XI11 The Middle East, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands (i) The Middle East (including North Africa and the Mediterranean) Ann Williams

The year has been a thin and disappointing one, particularly in the pre-1900 period. Many of the books produced on the modem period were purely political studies, often partisan in approach, with little historical dimension. In spite of these strictures there continue to be fine analyses of the area. It is regrettable that many are so expensive that even libraries have to pass them by for the mainstream historical works.

Reference There is now a paperback edition of Gerald Blake, John Dewdney and Jonathan Mitchell, The Cambridge Atlas of the Middle Eat and North Africa (CUP, pbk f20). Diba Farhad, A bibliography of Iran (Tauris) is a comprehensive survey of publications. Youssef Choueri looks at a more limited period critically in Arab history and the nation state: a study in modem Arab historiography (Routledge, f35). Habib Ur Rahman, Chronology of Islamic history 570-IOOOCE (Mansell, f25) is a useful reference volume. Glenda Abramson, The Blackwell companion to Jewish culture: from the eighteenth century to the present (Blackwell, f49.95) is a concise collection of reference articles by experts.

General and Great Powers in the Region The opening of British government documents for 1956 will encourage reinterpretation of the Suez episode. William Roger Louis and Roger Owen, Suez 1956: the crisis and its consequences (Clarendon $40) sets a very high standard for others to follow. Reeva Simon has edited a wide-ranging festschrift, The Middle East and North Africa: essays in honor ofJ. C. Hurewitz (Columbia U.P., $55.00). T.G. Fraser, The United States of America and the Middle East since World War 2 (Macmillan, €35) is one of the political analyses of value to the historian. Amin Saikal and William Maley, The Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan (CUP, f22.50, pbk f7.95) examines changing policy in an area which has always challenged the outsider. Frank Barnaby, The invisible bomb: the nuclear a m race in the Middle East (Tauris, f 14.95) highlights one of the major problems in the region. Derek Hopwood has used the unique collection of private papers at St. Antony's College, Oxford, in Tales of empire: the British in the Middle East (Tauris). The eminent orientalist, Edward Ullendorff, draws on his personal experience in The two Zions: reminiscences of Jerusalem and Ethiopia (OUP, f 19.50) and compares the years before the state of Israel with pre- Marxist Ethiopia. Rajed Asili, Jerusalem in history (Scorpion) is useful for projects, as is the catalogue of an exhibition compiled in Vladimir N. Bsailiov, Nomadr of Eurasia (Washington U.P.).

Islam Julian Baldick, Mystical Islam: an introduction to S u . m (Tauris) is idiosyncratic but rewarding to read. John I. Esposito, Islam: the straight path (OUP, pbk f6.95) is an excellent introduction. Sami Zubaida, Islam, the people and the state: essays on political ideas in the Middle East (Routledge, f30) encapsulates

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the author's stimulating ideas. Mehran Tamadonfar, The Islamicpolity and political leadership: fundamentalism, sectarianism and pragmatism (Westview, $26.50) assesses the role of religion in the modem state.

Before 1900 Roger Collins has begun his three volume history of the Arabs in Spain with The Arab conquest of Spain, 710-797 (Blackwell, f27.50). His writing and judgment arc impeccable. Paul Kunituch, The Arabs and the stars: t e m and traditions on thefixcd stars and their influence on medieval Europe (Variorum, f38) is a very specialised but completely absorbing collection of essays. Michel Balard, La mer noue et la Romanie gknoise xiii-xv s2cles (ibid., f34) is primarily western in approach, but has interesting information about merchant contacts between east and west. BartolomC and Lucile Bennassar, Les chrt!tiens d'Allah: l'histoire extraordinoirc des rknigntr xvi-xvii si2cles (Pans: Pemn) makes a skilful use of legal records to describe Christian slavery in North Africa. Ammon Cohen, Economic life in Ottoman Jemalem (CUP, f27.50) analyses guild records. Carter V. Findlay, Ottoman civil officials: a social history (Princeton U.P.) has probably produced the masterpiece of the year. Two books on the Mongols - a subject always attractive to students - are very welcome: Leo de Hartog, Genghis Khan: conquerer of the world (Tauris) and Beatrice Forbes Manz, The rise and rule of Tamertune (CUP, a). Both biographies replace the authors' previous publications.

Egypt Two well-researched books are concerned with minorities in Egypt: Alexander Kitroeff, The Greeks in Egypt: ethnicity and class (Exeter: Ithaca P.) and Gudrun Kramer, The Jews in modern Egypt, 1914-1952 (Washington U.P.). Charles Tripp and Roger Owen (eds), Egypt under Mubarak (Routledge, €30) is a collection of worthwhile papers looking at contemporary Egypt.

Lebpoon, Syria, Jordan and tbe Kurds Michael Gilsenan, Lords of the Lcbanese marches: violence, power and culture in an Arab society (Tauris, f19.50, pbk f9.50) is an anthropologist's study which produces a perceptive view of Lebanon. Philip S . Khoury, Syria and the French mandate: the politics of Arab nationalism, 1920-1945 (Princeton U.P.) has produced an interpretation of the interwar years to set beside A.H. Hourani's classic work. Raouf Sa'd Abujaber, Pioneers over Jordan: the frontier of settlement in Transjordan, 1850-1914 (Tauris) examines the trans- formation of rural society. Ma'an Abu Nowar, The history of the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan. Vol. 1. The creation and development of Transjordan (Exeter: Ithaca P.) describes the political developments. Uriel Dann, King Hussein and the chollenge of Arab nationalism (New York: OUP, $29.95) explains the modifications of the King's policy to changing situations. Robert Olson, The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said rebellion, 1880-1925 (Texas U.P.) traces the roots of a much.persecuted nation.

Israel pnd thc Arab-Israeli Question Howard M. Sachar, History of Israel. Vol. 2. From h e aftermath of rhe Yom Kippur war is now in paper (OUP, f7.95). Michael Keren. The pen and the sword: Israeli intellectuals and the making of the nation state (Westview) shows how powerful ideas were in the formation of the state. Gershon Shafir, Land, labor and the origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 1882-1914 (CUP, f25) finally lays to rest the myth of an empty Palestine. Amitzw Xlan, Bernadorte in Palestine, 1946: a study in contemporary humanitarian knight-errantry (Macmillan, f35) is a detailed account of this episode. David McDowell, Pulestine and Israel: the uprising and beyond (Tauris) and A.M. Lesch and M. Tessler, Israel, Egypt and the Palestinians: from Camp David to Intvada (Indiana U.P.) are two solid contributions to the debate. Benny Morris, The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947-1949 is now a paperback (CUP, f12.95). A.R. Norton and M.H.

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Greenberg, The inremationul relations of the Palestine Libera‘on OI.gunization (Southern Illinois U.P., $34.95) shows the development of PLO contacts with the outside world.

Iran and the Gulf Abbas Amanat, Resurrection and renewal: the making of the Babi movement in Iran, 1844-1850 (Cornell U.P., $39.50) is carefully researched. Paul Dresch, Tribes, governmenf and history in Yemen (Clarendon, f45) is an important study combining field work and local history. Paul Jabber (ed.), Great power interests in the Persian Gulf (New York: Council for Foreign Relations, pbk f8.95) is a collection of essays by various hands. Two outstanding books on cultural history are R.W. Ferrier, The arts of Persia (Yale U.P.) and Oleg Grabar, The great mosque of Isfahan (New York U.P., $35.00).

North Africa and the Mediterranean T.W. Childs, Italo-Turkish diplomacy and war over Libya (Leiden: Brill) is a detailed survey. S., Desnen, The mellah society: Jewish community fife in Sherifian Morocco (Chicago U.P.) is another important analysis of the role of a minority group. George Joffe (ed.), Morocco and Europe (Occasional Papers, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London) records a number of views. Keith McLachlan, Peter Beaumont and Michel Bommine, Qanats, kariz and khattara: traditional water systems in the Middle East and North Africa (Menas P., f28) is a geographical study of immense interest to the historian. Zain M. Necatigil, The Cyprus question and the Turkish position in international law (OUP, f35) treats the subject with detachment.

(ii) Asia Paul Bailey (China) John Critchley (Japan) James Grayson (Korea)

China: Song-Yuan China Song Neo-Confucianism, primarily associated with the thought of Zhu Xi (1130-1200), was to form the basis of state orthodoxy from the thirteenth century onwards. Little attention, however, has hitherto been paid to Zhu Xi’s educational thought. W. de Bary and J.W. Chaffee (eds), Neo-Confucian education (California U.P., $65) helps to fill this gap. Individual contributions contrast pre-Song Buddhist concepts of education with those of Zhu Xi, who advocated moral self-renewal and the revival of commitment to public service, and analyse Zhu Xi’s thought and practice with regard to the education of children and women, the training of officials, and the inculcation of community ideals. It was during the succeeding Yuan dynasty (1264-1368) that Song Neo-Confucianism was elevated to a state orthodoxy; E. Endicott-West, Mongolian rule in China (Harvard U.P. $23.00) describes the structure and practice of local government during the Yuan.

Social Hbtory An important development in western studies of China during the last fifteen years has been a move away from dynastic, political, and economic history ‘from the top’ in favour of analysing Chinese society ‘from below’. A fascinating contribution to our understanding of the evolution of Chinese society over time is R.K. Schoppa, Xiang Lake: Nine centuries of Chinese life (Yale U.P., f25). Focusing on the history of a reservoir from its construction in 1112 to the twentieth century, Schoppa details the activities of peasants, scholars and officials who

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inhabited or visited the area in which it was located, as well as the struggles and controversies that surrounded their attempts to control the natural environment. W.T. Rowe, Hankow: Conflict and community in a Chinese city 1796-1895 (Stanford U.P. $47.50) argues that Hankow experienced less social turbulence than western cities at a comparable state of development because of the success of a community-minded and paternalistic urban elite in creating social consensus and regulating subcommunal competition. Another important urban study is D. Strand, Rickshuw Beijing (California U.P., $29.95), which analyses the interaction and confficts among city organizations such as chambers of commerce and trade guilds in 1920s Beijing. Two studies which add to a growing literature on the history and expenenus of Chinese women are Ono Kamko, Chinese women in u century of revolution (Stanford U.P., $39, a translation of a Japanese work first published in 1978 that begins with the role of women in the mid-nineteenth century Taiping rebellion and ends with the implementation of the 1950 Marriage Reform Law; and J. Stockard, Daughters of the Canton deltu (ibid., S32.50), which describes the prevalent form of marriage in the silk-producing region of the Canton delta. Referring to it as the ‘delayed transfer marriage’, whereby women on marriage lived apart from their husbands for a period of up to three years, Stockard links this marriage practice to the economic opportunities provided by senculture and the mechanisation of silk-reeling, as well as surmising that such a practice may have been the result of non-Han Chinese cultural influences.

Qing China Two studies of important Qing thinkers, each living at either end of the dynasty are A. Black, Man and nature in the philosophical thought of Wang Fu- chih (Washington U.P., $30.00), and Young-tsu Wong, Search for modern nationalism: Zhang Binglin and revolutionary China (OUP, f19.59), which argues that Zhang (1869-1936) was not a reactionary xenophobe as some have portrayed him but rather a genuine patriot who emphasized cultural continuity and an evolutionary approach to political change.

The Foreign prrscoCe in Chi R. Lee, France and the exploitution of China 1885- lWl (OUP, f26) is a detailed account of the evolution of French policy in China from one that called for territorial acquisitions to one that stressed economic investment. P. Duus, R. Myers and M. Peattie (eds), The Japanese informal empire in Chinu 1895-1937(Pnnceton U.P., $45) is a collection of essays on the economic and cultural aspects of Japan’s presence in China. Of particular interest is the essay by M. Peattie on the life of Japanese residents in the treaty ports. The views of a resident Japanese sinologist in the 1920s and 1930s are analysed in J. Fogel, Nakae Ushikichi in China (Harvard U.P., $23.00). The differing views Westerners held of China, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, are described in C. Mackerras, Western images of china (OUP, $29.95). Mackerras repeats the by now standard argument that such views were often the function of the unequal power relationship that developed between China and the West. The experiences and attitudes of an American missionary couple, Eva and Charles Price, who lived in China during the 1890s and were killed during the Boxer uprising are vividly captured in E. Price, Chim Journal 1889-1900 (Macmillan, pbk. $9.95), a collection of letters and diary extracts. Much less has been published on the views of Chinese visitors to the West. R.D. Arkush and Leo 0. Lee (trans. and ed.), Lund without Ghosrr (California U.P., $25) is an anthology of translated extracts from the writings of Chinese officials, scholars and students who travelled to the United States from the mid-nineteenth century to the present.

Chinese Communism A stimulating account of the intellectual origins of the Chinese Communist Party is A. Dirlik, The origins of Chinese Communism (OUP,

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pbk f9.95). Dirlik seeks to modify earlier interpretations by emphasizing the influence of non-Marxist socialisms (particularly anarchism) and showing that it was not until after the Comintern-assisted creation of the CCP that a rigid Marxist identity (of the Bolshevik variety) was imposed upon radical Chinese intellectuals. The evolution of Mao Zedong’s thought is detailed in S . Schram, The thought of Ma0 Tse-rung (CUP, pbk f8.95). which affirms the positive contributions of the Maoist revolutionary strategy before 1949 while arguing that Mao’s influence after 1949 was more ambiguous. C. Wilbur and J. Lien-ying How, Missionaries of Revolution (Harvard U.P., f51.95). a study of the role of Soviet advisers in China during the 192Os, is based on the collection of Russian and Chinese documents seized from the offices of the Soviet military attach6 in Beijing in 1927. Eighty-one of these documents are introduced and translated, giving the reader a unique insight into the workings of the Soviet-sponsored United Front between the CCP and the Guomindang. Two studies which seek to show that the interaction between the CCP and the peasantry was more complex than hitherto assumed, and which view peasants as active, rather than malleable, participants in the revolutionary process are K. Sheel, Peasanf sociefy and Marxist intellectuals in Chinu (Princeton U.P., $39, and K. Hartford and S . Goldstein (eds), Single sparks: China’s rural revolutions (Sharpe, f33.95). The diary of Chang Kia-ngau, Chiang Kai-shek’s representative in Manchuria in 1945-1946, which describes the ultimately abortive negotiations between the Nationalist government and the Soviet Union, is translated in D. Gillin and R. Myers (eds), Lust chance in Manchuria (Hoover Institution Press, €29).

The Chinese Economy Two studies that challenge previous pessimistic views of the Chinese economy are D. Faure, The rural economy of pie-liberation China (OUP, f22.50), which argues that increased foreign trade brought prosperity between the 1870s and 1920s to those areas in Jiangsu and Guangdong provinces specializing in export crops; and T. Rawski, Economic growth in prewar China (California U.P., $49, which claims that the Chinese economy before 1937, far from experiencing stagnation or decline, actually witnessed considerable growth (particularly in the modem sector) in spite of recurrent political and economic crises. Rawski also shows that traditional and modem processes often mutually reinforced each other, while at other times some sectors of the traditional economy were able to compqe successfully with their modem rivals.

The People’s Republic A stimulating account of the changes undergone in China since 1949, and particularly since Mao’s death in 1976, is J. Gittings, China Changes Face (OUP, f 17.50). The paperback edition in 1990 has an epilogue dealing with the Tian’anmen massacre in June 1989. The abortive attempt by Maoist radicals to create a collectivist utopia in the countryside is described in D. Zweig, Agrarian radicalism in China 1968-1981 (Harvard U.P., f23.95). Zweig concludes that while the radical programme failed to ‘proletarianize’ the peasants because it went against their perceived self-interests, Deng Xiaoping’s recent modernizing reforms may, ironically, do more in eliminating the peasantry as a class. L. White, Policies of chaos: the organizational causes of violence in chinu’s Cultural Revolution (Princeton U.P., $39.50), focusing on Shanghai residents, analyses the Cultural Revolution from the perspective of violence perpetrated by ordinary Chinese against their neighbours. White argues that the mass violence of 1966-1%8 was a product of pre-1966 administrative policies which allocated ‘good’ and ‘bad’ labels among the population creating status groups of ‘ins’ and increasingly frustrated and alienated groups of ‘outs’ who had less access to jobs, housing and education, supported patronage networks centred on local bosses, and sanctioned official campaigns that often involved violence. R. MacFarquhar, T. Cheek and E. Wu

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(eds), Thesecretspeechesof Chairman Moo (Harvard U.P., pbk, f11.95) translates hitherto unpublished speeches by Mao Zedong during the Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Great Leap Forward (1957-1958). Of particular interest is the original version of Mao’s February 1957 speech on the handling of contradictions among the people. An intriguing contribution to our understanding of the relationship between culture and politics in the People’s Republic is R. Kraus, Piunos und poliriCr in C h (OUP, f30). Kraus explores the reasons for the ambivalent response by Chinese authorities to western classical music and charts the fortunes of the westernized urban middle class who embraced it.

Japan: General For English-speaking students of Japanese history the most welcome event of 1989 has to be the publication of three of the planned six volumes of the Cambridge Hisrory of Japan (CUP, f60 each). The first to appear was volume 6, The Twentierh Centwy, edited by P. Duus, which surveyed the period from the late Meiji up to 1973. This was followed by volume 5 , The Nineteenth Century, edited by M.J. Jansen, which covered the end of the Tokugawa and early Meiji, and volume 3, Medieval Japun. edited by K. Yamamura. All contributors are leading scholars in their fields, and the volumes as a whole constitute a state-of- the-art, and, for the most part uncontroversial, grand survey of current writing on the history of Japan. 1989 also saw the British Association for Japanese Studies replace its Proceedings, published over the past fifteen years, with a new series, Japan Forum. The 1989 volume concerns itself almost entirely with modem history and offered a refreshingly non-insular list of contributors.

Among other noteworthy general books is the paperback edition of P. Nosco (ed.), Confuciunkm and Japanese culture (Princeton U.P., $37.50) and the unusual and interesting D. Keene, Travellers of a hundred ages: the Japanese as revealed through one thouand years ofdiaries (Holt, f28). This work shows that the diary has been a favourite form of personal literary expression in Japan. It also includes 70 diaries ranging from the ninth to the nineteenth centuries. The overall approach is pitched at an intelligent but nonexpert audience.

Medieval J.P. Mass, Lorahhip and inheritance in early medieval Japan: a study of the Kumakura soryo system (Stanford U.P., f38.50) is part of a much larger and ongoing project examining changes in inheritance custom and the effects of these changes from the Heian period to the end of the Kamakura. Mass concentrates on the heyday and decline of the soryo system, whereby one sibling inherited the bulk of the property and became ‘family head’. This predominated for the bulk of the period, although it was being supplanted towards the end of the Kamakura by the system of a single male heir, which cut out both women and younger sons. Not least of the virtues of this important study is its inclusion of valuable source material. Another important and interesting study is R.H. Huey, Kyogoku Tamekane: poetry and politics in fate Karnukura Japan (Stanford U.P., $35.00). Kyogoku Tamekane (1254-1332) was a poet and political activist, twice exiled for plotting during the split in the Kamakura shogunate. His biography is a contribution both to literary and to political and social history.

Dealing with the centuries from the beginning of the Kamakura through to the end of the Tokugawa is Y. Shimizu (ed.), Japan: h e shaping of Daimyo culture, 1185-1868 (Braziller, $80.00). Specifically on the Tokugawa see C. Nakane and S . Oishi, Tokugawa Japan (Columbia U.P., $42.50). A. Gerstle (ed.), Eighteenth- century Japan: culture and society (Sydney: Allen and Unwin) includes 9 essays on the often overlooked but very important rniddle-Edo period and concentrates interestingly on aesthetics and the social life of the entertainment districts of the towns. The appearance of a paperback edition of N. Ooms, Tokiigawa ideology: early constructs, 1570-1630 (Princeton U.P.) should also be noted.

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Meiji to Resent Day H. Hardacre, Shinto and the state (Princeton U.P., $24.95) deals with the state cult of Shintoism. J.R. Bartholomew, The formation of science in Japan: building a research tradition (Yale U.P., $30.00)) treats ‘science’ not as a body of knowledge or an academic methodology but rather as a social phenomenon encompassing institutions and institutes, laboratories, and the backgrounds of the scientists themselves. It has important and controversial things to say about the legacy of Samurai personnel and ideology. Two books on Britain and Japan are 0. Checkland, Britain’s encounter with Meiji Japan (Macmillan, f45), which discusses the role of Britain and the British. Of contemporary as well as historical interest is M. Conte-Helm, Japan and the north-east of England: from 1862 to the present day (Athlone P.).

On Meiji foreign relations an important and well-executed bibliography is Sadao- Asada (ed.), Japan and the world, 1895-1952: a bibliographical guide to Japanese scholarship in foreign relations (Columbia U.P., $45.00). On Meiji ‘imperialism’ P. Duus, R.H. Myers and M.R. Peattie (eds), The Japanese informal empire in China, 1895-1937 (Princeton U.P., $45.0) offers a companion volume to the earlier R. Myers and M.R. Peattie (eds), The Japanese colonial empire (1984), which concentrated on Korea and Taiwan. This new book is a set of conference papers from 1985, covering trade, personalities, organisation, and dealing especially well with the factionalism plaguing prewar Japanese policymaking.

Dealing with minorities within modem Japan see I. Neary, Political protest and social control in pre-war Japan: the origins of Buraku liberation (Humanities P., $45.00) which examines the Burakumin, the Japanese untouchable caste at the bottom of the Tokugawa hierarchy, defined by inheritance and polluting occupations such as tanning, leather trading, etc. They were used by the Tokugawa regime against peasant discontent. In 1871 the Burakumin were given full emancipation in law, but continued to suffer considerable social discrimination, especially from rural farmers who were traditionally only one notch above them. This book covers the organisation of the Burakumin up to the second world war. M. Weiner, The origins of the Korean communify in Japan, 1910-23 (Manchester U.P., f29.95) deals with Koreans who emigrated to Japan in the first decades of the twentieth century and their descendants, the people tumed on by the Japanese population after the 1923 earthquake.

On the domestic history of Japan between the wars W.M. Fletcher, The Japanese business community and national trade policy, 1920-42 (N. Carolina U.P., $34.95) discusses the attempts of ‘business’ to influence foreign policy, in particular over trade, and the attitude of the bureaucrats to this pressure. A.E. Barshay, State and intellectual in imperial Japan: the public man in crisis (California U.P., $38.00) examines the careers of Nanbara Shigeru (1889-1974), professor at Tokyo Imperial University, and Hasegawa Nyozekan (1875-1969), political journalist, two men who, it is said, were representative public figures in prewar Japan.

Works on the war itself include I. Toshio, Group psychology of the Japanese in wartime (Routledge), a paperback edition of E.P. Hoyt, Japan’s War: the great pacific conflict (Da Capo, f7.99), and P. Williams and D. Wallace, Unit 731: the Japanese army’s secret of secrets (Hodder and Stoughton). The latter is concerned with the now notorious biological warfare unit set up in China during the 1930s by Shiro Ishii, a Japanese military doctor, which made extensive use of tests on human subjects. After the war its results were passed to the Americans in return for immunity from prosecution for war crimes. A. Iriye and W.I. Cohen (eds), The United Stares and Japan in the post-war world (Kentucky U.P., $27.00) collects twelve studies drawn from a 1985 conference which concentrated mainly on the political and economic aspects of postwar US-Japanese relations. The immediate aftermath of the war is the subject of E. Takemae, GHQ Tokyo: the occupation headquarters and its influence on post-war Japan (Athlone P.) and H.B.

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Schonberger, A f t e m h of War: Americans and the remaking of Japan, 1945-52 (Kent State U.P., pbk f15.M) which provides a detailed examination of occupation policies through a study of several of the key personnel involved. It is particularly useful in bringing out the range of opinions - and options - among the policy makers as well as the change of policy over time. One of the people dealt with is, inevitably, MacArthur, who also earns a book to himself in M. Schaller, Douglas MucArthur: the Far Eastern general (OUP, f15).

Korea In recent yean there has been a growing body of historical literature in western languages about Korea. The variety of topics has widened considerably as this year’s presentation will indicate. Bibliographical materials, books on social history, books on pre-modern and recent history are all now on the market, adding to the rich material which is already available about the period of the Korean War. There is possibly no country of such antiquity and of such contemporary importance about which so little is known as Korea, and it is good to see the publication of so many new works.

S.S. Burnett, Korean-American relations: documentr pertaining to the Far Eastern diplomacy of the United States Vol. 111 The period of diminishing influence, 1896190.5 (Hawaii U.P., $24.00) provides the documentary evidence for the diplomatic history of Korea during the final period of the country’s independence before its annexation by Japan. It is a very valuable resource for anyone interested in the history of East Asia in the final quarter of the last century. J. Merrill, Korea: the peninsular origins of war (Delaware U.P., $32.50) examines the internal sources for the onset of the Korean War. It is normal amongst historians of the Korean civil conflict to emphasize the influence of the cold war and other external forces which led up to the outbreak of this bloody war. Memll looks into the important internal Korean sources for the civil war. Social history is not neglected amongst the studies now appearing on contemporary Korea. The history of recent Korean immigration to the United States is discussed in I. Light and E. Bonacich, Immigrant entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles, 1965-1982 (California U.P., 1988, $45.00). Although good historical surveys of religion in China and Japan are readily available, J.H. Grayson, Korea: a religiour hisrory (OUP, f37.50) is the first book in English in more than 50 years to give a complete history of all the major religious traditions in Korea along with an extensive description of modem folk religion and the new religions or syncretic religions of Korea. Kuanchung Huang, Bibliography of Chinese publications on Sino-Korean relations (Taipei: Centre for Chinese Studies, 1987, $10.00) is a useful resource for scholars and others who wish to examine the sources for the diplomatic history of China and Korea.

India The publications of 1989 will appear with those of 1990 in the forthcoming volume 76 of the Annual Bulletin.

(iii) Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands Peter Lineham Austnlia (Prices in Australian $) After the glamour of the bi-centennial year, publication in Australian history went back to more ordinary levels.

General Australian studies: a survey, ed. J. Walter (OUP, $25) by a group from Griffitb University offers major reconsiderations on historical themes. R. Francis

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and B. Scales (eds), The Murdoch ethos: essays in Australian history in honour of Geoffrey Bolton (Murdoch U.P.) focuses on West Australia. B.W. Hodgkins, J.J. Eddy, S.D. Grant and J. Struthers (eds), Federalism in Canada and Australia: historical perspectives 1920-1988 (Frost Centre for Canadian heritage and development, Trent Univ., $25) is a valuable work of cultural, social, and govern- mental comparison with 28 contributors.

Aboriginal Studies This has been a huge growth area in Australian historiography. The most important works were by the foremost author in the field, H. Reynolds, Dispossession: black Australians and white invaders (Allen & Unwin, $18) who has in this work focused on the frontier, the land question, and aborigines in white society. B. Attwood, The making of the aborigines (ibid., $17) is a study of contacts between missionaries and aborigines in Victoria during the 19th century. D.J. Mulvaney, Encounters in place, outsiders and aboriginal Australians 1660- 1985 (Queensland U.P., $45) is a superb and delicate study of inter-cultural relations. There have been increasing numbers of tribal histories, including J. Thomson (ed.), Reaching back (Aboriginal Studies P., $13), an excellent oral history of the Yarrabah people, and P . Marshall, (ed.), Raparapa (Magabala Books, $30), an oral history of Fitzroy River aboriginal cattlemen, reflecting the history of the West Australian cattle industry. M. Coe, Windradyne, a Wiradjuri Koorie (Aboriginal Studies P.) is another such study, and R.M. and C.H. Berndt, The speaking land: myth and story in aboriginal Australia (Penguin, $25) is a more general oral history of great quality. One should also note R.A. Hall, The black diggers: aborigines and Torres strait islanders in the second world war (Allen & Unwin), which tells a surprising story of a large number of aborigines who enlisted in the armed forces, J. Pilger, A secret country (Cape, $W), a passionate journalistic account of the sufferings of aborigines after 1945, F. Bandler, Turning the tide: a personal history of the Federal court for the advancement of aborigines and Torres Strait islanders (Aboriginal Studies P., $13) which is a history of this organisation from the 1950s by one of its most active members, S. Hawke and M. Gallagher, Nookanbah: whose land, whose law (Fremantle Arts Centre P., $17), which tells the story of aborigines who leased a station in West Australia and ended up at odds with the mining industry in the 1970s and C. Edwards and P. Read (eds), The lost children (Doubleday, $20) which interviews 13 aboriginal children adopted by European families since the 1950s.

Early European Australia This has attracted less scholarly work after the flood of the last few years, but one may mention From Terra Australis to Australia (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities) the record of a bi-centennial conference with an extensive range of papers, and M. Gillen, The founders of Australia: a biographical dictionary of the first fleet (Sydney: Library of Australian History, $53), a work of careful scholarship, correcting many popular myths:

Religious and Intellectual History Bruce Mansfield, the first editor of the 1. Ref. Hist. is honoured in tributes and in his own article ‘Thinking about Australian religious history’ (.I. Rel. Hist., 15). In the same journal P.J. O’Farrell, a leading catholic historian, writes on ‘Spurious divorce? religion and Australian culture’. Catholic history is advanced somewhat by B. Pino, On God’s command: Italian missionaries in Australia (Melbourne: Catholic Italian Resource Centre), which includes references to the Pacific as well, and by M.S. McGrath, These women? Women religious in the history of Australia: the Sisters of Mercy Parramatta 1888- 1988 (New South Wales U.P.), which is an elaborate and very well produced volume. A.E. Cahill, ‘Cardinal Moran’s politics’ (I. Rel. Hist., 15) looks at a very important leader in 19th century New South Wales. The theme of conscientious

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objection has two contributions: J. Smart, 'The right to speak and the right to be heard: the popular disruption of conscriptionist meetings in Melbourne, 1916' ( A u t . Hist. Studs., 23) and H. Smith, 'Conscience, law and the state: Australia's approach to conscientious objection since 1901' (Aust. J . POLL Hkt., 35). After such significant publications in 1988 intellectual history has had few contributions this year, but note G. Melluish, 'Liberal intellectuals in early twentieth century Australia: restoring the religious dimension' (ibid.)

Cultural and S0d.l History of European AUrtrPLiP E. Webby, Colonial voices: letters, diaries. jownalism and other accounts of nineteenth century Australia (Queensland U.P., $17) is an initial foray into cultural history in this period, but it is primarily composed of selections from documents. G. Seal, The hidden culture: folklore in Australian society (OUP, $25) is a very interesting pioneering work. There have been some fine new biographies of 19th century Melbourne figures, including H. Love, J a m Edward Neild (Melbourne U.P., W), about a doctor and literary figure, and L. Stuart, James Smith: the making of a colonial culture (Allen & Unwin, $35). about a spiritualist and middle class leader. J. Beer, C. Fahey, P. Grimshaw and M. Raymond, Colonial frontiers and family fortunes: two studies of rural and urban Victoria (Univ. of Melbourne History Dept) has one study on highland Scots in Victoria, and another on working class Melbourne. The history of New South Wales has attracted less attention this year, but B. Dyster, Servant and master: building and running the grand houses of Sydney 1788-1850 (New South Wales U.P., $35) is a superbly illustrated work, with a good sense of social history. Immigration histories continue, for example in J. McDonald and R. Schlomowitz, 'Mortality on convict voyages to Australia, 1788-1868' (SOC. Sci. Hist., 13) and the flurry of histories of ethnic minorities increases with M.J. Norst, Austrians and Australia (Athena Press, S21), G. Cresciani, Migrants or mates: Italian life in AlIsbalia (Knockmore Enterprises, El), and P. Hill, The Macedonians in Australia (Hesperian Press, $17), which falters for lack of definition of his subjects. 0. Macdonagh and W.F. Mandle (eds), Irish-Australian Studies: Papers delivered at the fifth Irish-Awtralian conference (Canberra: Australian National University) has a range of 18 papers from a 1988 conference.

Political History R. Fitzgerald and M. Hearn, Bligh, Macarthur and the rum rebellion (Kangaroo P., $17) is largely a study from secondary sources. W.G. McMinn, George Reid (Melbourne U.P., $45) is a life of one of the founders of the federation. G. Reid and M. Forrest, Australia's commonwealth parliament 1901- 1988: ten perspectives (Melbourne U.P., $30) is a very detailed study of aspects of the functioning of the parliament and its administration in Canberra. I.M. Cumpston, Lord Bruce of Melbourne (Longman Cheshire) is a poor study of a federal prime minister of the 1920s. The specialist study by A. Moore, The secret army and the premier: conservative paramilitary organisations in New South Wales 1930-32 (New South Wales U.P., $25) proves to be a meticulous study of J.T. Lang's premiership, and the reaction it awakened from the social elite. A leading member of the Labour party who in 1956 led the split and the formation of the Democratic Labour Party has written his memoirs: J. Kane, Exploding the myths: thepolicial memoirs of Jack Kane (Angus & Robertson, $20). P. Weller, Malcolm Fraser PM: a study in prime ministerial power in Australia (Penguin, $27) is less a biography than a work of political science, but it does provide some useful biographical material.

Economic History A promising new series modelled on the Economic History Society's Studies in Economic History, the Australian economic and social history series ed. C.B. Schedvin, is being published by McPhee Gribble. The first titles

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include S . Macintyre, The Labow experiment, G . Whitwell, Making the market, W. Bate, Victorian gold rushes, T. Dingle, Aboriginal economy, R.V. Jackson, The population history of Australia, and A.L. hugheed , Australia and the world economy. A more general work is B. Dyster and D. Meredith, Australia in the international economy in the twentieth century (CUP). A. Wells, Constructing capitalism: an economic history of eastern Australia, 1788-1901 (Allen 8~ Unwin, $20) is a Marxist-inspired analysis, focusing on the development of Australian capital. Specialist articles include B. Attard, ‘Politics, finance and Anglo- Australian relations: Australian borrowing in London, 1914-1920’ (Aust. J . Pols. Hist., 35); K. Tsokhas, ‘The wool industry and the 1936 trade diversion between Australia and Japan’ (Aust. Hist. Studs., 23); and M. Tull, ‘The development of port administration in Australia: the case of Fremantle, 1903-1939’ (J. Transport Hist., 10).

Labour History Research on 19th century labour history is growing, and includes M. Rimmer and P. Sheldon, ‘“Union control” against management power: labourers’ unions in New South Wales before the maritime strike’ (Aust. Hkt . Studs., 23); G. Patmore, ‘Labour history and labour process: the New South Wales railways before 1878’, (ibid.); and P. Sheldon, ‘In division is strength: unionism among Sydney labourers, 1890-1910’ (Labour Hist., 56). though S . Svensen, The shearers’ war: the story of the 1891 shearers’ strike (Queensland U.P., $35) is weak in its critical analysis of this important incident. Foundutiom of arbitration: the origins and effects of state compulsory arbitration 1890-1914. ed. S . Macintyre and R. Mitchell (OUP, $25) is a solid and thorough coverage of the history of arbitration in Britain and Australia, and see also’L. Bennett, ‘The federal conciliation and arbitration court in the late 1920s’ (Labour Hist., 57). The political side to labour history in one of the states where it was first established and where its history was most unstable is told with care in R. Fitzgerald and H. Thornton, Lobor in Queensland: from the 1880s to 1988 (Queensland U.P., $35) and see also B. Costar, ‘Controlling the victims: the authorities and the unemployed in Queensland during the great depression’ (Labour Hist., 56). T. Sheridan, Division of labour: industrial relations in the Chifley years 1945-1949 (OUP, $45) is a creative study of the federal Labour government’s approach to arbitration, as is his article ‘Shoring up the system: the ALP and arbitration in the 1940s’ (I. Ind. Relations, 31). A. Spaull, ‘The establishment of a national teachers’ union in Australia: 1921-1937’ (Hist. of Education R. , 18) explains the slowness of the emergence of the union.

Military History and Foreign Policy The book which has provoked most comment is N. McLachlan, Waiting for the revolution: a history of Australian nationalism (Penguin, $25), a study of the development of Australian nationalism, especially from the republican side; it is a significant if idiosyncratic and unusually colourful work. I. Grant, Jacka VC: Australia’s finest fighting solider (MacmillanlAustralian War Memorial, $25) covers the life of a World War I soldier. G. Fischer, Enemy diem: internmew and the homefront experience in Australia 1914-1920 (Queensland U.P., $27) is an excellent study but regrettably it is badly presented and edited. Documents in Australian foreign policy, vol. 8 covering 1945 (Australian Government Publishing Service) continues an important series, while A.W. Martin, ‘R.G. Menzies and the Suez crisis’ (Aust. Hist. Stuak., 23) and F. Cain, ‘An aspect of post-war relations with the United Kingdom and the United States: missiles, spies and disharmony’ (ibid.) are specialist pieces.

Gender and family History This remains a prolific field. Fresh evidence, new witnesses:finding women’s history, ed. M. Allen, M. Hutchinson and A. McKinnon (S. Australian Government Printer, $35) is a book of documents on women’s

’

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experience, not exclusively focusing on South Australia. D. Deacon, The state, the new middle class wad women workers 1830-1930 (OUP, $25) imaginatively links the growth of the state in New South Wales to women’s fortunes, while P. Robinson, The women of Botany Buy (Maquarie Library, S40) looks only at the early period. There are a number of specialist studies in Australian Hist. Studs., 23, including J. Gothard, ‘ “Radically unsound and mischievous”: female migration to Tasmania, 18561863’, R. van Krieken, ‘Towards “good and useful men and women”: the state and childhood in Sydney, 1840-1890’, H. Jackson, ‘Fertility decline in New South Wales: the McKellar Royal Commission reconsidered’, and M.R. Theobald, ‘The PLC mystique: reflections on the reform of female education in nineteenth- century Australia’. See also P. Jake , Dearest Isabella: the life and letters of Isabella Ferguson (Western Australia U.P., $19), a study of Scottish settlers in West Australia. R. Campbell, Heroes and lovers: a question of national identity (Allen & Unwin, $17) is a study of the impact of American soldiers in Brisbane between 1942 and 1944, and suggests (somewhat conjecturally) how they threatened the Australian male’s self-image. B. James, No man’s land, women of the Northern territory (Collins) is a paradoxical title in a state noted for its male culture. Australian cultural history, no. 8 (from U.N.S.W.) has as its theme ‘the cult of practicality’ with some interesting studies on technical education, law reform, and nineteenth century historians.

History of Science and the Environment P. Curson and K. McCracken, Plague in Sydney: the anafomy of M epidemic (New South Wales U.P., $20) covers a 1900 epidemic.

L a d and States’ Histories Volumes 3 and 4 of The bicentennial dictionary of Western Australians pre-1829-1888, ed. R. Erickson (Western Australia U.P., $30 per volume) appeared. T. Cochrane, Blockade: the Queensland loans affair, 1920 to 1924 (Queensland U.P., $29) is an account of the bankers’ attempt to bring pressure on the Queensland labour government. The origin of Australia’s capital cities, ed. P. Statham (CUP $45) is a historical geographical collection of essays on each of the state capitals.

Weltare History Australian welfare: hirtorical sociology, ed. R. Kennedy, (Mac- millan) is a course textbook with a range of useful material in the mode of historical sociology. W. DeMaria. ‘Combat and concern: the warfare-welfare nexus’ (War and society, 7) compares the aftermath of the two world wars in terms of welfare provisions. There are also a few relevant papers in D.C.M. Platt (ed.), Social welfare, 1850-1950: Australia, Argentina and Canada compared (Macmillan), but the focus is largely on the other two countries.

New Zealand (prices in NZ dollars) As New Zealand approached the 150th anniversary of its annexation by Britain and the Treaty of Waitangi made with the Maori people, historical interest and controversy both increased.

General There is interest both from a new school syllabus and the public in a new history of the country. L.H. Barber, New Zealand a short hisrory (Century Hutchinson) did not prove popular, while E. Olssen and M. Stenson, A century of change: New Zealand 1800-1900 (Longman Paul) found more favour with schools. A. Anderson et al., Towards 1990 (G.P. Books, $30) was a set of essays on significant anniversaries given by leading historians at Parliament. The most important book of the year was undoubtedly M. Fairburn. The ideal sociefy and itr enemies: The foundations of modem New Zealand society 1850-1900 (Auckland

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U.P., $N), which argues that 19th century New Zealand society, although portrayed in arcadian terms, was very atomised.

Maori and Bi-cultural History The reports and evidence given to the Waitangi Tribunal continued to have a strongly historical focus. In addition, note J. Binney, ‘Some observations on the status of Maori women’ (N.Z.J.Hist., 23); B. Elsmore, Mana from heaven: a century of Maoriprophets in New Zealand (Tauranga: Moana Press, S35), which catalogues many Maori prophetic leaders, J. Belich, I shall not die: Titikowarus war New Zealand 1868-9 (Allen & Unwin, SN), a study which takes a closer look at one of the Maori generals in the wars of the 187Os, and H. Riseborough, Days of darkness: Taranaki 1878-1884 (Allen & UnwidHistorical Branch, $30) which explains the buildup of tension prior to the advent of Te Whiti, and R. Macdonald, Thejifth wind: New Zealand and the legacy of a turbulent past (Hodder & Stoughton, $25) is a most interesting account of the rise in Maori political consciousness. See also M. Reilly, ‘John White: the making of a nineteenth-century writer and collector of Maori traditions’ (N.Z.J. Hist., 23).

Early European Settlement P. Bums’s book, Fatal success: A history of the New Zealand Company (Heinemann Reed, $32) was completed after her death by H. Richardson and revises views of this crucial emigration company. D. Page, ‘Early Otago settlement’ in the Yearbook of the Genealogical Research Institute of New Zealand and T. Brooking, ‘Scots migration to New Zealand, 1840-1914‘ in The Tartan and the Gold: papers presented at the New Zealand Society of Genealogists’ Conference, Dunedin, May 12-14 1989 (Dunedin Genealogy Group) cover similar topics. D. Edwards, Put him in the longboat: an account of the life of Edward Main Chaffers Master RN (Wellington: G.P. Books) is a minor biography, while F. Porter, Born to New Zealand: a biography of Jane Maria Atkinson (Allen & Unwin, $26) is a detailed and delightful biography of the wife of a prominent politician who was significant in her own right.

Political History A.H. McLintock and G.A. Wood, The upper house in colonial New Zealand: a study of the legislative council of New Zealand in the period 1854- 1887 (House of Representatives) was written and completed by two of the country’s older historians. T. McIvor, The rainmaker: A biography of John Ballance journalist and politician (Heinemann Reid) is a study of the first Liberal prime minister, while J.R. Marshall, Memoirs, vol. 2, 1960-1988 (Collins) is by a National Party prime minister of the 1970s. New Zealandpolitics in perspective, ed. H. Gold (Longman Paul) provides significant treatment of the last decade.

Social History In a work of marvellous detail and careful interpretation, M. Tennant, Paupers and providers: charitable aid in New Zealand (Allen & Unwid Historical Branch, $30) examines the provision for the poor in the 19th century. D. Novitz and B. Willmott (eds), Culture and identity in New Zealand (Wellington: Government Print, $26) has a variety of papers with a ‘neutral’ definition of cultural change. R. Galbreath, Walter Buller: the reluctant conservationkt (Wellington: G.P. Books, $25) studies an eminent scientist of the nineteenth century.

Government and People R. Hill, The colonial frontier tamed: New Zealand policing in transition, 1867-1886 (G.P. Books, $45) is the second volume in a large scale and left wing interpretation of police history, while G. Newbold, Punishment and politics: the maximum security prison in New Zealand (OUP) is written by a former inmate. O.J. Cherett, Without fear or favour: 150 years policing in Auckland, 1840-1990 (Auckland: N.Z. Police) is a more popular work. P. Christoffel, Censored: a short history of censorship in New Zealand (Wellington:

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Research Unit, Dept of Internal Affairs) breaks new ground, while K.R. Howe, ‘Seddon’s South seas censorship: a bibliographic curio’ (Turnbull Library record, 22) and N. Taylor, ‘Human rights in world war I1 in New Zealand’ (N.Z.J.Hist., 23) show particular aspects of the very tight controls which governments maintained.

Eeowmir History G. McLean, Master or servants: a short history of the New zeolond Merchant Service Guild and its predecessors (Wellington: The Guild) is quite a useful survey, while there are first contributions to transport history in F. Broeze. ‘Distance tamed: steam navigation to Australia and New Zealand from its beginnings to outbreak of the great war’, and E. Pawson and T. Hoare, ‘Regional isolation, railways and politics: Nelson, New Zealand’ (both in J . Tramport Hist., 10).

Gender and Family History A special issue of N.Z.J.Hist., 23, was devoted to women’s history, and included articles by C. Macdonald, ‘Crime and punishment in New Zealand. 1840-1913: a gendered history’; J. Malthus, ‘ “Bifurcated and not ashamed”. Late nineteenthcentury dress reformers in New Zealand’; D. Mont- gomerie ‘The limitations of wartime change. Women war workers in New Zealand’ and A. Else, ‘“The need is ever present”: the motherhood of man movement and stranger adoption in New Zealand’. B.L. Brookes. ‘The crime of abortion in New Zealand, 1900-1939’ Women’s Studies Association Conference Papers, Nelson, Augut 1988. ed. P. Rosier (Auckland: The Association) covers a linked topic.

Educational History P. Gronn, ‘J.R. Darling and the public school empire tour to New Zealand, 1929’ (Hirtory of Education Review, 18) is about a tour of 45 boys from British public schools and its effect on Darling’s view of empire.

Military and Diplomatic History J. Phillips, N. Boyack and E.P. Malone, The great adventure: New Zealand soldiers describe thefirst world war (Allen & Unwin) and In the shadow of war: New Zealand soldiers talk about world war one and their lives, ed. N . Boyack and 1. Tolerton (Penguin) are oral histories. L. Barber, War memorial: a chronology of New Zealand and world war I I (Heinemann Reed, $30) is a detailed chronology with no interpretation. The same author and J. Tonkin- Gwell, produced an enthusiastic biography of New Zealand’s world war I1 commander, Freyberg: Churchill’s salamander (Century Hutchinson). Specialist studies include J.A. Trotter, ‘New Zealanders and the international military tribunal for the far east’ (N.Z.J.Hist., 23) and I. McGibbon, ‘New aaland’s intervention in the Korean war, June-July 1950’ (International H . R., l l ) , which shows the caution with which N.Z. abandoned its commonwealth defence ties. R.G. Rabel, ‘The Vietnam decision twenty-five years on’ (N.Z. International R . , 15) is a first publication towards a history of New Zealand’s involvement in the Vietnam war, while M.C. Pugh, The ANZUS crisis, nuclear viriting and deterrence (CUP) is a study by a military historian.

Religious History Only one work to note, D. Pratt, An ordered faith: faith and order in the Methodist Church of New Zealand 1950-84 (Wesley Historical Society Proceedings, 53).

M d c a l History Again one work, R.E. Wright St. Clair, A history of general practice and of the Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners (Wellington: The College).

Loc?l History J. Watson is developing a name in this field with two works, Along

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the bilk (Heathcote County Council) and ‘No mean city? Christchurch’s labour city council during the depression, 1927-1935’ (N.Z.J. Hist., 23).

The Pacific Islands It has not been a great year for Pacific history.

General I. Campbell, A history of the Pacijic islands (Queensland U.P., S35Aus) offers a rather limited chronological account of the whole of Pacific history right to the present day. D.L. Oliver, Oceania: the native cultures of Australia and the Pacijic islands (Hawaii U.P., 2 vols) is a vast compendium of information on the islands by the great doyen of Pacific studies. There is also a shortened version, Native cultures of the Pacific Islands (ibid.).

Pre-European Society A. Hill and S. Sergeantson (eds), The colonization of the Pacific: a genetic trail (Clarendon P.) presents a powerful scientific case., supporting the linguists arguments for a South East Asian origin for the Polynesians. A. Thorne and R. Raymond, Man on the rim: the peopling of the Pacific (Angus & Robertson), the book of a television series, presents Pacific history and anthropology in a popular yet careful fashion. See also G. Irwin, ‘Against, across and down the wind: the first exploration of the Pacific islands’ (J. Polynesian Studs., 98).

Exploration O.H.K. Spate, Paradise lost and found, vol. 3 of The Pacific since Magellan (Routledge, 1988,695Aus) is a work of superb scholarship, covering the islanders and the European visitors with careful research. This volume basically covers the European explorers from Byron to Cook and his times. G. Badger, The exploration of the Pacific (Kangaroo P., S35Aus) is an inadequate work in a rather crowded field. See also D.A. Ballendorf, ‘The Chinese as Pacific explorers’ (Asian Culture Q., 17).

Social History Family and gender in the Pacijic: domestic contradictiom and the colonial impact, ed. M. Jolly and M. Macintyre (CUP, $50) is an interesting set of essays with an emphasis on the impact of Christian missionaries on domestic life, although some articles show the weakness of pioneering research. See also E.J. Crawford, ‘Missionary efforts in the Pacific’ (Aust. Catholic Record, 66). R. Schlomowitz, ‘The Pacific labour trade and super-exploitation’ ( I . Pacific Hist., 24) and the same author’s ‘Epidemiology and the Pacific labor trade’ (J . of Interdisc. Hist., 19) analyses patterns of death rates and the exposure of those in the labour trade to new diseases.

B. Douglas, ‘Autonomous and controlled spirits: Traditional ritual and early interpretations of Christianity on Tanna, Aneitym and the isle of Pines in comparative perspective’ (J. Polynesian Studs., 98) provides a great deal of history as well. There is also a nice survey of a hot debate in D.B: Paxman, ‘Freeman, Mead and the eighteenth-century controversy over Polynesian society’ (Pacific Stuh., 11).

Individual Islands and Island Groups: Melanesia Articles include G.W. Trompf, ‘Macrohistory and acculturation: between myth and history in modem Melanesian adjustments and ancient gnosticism’ (Comp. Studs. SOC. Hkt., 31) and H. Schutte, ‘The six day war of 1878 in the Bismarck archipelago’ (J. Pacific Hist., 24). J.G. and A.H. Carrier, Wage, trade and exchange in Melanesia: a manw society in the modern state (California U.P., $35) is an anthropological study. Papua-New Guinea: M. Melk-Koch, Auf der Suche nach &r menschlichen Geselhchaft: Richard Thumwald (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, $80Aus) is an outstanding biography of this Austrian

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lawyer who served as an early anthropologist in New Guinea. D. Denoon with K. Dugan and L. Marchall, Public health in Papua New Guinea: medical possibility and s o d constraint, 1884-1984 (CUP) is a useful work, while K. Neumann, ‘Not the way it really was: writing a history of the Tolai (Papua New Guinea)’ (J. Pacific Hist., 24) and S . Duggan, ‘Franciscans in the Sepik: a spiritual conquest or a quest for acceptance?’ (ibid.) are shorter articles. D. Langmore, Missionary lives: Papua 1874-1914 (Hawaii U.P.) assiduously avoids comments on the Papuans but is a fine study of those who sought to convert them. See also J. Perkins, ‘ “Sharing the white man’s burden”: Nazi colonial revisionism and Australia’s New Guinea mandate’ (J. Pacific Hist.. 24) and D. Baglin and C. de Courcy, The Jim‘ river expedition 1950: exploration in rhe New Guinea highlands (OUP, S25Aus). a photographic study with a short text. Solomon Islands: Works include C.H. Allan, ‘The post- war scene in the western Solomons and marching rule’ (/. Pacific Hist., 24); N. Fatowna, Fragments of a lost heritage, ed. R. Keesing, (Sydney: Angus & Robertson), and H. Laracy (ed.), Pes Blong lumi: Solomon Islands, the past four thousand years (Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, $40NZ), which is an important step forward in Solomons history. New Caledonia: S. Hennington, ‘A dialogue of the deaf attitudes and issues in New Caledonian politics’ (Pacific Affairs, 61) looks back to the Union Caledonienne party in the 1950s and 60s to evaluate policy at present. G. Kling, ‘L‘Alcmhe: I’exploration de la Nouvelle- Caltdonie’ (B.S. Etudes Hist. N.C., 81) occupies an entire issue of this journal. Vanuatu: G. Miller, Live: a hirtory of church planting in Vanuatu, book 6: The northern islands (Vila: The Presbyterian church of Vanuatu) concludes his detailed acwunt of the Protestant community largely from a missionary point of view. Fiji: There have been a number of useful articles, including M. Kaplan. ‘Luve ni wai as the British saw it: constructions of custom and disorder in colonial Fiji’ (Ethnohistory, 36); J.D. Kelly, ‘Fear and culture: British regulation of Indian marriage in post-indenture Fiji’ (ibid.); N. Thomas, ‘Material culture and colonial power, ethnology collecting and the establishment of colonial rule in Fiji’ (Man, 24); N.L. Pollok. ‘The early development of housekeeping and imports in Fiji’ (Pacific Studs., 12). P. Reeve, On Fiji soil, memories of an agriculturalist (Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies) is based on journals of W.L. Parham, 1918-1942. Inevitably the revolution of 1987 has attracted more comment, notably in R.R. Premdas, ‘Fiji: the anatomy of a revolution’ (Pacifca, 1) and J. Sanday, The military in Fiji: historical development and future role (Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies). Norfolk Island: M. Roe, ‘Trade, life and law at Norfolk Island 1806-8: Michael Hayes’s records’ (Tasmanian H . Research Association, 35, 1988). Chatham Islands: M. King, Moriori: a people rediscovered (Viking) is an account of the native peoples of the Chatham islands. Easter Island: T. Heyerdahl, Easter Island: the mystery solved (Souvenir P.) is one point of view. French Polynesia: Among the contributions are A. Rotschi, ‘Heva tupapa’u: spectacles pour la mort’ and F. Sodter, ‘L’histoire demographique de Papkett’ (B.S. Etudes Ockaniennes, 247) and U.J. Wandel, ‘Der traum von Otaheiti: ein kolokialer gehimbund in Wurttemberg 1806-1808’ in H. Christmann (ed.), Kolonisation und Decolonisation (Schabisch Gmund). Gilbert Islands: A.F. Grimble, Tungaru traditions: writings on the atoll culture of the Gilbert Islands (Melbourne U.P., $45) is edited by H.E. Maude and represents transcripts of the notes of the leading Pacific expert of an earlier non-academic era. Tonga: I.C. Campbell has published two works, Classical Tongan kingship (Nukualofa: Atenisi U.) and ‘The demise of Tu’i Kanukupolu Tonga 1799-1827’ ( I . Pacific Hist., 24). See also E.W. Ellem, ‘Chief justices of Tonga 1905-1940‘ (ibid.). Samoa: D. Munro, ‘Planter versus protector. Frank Cornwall’s employment of plantation workers in Samoa, 1878- 1881’ (N.Z.J.Hist., 23) is a careful study. Hawaii: Large scale publication continues, including G. Daws, Hawaii 1859-1889: the first thirty years of Aloha

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State (Publishers Group Hawaii), a useful work by the leading writer on Hawaii, in fact on the period well before its American statehood. P. Grimshaw, Path ofduty: American missionary wives in nineteenth-century Hawaii (Hawaii U.P., $25) is a careful and detailed study emphasising the ethnocentricity of the women. Hawuiiun Journul of History, 23 has articles on the 1890s and on Captain George Vancouver. See also Y. Kimura, Issei: Japanese immigrants in Hawaii (Hawaii U.P.); S . Rennie, ‘Contract labor under a protector: the Gilbertese laborers and Hiram Bingham Jr., in Hawaii, 1878-1903’ (Pacific Studs., 11); D.E. Stannard, Before the horror: the population of Hawai’i on the eve of western contact (Honolulu: Social Science Research Institute); M. Sahlins, ‘Captain Cook at Hawaii’ ( J . Polynesian Studs., 98) produces some fascinating anthropological deductions. Micronesia: Contributions include R. Levesque, ‘Canadian whalers in Micronesia (1840-1850)’ (J . Pacific Hist., 24); D. Hanlon, ‘Micronesia: writing and rewriting the histories of a nonentity’ (Pacific Studs., 12); and D. Jackson, Torokina: a wartime memoir, 1941-1945 (Iowa State U.P.)