www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto125.3.20111 religious landscape and religious roots in finland (and turku)...
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www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 125.3.2011 1
Religious Landscape and Religious Roots in Finland (and Turku)
Tuomas Martikainen
11.04.23 1
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 2
Contents
• Overview of religions in Finland
• Immigration and religion
• Interfaith networks
• Conclusion:Religion and the Finnish state – an emerging change?
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OVERVIEW OF RELIGIONS IN FINLAND
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• The role of the Lutheran Church has weakened
• The religious field is increasingly international
• Key changes- Charismatic Christianity and fundamentalism- New religions- Immigration- Alternative spirituality
• Has religion gained a new public visibility?
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Yleiset muutokset
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Membership 1989-2009
1989 % 1999 % 2009 %
Evangelical Lutheran Church 4 381 704 88,1 4 406 513 85,2 4 273 425 79,9
Finnish Orthodox Church 52 646 1,1 55 256 1,1 58 539 1,1
Other religions 45 700 0,9 56 943 1,1 74 133 1,4
Non-affiliated 494 159 9,9 652 590 12,6 945 330 17,7
Total population 4 974 3831 100 5 171 302 100 5 351 427 100
Lähteet: Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja 1991; 2000; Tilastokeskus.
1 Luku sisältää 174 henkilöä, joiden jäsenyys on tuntematon.
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Positive attitudes towards religions 1989-2008
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Source: Kimmo Ketola 2010.
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Negative attitudes towards religions 1989-2008
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Source: Kimmo Ketola 2010.
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IMMIGRATION AND RELIGION
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Ulkomailla syntyneet Suomessa vuonna 2009
EU 2734 %
Tuntematon2 %
Amerikat ja Oseania
5 %
Afrikka9 %
Aasia19 %
Eurooppa, muu31 %
Altogether 233 183 foreign born (4,4 % of the total population) in 2009.Source: Statistics Finland.
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Maahanmuuttajien muuttosyyt 1990-2000-luvuilla
Muu 5-10 %
Perheside60-65 %
Paluumuutto10 %
Pakolaisuus15 %
Työ 5-10 %
Source: Ministry of Labour 2006.
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 1125.3.2011Source: Statistics FIN, WCDB, Martikainen 2011.
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1990 2000 2009
Total Foreign
born,
%
Total Foreign
born,
%
Total Foreign
born,
%
Total population 4998478 1,3 5181115 2,6 5351427 4,4
Lutheran Church 4390739 0,8 4409576 1,0 4273425 1,1
Orthodox Church 52627 2,8 55692 6,4 58539 11,0
Other Orthodox 800 17,9 1115 39,7 2226 57,0
Catholic Church 4247 32,2 7227 40,8 10090 46,3
Other Christians 22000 2,2 22593 2,9 28378 4,0
Muslims 810 12,3 1199 22,3 8230 55,0
Jews 1006 13,2 1157 20,7 1236 24,0
Buddhists 0 26 0,0 353 46,2
Others 15641 2,1 22551 2,5 23620 3,3
Population Register and
unknown
510608 4,8 659979 12,8 945330 17,6
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• One out of five formal members in religious organisations
• Membership highest among Christians and Jews
• Immigrants across the religious field
• Many active outside the formal context
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Immigrants in religious organisations
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• Own community vs. already existing
• Worship
• Religious education
• Social networks
• Representation
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Activities
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INTERFAITH NETWORKS
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• Theologians: ecumenics and mission- between churches- reflection upon missionary work
• Local activism (1990s-)- individual activists, small groups- meager resources
• Institutionalisation (2000s)- Church and Islam Working Group paves the path- Interests widens- Since 9/11 combination of dialogue, emansipation and security
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Interfaith Finland– a preliminary history
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• Explicit aims- platform for religious debate- supporting local and national social integration of religious newcomers
• Implicit aims- satisfying curiosity, friendship- new networks necessary to build bridges in project society- tools for domestication (governance and security)
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Interfaith action
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CONCLUSION:Religion and the Finnish state
– an emerging change?
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• Religious life is gradually diversifying in Finland
• Not a one way street- less: traditional religion (secularisation)- more: individualism and diversity
• Drivers:- globalisation, human mobility- competition and breakdown of monopolies- recognition policies
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Conclusion
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• Religion and state
> Is the specific role of Lutheran/Orthodox Churches under pressure?
> Is the role of minority religions changing?
> Do they find themselves in a new position in “civil society” and expected to contribute to the common good?
> If yes, what does it mean for state-religion relations?
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The future now?