x-rays. electromagnetic spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to...

X-rays

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X-rays

Electromagnetic Spectrum

10-1 to 10 nm

400 to 700 nm

10-4 to 10 -1 nm

10 to 400 nm

700 to 104 nm

X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen in 1895. X-rays are generated by bombarding electrons on an metallic anode

Emitted X-ray has a characteristic wavelength depending upon which metal is present.e.g. Wavelength of X-rays from Cu-anode = 1.54178 Å

E= hn= h(c/l)

(l Å)= 12.398/E(keV)

NMR 10 um - 10 mm

Page 3: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Definition

• Transmission based technique in which x-rays from a source pass through the patient

• The x-rays are detected by film or an ionization chamber on the other side of the body.

• Image is a simple 2D image of tissues lying between the x-ray source and film.

Page 4: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

X-Ray• Noninvasive medical test used to produce images of

the inside of the body to help diagnose medical conditions.

• X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that is sent through the body.

• Structures that are dense, such as bone, will block most of the X-ray particles and appear white.

• Metal and contrast media, a special dye used to highlight areas of the body, will appear white.

• Structures containing air will appear black and muscle, fat, and fluid will appear gray.

Page 5: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

X-Ray• Produces two-

dimensional images.• Examines bones, teeth,

lungs, breasts, heart, blood vessels, and the digestive tract.

• Uses ionizing radiation which can increase risk of developing cancer.

©iStockphoto.com

Page 6: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

X-Ray – The Procedure

• X-ray is performed by a machine that sends individual X-ray particles, called photons, through the body.– The photons pass

through the body and the resulting images are recorded on a computer or special film.

©iStockphoto.com

Page 7: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages– Quick, painless,

noninvasive test– Relatively inexpensive

Disadvantages– Small amount of

radiation exposure– Contrast materials

sometimes used might produce an allergic reaction

Page 8: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Uses

• Particularly effective in bone– Not good for analyzing tissue– Colors:

• Bone = white• Air = black• Soft Tissue = gray

Page 9: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Types of X-Rays

• Angiography• Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal• Bone Density• Mammography

Page 10: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Page 11: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

X-Ray Source• 1st Piece of X-ray

– Also referred to as x-ray tube– This piece accelerates a beam of electrons to

strike the surface of a metal target.– It contains a cathode (creates electrons) and a

anode (deflects electrons)– http://www.crtsite.com/page5-2.html

http://www.crtsite.com/big/x-ray/villard-big.jpg

Page 12: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

X-Ray Collimator• 2nd piece of X-ray

– X-ray beam is a divergent beam based on the anode– A collimator reduces the size of the beam

• It restricts the size of the beam for the image

Page 13: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

X-ray Principles

• Radiation– Primary Radiation

• X-rays go all the way through the body with no interactions (THIS IS WHAT WE WANT!)

– Secondary Radiation• Electrons in outer shells of tissue atoms• X-rays hit these shells and then scatter

– Photoelectric Effect• X-rays are absorbed by the tissue

• All Radiation ATTENUATION must be accounted for:

Page 14: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Page 15: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Page 16: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Page 17: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Page 18: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Page 19: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Page 20: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Page 21: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Page 22: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

Page 23: X-rays. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to 10 4 nm X-ray radiation was discovered by Roentgen

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x-rays. electromagnetic spectrum 10 -1 to 10 nm 400 to 700 nm 10 -4 to 10 -1 nm 10 to 400 nm 700 to...

Documents

xray source

xray particles

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wavelength of xrays

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collimator2nd piece

gray types of x