xiaoyu tong and edith c.-h. ngai dept. of information technology, uppsala university, sweden a...
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Xiaoyu Tong and Edith C.-H. Ngai Dept. of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Sweden
A UBIQUITOUS PUBLISH/SUBSCRIBE PLATFORM FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS WITH MOBILE MULES
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• Stationary sensors are more likely to be sparsely deployed in most scenarios.
• But it is cost prohibitive to connect each of them to the Internet at every site.
• As a result, their deployments and usages are heavily limited.
Problems of Ubiquitous Sensing
Sparsely Deployed Temperature Sensors in a Forest
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• On the other hand, applications of mobile sensors become incredibly popular.
• But they are constrained by sensor types and abilities.
• Our goal: – Easier and more flexible
deployments of stationary sensors.– Enable ubiquitous sensing services
from both stationary sensors and mobile sensors.
Problems of Ubiquitous Sensing
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• Publish/subscribe paradigm is employed to support asynchronous communications.
• Smart phones are utilized as both mobile sensors and data mules.– Built-in sensors: GPS, Camera, etc.– Short range communication with wireless sensors,
IEEE802.15.4, Bluetooth, or ANT.– Encounter and communicate with wireless
sensors opportunistically.
• Stationary sensors are sparsely deployed.
System Model
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• Deployments of both stationary sensors and mobile sensors are dynamic.
• Communication overhead will draw power quickly from both mobile phones and stationary sensors.
• Mobile users who carry the smart phones have individual and uncontrollable mobility.
Key Challenges
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• MQTT-S has been proposed to enable topic-based publish/subscribe in WSNs.
• Huang et al. described how to distribute the system across multiple computers or mobile devices to distribute load and cope with failures, message loss and disconnections.
• The above works focus on adoption of publish/subscribe in WSNs and publish/subscribe system with mobile environments, while the sensing context, heterogeneity of sensing devices, mobility of nodes and limited connectivity of wireless sensors remain to be further explored.
Related Work
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Network Model
• Stationary Sensor: SSensor.• Mobile Sensor: MSensor.• Platform Server: Broker.• Mobile Phone: Mobile Broker.• Sparse Sensor Networks: SSNs.
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Publish/Subscribe Platform Design • Area-based Subscriptions
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Publish/Subscribe Platform Design • Adaptive Location
Updates– How often should a MB
update its locations?– Default: periodically with
constant time interval– Reduce unnecessary
location updates–
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Publish/Subscribe Platform Design • Full Installation• Best-effort Subscription
Delivery– Number of MSensors in a
target area is higher dynamic.– Installations of subscriptions
to SSensors are opportunistic.– Keep deployments of sensors
transparent to platform.
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Publish/Subscribe Platform Design • Event Data Collection– ECF: flag avoiding
unnecessary collection.– Push-based event collection
for MSensors.– Pull-based event collection
for Ssensors.
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Implementation
• Broker:– Restful Http Server.
• Mobile Broker: – Android + Usb cable + IEEE 802.15.4.– ANT or Bluetooth 4 in the future
• Stationary Sensor: – Contiki + Rime + Coffee + IEEE802.15.4.
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Experimentation
• Scenario and Settings
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Experimentation
• Installation of Stationary Sensors along Hiking Trail.
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Experimentation
• Sensing Data from Stationary Sensors
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Experimentation
• Sensing Data from Mobile Sensors
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Experimentation
• Sensing Data from Mobile Sensors
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Experimentation
• Data Delivery Delay
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Experimentation
• Number of Received Data
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Experimentation
• Communication Overhead
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Summary
• We proposed and implemented a novel publish/subscribe platform for ubiquitous data access from both wireless sensors and mobile phones without relying on any network infrastructure.
• Mobile phones are utilized as mobile mules to relay subscriptions and published data between the Internet users and the remote sensors.
• We implemented our platform on real hardwares and experimented it in a hiking trail application.
• In the future, we plan to study the coordination among heterogeneous mobile and sensing devices to further reduce the energy consumption and communication overhead.