xenodiversity vs biodiversity - pices · workshop on introduced species in the north pacific....
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North Pacific Marine Science Organization, 14th Annual meeting, Workshop on Introduced Species in
the North Pacific.October 4-5, 2005. Vladivostok,
Russia
Xenodiversity Xenodiversity vsvs Biodiversity: Biodiversity: invasive alien species in European invasive alien species in European
coastal marine ecosystemscoastal marine ecosystems
SERGEJ OLENINCoastal Research and Planning Institute
Klaipeda University, [email protected]
Talk outline
• The concept of xenodiversity• Traits of invasive species• Vulnerability of coastal habitats
to invasions• Study of bioinvasions: a rapidly
growing science discipline
The concept of xenodiversity
• Xenodiversity(xenos, Greek – foreign, strange, alien):human-mediated addition of non-native species to local fauna and flora.
• Leppakoski, E. & Olenin, S., 2000. Xenodiversityof the European brackish water seas: the North American contribution. In: Proc. of the First
National Conference on Marine Bioinvasions. J.
Pederson (ed.). Boston, USA, 2000: 107-119
Aquatic species are intentionally or accidentally transported and released by man outside their native range for many centuries.
Photo: Rock ballast in a Viking ship
Origin of the Baltic Sea xenodiversity
North America
Ponto-Caspian
area
Other
E Asia, Indo-
Pacific
>110 spp recorded
~ 70 spp established
Three major donor regions
Matching of environmental conditions and availability of invasion corridors
Source: Leppäkoski, E. and Olenin, S., 2001. The meltdown of biogeographical peculiarities of the Baltic Sea: the interaction of
natural and manmade processes. Ambio, 30, 4-5.
The Pacific contribution to the xenodiversity
of the European brackish water (Baltic and Black) seas
• Approx. 30 species are of Pacific origin, among them:• Phytoplankton (Coscinodiscus wailesi, Odontella sinensis),• Benthic macroalgae (Bonnemaisonia hamifer, Codium fragile,
Sargassum muticum), • Parasitic nematode (Anguillicola crassus), • Polychaete (Ficopomatus enigmaticus), • Bivalves (Crassostrea gigas, Cunearca cornea, Paphia philippinarum,
Teredo navalis), • Gastropods (Potamopyrgus antipodarum, Rapana thomasiana),• Crab (Eriocheir sinensis),• Fish (Mugil soivy, Oncorhynchus species).
Source: Olenin, S. & E. Leppäkoski, 1997. The Pacific Ocean as a donor area of alien aquatic species to the European enclosed seas. IUCN. Invasive Species SGSSC. ALIENS Newsletter, No.6: 18
Xenodiversity at different levels of biological organization
LEVEL EFFECT EXAMPLE
GENETIC hybridization and addition of genetically modified organisms
Crassostrea virginica(Lyu & Allen 1999);Coregonus peled(Brzuzan & Luczynski 1999)
SPECIES addition of alien species, elimination of native species
Caulerpa taxifolia(Verlaque & Fritayre 1994);Cercopagis pengoi (Antsulevich & Valipakka 2000)
FUNCTIONAL -COMMUNITY
emergence of novel or unusual functions, changes in community structure, alterations of food webs and ecosystem functioning
Marenzelleria viridis(Kotta et al 2001);Mnemiopsis leidyi (Volovik et al 2000)
HABITAT -LANDSCAPE
habitat engineering, encrusting of solid objects, changes in bottom microtopography, alteration of biotope
Dreissena polymorpha(Karataev et al 2002);Crepidula fornicata(Minchin 1999)
Central questions in invasion Central questions in invasion ecology:ecology:
1. What species characteristics influence invasion success?
2. What makes the system susceptible to invasion?
Characteristics of invasive species
feeding mode of benthic invertebrates in native and alien
communities
Feeding mode of invasive benthic invertebrates in European Seas
OSF - obligatory suspension-feeders;
FSF – facultative suspension-feeders;
Other – predators, deposit feeders and macrophytegrazers;
n = total number of species
Source: Olenin, S. Daunys, D., 2005. In: The Comparative Roles of Suspension-Feeders in Ecosystems. Dame, R. and Olenin, S. (ed-s). NATO Science Series. Earth and Environmental Series – Vol. 47. Springer, 2005: 238-256
Suspension feeders in native communities
Source: Asmus H. & Asmus R., 2005.In: The Comparative Roles of Suspension-Feeders in Ecosystems. Dame, R. and Olenin, S. (ed-s). NATO Science Series. Earth and Environmental Series – Vol. 47. Springer, 2005: 238-256
The relatively low share of suspension-feeders in total species richness at different scales, from global to local
Conclusion from the study on feeding modes of invasive
benthic invertebrates • Suspension feeding is the most common feeding type among
the invasive benthic invertebrate species. It occurs much more
frequently than in native communities.
• This pattern is true for all European brackish water bodies as
well as for fully saline seas.
• If the rate and the scope of invasions remain at the recent high
level then the role of suspension-feeding as a trophic type will
grow in the future in coastal ecosystems.
How the species ability to filter-feed may promote their
invasion success?• Possibly, suspension-feeding as the most optimal foraging
strategy (Gili & Coma 1998) adds to other common traits of
invaders: ecological plasticity, profitable reproductive strategy,
ability to use different substrates, etc (Ruiz and Hewitt 2002).
• Increased pelagic food through eutrophication may also
promote the relative success of suspension-feeder invaders,
especially in the coastal areas, which are mostly exposed to
new introductions.
What makes the system susceptible to invasion?
InvasibilityInvasibility of a habitat will of a habitat will increase if:increase if:
•• a community in the habitat lacks certain species, a community in the habitat lacks certain species, which ought to be present under normal conditions which ought to be present under normal conditions (“there are vacant niches”);(“there are vacant niches”);
•• a habitat is disturbed, due to natural or anthropogenic a habitat is disturbed, due to natural or anthropogenic factors;factors;
•• an ecosystem properties are altered due to previous an ecosystem properties are altered due to previous introductions, operating as a disturbance agent, introductions, operating as a disturbance agent,
•• there is an increased amount of unused resources, there is an increased amount of unused resources, e.g. due toe.g. due to eutrophicationeutrophication..
Based on: Drake 1989, 1991; Vitousek et al. 1997; Brooks 1999; Simberloff & VonHolle 1999; Davis et al. 2000; Ruiz et al. 1999, Nehring 2002; Van der Velde et al. 2002; Ruiz & Hewitt 2002.
Study area:Study area:the Lithuanian offshore and coastal waters, including thethe Lithuanian offshore and coastal waters, including the
CuronianCuronian LagoonLagoonKlaipeda port area
Depths, m: max 14 m (artificial);
Salinity, psu:0,5<S<8,0
Native macrofauna species richness:~20 speciesopen sea areas
Depths, m: max 80 m;
Salinity, psu:6,0<S<8,0
Native macrofauna species richness:~60 species
Curonian Lagoon
Depths, m: mean 3,5 m; max 5 m;
Salinity, psu:0,5<S<3,0
Native macrofauna species richness:~110 species
Selection of habitatsSelection of habitatsHELCOM 1998:Red list of Marine and Coastal Biotopes and Biotope Complexes of the Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings, No.75
• Bottom types:• Stones, Sand, Mud, Gravel, Shell deposits
• Separately for the Curonian Lagoon and for the Baltic Sea
• Littoral and sublittoral habitats
• In the Sea: • habitats within euphotic and aphotic layers• above and below halocline
• In addition: artificial rock and stone habitats for the Sea, Lagoon and for Klaipeda port area
• In total: 23 habitat types selected
Selection of alien species
• Baltic Sea Alien Species Database
• Benthic macrofaunaonly
– phytoplankton, macrophytes, fish, birds and mammals excluded
• In total: 19 specieswww.ku.lt/www.ku.lt/nemonemo//mainnemomainnemo
Material: a) biological monitoring data since 1980; b) episodic surveys in the Lagoon, open coast and Klaipeda port areas
Alien species richness in the Lagoon vs the open sea habitats
Null hypothesis:No. of NIS in the Lagoon and in the open sea habitats is equal
Alternative hypothesis 1 (A1):No. of NIS in the Lagoon and in the open sea habitats is not equal
Alternative hypothesis 2 (A2):No. of NIS in the Lagoonis higher than in the open sea
habitats
Mann –Witney (Wilcoxon) W test: A1 p<<0.01; A2 p<<0.01. Reject the null hypothesis
Alien richness in the Curonian Lagoon habitats (max up to 15 species per habitat) is significantly higher than in the
open sea habitats (max 4 species)
0123456789
10111213141516
Art-S
ton
POR
T (0
-8)
Sand
LAG
Art-S
ton
LAG
Art-R
ock
POR
T (0
-8)
Sand
Li L
AG
Art-R
ock
LAG
Shel
l Li L
AG
Shel
l LAG
Mud
Li L
AG
Mud
LAG
Ston
Li (
6-8)
Ston
Eu
(6-8
)
Sand
Eu
(6-8
)
Art-S
ton
Li (6
-8)
Sand
Li (
6-8)
Sand
Ap
(6-8
)
Mud
Ap
a-h
(6-8
)
Art-S
ton
Eu (6
-8)
Ston
Ap
(6-8
)
Gra
v Li
(6-8
)
Gra
v Eu
(6-8
)
Gra
v Ap
(6-8
)
Mud
Ap
b-h
>8
Habitat type
Num
ber o
f spp
Alie
n sp
ecie
s ric
hnes
sA
lien
spec
ies
richn
ess
What are the most invaded What are the most invaded habitats?habitats?
Artificial rock and stone habitats Artificial rock and stone habitats in the Klaipeda port and in the Curonian Lagoonin the Klaipeda port and in the Curonian Lagoon
Sand, mud and shell deposits habitats modified Sand, mud and shell deposits habitats modified by the invasive zebra mussel by the invasive zebra mussel Dreissena Dreissena
polymorphapolymorpha in the Curonian Lagoonin the Curonian Lagoon
The most invaded habitats: modified either by man or by invasive species
Breakwaters, Breakwaters, embankments, peers in embankments, peers in Klaipeda port and in the Klaipeda port and in the Curonian LagoonCuronian Lagoon
Clusters of living zebra Clusters of living zebra mussels and their shells mussels and their shells
on muddy bottoms on muddy bottoms provide food and shelter provide food and shelter
for many native and for many native and alien invertebratesalien invertebrates Zebra mussels shell Zebra mussels shell
deposits in the deposits in the Curonian LagoonCuronian Lagoon
Are species rich communities more resistant
to alien invasions?
Native Native vsvs alien species richness alien species richness in all (open sea + lagoon) habitatsin all (open sea + lagoon) habitats
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Shel
l Li L
AG
Shel
l LAG
Sand
Li L
AG
Sand
LAG
Sand
Ap
(6-8
)
Sand
Eu
(6-8
)
Mud
Ap
b-h
>8
Mud
Li L
AG
Mud
Ap
a-h
(6-8
)
Art-S
ton
POR
T (0
-8)
Ston
Eu
(6-8
)
Ston
Li (
6-8)
Sand
Li (
6-8)
Gra
v Li
(6-8
)
Gra
v Eu
(6-8
)
Gra
v Ap
(6-8
)
Ston
Ap
(6-8
)
habitat type
Num
ber o
f spe
cies
invasive speciesnative species
Native vs alien y = 0,1723x + 2,6246R2 = 0,2245
02468
10121416
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Number of native species
Num
ber o
f alie
n sp
ecie
s
correlation coefficient = 0.47,correlation coefficient = 0.47,p=0.04 (<a), statistically significantp=0.04 (<a), statistically significant
Paradox: the higher is the native richness the Paradox: the higher is the native richness the higher is the alien richness!higher is the alien richness!
The native species richness was the The native species richness was the highest in the habitats modified by highest in the habitats modified by
the invasive zebra musselsthe invasive zebra mussels
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 53 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
Mud
LAG
Shel
l Li L
AG
Shel
l LAG
Sand
Li L
AG
Sand
LAG
Mud
Li L
AG
Art-S
ton
POR
T (0
-8)
h a b it a t t y p e
Num
ber o
f spe
cies
in v a s iv e s p e c ie s
n a t iv e s p e c ie s
Conclusions from the study of “habitat’s invasibility”:
•• There is no evidence of higherThere is no evidence of higher invasibilityinvasibility of of habitats with low species richnesshabitats with low species richness(Baltic is a special case?);(Baltic is a special case?);
•• Coastal lagoon habitats are much moreCoastal lagoon habitats are much moreinvasibleinvasible than the open sea habitats;than the open sea habitats;
•• Modified habitats (either by man or by previous Modified habitats (either by man or by previous invasions) are the most vulnerable to invasions, invasions) are the most vulnerable to invasions, and therefore…and therefore…
•• Coastal lagoons and inlets, port areas should be Coastal lagoons and inlets, port areas should be in the focus of the alien species monitoring in the focus of the alien species monitoring system.system. Source: Olenin, S. & Zaiko, A., in prep.
Global problem –interdisciplinary approach:invasive species and marine biodiversity research agenda
BioinvasionBioinvasion research: research: biological and ecological aspectsbiological and ecological aspects
• Biogeography– Patterns of invasions, alien species inventories, vectors, invasive corridors...
• Ecophysiology and autecology– Salinity/oxygen tolerance, life strategies, reproduction mode…
• Functional ecology– Benthic-pelagic interaction, trophodynamic of invaded ecosystems, habitat
changes…
• Molecular genetics– Origin of invasive species and pathways, hybridisation process, implications for
micro-evolution and macroevolution
BioinvasionBioinvasion research: research: sociosocio--economic and technological economic and technological
aspectsaspects• Ecological economics
– estimation of costs related to bioinvasions…
• Technical/technological aspects– e.g. ship ballast water treatment options, invasion risk assessment
schemes...
• Administrative/legislative aspects– e.g. development of national and international administrative rules and
legislative acts
• IT aspects– Databases, decision support systems...
Book InitiativeBook Initiative
>100 >100 authors authors from 24 from 24
countriescountries
Kluwer Academic Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002Publishers, 2002
www.ku.lt/nemo/mainnemo
Overall conclusion
• The study of invasions in coastal marine systems, now being a rapidly growing ecological discipline only really began a little more than two decades ago.
• The scientific interest is in great deal driven by practical needs due to serious ecological and economical consequences of bioinvasions.
• The problem of the biological invasions (“biological pollution”) became multidisciplinary, involving not only biological/ecological but also technical and socio-economic aspects.
Acknowledgements• North Pacific Marine Science Organization for
the travel grant• Projects:
– EU FW6 IP ALARM “Assessing large-scale environmental risks with tested methods”
– EU FW6 STREP DAISIE “Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe”
– GEF/ICES/HELCOM Baltic Sea Regional Project
Thank you for your attention!
ANY QUESTIONS?
Thank you for your attention!
ANY QUESTIONS?
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the