiar with efforts to reduce school crime Understand type of school-based delinquency

efforts Be familiar with legal rights of students

Key Terms

FBI Uniform Crime

Report Part I/II Offenses Disaggregated Self-report Survey Sampling Population Aging out process Victimization

Chronic Recidivist Age of Onset Racial Threat Theory Chronic Juvenile

Offenders Dark Figures of

Crime

The End

Chapter 9Schools and Delinquency

www.cengage.com/cj/siegel

Larry J. SiegelBrandon C. Welsh

David R. Montague, Lisa Hutchinson & Sharniece R. HughesUniversity of Arkansas at Little Rock

Chapter 10Drug Use and Delinquency

Chapter Goals

Know which drugs are most frequently abused Understand the extent of the drug problem Be able to discuss how teen drug use has changed

over time Know the main explanations for why youths take

drugs Recognize the different behavior patterns of drug

involved youths Understand the relationship between drug use and

delinquency Be familiar with the major drug control strategies Be able to argue the pros and cons of using

different drug control strategies

Fernando’s Story

History of drug use and drug related charges

Father drank heavily and introduced alcohol and drugs to his son at early age

At age 12 his mother died Has 3 older siblings Born with birth defect Wants to “fit in”

Marijuana

Marijuana is produced from the leaves of cannabis sativa

Hashish is a concentrated form of cannabis Main ingredient in both is THC

(tetrahydrocannabinol), a mild hallucinogen Most commonly used drug by teenagers Large amounts causes distortions that

produce hallucinatory effects Not physically addictive, but long term effects

debatable

Cocaine

Alkaloid derivative of the coca plant Most powerful natural stimulant that produces

euphoria, restlessness, and excitement It can be sniffed, snorted, or injected Immediate feeling or rush is short lived Crack is processed street cocaine

Gained popularity in the mid-1980’s Relatively inexpensive Can provide a powerful high and is highly

addictive

Alcohol Drug of choice for most teenagers

Two-thirds of high school seniors reported using in the past year

Three quarters say they have tried it Negatively impacts society

Factor in nearly half of all murders, suicides, and accidental deaths

1.5 million drivers are arrested each year for D.U.I. 1.2 million more are arrested for alcohol-related offenses The economic cost is staggering with $185 billion is lost each

year Reduces tension, enhances pleasure, improves social

skills, and transforms experiences for the better Long term use linked to depression and physical ailments,

ranging from heart disease to cirrhosis of the liver

Other Drugs

Anesthetic Drugs Central nervous system depressants Most widely abused is phencyclidine (PCP), aka angel

dust Inhalants

Some youths inhale vapors to reach euphoria, followed by disorientation, slurred speech, and drowsiness

Sedatives and barbiturates Most commonly used drugs the CNS

Tranquillizers Reduce anxiety and promote relaxation Use can lead to addiction and withdrawal can be

painful and hazardous

Other Drugs

Hallucinogens Provide vivid distortions of the senses without

greatly disturbing the viewers consciousness Common hallucinogens are mescaline and LSD

Stimulants Synthetic drugs that increase blood pressure,

breathing rate, bodily activity, and elevate mood

Most widely used dangerous amphetamine (aka ice or crystal)

Economic cost in the U.S. exceeds $23 billion a year

Other Drugs

Steroids Anabolic steroids are used to gain muscle bulk and

strength Black market sales approach $1 billion annually Cause health problems such as liver ailments, tumors,

kidney problems, sexual dysfunctions, hypertension and depression

Designer Drugs Lab created synthetics designed temporarily to get

around existing drug laws Ecstasy acts simultaneously as a stimulant and

hallucinogen Cigarettes

Almost one out of every two high school seniors in America have smoked cigarettes in their lifetime

Drug Use Today

Monitoring the Future Survey indicates: Drug use among American adolescents

declined since peak in 1996 and 1997 Significant drop in alcohol use Decline in cigarette smoking and

smokeless tobacco use OxyContin use lower for 12th and 10th

graders; higher for 8th graders

Drug Use Today

Pride (Parents Research Institute from Drug Education) Survey indicates: No change drug activity over 2007-08 school

year Substantial decreases over the last 10 years

National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Drug and alcohol use has stabilized or

declined Heavy drinking reported by 7% of youth 12

and over 6% of youth 12 to 17 were heavy drinkers and

20% engaged in binge drinking

Are Survey Results Accurate?

Must be interpreted with caution Heavy users not expected to fully cooperate Drug abusers are more likely to be forgetful Most drug dependent portion of the

adolescent is omitted from the sample Accuracy of reporting may be affected by

social and personal traits

Why Do Youths Take Drugs?

Social Disorganization Ties drug abuse to poverty, social

disorganization, and hopelessness Drug use by minorities tied to racial prejudice,

self esteem, poor socioeconomic status, and stress of living in a harsh urban environment

Poverty linked to high level of mistrust and defiance

Empirical data on the relationship between class and crime is inconclusive

National Youth Survey found little if any association between drug use and social class

Why Do Youths Take Drugs?

Peer Pressure Adolescent drug abuse is highly correlated

with the behavior of best friends, especially when parental supervision is weak

Youth’s association with friends who are substance abusers increases the probability of drug use

Relationship is reciprocal Peer networks may be the most significant

influence on long term substance abuse

Why Do Youths Take Drugs?

Family Factors Drug users have a poor family life Majority have a unhappy childhood, correlated with

harsh punishment and parental neglect May involve racial and gender differences:

Females and European Americans abused as children more likely to have alcohol and drug arrests as adults

Abuse less likely to affect drug use in males and African Americans

May also result from observation of parental drug use

Why Do Youths Take Drugs?

Genetic Factors Biological children of alcoholics reared by

nonalcoholic adoptive parents more likely to develop alcohol problems than natural children of adoptive parents

Identical twice as likely as fraternal to have genetic link to drug use

Future substance abuse can be predicted by behavior as early as 6 years of age

Why Do Youths Take Drugs?

Emotional Problems Drugs help youth control or express

unconscious needs Drug abusers form an addiction-prone

personality which says the cause of substance abuse can be traced to a compulsive personality for mood altering drug

Research of narcotic abusers suggest a significant percentage suffer from psychotic disorders

Half of all drug abusers may also be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorders

Why Do Youths Take Drugs?

Problem Behavior Syndrome Substance abuse just one of many problems

that begin early in life and persist throughout Youths who abuse drugs are maladjusted,

emotionally distressed, and have many social problems

Why Do Youths Take Drugs?

Rational choice Youths may choose to use drugs to get

high, relax, improve their creativity, and escape reality

May also use it to increase their sexual responsiveness

Results in less concern regarding negative consequences

Pathways to Drug Abuse

Gateway drugs-substances that leads to use of more serious drugs

Drinking with an adult present is significant precursor of substance abuse and delinquency

Serious drug users begin their involvement with alcohol

Drug dealing and drug use: Adolescents who distribute small amounts of drugs

usually do not commit any serious delinquent acts Adolescents who frequently sell drugs - small number are

high rate dealers Frequent dealers often have adults who front for them Frequent dealers are more likely to sell drugs in parks,

schools, or other public places

Drug Dealing and Delinquency

More serious type of drug-involved youth distributes multiple substances and commits property and violent crimes

Represent 2% of the teenage population but commit 40% of robberies/assaults and 60% of all felony thefts/drug sales

Few gender differences exist

Persistent Offenders

About two-thirds of substance abusing youths continue to use drugs in adulthood; half desist from other criminal activities

Persistent Offenders are characterized by: Come from poor families Family members include other criminals Do poorly in school Started using drugs and committing other delinquent

acts at an early age Use multiple types of drugs and commit crimes

frequently Have few opportunities in late adolescence to

participate in legitimate and rewarding adult activities

Drug Use and Delinquency Association has been established and can take a number of

forms: Crime may be an instrument of the drug trade Users may also commit crimes to pay for their habits Users may be more willing to take risks, as inhibitions lowered

by substance abuse The National Institute of Justices Arrestee Drug Abuse

Monitoring (ADAM) tracked trends in drug use among arrestees in urban areas Most recent report (2002) found almost 60% of juvenile males,

and 30% of juvenile females, tested positive for marijuana With the exception of methamphetamines, males more likely

to test positive for the use of any drug than females Higher levels of youth problem behaviors and delinquency

are associated with drug use as well as selling drugs

Explaining Drug Use and Delinquency

It is far from certain whether: (a) drug use causes delinquency (b) delinquency leads youths to engage in substance

abuse (c) both drug abuse and delinquency are functions of

some other factor Institute Of Behavioral Science found important

associations between substance abuse and delinquency: Alcohol abuse cause of marijuana and other drug

abuse - most users started with alcohol, and youths who abstain from alcohol almost never take drugs

Marijuana use is cause of multiple drug use with 95% of youths who use more serious drugs starting on pot

Youths who commit felonies started off with minor delinquent acts

Drug Control Strategies

Billions of dollars spent annual to reduce the importation of drugs, deter drug dealers and treat users

Number of strategies deter drug use by stopping the flow of drugs into the country, apprehending dealers, and cracking down on street-level drug dealers

Another approach is educating potential users and convincing them to say no to drugs

Third approach is to treat users so they can terminate their users

Law Enforcement Efforts

Source control Designed to punish known dealers and users

Border Control Designed to interdict drug supplies as they enter the

country Targets internet drug traffickers from foreign countries

Targeting Dealers Efforts focus drug trafficking and busting large scale drug

rings Police street-level dealers/users to make drug use too

much of a hassle Drug sweeps have overcrowded correctional facilities

and drained police resources

Education Strategies

Educational programs to reduce teenage substance abuse

Begins in kindergarten and extends through the 12th grade

Studies demonstrate the effectiveness of anti-drug messages targeted at youth

Community Strategies

Programs reach out to the highest risk youths

Boys and Girls Clubs of America has most successful community based programs to prevent substance abuse and delinquency SMART targets the pressures to try

drugs/alcohol Provides education to parents in the

community to assist youth in learning about the dangers of substance abuse and strategies for resisting the pressures to use drugs and alcohol

Treatment Strategies

More than 130,000 youths ages 12 to 17 are admitted to treatment facilities in the U.S. Over half (52%) are referred through the juvenile

justice system Several approaches are available to treat users

MST focuses on direct attention to family, peer, and psychological problems through problem solving and communication skills

Outdoor activities, wilderness training, and after school community programs

UCLA’s Comprehensive Residential Education, Arts, and Substance Abuse Treatment Program

Harm Reduction

Involves lessening the harms and includes the following components: Availability of drug treatment facilities so that all addicts

who wish can overcome their habits and lead drug free lives

Use of health professionals to administer drugs to addicts is part of a treatment and detoxification program

Needle Exchange Programs will slow the transmission of HIV, and educate users about how HIV is contracted and spread

Special Drug courts or pretrial diversion programs that compel drug treatment

Critics warn that it condones/promotes drug use; encourages people to either continue/start using drugs without recognizing the dangers

Advocates see it as a variable interim measure in dealing with drug use

What Does The Future Hold?

U.S. appears willing to go to great lengths to fight the drug war

Law enforcement efforts, prevention programs, and treatment projects have been increased

Prevention, deterrence, and treatment strategies ignore the core reasons for the drug problems

Legalization of drugs would decriminalize drug use to reduce the association between drug use and crime

Conclusion

Know most frequently abused drugs Understand extent of drug problem Discuss evolution of drug use over time Know explanations for why youth take drugs Recognize behavior patterns of drug abusing

youth Understand relationship between drug use and

delinquency Be familiar with drug control strategies Argue pros and cons of different strategies

Key Terms

Substance Abuse Marijuana Hashish Cocaine Crack Heroin Addict Alcohol Anesthetic Drugs Harm Reduction Legalization of Drugs

Inhalants Sedatives Tranquilizers Hallucinogens Stimulants Anabolic steroids Designer Drugs Addiction Prone Personality Gateway Drug Multi-Systemic Therapy

The End

Chapter 10Drug Use and Delinquency