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Werner Ceusters Language & Computing nv
Ontologies for the medical domain: current deficiencies in light of the needs of medical natural language
understanding
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Requirements for multilingual NLU1. knowledge about terms and how they are used in valid
constructions within natural language;
2. knowledge about the world, i.e. how the referents denoted by the terms interrelate in reality and in given types of contexts;
3. an algorithm:a) that is able to pick out the portion of the world that the
language user is describing in his utterances;
b) that is able to track the ways in which people make mistakes in representing reality.
4. all of the above grounded in an ontological theory.
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Are existing medical terminologies, ontologies, etc.,
useful for natural language understanding ?
• Do they represent a correct representation of reality ?
• Can they be used as lexica for NLU ?
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Problems in terminologies
Inappropriate label for out of context readingAgrammatical constructions for labels
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Label inappropriate for out of context reading
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Ungrammatical constructions in terms
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Problems in terminologies
inconsistent sibling assignmentpossible conflict in precedence
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Mereological sum mismodelling
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Problems in terminologies
For MedDRA: a viral meningitis is not a meningitis
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Problems in merging terminologies
cycles inhierarchicalrelationships
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Are formal DL-based systems any better ?
No ! Although suggested, that is not what is expressed.Can there be something that is an excision and an implantation ?Does “testis implantation” mean that a testis is implanted ?
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Are formal DL-based systems any better ?
Use of description logics does not guarantee correct representations !
?
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Change of meaning over versions
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It is not just a problem in healthcare
Ontologies for Legal Information Serving and Knowledge ManagementJoost Breuker, Abdullatif Elhag, Emil Petkov and Radboud Winkels
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Summary of current deficiencies in traditional and formal terminologies (1)
• Terms often require “reading in context”
• Agrammatical constructions (paper-based indexing)
• Semantic drift as one moves between hierarchies
• Not (yet) useful for natural language understanding by software (but were not designed for that purpose)
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Summary of current deficiencies in traditional and formal terminologies (2)
• labels for terms do not correspond with formal meaning
• underspecification (leading to erroneous classification in DL-based systems)
• overspecification (leading to wrong assumptions with respect to instances)
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Our claim:
Many of these deficiencies can be corrected or prevented by doing
• the right sort of “ontology”
• using a proper tool.
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Next presentations:• about the right sort of ontology:
– Barry Smith
From BFO to MedO
• about the right tool:– W. Ceusters, M. Cassella dos Santos, M. Fielding:
Applying a realist ontology for medical natural language understanding.