ECFS

,

, 2012

- ( )

, , ,, .

, ,, , ,

,.

, ,( ) .

ISBN 978-92-5-405521-9

. ,.

.,

, ., ,

, ,: copyright@fao.org

,:

Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.

© 2012

iv

xxi xii

1. 12. , 4

4 4

4 4

5 6

6

3. 7 7

7 8

8 10

10 10 11

11 11

11 15

16 19

4. 20 20

20 20

21 23

23 24

24 25

v

26 26

30 34

34

( ) 34 36

37 37 38

38 38

- 38

38 38

40 40

40 41

41 41

42 42

pH 44 44

45 45

45 47

47 51

53 54 57

57 58

58 58

58 59 61

64 66

vi

66 66

67 67 , 68

69 70

, 70

70

5. 73 73

73 77

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81

82 82

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(WRB)84

1 85 2 86 3 86 4 86

WRB 87 ,

WRB 88

88

90

92 1. 92 2. 96 3. , 101

vii

1. 5 2. 7 3. 8 4. 9 5. 9 6. 10 7. 10 8. 12 9. 14 10. 14 11. 15 12. 17 13. 19 14. 20 15. 21 16. 21 17. , 21

18. ( ) 22 19. ( ) 22 20. 23 21. 23 22. 24 23. 24 24. 25 25. 29

26. 30 27. 32 28. 32 29. 32 30. 32 31. 33

32. 36 33. 36 34. 37 35. 37

36. -rH

39

viii

37. 39

38. 40 39. 40 40. 41 41. 42 42. 43 43.

()

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43

44. pH 44

45. 44 46. 46

47. 48 48. 49 49. 50 50. 51

51. 51 52. 51 53. 52 54. 52 55. 53 56. 53 57. 54 58. 55 59. ,

,56

60. 57 61. 57 62. 58 63. 58 64. 60 65. 60 66. 61 67. 61 68. 61 69. / 62 70. / 62

ix

71. / 62 72. / 63 73. , 64 74. 64 75. 64 76. 65 77. 65 78. 65 79. 66 80. 66 81. 66 82. 66 83. 69 84. 71

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:SOTER 2004 .

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CU = DO =RI = TE =IN = ( >1% ) DU =IM = ( >15%) KA =WE = ( >15%)

: SOTER, ISRIC, 2005. 2

:

CR = ( ) HI = ( )UP = ( ) IN = ( )MS = ( ) LO = ( )LS = ( ) BO = ( )TS = BO = ( )

: Schoeneberger et al., 2002.

10

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14

9

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CeWh = RoCa = LuCc Oi = RoPo = LuCo

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10

N = BU = , ,NK = BR = VS = TE = VM = PL =

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( )

3 15

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( ,)

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11

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18

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SC 35-55

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. : Schlichting, Blume, Stahr (1995), .

30

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4 31

27.

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27

( ) ( )F 2-6 V < 2 M 6-20 F 2-6 C 20-60 M 6-20 S 60-200 C > 20 B 200-600 L > 600

FM /MC /CSSBBL

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±

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D5.2 1/6

: Ad-hoc-AG-Boden (2005),

34

.

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.; C/N 10-18.

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4 35

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+ -., :,

., ,

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) ., 7.5 YR 7.5 YR > 4 (

) ., 5 YR, < 3.5 ( )

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36

5 5 6; 10 YR 2; 10 YR 3/1 ( ) .

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). N1 N8 2.5 Y, 5 Y, 5 G 5 B ,

. 5 Y, GY G ( ).

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32

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33

V < 2 F 2-6 M 6-20 A > 20

4 37

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38

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, 1 ..

30 , .

,, 1- KCl.

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( / ) KCl). .

(Em)

( , +244 10ºC, Ag/AgCl 1 M KCl; +287 ). ,rH, : rH = 2pH + 2Eh/59 (Eh 25 ºC).

rH .

,, ( 37).

( : N1 N ), (2.5 Y, 5 Y, 5 G, 5 B) .

4 39

.Fe²+

0.2% (M/V) , - , 10% (V/V) . Fe²+

- , -. , . .

.

36

rH- rH

,-

> 35 < 33 NO3

< 29 Mn²+

Fe / Fe , < 20 Fe²+*

-; Fe²+

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)*, < 13

< 10 * , , .

rH < 20,

. ( , .) .

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- , - 5-GY-5-B2-3/1-3 Fe²+/Fe³+ Fe ( -

), N7-8 10 YR 4/5 Fe²+CO3

, N7-8 5-B Fe2+3(PO4)2 •8H2O

- (

10%HCl H2S)

5-10-B1-2/1-3 FeS, FeS2( Fe3S4)

Fe

, N8 N8 - - Fe

: Schlichting et al. (1995)

40

--

( -)

-(

). -

-

,,

, ---.-

(CaCO3)

- 10% HCl

. ( 38). ,

.

, ., , , ,

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,, .

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. 39.

38

%N 0 -

SL 0-2 ,MO 2-10 ST 10-25

HCl.

EX > 25 HCl.

.

39

SC (« »**)HC ( **)HHC ( **)DPM * ( ,

)MHL

/ ( 10 )* «

», .

** ,

4 41

: ( ) >=2% .

15% , ,.

40

%N 0 EC = <1.8 -1 10 /25 H2OSL 0-5 EC = <1.8 -1 10 /250 H2OMO 5-15 EC = >1.8 -1 10 /250 H2OST 15-60

/EX > 60

, ,.

15-25% , ,.

50% , ,.

, 50-100, ,

50 .,

( ) ().

(CaSO4•2H2O) ,, ., ( , ,

, ),.

, .,

(EC -1) ( 40) 30-

( ).

. 41.

42

: 5% ( )

. 5% ( ) 1% ( )

.

5% ( )1% ( ) .

15-25% ( ) 1% ( ).

50% ( ) 1% ( ).

,.

(CaSO4 • 2H2O; log Ks = -4.85 25 ºC).

EC ( -1= -1)(Richards, 1954).

( SE). SE,

.

1:2.5 ( , 20 /50 )SE

( 42, 43 ).

8 3

(~ 10 ). 10 25 . ( 2.5)

30- . < 0.01 ¹.

( NaCl) : [%] = 2.5 [ ¹] • 0.067 • 2.5.

2.5 SE

, , 43. 250 • C2.5 ECSE = WCSE

41

SCDG « » (

)HL

/ ( 10 )

4 43

8 15 ¹ ( SE, 25 ºC) . 4 ¹ ( SE, 25 ºC) 100

. 30 ¹ ( SE, 25 ºC) 100

.

42

ECSE = ¹ (25ºC)N ( ) < 0.75 SL 0.75-2 MO 2-4 ST 4-8 VST 8-15 EX > 15

: DVWK (1995).

43

( ) ( )

: DVWK (1995), ,.

- WCSE, /100

- < 0.5% 0.5-1% 1-2% 2-4% 4-8% 8-15%

, CS 5 6 8 13 21 35 MS 8 9 11 16 24 38 FS 10 11 13 18 26 40 LS, SL<10% 14 15 17 22 30 45 SiL 17 18 20 25 34 49 Si 19 20 22 27 36 51 SL10-20% 22 23 26 31 39 55 L 25 26 29 34 42 58 SiL10-27% 28 29 32 37 46 62 SCL 32 33 36 41 50 67 CL, SiCL 44 46 48 53 63 80 SC 51 53 55 60 70 88 SiC, C40-60% 63 65 68 73 83 102 HC<60% 105 107 110 116 126 147

( 31. 4)D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

80 120 170 240 300

44

..

. ..

, ( , ),- (1 2.5

1 KCl 0.1 CaCl2). , 15 .

50- 8 ³ (~10 ) 25 .

44

( )pHCaCl2 < 5.1 > 15%

< 4.6 > 4-15%

< 4.2 < 4%

(= <50%),

< 3.6 > 15%

< 3.4 4-15%

< 3.2 < 4%

10%

: Schlichting, Blume, Stahr (1995), .

, ( 44).

.

( 45), ., .

45

-

NP , ,

. .S H2S ( ; « »);

.

4 45

, ,: 0.9 / 3 (

/ ). - .

, (Fieldes and Perrott, 1996). NaF:

NaF 9.5 / - .

OH-. ,. ,

, , ., NaF, (

) ( HCl).

,, 1 NaF ( 7.5).

- . – , 1 50

1 NaF ( 7.5), 2- . 9.5, . + -.

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90

Ad-hoc-AG-Boden. 2005. Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung – 5. Auflage. Hannover, Germany. 438 pp. Bullock, P., Federoff, N., Jongerius, A., Stoops, G., Tursina, T. & Babel, U. 1985. Handbook for soil thin section description. Waine publications. 152 pp. DVWK. 1995. Bodenkundliche Untersuchungen im Felde zur Ermittlung von Kennwerten zur Standortscharakterisierung. Teil I: Ansprache von Böden. DVWK Regeln 129. Bonn, Germany, Wirtschafts- und Verlagsges. Gas und Wasser. ECSC–EEC–EAEC. 1985. Soil map of the European Communities 1:1 000 000. Luxembourg. 124 pp. and paper maps. European Commission Joint Research Centre. 2005. Soil Atlas of Europe.FAO. 1978. Report on the agro-ecological zones project. Vol. 1. Methodology and results for Africa. World Soil Resources Report No. 48/1. Rome. FAO. 2002. FAO/UNESCO Digital Soil Map of the World and derived soil properties. Land and Water Digital Media Series #1 rev 1. FAO, Rome. FAO–ISRIC. 1990. Guidelines for profile description. 3rd Edition. Rome. FAO–UNESCO. 1970–1981. Soil map of the world 1:5 000 000. Vol. 2–9. Paris. FAO–UNESCO. 1974. Soil map of the world. Vol. I – legend. Paris. 59 pp. FAO–UNESCO. 1988. Soil map of the world. Revised legend. World Soil Resources Report No. 60. Rome. Fieldes, M. & Perrott, K.W. 1966. The nature of allophane soils: 3. Rapid field and laboratory test for allophane. N. Z. J. Sci., 9: 623–629. International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC). 2005. Updated global and national soils and terrain digital databases (SOTER).IUSS Working Group WRB. 2006. World reference base for soil resources 2006. World Soil Resources Reports No. 103. Rome, FAO. Jahn, R. 2004. Research needs and new developments in soil classification and mapping: meeting the changing demands for soil information. Proceedings of International Conference on Innovative Techniques in Soil Survey, pp. 207–222. Cha-Am, Thailand. Meuser, H. 1996. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel für natürliche und technogene Substrate in Böden städtisch-industrieller Verdichtungsräume. Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk., 159:305–312. Munsell. 1975. Standard Soil Color Charts.Richards, L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agriculture Handbook No. 60. USDA Rossiter, D.G. 2004. Proposal: classification of urban and industrial soils in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). In: Abstracts Eurosoil 2004. Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.Schlichting, E., Blume, H.-P. & Stahr, K. 1995. Bodenkundliches Praktikum. 2nd edition. Berlin, Vienna, Blackwell. 295 pp. Schoeneberger, P.J. Wysocki, D.A, Benham, E.C. & Broderson, W.D. 2002. Field book for describing and sampling soils. Version 2.0. Lincoln, USA, National Soil Survey Center, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. UNEP–ISSS–ISRIC–FAO. 1995. Global and national soils and terrain digital database (SOTER). World Soil Resources Report No. 74 Rev. 1. Rome.

91

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Survey Staff. 1975. Soil Taxonomy.Agricultural Handbook No. 436. Washington, DC. 754 pp. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil Taxonomy, A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. 2nd edition. Agricultural Handbook No. 436. Washington, DC. 869 pp. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Survey Staff. 2003. Keys to soil taxonomy. 9th edition. Washington, DC, Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. 332 pp. Van Reeuwijk, L.P. 2006. Procedures for soil analysis. 7th edition. Technical Report 9. Wageningen, Netherlands, ISRIC – World Soil Information.

92

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, , ( ) 6° .

IH: 22° ,

50 ,, , ( ) 6° .

96

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97

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10 30 (>15% 0.1-75 18-35% ), (<15% 0.1-75 <18

), (<15% 0.1-75 18-35% ) (>35% );

98

20 60 -(>15% 0.1-75 <18 );

30 90 .,

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.

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,.

( ) ( ):

(), 50

5°C;

99

90 , 50

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., , ,

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UD – ( . udus – ) – ,

90 . 22°C 50

6°C , <45 4 ,

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.

PU – ( . per – , . Udus - ),

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( ). 22°C

, 6°C 50 ,

100

90 ( ).

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) , 50 5°C.

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.

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45 4 ,. ,

, ( ) , 50 6°C, 90

, 50 8°C. 22°C

6°C 50 ,, ( 50 ).

101

3,

( 1:25,000 ),( ,

)

,

,

, , ,pH- ,

:

,( 10)

( -)

1 KCl 0.01 CaCl2 ( 25 pH)

8 3

(~10 ) 25 ( pH ) 10% HCl (~50 )

(pH 8.2…9.8, ~30 ) 1 NaF, pH 7.5 (~30 ) 0.2% (M/V) , - 10% (V/V)

(~50 )

ECFS