X-RAY ASTRONOMY

X-Ray Astronomy Proceedings of the XV ESLAB Symposium

held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 22-26 June 1981

Edited by

R. D. ANDRESEN

Space Science Department, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

ERRATUM

X-Ray Astronomy. Proceedings of the XV ESLAB Sym­

posium. hcJd in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 22-26 June

198 L Edited by R. D. Andresen.

Please note that the correct Order Ref. No. is

90 277 -9056-3

Order Ref. No. 90-277-9050-7

All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1981 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Originally published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland in 1981

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,

including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner

ISBN 978-94-010-9951-6 ISBN 978-94-010-9949-3 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-9949-3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD Xl

OPENING ADDRESS xiii

SESSION 1 EXTRAGALACTIC ASTRONOMY: Surveys/Population Studies

R. GIACCONI / X-Ray Astronomy in the Einstein Era 3

P. BIERMANN / An X-Ray Survey of Flat Spectrum Radio Sources 33

M.J.C. HAYES, S.J. BELL BURNELL, J.L. CULHANE, M.J. WARD, P. BARR, J.C. IVES, and P.W. SANFORD / X-Ray Emission from Active Galaxies 39

R. HALL, M.J. RICKETTS, C.G. PAGE, and K:A. POUNDS / Ariel-6 Medium Energy Spectral Observations of Active Galaxies 47

D. MACCAGNI and M. TARENGHI / "Einstein" Observations of BL Lacertae Objects 55

B. MARGON, G. CHANAN, and R. DOHNES / An X-Ray Selected List of QSOs: Implications for the QSO Luminosity Function and the Origin of the Diffuse X-Ray Background (Abstract only) 59

T. MACCACARO, G.C. PEROLA, and M. ELVIS / X-Ray Observations of Emission Line Galaxies with the Einstein Observatory 61

R.E. GRIFFITHS, T. MACCACARO, S.S. MURRAY, and R. GIACCONI / Optical Identification of X-Ray Sources in the Einstein Observatory Medium and Deep Surveys 67

T. MACCACARO, E.D. FEIGELSON, R. GIACCONI, I.M. GIOIA, R.E. GRIFFITHS, L. LIEBERT, S.S. MURRAY, J. STOCKE, and G. ZAMORANI / The Einstein Observatory Medium Sensitivity Survey 75

P. BATTISTINI, F. BONOLI, R. BUONANNO, C. CACCIARI, C.E. CORSI, and F. FUSI PECCI/On the Properties of 21 X-Ray Globular Clusters in M31 81

SESSION 2 EXTRAGALACTIC ASTRONOMY: Characteristics of Individual Galaxies/Theory 85

M.J. REES / Physical Processes for X-Ray Emission in Galactic Nuclei 87

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. CAVALIERE, L. DANESE, G. DE ZOTTI, and A. FRfu~CESCHINI / The X-Ray Background 2-50 keY: A Superposition of Known Sources, or Evidence of a New Component? 101

L. BASSANI, R.C. BUTLER, A.J. DEAN, G. DI COCCO, N.A. DIPPER, F. PEROTTI, and G. VILLA / NGC 4151 and MCG 8-11-11: Two X-Ray Seyfert Galaxies with Strong Soft y-Ray Emission 107

A.C. FABIAN, A.K. KEMBHAVI, and M.J. WARD / The X-Ray Luminosity Function and Source Counts for Seyferts 113

G.C. PEROLA, A. BOKSENBERG, G.E. BROMAGE, J. CLAVEL, M. ELVIS, A. ELVIUS, P.M. GONDHALEKAR, J. LIND, C. LLOYD, M.V. PENSTON, M. PETTINI, M.A.J. SNIJDERS, E.G. TANZI, M. TARENGHI, M.H. ULRICH, and R.S. WARWICK / Ultraviolet, Optical and X-Ray Monitoring of the Continuum of NGC 4151 119

S. TSURUTA, F. TAKAHARA, and S. ICHIMARU / X-Rays from Active Galactic Nuclei - Hard Component 123

L. MARASCHI, E.G. TANZI, M. TARENGHI, and A. TREVES / Is PKS 2155 an Extragalactic Source? 129

A. FERRARI and E. TRUSSONI / X-Ray Emission from Galactic Jets 135

D.J. HELFAND and K.S. LONG / A Soft X-Ray Study of the Large Magellanic Cloud (Abstract only)

G.G.C. PALUMBO, T. MACCACARO, N. PANAGIA, G. VETTOLANI, and G. ZAMORANI / A Study of M100 in X-Rays

SESSION 3 GALACTIC ASTRONOMY: Low Luminosity Sources

G.S. VAIANA / Low Luminosity Galactic X-Ray Sources

G. BELVEDERE and D. HOLTENI / High X-Ray Luminosity from Dynamo Stars

E.H.B.M. GRONENSCHILD, R. ME WE , N.J. WESTERGAARD, J. HEISE, F.D. SEWARD, T. CHLEBOWSKI, N.P.M. KUIN, A.C. BRINKMAN, J.H. DIJKSTRA, and H.W. SCHNOPPER / X-Ray Spectroscopic

141

143

149

151

181

Investigation of the Coronal Structure of Capella 185

R. ME WE , C.J. SCHRIJVER, and C. ZWAAN / Coronal Activity in F-, G-, and K-Type Stars 191

R.E. COLE, A.M. CRUISE, J.P. OSBORNE, D. BEDFORD, E. CARPENTER, C. GOODALL, and A.H.T. POLLOCK / Ariel 6 Observations of the Hot White Dwarf HZ43 201

P. PERSI, M. FERRARI-TONIOLO, and G.L. GRASDALEN / Infrared Photometry of the X-Ray Stars in Cygnus OB2 (VI Cygni): Preliminary Results 207

F. GIOVANNELLI / Rapid Oscillations in SS Cygni 213

T ABLE OF CONTENTS vii

A. KRUSZElVSKI, R. MElVE, J. HEISE, T. CHLEBOWSKI, lV. VAN DIJK, and R. BAKKER / Variability of Soft X-Ray Emission of EX Hydrae Observed with Einstein Observatory 221

L. CHIAPPETTI, L. MARASCHI, E.G. TANZI, and A. TREVES / UV Observations of MV Lyrae 231

R. VIOTTI, A. GIANGRANDE, A. CASSATELLA, and F. MACCHETTO / Ultraviolet Observations of the X-Ray Sources in the Eta Carinae Nebula 235

SESSION 4 GALACTIC ASTRONOMY: SNR and Other Galactic Sources

R.D. ANDRESEN, G. MANZO, A. PEACOCK, B.G. TAYLOR, R.C. CATURA, J.L. CULHANE, and R. BERTHELSDORF / Cosmic X-Ray Observations Performed with a Gas Scintillation

241

Spectrometer 243

E. PFEFFERMANN, B. ASCHENBACH, H. BRAUNINGER, and J. TRUMPER / X-Ray Images of the Supernova Remnant Puppis A 251

R. ROCCHIA, M. ARNAUD, C. BLONDEL, C. CHERON, J.C. CHRISTY, R. DUCROS, 1. KOCH, R. ROTHENFLUG, H.h1. SCHNOPPER, and J.P. DELVAILLE / Spectral Observation of the Soft X-Ray Background and of the North Polar Spur with Solid State Spectrometers 253

K. MAKISHlMA, Y. OGAWARA, M. MATSUOKA, M. ODA, S. MIYAMOTO, R.M. PELLING, L.E. PETERSON, and lV.S. PACIESAS / Hard X-Ray Structure of the Crab Nebula 259

D.J. HELFAND, R.H. BECKER, and R. NOVICK / On Synchrotron Nebulae and Pulsars (Abstract only) 263

K. NOMOTO and S. TSURUTA / Cooling of Neutron Stars and X-Ray Observations 265

L. BIANCHI/First UV Observations of the Optical Counterpart of the X-Ray Source 2S0114+650 273

G. BRANDUARDI-RAYMONT, R. CORBET, A.N. PARMAR, P.G. MURDIN, and K.O. MASON / Optical Observations of the X-Ray Source 2S0921-630 279

L. CHIAPPETTI, L. MARASCHI, E.G. TANZI, and A. TREVES / Ultraviolet Study of V1341 Cyg = Cyg X-2. Observation of an Accretion Disk 287

M.G. WATSON, R. WILLINGALE, J.E. GRINDLAY, and P. HERTZ / Einstein Observations of the Galactic Centre 293

P.A. CARAVEO, G.F. BIGNAMI, J.A. PAUL, B. MARANO, and G.P. VETTOLANI / Soft X-Ray Sources and Their Optical Counterparts in the Error Box of the Cos-B Source 2CG 135+01 301

viii T ABLE OF CONTENTS

SESSION 5 GALACTIC ASTRONOMY: High Luminosity Sources, Low-Mass Binaries and Theory 307

E.P.J. VAN DEN HEUVEL / X-Ray Binaries and Stellar Evolution (Abstract only) 309

R. STAUBERT, E. KENDZIORRA, W. PIETSCH, R.J. PROCTOR, C. REPPIN, H. STEINLE, J. TRtiMPER, and W. VOGES / Hard X-Ray Balloon Observations of Compact Galactic and Extragalactic X-Ray Sources 31 I

A. SCHEEPMAKER, F.A. JANSEN, A.J.~. DEERENBERG, G.R. RICKER, J.E. BALLINTINE, J.V. VALLERGA, and W.H.G. LEWIN / High Energy X-Ray Spectrum of Her X-I (Abstract only) 325

P. UBERTINI, A. BAZZANO, C. LA PADULA, V.F. POLCARO, G. VIALETTO, and R.K. MANCHANDA / Hard X-Rays Observation of Her X-I 327

P. UBERTINI, A. BAZZANO, C. LA PADULA, and V.F. POLCARO / New Hard X-Rays Sources at 380 Declination 331

S. CECCHINI, A.J. EVANS, R. LIEU, and J.J. QUENBY / Models for Accretion Flow on to Neutron Stars and X-Ray Photon-Electron Interactions in Ultra-High Magnetic Fields (Abstract only) 335

G. WUNNER, H. RUDER, H. HEROLD, and J. TRtiMPER / Observability of Magnetically Strongly Shifted Iron Line Emission from X-Ray Pulsars 337

Y.-M. WANG / Magnetic Alignment and Counter-Alignment in Binary X-Ray Pulsars 341

A.M.T. POLLOCK, C.V. GOODALL, G.F. CARPENTER, D.K. BEDFORD, A.M. CRUISE, R.E. COLE, J.P. OSBORNE, and J.L. CULHANE / Ariel VI Observations of Sco X-I 347

T.J. PONMAN / Periodic Behaviour in Three Galactic Bulge Sources 353

J. VAN PARADIJS and F. VERBUNT / Optical Properties of Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries 361

C. CHEVALIER and S.A. ILOVAISKY / New Optical Observations of 2S 0921-630 and Its Relation to Other X-Ray Binaries 365

SESSION 6 GALACTIC ASTRONOMY: High Luminosity Sources/Transients 367

C.G. PAGE, A.J. BENNETTS, and M.J. RICKETTS / Ariel 6 Observations of Cyg X-I in the High State 369

D.K. BEDFORD, G.F. CARPENTER, C.V. GOODALL, A.ri.T. POLLOCK, R.E. COLE, A.M. CRUISE, and J.P. OSBORNE / Ariel VI Soft X-Ray Observations of Cygnus X-I 373

F. FRONTERA and F. FULIGNI / Power Spectral Density Analysis of Hard X-Ray Emission of Cyg X-I 379

T ABLE OF CONTENTS ix

S. BONAZZOLA / Search for Fast Time Fluctuations In Cygnus-XI and Herculis-XI 385

L. CHIAPPETTI and S.J. BELL-BURNELL / X-Ray Absorption In Circinus X-I in the Low State 389

F. NAGASE / Time Variation of the Pulse Period of Vela X-I 395

M.J. RICKETTS, R. HALL, C.G. PAGE, and K.A. POUNDS / Observation of an Outburst from the X-Ray Pulsator 0115+63 399

C. CHEVALIER, S.A. ILOVAISKY, C. MOTCH, M. PAKULL, J. LUB, and J. VAN PARADIJS / The Optical Light Curve of LMC X-4 and the 30-Day X-Ray Period 405

F. GIOVANNELLI, M. FERRARI-TONIOLO, A. GIANGRANDE, P. PERSI, C. BARTOLINI, A. GUARNIERI, and A. PICCIONI / Ultraviolet and Optical Observations of HDE 245770/ A 0535+26 System During an X-Ray Flare 407

S.A. ILOVAISKY, C. CHEVALIER, and C. MOTCH / Recent Optical Observations of the X-Ray Pulsar 4U 1626-67 415

M. VAN DER KLIS, and J.M. BONNET-BIDAUD / Cos-B X-Ray Observations of Cyg X-3; An Indication for Apsidal Motion 419

P.A. CHARLES, L. BOOTH, R.H. DENSHAM, J.R. THORSTENSEN, and A.J. WILLIS / An Optical Outburst from the Periodic Recurrent X-Ray Transient A0533-66 423

P. MURDIN, G. BRANDUARDI-RATI10NT, and A.N. PARMAR / The X-Ray Source A0538-66 in Optical Quiescence 433

G.K. SKINNER / The Periodic X-Ray Transient A0538-66 and Its Optical Counterpart 441

L. CHIAPPETTI / Ariel 5 Observations of GX 339-4 447

SESSION 7 GALACTIC ASTRONOMY: Bursts

S. HAYAKAWA / Highlights of Results from Hakucho

I.M. McHARDY and J.P. PYE / The Ariel V Sky Survey of Fast-Transient X-Ray Outbursts

R.S. WARWICK, M.G. WATSON, and M.R. SIMS / Periodic X-Ray

451

453

457

Outbursts from A0535+26, 2S1145-619 and GX301-2 461

G. PIZZICHINI, J. DANZIGER, P. GROSB0L, M. TARENGHI, T.L. CLINE, D.D. DESAI, R. MUSHOTSKY, B.J. TEEGARDEN, W.D. EVANS, R.W. KLEBESADEL, J.G. LAROS, C. BARAT, K. HURLEY, M. NIEL, G. VEDRENNE, I.V. ESTULIN, G. MERSOV, V. ZENCHENKO, and V. KURT / X-Ray and Optical Observations of the November 19, 1978 Gamma-Ray Burst Source Region 467

S. BONAZZOLA, J.M. HAMEURY, J. HEYVAERTS, and J. VENTURA / Are y-Ray Bursters Neutron Stars Accreting Interstellar Matter? 471

x T ABLE OF CONTENTS

C. MOTCH, S.A. ILOVAISKY, and C. CHEVALIER / Discovery of Rapid Optical Variability in GX 339-4

SESSION 8 EXOSAT

B.G. TAYLOR, R.D. ANDRESEN, A. PEACOCK, and R. ZOBL /

475

471

The EXOSAT Mission 479

P.A.J. DE KORTE, J.A.M. BLEEKER, A.J.F. DEN BOGGENDE, G. BRANDUARDI-RAYMONT, A.C. BRINKMAN, J.L. CULHANE, E.H.B.M. GRONENSCHILD, I. MASON, and S.P. McKECHNIE / The X-Ray Imaging Telescopes on EXOSAT 495

M.J.L. TURNER, A. SMITH, and H.U. ZIMMERMANN / The Medium Energy Instrument on EXOSAT 513

A. PEACOCK, R.D. ANDRESEN, G. MANZO, B.G. TAYLOR, G. VILLA, S. RE, J.C. IVES, and S. KELLOCK / The Gas Scintillation Proportional Counter on EXOSAT 525

SESSION 9 FUTURE PROGRAMMES: Instrumental Techniques 535

J.L. CULHANE / X-Ray Astronomy in the Future 537

Y. TANAKA / Future Programme of X-Ray Astronomy ~n Japan 565

B. ASCHENBACH, H. BRAUNINGER, U. BRIEL, W. BRINKMANN, H. FINK, N. HEINECKE, H. HIPPMANN, G. KETTENRING, G. METZNER, A. ONDRUSCH, E. PFEFFERMANN, P. PREDEHL, G. REGER, K.-H. STEPHAN, J. TRliMPER, and H.U. ZIMMERMANN / The ROSAT Mission 569

M. GREHING, G. KRAMER, E. SCHULZ-LUPERTZ, C. WULF-MATHIES, S. BOWYER, and R. KIMBLE / Development of a lm-Normal-Incidence-EUV Telescope 575

J.L. CULHANE, R.C. CATURA, K.A. POUNDS, P. DE KORTE, A. FRANKS, G.P. GARMIRE, A. FABIAN, and B. MARGON / The Use of Diamond Turned & Replicated Wolter I Telescopes for High Sensitivity X-Ray Astronomy 581

J. DAVELAAR, A. PEACOCK, B.G. TAYLOR, and J.A.M. BLEEKER / The Capabilities of a Gas Scintillation Camera for Cosmic X-Ray Astronomy 591

A.P. WILLMORE, G.K. SKINNER, C.J. EYLES, and B. RAMSEY / A Pseudo Random Mask Telescope for Spacelab 601

H.W. SCHNOPPER, L. KOCH, M. CANTIN, B. MOUGIN, R. ROCCHIA, R.F. BERTHELSDORF, and J.L. CULHANE / Spherical Crystal Cosmic X-Ray Spectrometer 607

W.K.H. SCHMIDT / Wide Angle X-Ray Optics for Use in Astronomy 615

E.P.J. VAN DEN HEUVEL / X-Ray Binaries and Stellar Evolution 623

FOREWORD

The 15th ESLAB symposium was held at the end of June 1981 in Amsterdam with the topic being X-ray astronomy.

The aim of this symposium was to bring together the international astrophysical community in order to

1. review the present state of X-ray astronomy in the light of new observations gathered in recent missions and to review data on interesting objects in correlated wavelen8th regions;

2. discuss theoretical models describing the phenomena observed;

3. present ESA's European X-ray Observatory Satellite (EXOSAT) and to discuss future X-ray missions and their associated instrumenta­tion.

These topics seemed to be so interesting for the scientific community that more than 120 contributions were submitted. Of these, 94 were finally accepted and approximately 200 participants attended the 5-day meeting.

The symposium was organised in nine sessions covering the whole field. Every main topic was introduced by a review lecture covering the state­of-the-art. The aim of the meeting was to assess the impact of the new X-ray findings on the general astronomical knowled8e. The discussion ranged from non-degenerated stellar X-ray sources and stellar coronae tL supernovae, bursters, globular clusters, normal galaxies and finally to cosmology. In each field the philosophy was to bring together the relevant information obtained in radio, optical and X-ray observations followed by theoretical discussions. A large number of contributed papers were also presented within this framework.

These issues of Space Science Reviews contain the invited review lectures and contributed papers of the 15th ESLAB Symposium. I would like to thank the members of the Scientific Programme Committee, Drs. J. Bleeker (Leiden), L. Culhane (MSSL), J. Trumper (Munich) and B.G. Taylor (SSD) who had the difficult task of establishing the content of the scientific programme. The completion of nine seSSions in only 4.days benefited from the help obtained from Session Chairmen and Secretaries.

Only the timely delivery of the manuscripts, with a few exceptions, has made it possible to publish these proceedings within a few months after the actual conference.

Space Science Reviews 30 (1981) xi-xii. 0038-6308/81/0301-xi $00.15. Copyright © 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, and Boston, U.S.A.

xii FOREWORD

The scientific program was accompanied by a social program which was highlighted in an evening boat trip through the canals of Amsterdam followed by the conference dinner in a "cosy", typically Dutch, restaurant.

It would not have been possible to run the Symposium in such a smooth way without the engagement and charming help of Diana Mulders and Anne v.d. Eijkel and the support of my colleagues in the Space Science Department of ESA.

R.D. Andresen

Noordwijk, September 1981

OPENING ADDRESS - 15TH ESLAB SYMPOSIUM

ESA's Space Science Department, which used to be called ESLAB, provides the study and project scientists for ESA's scientific satellite programme. Each year this Department organises a symposium and to-day in Amsterdam we begin the fifteenth such gathering.

For the symposium programme we occasionally select fields not yet in ESA's scientific programme in order to find out what those scientific communities would like to do and to help us decide in consequence how best to steer our internal research programme in Space Science Department. We frequently base the annual symposium on the results arriving from ESA's spacecraft, making particular efforts to correlate the data with relevant data from spacecraft flown by other Agencies. Sometimes we focus attention on how best to handle the scientific harvest expected from a satellite due for launch in the near future.

This fifteenth symposium falls into the latter category. We aim to listen afresh to what is known, to get right up to date with the newest results, and, in the light of the scientific knowledge obtained and the operational lessons learned in obtaining it, to be fully prepared to take maximum advantage of EXOSAT. Our hope is that EXOSAT will be launched in mid-1982.

We are naturally pleased to see so much interest in the symposium programme. This meant however, that some papers had to be rejected, and we trust those who were disappointed will understand our wish not to sink to the level of ten-minute presentations.

I trust that at the end of the week you will have enjoyed Amsterdam and will leave with the feeling that your visit was worthwile.

D. Edgar Page Head Space Science Department

Space Science Reviews 30 (1981) xiii. 0038-6308/81/0301-xiii $00.15. Copyright © 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, and Boston, U.S.A.