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What does CHEMISTRY have to do with each of these BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES?

What does CHEMISTRY have to do with each of these BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES?

Elements of Life

• 96% of living organisms are made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N)

Goal 2.01: Biochemistry

• Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms

• What are bodies made of?– carbohydrates

• sugars & starches

– fats (lipids) – proteins– nucleic acids

• DNA, RNA

Molecules of Life

Why do we eat?• We eat to take in more of these chemicals

– Food for building materials• to make more of us (cells)• for growth• for repair

– Food to make energy• calories• to make ATP

ATP

Don’t forget water

• Water– 65% of your body is H2O

– water is inorganic • doesn’t contain carbon

• Rest of you is made of carbon molecules– organic molecules

• carbohydrates• proteins• fats• nucleic acids

Building large molecules of life• Chain together smaller molecules

– building block molecules = monomers

• Big molecules built from little molecules– polymers

Building important polymers

sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotidenucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

Carbohydrates = built from sugarsCarbohydrates = built from sugars

Proteins = built from amino acidsProteins = built from amino acids

Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotidesNucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides

• Synthesis– building bigger molecules

from smaller molecules – building cells & bodies

• repair• growth• reproduction

How to build large molecules

+ ATPATP

• Digestion– taking big molecules apart– getting raw materials

• for synthesis & growth

– making energy (ATP)• for synthesis, growth & everyday functions

How to break large molecules

+ATPATP

Example of digestion

STARCH/GLYCOGEN ARE DIGESTED TO GLUCOSE

Starch(glucose storage in plants)

glucose

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATP

ATPATP

Glycogen(glucose storage in animals)

Example of synthesis

amino acids = building blockprotein = polymer

amino acids protein

Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

Carbohydrates:

QUICK Energy molecules

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Why would a low carbohydrate diet help you to loose weight?

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

HOH

O

sucrose

Carbohydrates

• Function:– quick energy– Short term energy

storage– structure

• cell wall in plants

• Examples– sugars – starches – cellulose (cell wall)

glucoseC6H12O6

starch

Sugars = building blocks

• Names for sugars usually end in– glucose– fructose– sucrose– maltose OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

glucose

C6H12O6

sucrose

fructose

maltose

-ose

Building carbohydrates

• Synthesis

|Fructose1 sugar

|Glucose1 sugar

monosaccharides

|Sucrose2 sugars linked(table sugar)

disaccharide

BIG carbohydrates• Polysaccharides:

= many sugars in a big molecule– starch

• energy storage in plants– potatoes

– glycogen• energy storage in animals

– in liver & muscles

– cellulose• structure in plants

– cell walls

– chitin • structure in arthropods & fungi

– exoskeleton

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest

starcheasy todigest

cellulosehard todigest

cellulosehard todigest

Cellulose • Cell walls in plants

– herbivores can digest cellulose well– most carnivores cannot digest cellulose

• that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients

• cellulose = roughage– stays undigested– keeps material

moving in your intestines

Helpful bacteria• How can cows digest cellulose so well?

– BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

Any Questions?

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LipidsConcentrated long-term energy molecules

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Lipids • Examples– fats– oils– waxes– hormones

• sex hormones– testosterone (male)– estrogen (female)

Lipids

• Function:– Long-term energy storage

• very concentrated• twice the energy as carbohydrates!

– cell membrane– cushions organs– insulates body

• think whale blubber!

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Molecular Structure of Fat

not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

1 double bond = unsaturated

More than 1 double bond = polyunsaturated

Saturated fats• Most animal fats

– solid at room temperature

• Limit the amount in your diet– contributes to heart

disease – deposits in arteries

Unsaturated fats• Plant, vegetable & fish fats

– liquid at room temperature

• the fat molecules don’t stack tightlytogether

• Better choice in your diet

Other lipids in biology• Cholesterol

– good molecule in cell membranes– make hormones from it

• including sex hormones

– but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease

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Good vs. Bad Cholesterol

Total Cholesterol Levels < 200LDL = BAD!

Needs to be below 100HDL = GOOD!!

Needs to be 60 or aboveTriglycerides = BAD!

Needs to be 150 or below

Cholesterol Video 23:00http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=D0DC3225-D27A-4E3A-8CD0-7BCB3B1241A4&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Cholesterol Quiz http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3032767

Other lipids in biology

• Cell membranes are made out of lipids– phospholipids– heads are on the outside touching water

• “like” water– tails are on inside away from water

• “scared” of water– forms a barrier

between the cell & the outside

Any Questions?

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Proteins:Multipurpose

molecules

– muscle – skin, hair, fingernails, claws

• collagen, keratin

– pepsin• digestive enzyme

in stomach

– Insulin • Hormone that controls

blood sugar levels

– Hemoglobin• Oxygen-carrying part of

blood cells

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Examples of Proteins:

• Hormones– signals from one body system to another– insulin

• Movement– muscle

• Immune system– protect against germs

• Enzymes– help chemical reactions

Functions of Proteins:

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Proteins perform many, many functions. Here are just a few…

Proteins• Building block =

aminoacid

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

—N—H

H

H|—C—|

C—OH||O

variable group

amino acids

20 different amino acids

There are20 of us…

like 20 differentletters in analphabet…

Can make lots of different

words

Proteins are amino acid chains

• Proteins – amino acids chained into a polymer

Each amino acid is different some “like” water & dissolve in it

some “fear” water & separate from it

amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid

Water-fearing amino acids

Hydrophobic (phobia – fear) “water fearing” amino acids try to get away from water in cell – but HOW?

the protein folds!

Water-Loving amino acids Hydrophillic (phil – love)

“water loving” amino acids try to stay in water in cell

the protein folds!

pepsin

3-D protein structure• Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapes

– that’s what happens in the cell!

• Different shapes = different jobs

collagen

hemoglobingrowthhormone

With Proteins…Its shape that matters!

• Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape

• Unfolding a protein destroys its shape– wrong shape = can’t do its job– unfolding proteins = “denature”

• temperature• pH (acidity)

folded

unfolded“denatured”

Protein Folding – SHAPE!

Any Questions?

Macromolecules and Indicators• Carbohydrates –

– Sugar - Benedicts Solution• Solution will turn from blue to red-brown.

– Starch – Iodine (IKI)• Solution will turn from yellow to black.

• Lipids – Brown Paper Test• Paper will have a “greasy” spot.

• Proteins – Biuret Test• Solution will turn violet.

Lab: Indicators

Discovery Lab: Biological Indicators

Goal: To experience the techniques, solutions and effects of various common biological indicators.

Materials:

Unlabeled: Sugar/Starch Solution, Clear Vegetable Oil, Egg whitesIKI solnBiuret ReagentBenedicts SolnBrown paper

Labware.

Nucleic acids:Information molecules

Discovery Lab: Making Your Own DNA Necklace

Goal: Introduce and Peak Curiosity about the structure of Nucleic Acids

Materials:DNA Necklace Kit from Carolina Biological

Time required: 1 class period?

Watson and Crick … and others…

Nucleic Acids

Examples– DNA

• DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

– RNA• RiboNucleic Acid

Nucleic Acids are nucleotide chains– nucleotides chained into

a polymer• DNA

–double-sided–double helix–A, C, G, T

• RNA–single-sided–A, C, G, U

DNADNA RNARNA

Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

proteinsproteins

• Functions:– genetic material

• stores information– Genes (on chromosomes)– blueprint for new cells– blueprint for next generation

• transfers information– blueprint for building proteins– DNA RNA protein

Nucleic acids

• Building block = nucleotides

5 different nucleotides different nitrogen bases A, T, C, G, U

phosphate

sugar Nitrogen base

Deoxyribose orRibose

Nu

cleo

tid

eA = AdenineT = ThymineC = CytosineG = GuanineU = Uracil

C

A

G

T

Weak Hydrogen bonds

A

C

T

G

str

on

g b

on

ds

Structure of DNA 1:14 http://www.dnatube.com/group/dna_structure/?viewkey=a1a4f25f62e0eb5261ca&search_id=structure

Wh

y do

we n

eed

we

ak b

on

ds

betw

een

the

bas

e p

airs

?

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DNA folding to make Chromosomes 2:21 http://www.cells.de/cellseng/1medienarchiv/Zellstruktur/Zellkern/DNA_condensation/Flash__C13105.htm

What is the difference between DNA & Genes & Chromosomes?

DNA folds into chromosomes.

A gene is a section of a chromosome that controls the making of a specific protein.

gene