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Digital Fundamentals
CHAPTER 1Number System and Conversion
2
Digital and Analog Quantities 1
Analog quantities have continuous values
Digital quantitieshave discrete sets of values
3
Binary Digits 1
The conventional numbering system uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.
The binary numbering system uses just two digits: 0 and 1.
4
Binary Digits 2
The two binary digits are designated 0 and 1
They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where LOW = 0 and HIGH = 1
5
Binary Digits v.s. Logic Levels
Binary values are also represented by voltage levels
6
Decimal Numbers
The decimal number system has ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
The decimal numbering system has a base of 10 with each position weighted by a factor of 10:
7
Binary Numbers
The binary number system has two digits: 0 and 1
The binary numbering system has a base of 2 with each position weighted by a factor of 2:
8
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
Sum-of-weights method
Repeated division-by-2 method
Conversion of decimal fractions to binary
9
Binary Arithmetic
Binary addition
Binary subtraction
Binary multiplication
Binary division
10
Complements of Binary Numbers
1’s complements
2’s complements
11
Complements of Binary Numbers
1’s complement
12
Complements of Binary Numbers
2’s complement
13
Signed Numbers
Signed-magnitude form
1’s and 2’s complement form
Decimal value of signed numbers
Range of values
Floating-point numbers
14
Signed-magnitude form
The sign bit is the left-most bit in a signed binary number
A 0 sign bit indicates a positive magnitude
A 1 sign bit indicates a negative magnitude
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Complement Form
1’s complement form A negative value is the 1’s complement of the
corresponding positive value
2’s complement form A negative value is the 2’s complement of the
corresponding positive value
16
Decimal Value of Signed Numbers
Sign-magnitude
1’s complement
2’s complement
17
Range of Values
2’s complement form:
– (2n – 1) to + (2n – 1 – 1)
18
Floating-Point Numbers
Single-precision (32 bits)
Double-precision (64 bits)
Extended-precision (80 bits)
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Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
20
Addition of Signed Numbers 1
The parts of an addition function are:
Addend
Augend
Sum
Numbers are always added two at a time.
21
Addition of Signed Numbers 2
Four conditions for adding numbers:
Both numbers are positive.
A positive number that is larger than a negative number.
A negative number that is larger than a positive number.
Both numbers are negative.
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Signs for Addition 1
When both numbers are positive, the sum is positive.
When the larger number is positive and the smaller is negative, the sum is positive. The carry is discarded.
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Signs for Addition 2
When the larger number is negative and the smaller is positive, the sum is negative (2’s complement form).
When both numbers are negative, the sum is negative (2’s complement form). The carry bit is discarded.
24
Subtraction of Signed Numbers
The parts of a subtraction function are:
Subtrahend
Minuend
Difference
Subtraction is addition with the sign of the subtrahend changed.
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Subtraction
The sign of a positive or negative binary number is changed by taking its 2’s complement
To subtract two signed numbers, take the 2’s complement of the subtrahend and add. Discard any final carry bit.
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Multiplication of Signed Numbers 1
The parts of a multiplication function are: Multiplicand
Multiplier
Product
Multiplication is equivalent to adding a number to itself a number of times equal to the multiplier.
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Multiplication of Signed Numbers 2
There are two methods for multiplication:
Direct addition
Partial products
The method of partial products is the most commonly used.
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Multiplication of Signed Numbers 3
If the signs are the same, the product is positive.
If the signs are different, the product is negative.
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Division of Signed Numbers 1
The parts of a division operation are: Dividend
Divisor
Quotient
Division is equivalent to subtracting the divisor from the dividend a number of times equal to the quotient.
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Division of Signed Numbers 2
If the signs are the same, the quotient is positive.
If the signs are different, the quotient is negative.
31
Hexadecimal Numbers 1
Decimal, binary, and hexadecimal numbers
32
Binary-to-hexadecimal conversion
Hexadecimal-to-decimal conversion
Decimal-to-hexadecimal conversion
Hexadecimal Numbers 2
33
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Break the binary number into 4-bit groups
Replace each group with the hexadecimal equivalent
34
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion
Convert the hexadecimal to groups of 4-bit binary Hexadecimal-to-decimal conversion
Convert the binary to decimal
35
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Repeated division by 16
36
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
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Digital Codes
Gray code
ASCII code
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Gray Code
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ASCII Code (Control Characters)
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ASCII Code (graphic symbols 20h – 3Fh)
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ASCII Code (graphic symbols 40h – 5Fh)
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ASCII Code (graphic symbols 60h – 7Fh)
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Extended ASCII Code (80h – FFh)
Non-English alphabetic characters
Currency symbols
Greek letters
Math symbols
Drawing characters
Bar graphing characters
Shading characters
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Error Detection and Correction Codes
Parity error codes
Hamming error codes
45
Parity Error Codes
46
Hamming Error Codes
Hamming code words
Hex equivalent of the data bits
0000000
0000111
0011011
0011110
0101010
0101101
0110011
0110100
1001011
1001100
1010010
1010101
1100001
1100110
1111000
1111111
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
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Basic Logic Operations