x-ray annotation mouse atlas

X-Ray AnnotationMouse Atlas

J. Ruberte – A. Carretero – H. CaterG. Gràcia – C. Lally

The information and views set out in this publication are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Unioninstitutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for theuse which may be made of the information contained therein.

This publication is under a Creative Commons license. Total or partialreproduction and public communication is permitted, as long the authorship isacknowledged. Changes of the original publication, its commercial use, andcreation of derivative works is not allowed.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Helena Ariño. 08208, Sabadell, Spain.

AUTHORS

Prof. Dr. Jesús Ruberte (DVM, PhD)Head of the Mouse Imaging Platform.

Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy. Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Veterinary School.

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.

Prof. Dr. Ana Carretero (DVM, PhD)Mouse Imaging Platform.

Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy. Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Veterinary School.

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.

Dr. Heather Cater (BSc, PhD)Phenotyping Manager. Medical Research Council.

Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.

Dr. Guillem Gràcia (DVM)Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy.

Department of Animal Health and Anatomy. Veterinary School. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.

Mr. Connor Lally (BSc, MSc)Senior Phenotyper and Data manager.

Medical Research Council. Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.

FOREWORD

One of the biggest challenges facing the biomedical sciences and medicine is the darkgenome. Much of the human genome is unexplored and there remain thousands ofgenes for which we have little or no knowledge of function and their impact on disease.This is a very serious impediment to the development of a comprehensiveunderstanding of the genetic bases of disease and progress in genomic medicine. If weare to make significant progress with understanding the mechanisms and pathologicalbases of disease, and develop and implement appropriate therapies, we need toaddress this challenge, which pervades all progress in the biomedical sciences.

The mouse remains the key genetic tool for exploring the dark genome. The mousegenetics community, including the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC),is focused on the generation of a library of mouse mutants for every orthologous humangene. The phenotyping of each of these mutants will provide a comprehensive catalogueof mammalian gene function. Importantly, such efforts can be done at scale, ensuringthat every gene is analysed and that the dark genome is illuminated. Already, manygenes for which hitherto we had no information about function have emerged from thedarkness, providing fascinating insight into their potential role in disease. Across manydisease areas an extensive, unexplored landscape of novel gene function has beenuncovered.

The success of this endeavour depends upon the development of efficient andstandardised phenotyping tools and approaches. The phenotyping platforms that areapplied to the analysis of mutants must deliver robust and reproducible data and thusthe development of standardised tools is critical. The X-ray Annotation Mouse Atlas is amajor new advance in mouse phenotyping providing a comprehensive and standardisedatlas of bone morphology and architecture. It provides a fundamental and vital tool whichwill speed and improve the characterisation and annotation of mouse mutants. Theauthors are to be congratulated on this new and powerful atlas which is alreadycontributing to our understanding of bone pathology and disease mechanisms.

Steve BrownFebruary 2021

PREFACE

Mice represent over 60% of laboratoryanimals used in Europe for phar-maceutical and biotechnology compa-nies, as well as research institutions. Thetransgenic and genetic manipulationtechnologies applied to the mouse haveprovided experimental proof that asignificant proportion of inherited disea-ses share a common genomic source.The recent revolution in gene editing, theCRISPR-Cas9 technology, has also pro-vided an additional and powerful ap-proach to design and produce mousemodels with the same insertion or de-letion missense mutations that occur inthe human genome and are responsiblefor a significant proportion of inherited oracquired human disease.

This success for testing molecular di-sease hypotheses in mice has encou-raged the development of massive globalmouse projects, such as the InternationalMouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC),which is building a catalogue of mam-malian gene function by producing andphenotyping a knockout mouse line forevery protein-coding gene. To date, theIMPC has generated and characterised7,626 mutant lines creating 246,749 X-ray images that need to be analyzed andunderstood.

Anatomy is the bedrock on whichradiology has been based. However, toour knowledge there is currently not aspecific publication devoted to the mouseradiological skeletal anatomy. Such apublication would help to diagnose ap-propriately the huge number of X-rayimages produced by the internationalconsortia. For these reasons, here weintroduce a complete description of mou-se skeletal radiology using a set of 152X-ray images, 16 original drawings, and590 anatomical references. All the im-portant anatomical details of the mouse

skeleton can be observed and learned toidentify using this publication. Followingthe IMPC standard operating procedures(https://www.mousephenotype.org/impress), dorso-ventral and latero-lateral radio-graphies from 14 weeks old male andfemale C57BL/6N mice were performedusing a Ultrafocus DXA and a FaxitronMX-20 (Hologic®, Marlborough, Massa-chusetts, USA). Isolated bone radiogra-phies were obtained after digestion ofsoft tissues using pancreatin solution(0.05%).

Special attention has been paid topresenting the radiological anatomy ofthe head, the carpus, the tarsus, and thevertebral column. To better understandthe complex anatomy of the skull, x-raysof its isolated bones are presentedshowing their shape, processes, fora-mina, etc. In addition, the boundaries ofeach bone are delimited on the X-rayimages of the complete skull. Anatomicalvariations in the number and fusion ofcarpal and tarsal bones have beenstudied in a total of 14 Individuals. Thefrequency of appearance for each ana-tomical variation is indicated in percen-tage. Vertebral regions have been pre-sented showing their vertebrae isolatedand drawing interpretative schemes tounderstand how anatomical structuresbelonging to two contiguous vertebraeoverlap in the same radiographic loca-tion. Finally, the most important bonegender differences have also been de-monstrated comparing male and femalelittermates. Male bones in general arebigger that their corresponding femalespecimens.

Muscular processes are more prominentin males and the shape of articularsurfaces presented slight differenceswhen comparing sexes. Interestingly, ashappen in other mammals including man,

https://www.mouse-phenotype.org/impress

PREFACE

the morphology of the pelvis is differentbetween male and female mice.

The anatomical terms that have beenused here to describe the morphology ofthe mouse skeleton mainly correspond tothe “Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (NAV)”(4th edition, 1992).

However, there are bones that exist in themouse, the clavicle for example, which isvery similar to humans, and not verycommon in domestic animals. In thesesituations, we have used the humananatomical nomenclature published in the

“Anatomisches Bildwörterbuch der inter-antionalen Nomenklatur” (3rd edition,1993), by H. Feneis. We have also takeninto consideration the mouse anatomicalontologies displayed in the eMouse AtlasProject (EMAP). This publication has longbeen demanded by the technicians incharge of analyzing the bone radiographsobtained in “mouse clinics” worldwide.Today, thanks to the collaborationbetween the Universitat Autònoma deBarcelona and the Mary Lyon Centre(MRC Harwell Institute) it is a pleasure topresent it to the mouse community.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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1. Dorso-ventral mouse radiography

2. Latero-lateral mouse radiography

3. Skull

4. Mandible

5. Cervical vertebrae

6. Thoracic vertebrae

7. Ribs

8. Sternum

9. Lumbar vertebrae

10. Sacrum

11. Caudal vertebrae

12. Skeleton of the forelimb

13. Skeleton of the hindlimb

14. Gender differences

15. Bibliography

16. Index

Dorso-ventral mouse radiography1

A) Dorsal view from a BL6/SJL mouse. B) Dorso-ventral radiography.

1: Cranium; 2: Scapula; 3: Humerus; 4: Radius; 5: Ulna; 6: Forepaw; 7: Ribs; 8: Vertebral column; 9:Hip bone; 10: Femur; 11: Tibia; 12: Fibula; 13: Hindpaw.

1

A

2

34

5

6

7

8

9 1110

13

12

B

1

Latero-lateral mouse radiography2

A) Left lateral view from a BL6/SJL mouse. B) Latero-lateral radiography.

1: Facies; 2: Cranium; 3: Mandible; 4: Cervical vertebrae; 5: Thoracic vertebrae; 6: Lumbar vertebrae; 7:Sacrum; 8: Caudal vertebrae; 9: Ribs; 10: Sternum; 11: Scapula; 12: Humerus; 13: Radius; 14: Ulna; 15:Forepaw; 16: Hip bone; 17: Femur; 18: Tibia; 19: Fibula; 20: Hindpaw.

A

B

1

2

3

45

67

89

10

11

12

13 14

15

16

17

18 19

20

Skull3

A) Skeleton of the head. Dorso-ventral radiography. B) Skull. Dorso-ventral radiography. C)Mandibles. Dorso-ventral radiography.

1: Viscerocranium (facial bones); 2: Neurocranium; 3: Mandible; 4: Upper incisor tooth; 5: Lower incisor tooth; 6: Uppermolar teeth; 7: Lower molar teeth; 8: Body of mandible; 9: Ramus of mandible; 10: Coronoid process; 11: Condyloidprocess; 12: Angular process; 13: Intermandibular joint.

A

B C

1

33

2

2

33

44

55

4455

6 67 7

88

99

1010

10 10

10

111112 12

13

4

A) Position of nasal and frontal bones. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of isolated bones.

1: Nasal bone; 2: Frontal bone; 3: Rostral process; 4: Dorsal nasal concha; 5: Internasal suture; 6: Dorsal marginof the orbita; 7: Temporal line; 8: Ethmoidal foramen; 9: Frontal squama; 10: Temporal surface; 11: Orbital part;12: Frontonasal suture ; 13: Interfrontal suture; 14: Frontoparietal suture (coronal suture)

Skull

B

1

2 2

4

9

12

11

66

88

77

3

11

10 10

13

9

13

99

14 14

A

22

11 1

4

5

3

5

A) Position of parietal and interparietal bones. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of isolated bones.

1: Parietal bone; 2: Interparietal bone; 3: Parietal plane; 4: Temporal plane; 5: Frontal angle; 6: Temporal line; 7:Vascular grooves; 8: Frontoparietal suture (coronal suture); 9: Parietotemporal suture (squamous suture); 10: Sagitalsuture; 11: Interparietal suture; 12: Osseous tentorium cerebelli; 13: Parietooccipital suture.

1

3

B

1

2

3

4 4

5 56 6

7 7

8 8

9 910

10

11 11

1111

12

13

A

1

2

1

Skull

6

A) Position of incisive and zygomatic bones and maxilla. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of facialbones.

1: Incisive bone; 2: Maxilla; 3: Zygomatic bone; 4: Alveolar process; 5: Vomerosal bone; 6: Vomer; 7: First molartooth; 8: Second molar tooth; 9: Third molar tooth; 10: Ventral nasal concha; 11: Infraorbital foramen; 12: Zygomaticprocess; 13: Palatine process.

4

1 1

3 3

2

5

2

6

7

8

9

10 11

12

13

B

13

11

12

7

8

9

4

2 2

A1 1

33

10

Skull

7

A) Position of presphenoid, basisphenoid and occipital bones. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of isolatedbones.

1: Presphenoid bone; 2: Basisphenoid bone; 3: Occipital bone; 4: Sphenoidal rostrum; 5: Jugum sphenoidale; 6: Body(presphenoid bone); 7: Wing (presphenoid bone); 8: Optic canal; 9: Body (basisphenoid bone); 10: Wing (basisphenoidbone); 11: Hypophysial fossa; 12: Sella turcica; 13: Infratemporal crest; 14: Foramen rotundum; 15: Foramen ovale; 16:Carotid incisura; 17: Basilar part (occipital bone); 18: Squamous part of the occipital bone; 19: Foramen magnum; 20:Hypoglosal canal; 21: Paracondylar process; 22: Occipital condyle.

2

3

A

1

B

1

4

2

3

5

6

78

9

11

1212

10

13

1415

16

17

18

19

20

10

13

8

1514

16

20 2121

2222

Skull

8

A) Position of temporal bone. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of isolated squamous, tympanic andpetrous parts.

1: Squamous part; 2: Tympanic part; 3: Petrous part; 4: Zygomatic process; 5: Temporal line; 6: Parietotemporal suture(squamous suture); 7: Tympanic cavity; 8: Cochlea; 9: Vestibule; 10: Posterior semicircular canal; 11: Petrosquamousfissure.

B

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

22

1 1

A

Skull

9

Skull. Dorso-ventral radiography.

1: Nasal bone; 2: Incisive bone; 3: Vomeronasal bone; 4: Vomer; 5: Maxilla; 6: Infraorbital foramen; 7: Zygomaticprocess (maxilla); 8: Palatine process (maxilla); 9: Zygomatic bone; 10: Palatine bone; 11: Presphenoid bone; 12:Basisphenoid bone; 13: Occipital bone; 14: Squamous part of the occipital bone; 15: Foramen magnum; 16: Upperincisor tooth; 17: First upper molar tooth; 18: Second upper molar tooth; 19: Third upper molar tooth; 20: Pterygoidbone; 21: Zygomatic process (temporal bone); 22: Tympanic cavity; 23: Cochlea; 24: Vestibule; 25: Muscular process;26: Petrosquamous fissure.

1 1

2 2

4

3

5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 910

11

12

13

14

15

1616

17 17

18 18

1919

2020 2121

22 22

23232424

25 25 2626

Skull

10

A) Skeleton of the head. Latero-lateral radiography. B) Skull. Latero-lateral radiography. C)Mandible. Latero-lateral radiography.

1: Viscerocranium (facial bones); 2: Neurocranium; 3: Mandible; 4: Upper incisor tooth; 5: Lower incisor tooth; 6:Upper molar teeth; 7: Lower molar teeth; 8: Nasal bones; 9: Incisive bones; 10: Ethmoid bone; 11: Maxilla; 12: Frontalbones; 13: Parietal bones; 14: Interparietal bone; 15: Occipital bone; 16: Temporal bones; 17: Basisphenoid bone;18: Pterygoid bones.

A

12

3

B

C

6

1

2

3

4

5

7

8

12

10

911

1314

15

16

17

18

Skull

11

A) Position of nasal, ethmoid and frontal bones. B) Latero-lateral radiography of isolated bones.

1: Nasal bone; 2: Ethmoid bone; 3: Frontal bone; 4: Rostral process; 5: Dorsal nasal concha; 6: Ectoturbinates(ethmoidal labyrinth); 7: Endoturbinates (ethmoidal labyrinth); 8: Frontal squama; 9: Orbital part; 10: Temporal line; 11:Ethmoidal foramen.

18

2

3

4 5 6

7

9

10

11

B

1

2

3

A

Skull

12

A) Position of zygomatic and temporal bones. B) Latero-lateral radiography of isolated bones.

1: Zygomatic bone; 2: Squamous part (temporal bone); 3: Tympanic part (temporal bone); 4: Petrous part; 5:Zygomatic process; 6: Occipital process; 7: Retrotympanic process; 8: Petrosquamous fissure; 9: Muscular process;10: Tympanic cavity; 11: Pneumatic cells; 12: Cochlea; 13: Vestibule; 14: Anterior semicircular canal; 15: Lateralsemicircular canal; 16: Posterior semicircular canal.

1

2

5

6

78

9

10

1112

13

3

4

1415

16

B

A

2

3

1

Skull

13

A) Position of basisphenoid and occipital bones. B) Latero-lateral radiography of isolated bones.

1: Basisphenoid bone; 2: Occipital bone; 3: Body (basisphenoid bone); 4: Wings (basisphenoid bone); 5: Basilar part(occipital bone); 6: Squamous part (occipital bone); 7: Occipital condyles; 8: Paracondylar process.

B

13

2

4

5

6

7

8

A

1

2

A

Skull

14

Latero-lateral radiography of skull.

1: Upper incisor teeth; 2: First upper molar teeth; 3: Second upper molar teeth; 4: Third upper molar teeth; 5: Nasalbones; 6: Nasal dorsal concha; 7: Incisive bones; 8: Maxilla; 9: Infraorbital foramen; 10: Ectoturbinates; 11:Endoturbinates; 12: Frontal bones; 13: Perpendicular plate (ethmoid bone); 14: Presphenoid bone; 15: Optic canal; 16:Basisphenoid bone; 17: Hypophysial fossa ; 18: Zygomatic processes (temporal bones); 19: Pterygoid bones; 20:Parietal bones; 21: Interparietal bone; 22: Basilar part (occipital bone); 23: Squamous part (occipital bone); 24: Occipitalcondyle; 25: Squamous part (temporal bone); 26: Petrous part (temporal bone); 27: Anterior semicircular channels; 28:Tympanic bulla (tympanic part of temporal bone).

21

3 4

5

6

7

8

910

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

19

20

21

23

22

1724

25

26

27

28

Skull

15

Latero-medial radiography of mandible (A), without the incisive tooth (B), isolated incisivetooth (C).

1: Body of mandible; 2: Ramus of mandible; 3: Lower incisive tooth; 4: Clinical crown; 5: Clinical root; 6: Apicalforamen; 7: Lingual surface; 8: Vestibular Surface; 9: First lower molar tooth; 10: Second lower molar tooth;11: Third lower molar tooth; 12: Molar cusps; 13: Molar crown; 14: Molar root; 15: Incisive part; 16:Interalveolar margin; 17: Coronoid process; 18: Condyloid process; 19: Angular process; 20: Pterygoid fossa;21: Mandibular foramen; 22: Mandibular canal; 23: Mandibular notch.

2

A

B

1

2

4

5

6

3

3

4

5

7

8

7

8

9 10 11

12

13

14

15

16

17

17

18

18

19

19

20

20

21

21

22

22

23

23

Mandible

C

Cervical vertebrae16

A) Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated cervical vertebrae. B) Dorso-ventral radiography ofcervical vertebrae. C) Interpretative diagram.

1: Lateral mass (wing of atlas); 2: Transverse foramina; 3: Dens of axis; 4: Transverse processes; 5: Cranial andcaudal articular processes.

C1B

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

C1A

C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

2

C3

C4

C5

C6

C7

C

C2

C1

3

4 4

4 4

112

22

55

5 5

17

Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated cervical vertebrae

1: Vertebral foramen; 2: Vertebral arch; 3: Vertebral body; 4: Cranial and caudal articular processes; 5: Transverseprocess; 6: Transverse foramen; 7: Dorsal arch (atlas); 8: Ventral arch (atlas); 9: Ventral tubercle (atlas); 10: Densof axis; 11: Ventral lamina (C6).

Cervical vertebrae

1

3

2

6 6

4 4

5 5

C1C2

11

2

7

8

4 44 4

106 6

9

5 5

C6 C7

11

33

22

6 6

4 4

4 45

5

5 51111

C4

18

Cervical vertebrae

A) Latero-lateral radiography of cervical vertebrae. B) Interpretativediagram. C) Latero-lateral radiography of atlas (C1). D) Latero-lateralradiography of axis (C2).

1: Dorsal tubercle; 2: Ventral tubercle; 3: Transverse foramen; 4: Vertebral body; 5:Transverse process; 6: Ventral lamina (C6); 7: Spinous process; 8: Dens of axis; 9: Firstrib.

C1 C2

C1 C2

C3 C4C5 C6 C7

A

C D1

2

3

7

48

B C1 C2

C3 C4C5 C6

2

31

44

4 445

7

5 5 6 99

C7

19

Thoracic vertebrae

A) Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated thoracic vertebrae. B) Dorso-ventralradiography of thoracic vertebrae. C) Interpretative diagram.

1: Vertebral body; 2: Vertebral head (cranial extremity); 3: Vertebral fossa (caudal extremity); 4:Cranial articular process; 5: Caudal articular process; 6: Transverse process; 7: Spinous process;8: Body of rib; 9: Head of rib.

T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

T13

A

BT1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

T13

C

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

T11

T12

T13

1T1T2

2

3

4 4

5 56 6

1

1

7

7

7

7

8

8

8

9

9

20

Thoracic vertebrae

A) Latero-lateral radiography of thorax. Forelimbs are removed. B) Cranio-caudalradiography of isolated thoracic vertebrae

1: Vertebral foramen; 2: Vertebral arch; 3: Vertebral body; 4: Cranial articular process; 5: Caudal articularprocess; 6: Transverse process; 7: Spinous process; 8: Accesory process; 9: 6th cervical vertebra; 10:Sternum; 11: Sternal ribs; 12: Asternal ribs; 13: Costal arch.

B

A

T1

T2T3 T4 T5 T6

T7T8

T9T10

T11 T12 T13

T1 T2

T9 T13

1

2

3

10

7

41

11

2

2 2

3

3 3

7

7

4 4

66

46 6

555

7

55

54

54

6

5544

6

6 6

88

9

10

11

12

13

B

21

Ribs

A) Ventro-dorsal radiography of thorax. B and C) Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated ribs.

1-13: First to thirteenth rib; 14: Head of rib; 15: Tubercle of rib; 16: Neck of the head; 17: Angle of rib; 18:Body of rib; 19: Scapula; 20: First thoracic vertebra; 21: Seventh thoracic vertebra; 22: First lumbar vertebra.

1

5

12

2 3

6 78

911

13

4

1

2

10

13

A

10

B

C123456789

10111213

14 14

14 14

15 15

15

16 16

18

18

1818

1920

21

22

17

17

22

Sternum

A) Dorso-ventral radiography of thorax. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of isolated sternum. C) Latero-lateral radiography of thoracic cavity. Forelimbs are removed.

1: First sternebra (manubrium of sternum); 2-6: Second to sixth sternebrae; 7: Xiphoid cartilage; 8: Jugular notch; 9:Clavicular notch; 10: Costal bone; 11: Costal cartilage; 12: Sternal ribs (first to seventh); 13: Asternal ribs (eighth totenth); 14: Costal arch; 15: Clavicle; 16: Scapula; 17: Sixth cervical vertebra; 18: Thirteenth thoracic vertebra.

B1

2

3

4

5

6

8

1011

12

1314

99

12 3 4 5

6

7

17

11

10

14

C

1

2

3

4

5

6

16

1517

18

10

11

15A

23

Lumbar vertebrae

A) Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated lumbar vertebrae. B) Ventro-dorsal radiography oflumbar vertebrae. C) Interpretative diagram.

1: Vertebral body; 2: Vertebral head (cranial extremity); 3: Vertebral fossa (caudal extremity); 4:Cranial articular process; 5: Caudal articular process; 6: Transverse process; 7: Spinous process; 8:13th rib.

L2 L3 L4 L5 L6L1A

B

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

C

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

1

1

1

2

4

3

5 5

4

6 6

6 6

7

7

7

88

C

24

Lumbar vertebrae

A) Latero-lateral radiography of isolated lumbar vertebrae. B) Latero-lateral radiography oflumbar vertebrae.

1: Vertebral body; 2: Vertebral head (cranial extremity); 3: Vertebral fossa (caudal extremity); 4: Pedicle(vertebral arch); 5: Cranial articular processes; 6: Caudal articular processes; 7: Transverse processes;8: Accesory processes; 9: Spinous process; 10: Intervertebral foramen.

L1 L2 L3

L4 L5 L6

A

B

L1 L2L3

L4L5 L6

1 1 1

1 1 1

11

11

11

2 2 23 3 3

2 2 23 3 3

4 4 4

4 4 4

55 5

5 5

5

6 6 6

6 6 6

8 88

8

9

9

9

9

9

9

4

4

4

5,6

5,6

5,6

9

9

98

8

10

10

102

2

7

3

3

7 7 7

77

25

Sacrum

A) Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated sacral vertebrae. B) Ventro-dorsalradiography of sacrum. C) Interpretative diagram.

1: Base; 2: Wing; 3: Apex; 4: Promontory; 5: Cranial articular processes; 6: Transverseprocess; 7: Spinous process; 8: Sacral foramen.

S1 S2 S3 S4A

S1

S2

S3

S4

S1

S2

S3

S4

3

1

2

5

6

6

6

6

7

7

7

7

8 8

8 8

4

B C

26

Sacrum

Cranio-caudal radiography of isolated sacral vertebrae

1: Vertebral foramen; 2: Vertebral arch; 3: Vertebral body; 4: Cranial articular processes; 5: Caudalarticular process; 6: Transverse process; 7: Spinous process; 8: Promontorium.

S3 S4

1 1

1 1

2 2

2 2

3 3

3 3

4 4 4 4

4 4 4 4

6

55

6 6 6

6 6 6 6

77

7 7

S1 S28

27

Caudal vertebrae

Dorso-ventral radiography of caudal vertebrae.

1: Proximal region; 2: Middle region; 3: Distal region; 4: Vertebral body; 5: Transverse process.

Cd1

Cd3

Cd5

Cd17

Cd18

Cd25

1

2

3

1

Cd29

2

3

4

4

4

5 5

4

Skeleton of the forelimb28

A) Latero-medial radiography of forelimb. B) Latero-medial radiography of isolated scapula,humerus and clavicle. C) Latero-medial radiography of shoulder.

1: Scapula; 2: Clavicle; 3: Humerus; 4: Radius; 5: Ulna; 6: Forepaw; 7: Spine of scapula; 8: Hamatus process; 9:Supraspinous fossa; 10: Infraspinous fossa; 11: Neck of scapula; 12: Supraglenoid tubercle; 13: Coracoid process;14: Acromial end; 15: Body of clavicle; 16: Sternal end; 17: Head of humerus; 18: Greater tubercle; 19: Body ofhumerus; 20: Deltoid tuberosity; 21: Throclea of humerus; 22: Lateral epicondyle; 23: Medial epicondyle.

BA

C

1

3

4 5

6

1

3

1

3

2

2

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

14

15 16

17

7

12

11

29

Skeleton of the forelimb

A) Latero-medial radiography of forelimb. B) Latero-medial radiography of isolated humerus,radius and ulna. C) Latero-medial radiography of elbow joint .

1: Scapula; 2: Clavicle; 3: Humerus; 4: Radius; 5: Ulna; 6: Forepaw; 7: Body of humerus; 8: Throclea of humerus;9: Lateral epicondyle; 10: Medial epincondyle; 11: Head of radius; 12: Neck of radius; 13: Radial tuberosity; 14:Body of radius; 15: Throclea of radius; 16: Radius styloid process; 17: Olecranon; 18: Olecranon tubercle; 19:Anconeal process; 20: Body of ulna; 21: Head of ulna; 22: Ulnar styloid process; 23: Interosseus space of forearm.

B

C

A

1

3

4 5

6

3

7

8

9

10

1112

13

15

16

14

17 18

19

20

21

22

9

10

18

13

19

14

7

2023

2

30


A) Dorso-ventral radiography of carpus. B) Interpretative diagram.

1: Intermedioradial carpal bone (scapholunate); 2: Ulnar carpal bone (triquetrum); 3: Accesory carpal bone(pisiform); 4: First carpal bone; 5: Fusion of second and central carpal bones; 6: Third carpal bone; 7: Fourthcarpal bone (hamate); 8: Falciform carpal bone; 9: Ulnar sesamoid bone; 10: Radius; 11: Ulna; 12-16: First to fifthmetacarpal bones.

10

13

A

11

12

14 1516

1110

16

12

1314 15

12

3

4 56

7

8

B

9

1110

16

12

1314 15

12

3

4 56

7

8

40%B

9

31



1: Fusion of intermedioradial carpal bone (scapholunate) and central carpal bone; 2: Ulnar carpal bone(triquetrum); 3: Accesory carpal bone (pisiform); 4: First carpal bone; 5: Second carpal bone; 6: Third carpal bone;7: Fourth carpal bone (hamate); 8: Falciform carpal bone; 9: Ulnar sesamoid bone; 10: Radius; 11: Ulna; 12-16:First to fifth metacarpal bones.

A

12

3

4

5 6 7

8

45%B

9

10

13

11

12

14 1516

1110

16

12

1314 15

32



1: Intermedioradial carpal bone (scapholunate); 2: Ulnar carpal bone (triquetrum); 3: Accesory carpal bone(pisiform); 4: First carpal bone; 5: Second carpal bone; 6: Central carpal bone; 7: Third carpal bone; 8: Fourthcarpal bone (hamate); 9: Falciform carpal bone; 10: Ulnar sesamoid bone; 11: Radius; 12: Ulna; 13-17: First tofifth metacarpal bones.

A

1 2

3

45

67 8

15%B

11

1716

12

13

1415

9

10

11

1716

12

13

14 15

33


A) Dorso-ventral radiography of forepaw. B) Interpretative diagram. The roman numeralsindicate the number of the digits

1-5: First to fifth metacarpal bones; 6: Proximal sesamoid bones; 7: Proximal phalanx; 8: Middle phalanx; 9:Distal phalanx; 10: Carpus; 11: Radius; 12: Ulna.

A B

I

II

IIIIV

V

I

II

IIIIV

V

1

23

4

57

7

77

7

8

88

9

9

9

9

9

6 6

10

11 1211 12

10

34

Skeleton of the hindlimb

A) Dorso-ventral radiography of pelvis. B) Latero-lateral radiography of pelvis.

1: Ilium; 2: Ischium; 3: Pubis; 4: Wing of ilium; 5: Body of ilium; 6: Body of ischium; 7: Tabula of ischium;8: Acetabulum; 9: Obturator foramen.

4

5

7

L6

S3

Cd1

L6

S3 Cd1

1 1

2 2

3 3

1

12

2

3

3

4

5

6 6

7

88

99

9

8

8

A

B

35


Dorso-ventral radiography of hip (coxal) bones. Fourteen weeks old male (left) andfemale (right) mice. (Asterisk points out morphological differences between sexes)

1: Ilium; 2: Ischium; 3: Pubis; 4: Wing of ilium; 5: Body of ilium; 6: Iliac crest; 7: Areas to the m. rectusfemoris; 8: Body of ischium; 9: Tabula of ischium; 10: Branch of ischium; 11: Cranial branch of pubis;12: Caudal branch of pubis; 13: Pecten pubis; 14: Acetabulum; 15: Obturator foramen; 16: Pubicsymphysis.

2

4

7*

8

1 1

2

3 3

4

5 5

6 6

7*

8

9* 9*10 10

11* 11*

12* 12*

13*13*14 14

15* 15*

16*

A) Latero-medial radiography of hindlimb. B) Latero-medial radiography of isolated femur, patella, tibiaand fibula. C) Latero-medial radiography of stifle joint.

1: Femur; 2: Patella; 3: Tibia; 4: Fibula; 5: Hindpaw; 6: Head of femur; 7: Neck of femur; 8: Greater trochanter; 9:Trochanteric fossa; 10: Lesser trochanter; 11: Third trochanter; 12: Body of femur; 13: Femoral trochlea; 14: Femoralcondyles; 15: Tibial condyles; 16: Body of tibia; 17: Cranial border (tibial crest); 18: Medial malleolus; 19: Lateralmalleolus; 20: Cochlea tibiae; 21: Sesamoid bones of m. gastrocnemii; 22: Sesamoid bone of m. popliteus; 23: Meniscus

1

6A B

3 4

5

12

2

3 4

8

9

11

7

10

13

14

15

16

17

18 19

20

12

C

1

3

2

4

14

15

21

2223

36


37


A) Antero-posterior radiography of hinlimb. B) Antero-posteriorradiography of femur, tibia and fibula. C) Antero-medial radiography ofstifle joint.

1: Femur; 2: Patella; 3: Tibia; 4: Fibula; 5: Hindpaw; 6: Head of femur; 7: Neck offemur; 8: Greater trochanter; 9: Lesser trochanter; 10: Third trochanter; 11: Medialcondyle; 12: Lateral condyle; 13: Medial condyle; 14: Lateral condyle; 15: Medialmalleolus; 16: Head of fíbula; 17: Lateral malleolus; 18: Sesamoid bones of m.gastrocnemii.

1

A B

C

1

2

2

3 4

3

5

4

67

8

9

10

11 12

13 14

15 17

16

11 1213 14

16

1818

16

5

38


A) Dorso-ventral radiography of tarsus. B) Interpretative diagram.

1: Calcaneus; 2: Talus; 3: Tibial tarsal bone; 4: Fusion of central and third tarsal bones; 5:First tarsal bone (medial cuneiform); 6: Second tarsal bone (intermediate cuneiform); 7:Fourth tarsal bone (cuboid); 8: Calcaneal tubercle; 9: Medial malleolus; 10: Lateralmalleolus; 11-15: First to fifth metatarsal bones.

68%

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

10

11

1213

14

15

9109

11

1213

14

15

8

A B

39


14% 7%

7% 4%

1

2

3

4

56 7

1213

14

1

2

86

1

2

106

1

2

11

98

3

5

3

5

3

5

15

161213

1415

16

1213

1415

161213

1415

16

Tarsal anatomical variations.

1: Calcaneus; 2: Talus; 3: Tibial tarsal bone; 4: Central tarsal bone (navicular); 5: First tarsal bone (medialcuneiform); 6: Second tarsal bone (intermediate cuneiform); 7: Third tarsal bone (lateral cuneiform); 8: Fourthtarsal bone (cuboid); 9: Fusion of central, second and third tarsal bones; 10: Fusion of central, third and fourthtarsal bones; 11: Fusion of central, second, third and fourth tarsal bones; 12-16: First to fifth metatarsal bones.

40


Dorso-ventral (A) and latero-medial (B) radiographies of hindpaw. The roman numeralsindicate the number of the digits.

1-5: First to fifth metatarsal bones; 6: Proximal sesamoid bones; 7: Proximal phalanx; 8: Middle phalanx; 9:Distal phalanx; 10: Distal sesamoid bone; 11: Tarsus.

I

IIIII IV

V

A B

III

I

V

1

2

3

4

5

66 67

7

77

7

88 8

8

6

7

89

9

99 9

10

11 11

41

A B

1

1

3

3

2

2 4

A) Dorso-ventral radiography of male pelvis. B) Dorso-ventral radiography of isolatedglans of penis.

1: Penis bone; 2: Base (cranial); 3: Apex (caudal); 4: Glans of penis; 5: Urethral process; 6: Ischium; 7:Pubis; 8: Obturator foramen.

5

S3

6

7 7

688

Gender differences

42

A) Latero-lateral radiography of male inguinal region. B) Latero-lateralradiography of isolated glans of penis.

1: Penis bone; 2: Base (cranial); 3: Apex (caudal); 4: Glans of penis; 5: Urethral process; 6:Ilium; 7: Ischium; 8: Pubis; 9: Femur; 10: Tibia.

A

B

6

2

4

5

1

3

1

7

89 9

10

10

Gender differences

43

Gender differences

Latero-medial radiography of isolated scapulae. Fourteen weeks old male (left) andfemale (right) mice. (Asterisk points out morphological differences between sexes)

1: Spine of scapula; 2*: Hamatus process; 3: Supraspinous fossa; 4: Infraspinous fossa; 5: Dorsalborder; 6: Supraglenoid tubercle; 7: Coracoid process.

3

2*

11

121 1

2*

7*7*

34 4

6 6

5*5*

44

Latero-medial radiography of isolated humeri. Fourteen weeks old male (left) andfemale (right) mice. (Asterisk points out morphological differences between sexes)

1: Head of humerus; 2: Body of humerus; 3: Deltoid tuberosity; 4: Throclea of humerus; 5: Lateralepicondyle.

1*1*

2

4

5*

2

3* 3*

4

5*

Gender differences

45

Antero-posterior radiography of isolated femori. Fourteen weeks old male (left) andfemale (right) mice. (Asterisk points out morphological differences between sexes)

1: Head of femur; 2: Neck of femur; 3: Greater trochanter; 4: Trochanteric fossa; 5: Third trochanter; 6:Body of femur; 7: Lateral condyle; 8: Medial condyle.

1* 1*

2*2*

3* 3*

4*4*

5*5*

6 6

77

88

Gender differences

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Feneis H. Anatomisches bildwörterbuch derinternationalen nomenklatur. Seventh Ed.Stuttgart, Germany: Georg Thieme Verlag,1993.

Graichen H, Lochmüller E-M, Wolf E,Langkabel B, Stammberger T, Haubner M,Renner-Müller I, Englmeier K-H, Eckstein F.A non-destructive technique for 3-Dmicrostructural phenotypic characterisation ofbones in genetically altered mice: preliminarydata in growth hormone transgenic animalsand normal controls. Anat Embriol. 1999;199: 239-248.

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Hedrich, HJ. The Laboratory Mouse. SecondEd. Elsevier Academic Press. 2012.

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Illustrated Veterinary AnatomicalNomenclature. Second Ed. (Ed. OskarSchaller). Stuttgart, Germany: FerdinandEnke Verlag, 2007.

Iwaki T, Yamashita H, Hayakawa T. A colorAtlas of sectional Anatomy of the mouse.Japon: Braintree Scientific, 2001.

Jackson Laboratory, The. Biology of thelaboratory mouse. Second Ed. New York,USA: Dover publications, Inc., 1966.

König HE, Liebich HG. Veterinary Anatomy ofDomestic Mammals. Texbook and ColourAtlas. Stuttgart, Germany: Schattauer GmbH,2004.

Menegola E, Broccia ML, Giavini E. Atlas ofrat fetal skeleton double stained for bone andcartilage. Teratology. 2001; 64: 125-133.

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Popesko P, Rajtová V, Horáck J. A colouratlas of the Anatomy of small Laboratoryanimals. Vol 2. Rat, mouse, golden hamster.London, UK: Wolfe Publishing Ltd., 1992.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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47

INDEX

AAccessory carpal bone, 30, 31, 32Accessory process (vertebrae), 20, 24Acetabulum (hip bone), 34, 35Acromial end (clavicle), 28Alveolar process (incisive bone), 6Anconeal process (ulna), 29Angle (rib), 21angular process (mandible), 3, 15Anterior semicircular canal (temporal bone), 12, 14Apex (penis bone), 41, 42Apex (sacrum), 25Apical foramen (tooth), 15Areas to the m. rectus femoris (ilium), 35Asternal rib, 20, 22Atlas, 16, 17, 18Axis, 16, 17, 18

BBase (penis bone), 41, 42Base (sacrum), 25Basilar part (occipital bone), 7, 13, 14Basisphenoid bone, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14Body (basisphenoid bone), 7, 13Body (clavicle), 28Body (femur), 36, 45Body (humerus), 28, 29, 44Body (ilium), 34, 35Body (ischium), 34, 35Body (mandible), 3, 15Body (presphenoid bone), 7Body (radius), 29Body (rib), 19, 21Body (tibia), 36Body (ulna), 29Branch (ischium), 35

CCalcaneal tubercle, 38Calcaneus tarsal bone, 38, 39

Carotid incisura (basisphenoidbone), 7Carpal bone, 30, 31, 32Carpus, 30, 31, 32, 33Caudal articular process(vertebrae), 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26Caudal branch (pubis), 35Caudal vertebrae, 2, 27Central carpal bone, 30, 31, 32Central tarsal bone, 38, 39Cervical vertebrae, 2, 16, 17, 18, 22Clavicle, 22, 28Clavicular notch (sternum), 22Clinical crown, 15Clinical root, 15Cochlea (temporal bone), 8, 9, 12Cochlea tibiae, 36Condyloid process (mandible), 3, 15Coracoid process (scapula), 28, 43Coronal suture (frontal bone), 4Coronal suture (parietal bone), 5Coronoid process (mandible), 3, 15Costal arch, 20, 22Costal Bone, 22Costal cartilage, 22Coxal bone, 35Cranial articular process (vertebrae), 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26Cranial branch (pubis), 35Cranium, 1, 2Cuboid tarsal bone, 38, 39

DDeltoid tuberosity (humerus), 28, 44Dens (axis), 16, 17, 18Distal phalanx, 33, 40Distal sesamoid bone, 40Dorsal arch (atlas), 17Dorsal border (scapula), 49Dorsal margin of the orbita(frontal bone), 4

Dorsal nasal concha (nasal bone), 4, 11, 14Dorsal tubercle (atlas), 18

EEctoturbinates (ethmoid bone), 11, 12, 14Endoturbinates (ethmoid bone), 11, 12, 14Ethmoid bone, 10, 11Ethmoidal foramen (frontal bone), 4, 9, 11Ethmoidal labyrinth (ethmoid bone), 11, 12

FFacies, 2Falciform carpal bone, 30, 31, 32Femoral condyle, 36Femoral trochlea, 36Femur, 1, 2, 36, 42, 45Fibula,1, 2, 36First molar tooth, 6, 9, 14, 15Foramen magnum (occipital bone), 7, 9Foramen ovale (basisphenoid bone), 7Foramen rotundum (basisphenoid bone), 7Forelimb, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33Forepaw, 1, 2, 28, 29, 33Frontal angle (parietal bone), 5Frontal bone, 4, 10, 11, 14Frontal squama (frontal bone), 4, 11Frontonasal suture (frontal bone), 4Frontoparietal suture (frontal bone), 4Frontoparietal suture (parietal bone), 5

GGlans (penis), 41, 42Greater trochanter (femur), 36, 45Greater tubercle (humerus), 28

48

INDEX

HHamate carpal bone, 30, 31, 32Hamatus process (scapula), 28, 43Head, 3, 10Head (femur), 36, 45Head (humerus), 28, 44Head (radius), 29Head (rib), 19, 21Hindlimb, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40Hindpaw, 1, 2, 40Hip, 35Hip bone, 1, 2Humerus, 1, 2, 28, 29, 44Hypoglosal canal (occipital bone), 7Hypophysial fossa (basisphenoid bone), 7, 14

IIliac crest, 35Ilium, 34, 35Incisive bone, 6, 9, 10, 14Incisive part (mandible), 15Infraorbital foramen (maxilla), 6, 9, 14Infraspinous fossa (scapula), 28, 43Infratemporal crest (basisphenoid bone), 7Interalveolar process (mandible), 15Interfrontal suture (frontal bone), 4Intermandibular joint (mandible), 3Intermediate cuneiform tarsal bone, 38, 39Intermedioradial carpal bone, 30, 31, 32Internasal suture (nasal bone), 4Interosseous space of forearm, 29Interparietal bone, 5, 10, 14Interparietal suture (interparietal bone), 5

Intervertebral foramen, 24Ischium, 34, 35, 41, 42

JJugular notch (sternum), 22Jugum sphenoidale (presphenoid bone), 7

LLateral condyle (femur), 45Lateral epicondyle (humerus), 28, 29, 44Lateral malleolus (tibia), 36, 38Lateral mass (atlas), 16Lateral semicircular canal (temporal bone), 12Lesser trochanter (femur), 36Lingual surface (incisor tooth), 15Lower incisor tooth, 3, 10, 15Lower molar tooth, 3, 10, 15Lumbar vertebrae, 2, 21, 23, 24

MMandible, 2, 3, 10, 15Mandibular canal (mandible), 15Mandibular foramen (mandible), 15Mandibular notch (mandible), 15Manubrium (sternum), 22Maxilla, 6, 9, 10, 14Medial condyle (femur), 45Medial cuneiform tarsal bone, 38, 39Medial epicondyle (humerus), 28, 29Medial malleolus (tibia), 36, 38Meniscus, 36Metacarpal bone, 30, 31, 32, 33Metatarsal bone, 38, 39, 40Middle phalanx, 33, 40Molar crown, 15Molar cusp, 15Molar root, 15Muscular process (temporal bone), 9, 12

NNasal bone, 4, 9, 11, 14Neck (femur), 36, 45Neck (radius), 29Neck (rib), 21Neck (scapula), 28Neurocranium, 3, 10

OObturator foramen (hip bone), 34, 35, 41Occipital bone, 7, 9, 10, 13Occipital condyle, 7, 13, 14Olecranon (ulna), 29Olecranon tubercle (ulna), 29Optic canal (presphenoid bone), 7, 14Orbital part (frontal bone), 4, 11Osseous tentorium cerebelli (interparietal bone), 5

PPalatine bone, 9Palatine process (maxilla), 6, 9Paracondylar process (occipital bone), 7, 13Parietal bone, 5, 10, 14Parietal plane (parietal bone), 5Parietoccipital suture (interparietal bone), 5Parietotemporal suture (parietal bone), 5Parietotemporal suture (temporal bone), 8Patella, 36Pecten (pubis), 35Pelvis, 34, 41Penis bone, 41, 42Perpendicular plate (ethmoid bone), 14Petrosquamous fissure (temporal bone), 8, 9, 12Petrous part (temporal bone), 8, 12, 14Pisiform carpal bone, 30, 31, 32Pneumatic cells (temporal bone), 12

49

INDEX

PPosterior semicircular canal (temporal bone), 8, 12Presphenoid bone, 7, 9, 14Promontory (sacrum), 25, 26Proximal phalanx, 33, 40Proximal sesamoid bone, 33, 40Pterygoid bone, 9, 10, 14Pterygoid fossa (mandible), 15Pubic symphysis, 35Pubis, 34, 35, 41, 42

RRadial tuberosity (radius), 29Radius, 1, 2, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33Ramus (mandible), 3, 15Rib, 1Rib, 2, 18, 19, 22, 23Rostral process (nasal bone), 4, 11

SSacral foramen, 25Sacral vertebrae, 25, 26Sacrum, 2, 25, 26Sagital suture (parietal bone), 5Scapholunate carpal bone, 30, 31, 32Scapula, 1, 2, 22, 28, 29, 43Second molar, 6, 9, 14, 15Sesamoid bone of m. gastrocnemii, 26Sesamoid bone of m. popliteus, 26Shoulder joint, 28Skull, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14Sphenoidal rostrum (presphenoid bone), 7Spine (scapula), 28, 43Spinous process (vertebrae), 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26Squamous part (occipital bone), 7, 13, 14Squamous part (temporal bone), 8, 9, 12, 14

Squamous suture (parietal bone), 5Squamous suture (temporal bone), 8Sternal end (clavicle), 28Sternal rib, 20, 22Sternebra (sternum), 22Sternum, 2, 20, 22Stifle joint, 36Styloid process (radius), 29Styloid process (ulna), 29Supraglenoid tubercle (scapula), 28, 43Supraspinous fossa (scapula), 28, 43

TTabula (ischium), 34, 35Talus tarsal bone, 38, 39Tarsal bone, 38, 39Tarsus, 38, 39, 40Temporal bone, 8, 10Temporal line (frontal bone), 4, 11Temporal line (parietal bone), 5Temporal line (temporal bone), 8Temporal plane (parietal bone), 5Temporal surface (frontal bone), 4Third molar, 6, 9, 14, 15Third trochanter (femur), 36, 45Thoracic cavity, 22Thoracic vertebrae, 2, 19, 20, 21, 22Thorax, 20, 21, 22, 24Tibia, 1, 2, 36, 42Tibial condyle, 36Tibial crest, 36Tibial tarsal bone, 38, 39Transverse foramina (atlas), 16Transverse foramen (vertebrae), 17, 18Transverse process (vertebrae), 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27Triquetrum carpal bone, 30, 31, 32Trochanteric fossa (femur), 36, 45

Trochlea (humerus), 28, 29, 44Trochlea (radius), 29Tubercle (rib), 21Tympanic bulla (temporal bone), 14Tympanic cavity (temporal bone), 8, 9, 12Tympanic part (temporal bone), 8, 12, 14

UUlna, 1, 2, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33Ulnar carpal bone, 30, 31, 32Ulnar sesamoid bone, 30, 31, 32Upper incisor tooth, 3, 9, 10, 14Upper molar tooth, 3, 10Urethral process (penis bone), 41, 42

VVascular grooves (parietal bone), 5Ventral arch (atlas), 17Ventral lamina (6th cervical vertebra), 17, 18Ventral nasal concha (maxilla), 6Ventral tubercle (atlas), 17, 18Vertebral arch, 17, 20, 24, 26Vertebral body, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27Vertebral column, 1Vertebral foramen, 17, 20, 26Vertebral fossa, 19, 23, 24Vertebral head, 19, 23, 24Vertebral pedicle, 24Vestibular surface (incisortooth), 15Vestibule (temporal bone), 8, 9, 12Viscerocranium, 3, 10Vomer, 6, 9Vomeronasal bone, 6, 9

WWing (atlas), 16

50

INDEX

WWing (basisphenoid bone), 7, 13Wing (ilium), 34, 35Wing (presphenoid bone), 7Wing (sacrum), 25

ZZygomatic bone, 6, 9, 12Zygomatic process (maxilla), 6, 9Zygomatic process (temporal bone), 8, 9, 12, 14

XXiphoid cartilage (sternum), 22

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x-ray annotation mouse atlas

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