xya {eju h|$Ð. a. i sem... · 2018-01-29 · àñvmdzm gz 2007-08 nmgyz {edmor {dÚmnrr>mzo...

$: Xya {ejU H|$Ð. A. I Sem... · 2018-01-29 · àñVmdZm gZ 2007-08 nmgyZ {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mZo Xÿa {ejUmÀ`m CnH«$_mVyZ {ejUàdmhmÀ`m ~mhoa am{hcoë`m nU {eH$Ê`mMr BÀN>m AgUmè`m$
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya {ejU H|$Ð

E_. E. ^mJ-1 : amÁ`emñÌ

^maVr` {dMmam_Yrc gdm}X`, cmoH$emhr Am{U g_mOdmX(Sarvodaya, Democracy and Socialism in Indian Thought)

gÌ 2 : nona 12 (EopÀN>H$)

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2013-14 nmgyZ)

H I

K J

© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)

àW_md¥Îmr : 2016

E_. E. (amÁ`emñÌ) ^mJ-1 nona 12 (EopÀN>H$)

gd© hŠH$ ñdmYrZ. {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` H$moUË`mhr àH$mamZo ZŠH$c H$aVm oUma Zmhr.

àVr : 300

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àH$meH$ :S>m°. ìhr. S>r. Zm§XdS>oH$aHw$bg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

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_wÐH$ :lr. ~r. nr. nmQ>rcAYrjH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,H$moëhmnya - 416 004.

n

ISBN- 978-81-8486-676-6

H Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð Am{U {edmOr {dÚmnrR> `m~ÔcMr _m{hVr nwT>rc nÎ`mda {_iy eHo$c.{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004 (^maV)

H Xÿa {ejU {d^mJ-{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, Zdr {Xëcr `m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ `m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©VrHo$cr Amho.

(ii)

n amÁèmñÌ g_Ýd` g{_Vr n

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(iii)

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àm. (S>m°.) S>r. ~r. qeXo_m. Hw$cJwê$,

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) E_. E_. gmiw§Io_mOr Hw$cJwê$,

èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm_m. Hw$cJwê$,åh¡gya {dÚmnrR>, åh¡gya

àm. nr. àH$meA{V[aŠV g{Md-II

{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, Zdr {Xëcr

àm. (S>m°.) gr_m odcoJrV-JmoqdX, âc°Q> Z§. 2,

1139 gmB©Šg EŠñQ>|eZ,

H$moëhmnya-416001

[aŠVA{YîR>mVm, H$cm d c{cVH$cm {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

[aŠVA{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

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S>m°. ìhr. S>r. Zm§XdS>oH$aHw$cg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

lr. E_. E. H$mH$S>onarjm {Z §ÌH$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

lr. E. ~r. Mm¡Jwcoà^mar {dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) E_. E. AZwgo (gXñ` g{Md)g§MmcH$, Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

l S>m°. _oOa E_. Ama. KZdQ>_wYmoOr H$m°coO, \$cQ>U,{O. gmVmam

^maVr` {dMmam_Yrc gdm}X`, cmoH$emhr Am{U g_mOdmXE_. E. ^mJ-1 : gÌ-2 amÁèmñÌ

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àm. AmZ§Xm H$m§~io 2^moJmdVr _hm{dÚmc`, Hw$ê$H$cr, Vm. H$adra, {O. H$moëhmnya

àm. S>m°. A{OVmZ§X èd§V OmYd 3Bñ_mB©cgmho~ _wëcm cm° H$m°coO, gmVmam

àm. g§Ü`m O`qgJ _mZo 4M§Ðm~mB© em§Vmßnm e|Sy>ao H$m°coO, hþnar, Vm. hmVH$U§Jco, {O. H$moëhmnya

(iv)

n g§nmXH$ n

àm. S>m°. A{OVmZ§X OmYdBñ_mB©cgmho~ _wëcm cm° H$m°coO,

gmVmam

Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya

àñVmdZm

gZ 2007-08 nmgyZ {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mZo Xÿa {ejUmÀ`m CnH«$_mVyZ {ejUàdmhmÀ`m ~mhoa

am{hcoë`m nU {eH$Ê`mMr BÀN>m AgUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm nwÝhm {eH$Ê`mMr d àJVr H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr

{Z_m©U H$ê$Z {Xcr Amho. `mgmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªZm XO}Xma gm{hË` {Z_m©U H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmnrR>mMm Xÿa {ejU {d^mJ, amÁèmñÌ {d^mJ d `m {d^mJmMo {df` Aä`mg

_§S>i, VÁk àmÜ`mnH$, coIH$, g§nmXH$ Am{U àemgH$s` godH$m§Zr CMccr Amho. `mgmR>r `m

gdmªMo `moJXmZ _hÎdmMo Amho. åhUyZM `mdfu E_. E. ^mJ 1 amÁèmñÌ gÌ 2 nona 12

(EopÀN>H$) - ^maVr` {dMmam_Yrc gdm}X`, cmoH$emhr Am{U g_mOdmX `m nwñVH$mMo coIZ nyU©

Pmco Amho.

`m nwñVH$mVyZ {dÚmÏ`mªZm _hmË_m Jm§Yr d {dZmo~m§Mo gdm}X`r, cmoH$emhr Am{U ì`mnH$

H$ë`mUH$mar {dMmam§Mr gImocVm Aä`mgVm oB©c. Ë`mM~amo~a ^maVmV `m {dgmì`m eVH$mV no[a`ma

d amOfu emhÿ§Zr Om{V{Z_y©cZmMm {dMma _m§Sy>Z cmoH$emhrVrc g_Vocm ~iH$Q>r {Xë`mMo Aä`mgVm

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åhUyZM nwT>o S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm gm_m{OH$ cmoH$emhrMm A{YH$ __© oXr {dMma H$aVm Amcm Va S>m°.

E_. EZ. am° `m§Zr `m cmoH$emhrcm Zd_mZdVmdmXmMo Zdo Am`m_ XoVmZm A{YH$ {M{H$ËgH$

_ycJm_r cmoH$emhr {dMma nwT>o ZoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. `mMm {dÚmWu na_mf© KoVrc. Odmhacmc

Zohê$, O`àH$me ZmamÙ d am__Zmoha cmo{h`m§Zr _m§S>coco g_mOdmXr {dMma cmoH$emhrcm nyaH$

Agë`mMo ^maVr` B{VhmgmV ñnîQ> hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm {dÚmWu `m nwñVH$mV doY KoD$ eH$Vrc VgoM `m

g_H$mimV ^maVmV V`ma Pmcoco Y_© d amîQ´>dmXmÀ`m ~mOyMo {dMma {dÚmÏ`mªZm CX²~moYH$ R>aVrc

Aer ImÌr Amho.

àñVwV coIZmV {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mMo Hw$cJwê$ S>m°. XodmZ§X qeXo, Xÿa {ejU H|$ÐmMo g§MmcH$ àm.

S>m°. E_. E. AZwgo, amÁèmñÌ {d^mJà_wI S>m°. àH$me ndma, `m {d^mJmVrc S>m°. dmg§Vr amg_,

S>m°. ^maVr nmQ>rc, S>m°. aqdÐ ÛJo, àm. S>m°. ^JdmZ _mZo, amÁèmñÌ Aä`mg _§S>imMo AÜ`j

S>m°. dg§V nmQ>rc d BVa gXñ`, `m nwñVH$mMo ghcoIH$, Xÿa {ejU {d^mJmMo gd© nXm{YH$mar d

godH$ `m§À`m ghH$m`m©_wio ho coIZgm{hË` XO}Xma ~Zco Amho. {dÚmWu Ë`mMo ñdmJV H$aVrc.

darc gd© _mÝ`dam§Mo _Zñdr Am^ma d YÝ`dmX.

àm. S>m°. A{OVmZ§X OmYd(g§nmXH$)

(v)

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1. Jm§Yr Am{U {dZmo~m 1

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3. g_mOdmX 58

A) Odmhacmc Zohê§$Mm cmoH$emhr g_mOdmX

~) O`àH$me Zmam`U - gdm}X` d g_mOdmX

H$) am__Zmoha cmo{h`m§À`m g_mOdmXr H$ënZm

4. ^maVr` gmå`dmXr {dMma 88

(vii)

KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ KQ>H$mMo erf©H$ nmZ H«$_m§H$

(viii)

n {dÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm

àË oH$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV C{ÔîQ>m§Zr hmoB©c. C{ÔîQ>o {XemXe©H$ Am{U nwT>rc

~m~r ñnîQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.

1. KQ>H$m_Ü o H$m` {Xcoco Amho.

2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` Ano{jV Amho.

3. {d{eîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m © nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hmoÊ`mMr

Anojm Amho.

ñd § _yë`_mnZmgmR>r àíZ {Xcoco AgyZ Ë`m§Mr Ano[jV CÎmaohr XoÊ`mV

Amcocr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `mo½` {XeoZo hmoB©c. Vw_Mr CÎmao

{chÿZ Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd § AÜ``Z gm{hË`m_Ü o {Xcocr CÎmao nmhm. hr Vw_Mr

CÎmao (qH$dm ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>o _yë`_mnZmgmR>r nmR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr

`mo½` {XeoZo Aä`mg H$amdm, mgmR>r hr CÎmao "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool)

åhUyZ Cn wŠV R>aVrc.

{à` {dÚmWu,

ho ñd §AÜ``Z gm{hË` `m nonagmR>r EH$ nyaH$ Aä`mggm{hË` åhUyZ

Amho. Ago gy{MV H$aÊ`mV `oVo H$s, {dÚmÏ`mªZr 2013-14 nmgyZ V`ma

Ho$cocm ZdrZ Aä`mgH«$_ nmhÿZ Ë`mà_mUo `m nonaÀ`m gImoc Aä`mgmgmR>r

g§X ©nwñVHo$ d BVa gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$amdm.

1

KQ>H$ 1

Jm§Yr Am{U {dZmo~m

1.0 C{Ôï>ço

1.1 àñVmdZm

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 _hmË_m Jm§Yr : gË`, Aqhgm Am{U gË`mJ«hmMm {dMma

1.2.2 _hmË_m Jm§Yr : amÁ`{df`H$ {dMma

1.2.3 AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo : bmoH$ZrVr Am{U gdm}X`

1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Am{U eãXmW©

1.4 gmam§e

1.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

1.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

1.0 C{Ôï>ço :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmV AmnUmg Imbrb C{Ôï>o gmÜ` hmoVrb.

1) _hmË_m Jm§Yr Am{U AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Mm Aën n[aM` H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mda nS>boë`m à^mdm§Mo

KQ>H$ g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

2) _hmË_m Jm§YtMo gË`, Aqhgm Am{U gË`mJ«h {df`H$ {dMma g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

3) _hmË_m Jm§YtMo amÁ`{df`H$ {dMma bjmV oVrb.

4) AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zr _m§S>bobr bmoH$ZrVr d gdm}X` g§H$ënZm g_Oob.

2

1.1 àñVmdZm :

"^maVr` {dMma nwZé‚mrdZ d gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm' m Aä`mg{df`mV AmnU mnwdu CXma_VdmXr amOH$s`{dMmam_Ü o amOm am__mohZ am° , ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X Am{U Á`moVramd \w$bo m§Zr maVr` {dMmam§Mo Ho$bobo nwZé‚mrdZ

Am{U gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm `m{df`rMo _m§S>bobo CXma_VdmXr {dMma, XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr, Ý`m`_yVu _hmXod JmoqdX

amZS>o Am{U Jmonmi H¥$îU JmoIbo `m§Zr _m§S>bobo amOH$s` {dMma, AaqdX Kmof Am{U ~mi J§JmYa {Q>iH$ `m§Zr_m§S>bobo amï´>dmXr amOH$s` {dMma, Y_© Am{U amï´>dmX m_Ü o gmdaH$am§Zr _m§S>bobm qhXwamï´>dmX, {OZm§Zr _m§S>bobm

_wñbr_ amï´>dmX d AmPmXm§Mm gd©g_mdoeH$ amï´>dmX `m {dMmam~m~VrV ^maVmVrb {d{dY amOH$s` {dMmaàdmhm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm. àñVwV àH$aUm_Ü o AmnU _hmË_m Jm§Yr Am{U AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zr _m§S>boë`m

amOH$s` {dMma Am{U {gÕm§VmMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmV Ohmb_VdmXr {Q>iH$ wJmZ§VaåhUOoM bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§À`m Z§Va Aqhgm{Y{ð>V "Jm§Yr wJmg' gwédmV Pmbr. ^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í` bT>çmV

_hmË_m Jm§YtMr y{_H$m _hÎdmMr hmoVr. _hmË_m Jm§YrOtZr ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` Midirg Z¡{VH$ A{Yð>mZ àmá

H$ê$Z {Xbo. gË`, Aqhgm Am{U gË`mJ«hmgma»`m A{^Zd {dMmamVyZ ñdmV§Í` Midirbm EH$ Zdm Am`m_{Xbm. ñdmV§Í` Midi J{V_mZ H$ê$Z gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm `m ñdmV§Í` MidirV gË`mJ«hmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

gm_mdyZ KoVbo. m gË`, Aqhgm Am{U gË`mJ«hmÀ`m {dMmamVyZ maVr` amOH$s` {dMmamV _mobmMr a KmVbr.VgoM d¡Mm[aH$ Am{U VmpËdH$ A{Yð>mZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m {dMmam§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMm

Am{U gmVË` R>odÊ`mMm Am{U Ë`mV Zì`mZo ^a KmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ Jm§YrdmÚm§Zr Ho$bm. Ë`m_Ü o gd©àW_ AmMm ©

{dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Mo Zmd KoVbo OmVo. AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zr _hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§À`m {dMmamMm {dH$mg H$ê$Zgdm}X` bmoH$ZrVr `m d¡Mm[aH$ g§H$ënZm ñnï> Ho$ë`m. _hmË_m Jm§Yr Am{U AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zr ^maVr`

amOH$s` {dMmamV d¡Mm[aH$ Am{U VmpÎdH$ ~¡R>H$sMo moJXmZ {Xbo Ë`mMo _hÎd g_OmdyZKoUo hm Amnë`m Aä`mgmMmCÔoe Amho.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

1.2.1 _hmË_m Jm§Yr :

Aën n[aM` :

_hmË_m Jm§YtMm OÝ_ 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1869 amoOr JwOamV_Yrb H$mR>odmS> oWrb nmoa~§Xa `m ehamV Pmbm._hmË_m Jm§YtMo g§nyU© Zmd _mohZXmg H$a_M§X Jm§Yr Ago hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m dS>rbm§Mo Zmd H$a_M§X Am{U AmB©Mo Zm§d

nwVim~mB© hmoVo. H$m{R>`mdmS> g§ñWmZÀ`m nXar {XdmU åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m nyd©Om§Zr H$m_ Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m KamVrbdmVmdaU AË §V Ym{_©H$ hmoVo. Y_©lÕoMm dmagm Ë`m§Zm àm_w»`mZo Ë`m§À`m _mVoH$Sy>Z {_imbm. Ë`m§À`mda d¡îUd

n§Wm§Mo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ g§ñH$ma Pmbo. Ë`m§Mm {ddmh ~mbnUrM H$ñVwa~m `m§À`mer Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo àmW{_H$ {ejU

amOH$moQ> oWo Pmbo. gZ 1887 gmbr d`mÀ`m 18 ì`m dfu _°{Q´>H$ nmg Pmë`mZ§Va Cƒ {ejUmgmR>r Vo B§½b§S>bmJobo. 1891 gmbr Vo ~°[añQ>a hmoD$Z ^maVmV Amë`mZ§Va _w§~B© d Ë`mZ§Va amOH$moQ> `m {R>H$mUr H$mhr H$mi

dH$sbr ì`dgm` Ho$bm.

3

B. g. 1893 _Ü o _hmË_m Jm§Yr ImZ AãXw„m `m§À`m EH$m _wñbr_ \$_©À`m dVrZo IQ>bm Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r

X{jU Am{\«$Ho$V Jobo. Ë`m§Zr 22 _o 1894 amoOr X{jU Am{\«$Ho$V "ZmVmi B§{S>`Z H$m±J«ogMr' ñWmnZm Ho$br.

X{jU Am{\«$Ho$V _hmË_m Jm§YtZm gË`mJ«hmMm _mJ© Jdgbm. X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Vrb qhXr bmoH$m§Zm Ý`m` {_idyZXoÊ`mMo Ë`m§Mo gd© à`ËZ åhUOoM gË`mMoM à`moJ hmoVo. df© a amhÊ`mMm BamÚmZo VoWo Jobobo Jm§YrOr drg df}

{VWo am{hbo. 1893 Vo 1914 n ªV Ë`m§Mm Jmoè`m {~«{Q>e gaH$ma{déÕ AqhgmË_H$ bT>m gwê$ hmoVm. AmËå`mÀ`meñÌmZo Ë`m§Zr Owby_mer Py§O {Xbr Am{U eodQ>r Vo èñdr Pmbo Am{U qhXr bmoH$m§À`mdarb AÝ`m` Xya Ho$bm.

X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Vrb `m bT>çmMm _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m OrdZH$m`m©da à^md nS>bm. Ë`mMà_mUo qhXwñWmZÀ`mñdmV§Í`mgmR>r C^maboë`m OZAm§XmobZmbm `m bT>çmMm AZw d Cn`moJr nS>bm.

_hmË_m Jm§YrOr 22 _o 1914 amoOr ^maVmV naV Ambo. ^maVmÀ`m amOH$maUmV Jm§YrOtZr àdoe Ho$bm VmoH$mi àW_ _hm wÕmÀ`m n[ag_mßVrMm H$mi hmoVm. Ë`mdoir ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` MidirMr AdñWm {ÛYm Pmbr

hmoVr. Ë`m Midirbm EH$ Zdm Am`m_ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ _hmË_m Jm§YtZr Ho$bm hmoVm. {~«{Q>em§À`m dM©ñdmImbrg§nyU© ^maVr` OZVm XS>nbr OmV hmoVr. {~«{Q>em§À`m `m AÝ`m`m{déÕ bT>Ê`mMr JaO hmoVr. Zm. JmoIb|À`m

gm§JÊ`mdê$Z Jm§YrOtZr g§nyU© ^maV {\$ê$Z H$mT>bm. ^maVmÀ`m EH§$XarV n[apñWVrMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vo `m{ZîH$fm©n ªV Ambo H$s, ñdmV§Í` AmnUhÿZ àmßV hmoUma Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r ñdmV§Í` bT>çmMr JaO Amho. VËH$mbrZ

n[apñWVrV Ohmb Am{U _dmi Ago XmoZ JQ> hmoVo. `m XmoÝhr JQ>m§Zm Jm§YtMo {dMma _mÝ` hmoVo. {~«{Q>em§À`m

XS>nemhr, AÝ`m`r YmoaUm§{déÕ doimodoir Am§XmobZo H$ê$Z {~«{Q>em§Zm Ë`m§À`m MwH$sMr YmoaUo {ZXe©Zmg AmUyZXoÊ`mMm Am{U gd©gm_mÝ` maVr`m§À`m _ZmV amï´>ào_, {~«{Q>em§{déÕ bT>Ê`mMo ~i {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Jm§YtZr

Ho$bo. {~hma_Yrb M§nmaÊ`mV _Owam§da hmoUmao AÝ`m`, JwOamV_Yrb gmam~§XrMr Midi, Om{b`Zdmbm ~mJhË`mH$m§S>, am¡boŠQ> A°ŠQ> B. {damoYmV Ë`m§Zr AqhgH$ _mJm©Zo bT>m {Xbm. `mM H$mimV " §J B§{S>`m' Am{U

"h[aOZ' hr gmßVm{hHo$ Mmby Ho$br. mMdoir 1917 _Ü o _hmË_m Jm§YtZr {~hma_Yrb M§nmaÊ`mVrb eoVH$è`mda

d _Owam§da hmoUmam Owby_ Xya Ho$bm. 1919 gmbr Jm§YrOtZr {Ibm\$V Midirbm nmqR>~m {Xbm Am{U hmo_ê$bMidi J{V_mZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` bT>çmVrb 1920 Vo 1947 `m gÎmmdrg dfmªMm

H$mbI§S>mg "Jm§Yr wJ' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.

^maVr` ñdmV§Í` bT>çmbm 1920 n`ªV bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§Mo ZoV¥Îd bm^bo. 1920 _Üò bmoH$_mÝ`{Q>iH$m§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo. {Q>iH$m§À`m _¥Ë wZ§Va g§nyU© XoemMr Am{U H$m±J«og g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ZoV¥ÎdmMr gyÌo Jm§YtÀ`m hmVr

Ambr. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`bT>çmbm EH$ Zdr {Xem {_imbr Am{U EH$ Zdo nd© gwê$ Pmbo. _hmË_m Jm§YtOtÀ`m

ZoV¥ÎdmImbr g§nyU© ^maVr` g_mO EH${ÌV Ambm Am{U gË`mJ«hmMm _mJm©Zo B§J«Om§{déÕMm bT>m gwê$ Pmbm.Jm§YrOtÀ`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr AghH$mamÀ`m Midirg àma§^ Pmbm. 1921 _Üò Ë`m§Zr "am¡boŠQ> A°ŠQ>' d

"Om{b`Zdmbm ~mJ' `m àH$aUr gaH$ma{déÕ AqhgmË_H$ _mJmªZr Am§XmobZo H$ê$Z ^maVr` OZVoV ZdM¡VÝ`{Z_m©U Ho$bo. na§Vw `m Am§XmobZmg Mm¡arMm¡am oWo qhgH$ diU bmJë`mZo Jm§YrOtZr hr Midi ~§X Ho$br.

Ë`mZ§Va 1927 bm gm`_Z H${_eZ{déÕ {ZXe©Zo.

4

nwT>o 1929 bm bmhmoa H$m±J«ogZo nyU© ñdamÁ`mMo Ü o Omhra Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio Jm§YrOtH$S>o AqhgmË_H$ MidirMr

gyÌo Ambr. Bg. 1930 gmbr Jm§YrOtZr g§nyU© Xoeâ g{dZ` H$m`Xo^§JmMr Midi gwê$ Ho$br. ^maVr`

ñdmV§Í` bT>çmbm gË`, Aqhgm, AghH$ma, gË`mJ«h m§Mr OmoS> {_imbr. g{dZ` H$m`Xo §J, {_R>mMm gË`mJ«h,~{hîH$ma B. gmYZm§Zr OZVoV OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m © Ho$bo. `mM Xaå`mZ "Jm§Yr-Am`{d©Z' H$ama Pmbm.

Ë`mZwgma 1931 gmbr Jm§YrOr Xwgè`m Jmob_oO n[afXoV ^mJ KoÊ`mgmR>r B§½b§S>bm Jobo. 1932 gmbr {~«{Q>egaH$maZo "OmVr` {ZdmS>m' Omhra Ho$bm. Ë`m{dê$Õ Jm§YrOtZr 21 {Xdg àmUm§{VH$ CnmofU Ho$bo. Ë`mdoir

Jm§Yr-Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`mV "nwUo H$ama' Pmbm d Ë`mZ§Va Jm§YrOtZr CnmofU _mJo KoVbo. 1934 gmbr Jm§YrOtZrg{dZ` H$m`Xo §JmMo Am§XmobZ _mJo KoVbo.

_hmË_m Jm§YtZr 1942 _Ü o "Mbo Omd' Midi gwê$ Ho$br. g§nyU© ^maVâ ñdmV§Í` Midir{df`rModmVmdaU V`ma Pmbo. 1942 À`m bT>çmV Jm§YrOtZr OZVobm "H$a|Jo `m _a|Jo' Agm g§Xoe {Xbm. `m

MidirA§VJ©V g§nyU© ^maVr` OZVm B§J«Om§À`m {damoYmV EH${ÌV Ambr. EdT>çm àM§S> à_mUmVrb {damoY B§J«OgaH$maZo àW_M nm{hbm Agob. _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr B§J«Om§Zm maVr`m§À`m g§KQ>Z Am{U BÀN>meŠVrMo

Xe©Z Pmbo. ñdmV§Í`bT>m A§{V_ Q>ßß`mV oD$ bmJbm. ^maVr`m§À`m _mJUrH$S>o Xwb©j H$aUo gaH$mabm AeŠ`hmoD$ bmJbo. Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va {~«{Q>em§Zm ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`g§~§YrMm {dMma H$amdm bmJbm. Jm§YrOtÀ`m

ZoV¥ÎdmImbr 15 Am°JñQ> 1947 bm ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_imbo. 1920 Vo 1947 `m H$mbI§S>mVrb Jm§Yr wJmV

_hmË_m Jm§YrOtZr g§K{Q>V eŠVrÀ`m Omoamda gm_«mÁ`dmXr AgUmè`m {~«{Q>em§Zm AqhgmË_H$ à{VH$mamÀ`meŠVrÀ`m Omoamda ZV_ñVH$ ìhm`bm bmdbo. em§VVm_` Am{U AqhgH$ _mJm©Zo ñdmV§Í`àmßVr hmoD$ eH$Vo ho

_hmË_m Jm§YtZr XmIdyZ {Xbo. 1947 Vo 1948 `m XmoZ dfmªV _hmË_m Jm§YrOtZr qhXy-_wñbr_ EoŠ`mgmR>rAhmamoÌ n« ËZ Mmby R>odbo. AqhgH$ nÕVrZo Am wî`â bT>m XoUmè`m Jm§YrOtMm _¥Ë y _mÌ qhgoZo Pmbm. 30

OmZodmar 1948 amoOr EH$m qhXwËddmXr ZWwam_ JmoS>go `m _mWo{\$ê$Zo Ë`m§À`mda Jmoù`m PmSy>Z Ë`m§Mr hË`m Ho$br

Am{U `m _hmËå`mMr àmUÁ`moV _mb{dbr.

_hmË_m Jm§Yrda nS>bobm à^md :

EImXr ì`ŠVr KS>Ê`m_Ü o ~amMgm dmQ>m hm Ë`mÀ`mda H$moUË`m KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nS>Vmo `mda AgVmo.

_hmË_m Jm§Yrda à^md nS>Umao gd© KQ>H$ Cƒ Z¡{VH$ A{Yð>mZ {Z_m©U H$aUmao hmoVo. Ë`m_wio B©ídamda lÕm, B©ídaåhUOoM gË`, Aqhgm, ào_, gX² mdZm, l_, à{Vð>m, _mZdY_© BË`mXr JwUm§Mr dmT> hmoD$Z OJmbm {Xem XoUmam

EH$ _hmË_m åhUyZ Jm§YrOtZm AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo. _hmË_m Jm§YrOrMr OS>UKS>U Ë`m§À`mda nS>boë`m{d{dY à^mdm§VyZ Pmbr Amho. _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m OrdZmda ^maVr` Am{U nmpíM_mË`m§Mm à^md nS>bm.

Jm§YrOtda Á`m KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nS>bm Vo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV -

1) Y_©J«§Wm§Mm à^md : JdX²JrVm, am_mÙ, _hm^maV Am{U ~m¡Õ Y_m©Vrb J«§W m§Mm à^md Jm§YrOtda

nS>bm hmoVm. Jm§YtÀ`m {dMmam§da gdm©{YH$ à^md qhXy Y_m©Vrb JdX²JrVm m J«§WmMm Amho. _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m_VmZwgma Ooìhm Ooìhm Vo _mZ{gH$ g§Kfm©V AgV Voìhm Voìhm Vo ^JdX²JrVoH$S>o diVmV. `mMm AW© Agm H$s,

5

^dX²JrVm Ë`m§À`mgmR>r EH$ àoaH$ eŠVr hmoVr. ^JdX²JrVoVyZ Ë`m§Zm H$_© moJ Am{U gmÜ` gmYZ {ddoH$ {_imbm.

^JdX²JrVoVrb AZmgŠV `moJmda Jm§YrOtZr Ym{_©H$ _mZdVmdmX C^mabobm Amho. Ë`mà_mUo Bemon{ZfX_Yrb

"gd© OJmMm {Z_m©Vm EH$ Amho. O¡Z Y_m©Vrb Aqhgm VgoM AqhgoMr {eH$dU Ë`m§Zm ~m`~b_YyZ {_imbr,~m¡Õ Y_m©Vrb ào_, H$éUm, _wñbr_ Am{U {¼íMZ Y_m©Vrb EHo$ídadmX Aem {d{dY Y_© Am{U Y_©J«§WmMm

Jm§Ytda à^md hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§da Am{U AmMmam§da {¼íMZ Y_m©Vrb "Zm°Z H$Ý\$m°{_©ñQ>' g§àXm`mMmM{deof à^md nS>bm hmoVm.

2) H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_ : _hmË_m Jm§YtOr ho EH$ AmXe©dmXr d AÜ`mË_dmXr Ago _hmZ

nwéf hmoVo. _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m OrdZmMr OS>UKS>U Ë`m§À`mda {d{dY nS>boë`m à^mdmVyZ Pmbr Amho. _hmË_m

Jm§YtÀ`m _Zmda ~mbnUr d¡îUd n§Wm§Mo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ g§ñH$ma Pmbo. ~mbd`mV d Cƒ{ejU KoV AgVmZm Ë`m§À`m_Zmda AZoH$ Mm§Jbo g§ñH$ma Pmbo. Ym{_©H$ J«§Wm§Mm Am{U {d{dY amOH$s` {dMmad§Vm§Mm Ë`m§À`m _Zmda à^md

nS>bm. Cƒ{ejUmgmR>r naXoer Joë`mda VoWo {WAm°gm°\$sH$b gmogm`Q>rMm n[aM` Pmbm Am{U `m gmogm`Q>rÀ`m{dMmam§Mm à^md Ë`m§À`mda nS>bm.

_hmË_m Jm§YrOtMm EH$ H$Å>a d¡îUd KamV OÝ_ Pmbm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio d¡îUd g§àXm`mMm Ë`m§À`mda à^md

nS>bm. `m g§àXm`mVrb Wmoa H$dr d g§Vm§Mm, ^ŠVr g§àXm`mMm à^md Jm§Ytda nS>bm. _hmË_m Jm§YtMr gË`mMr

Am{U Y_m©Mr ì`m»`m d¡îUd Y_m©Odi OmUmar hmoVr. _hmË_m Jm§YrOtMr AmB© d¡îUd g§àXm`mMr hmoVr. AmB©X²dmao^maVr` na§naoMo kmZ Jm§YrOtZr AmË_gmV Ho$bo. maVr` na§naoVrb amOm h[aíM§Ð, Yw«d, am_, àëhmX m§Mo AmXe©

Jm§YtÀ`m _Zmda éObobo hmoVo.

3) Zm. JmoIb|Mm à^md : Zm_Xma JmonmiH¥$îU JmoIbo ho Jm§YrOtMo amOH$s` Jwê$. amOH$maUmbmAÜ`mË_mMr OmoS> Am{U gmYZey{MVm, gZXera _mJmªMm Adb§~ `m ~m~tMm à^md _hmË_m Jm§Yrda nS>bm

hmoVm.

4) Om°Z apñH$ZMm à^md : Om°Z apñH$ZMm `m§À`m {dMmamer Ë`m§Mm OdiyZ n[aM` Pmbm. apñH$Z `m§Mo

'Unto This Last' ho nwñVH$ Jm§YtÀ`m dmMZmV Ambo. Ë`m§À`m OrdZmda, H$m`m©da d {dMmam§da `m J«§Wm§Mm \$ma_moR>m à^md nS>bm hmoVm Am{U `m nwñVH$mVrb {dMmam§Mr A§_b~OmdUr Ë`m§Zr Am wî`^a Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr `m

nwñVH$mMo JwOamVr ^mfoV AZwdmXZ H$ê$Z Ë`mMo Zmd "gdm}X`' ho R>odbo. `m nwñVH$mV Ë`m§Zr gdm}X`mMo {gÕm§V_m§S>bo. mV gdmªÀ`m H$ë`mUmV Amnbo H$ë`mU Amho. g_mOmV bhmZ-_moR>çm H$moUrhr ZgyZ gJù`m§Zm H$m_mMr

qH$_V gmaIrM Agbr nm{hOo. H$maU nmoQ>mnmÊ`mMm h¸$ gJù`m§Zm gmaImM AgVmo. gmYo, H$ï>H$è`m§Mo d

eoVH$è`m§Mo OrdZ hoM Iao OrdZ hmo . apñH$Z d Jm§Yr `m§À`m Z¡{VH$ d AÜ`mpË_H$ {dMmamV gmå` {XgyZ oVAgbo Var amOH$s` {dMma, amÁ`mMo ñdê$n d H$m © `m~Ôb Ë`m XmoKm§V _V oX hmoVo.

5) hoÝar S>o{dS> Wmoamo `m§Mm à^md : amOH$s` joÌmV Jm§YrOtÀ`m AghH$ma{df`H$ _Vm§da WmoamoÀ`m

{dMmam§Mm à^md nS>bm hmoVm. X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Vrb gË`mJ«hmÀ`m bT>çmda Wmoamo `m§À`m 'Duty of Civil

6

Disobedience' `m {Z~§YmÀ`m AmYmao emñÌr` AmYma àmßV Pmbo hmoVo.

6) {bAmo Q>m°bñQ>m` `m§Mm à^md : amOH$s` VÎdkmZmÀ`m g§X^m©V Wmoamo apñH$Z `m§À`mnojm Q>m°bñQ>m°

`m§Mm d Jm§Yrda A{YH$ Imob à^md nS>bobm AmT>iVmo. Amnë`m Am wî`mVrb ~è`mM Jmoï>tMo lo Jm§YrOr

Q>m°bñQ>m° bm XoVmV. Wmoamo m {dMmad§VmÀ`m 'The Kingdom of God is within you' Am{U 'What To Do' mJ«§Wm§Mm n[aUm_ Jm§YrOtÀ`m _Zmda Imobda q~~bm Jobm. Q>m°bñQ>m° À`m m J«§Wm_Yrb "B©ídamMo gm_«mÁ` Vw_À`mV

Amho.' `m g§Xoem_wio Jm§YrOr ^mamdyZ Jobo. Q>m°bñQ>m° À`m _VmZwgma Ë`m§À`m boIZmMr Or Zm{`H$m Amho d Or{ZVm§V gw§Xa AgyZ Ë`mMo {OÀ`mda ào_ Amho {VMo Zmd "gË`' ho Amho. Jm§YrOtZr Amnë`m VÎdkmZmV Q>m°bñQ>m°

`m§MmM "Xme©{ZH$ AamÁ`dmX' CVa{dbm hmoVm. wamonr` d nmpíM_mË` gä`Voda àIa Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mV `m XmoZ

_hmËå`m§_Ü o H$_mbrMo gmYå © AmT>iVo. 30 _o 1910 amoOr Jm§YrOtZr "Q>m°bñQ>m° \$m_©'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$brhmoVr. g{dZ` à{VH$mamMo _mJ© d VÎdkmZ `m§À`m à`moJm§Mr Vr à`moJemim ìhmdr Aer Jm§YrOr Anojm hmoVr.

Ë`mZwgma Vr Pmbr. gË`, Aqhgm, g{dZ` H$m`Xo §J B. Jmoï>r Jm§YrOr Q>m°bñQ>m° nmgyZ {eH$bo. Q>m°bñQ>m° À`màoaUo_wio Ë`m§Mm Amnë`m H$m`m©V CËgmh dmT>bm Agbm Var Ë`m§Mr gË`mJ«h H$ënZm Q>m°bñQ>m° `m§À`m "g{dZ`

à{VH$ma' `m g§H$ënZonojm {Zamir Amho.

7) H$doH$g© d H$Ýâ w{e`gMm à^md : `m {dMmad§Vm§Mr N>mn Jm§YrÀ`m _Zmda, H¥$Vrda d {dMmamda

nS>bobr hmoVr. ^maVmVrb VËH$mbrZ n[apñWVr, XoemMo Xm[aÐç, nmaV§Í` `mMm n[aUm_hr Ë`m§À`m {dMmamVPmë`mdmMyZ am{hbobm Zmhr.

_hmË_m Jm§YrOtMo Oo amOH$s` OrdZH$m © KS>bo Ë`mV `m J«§WmÛmao d {dMmam§Ûmao Ë`m§À`m OrdZmMr d¡Mm[aH$

~¡R>H$ V`ma Pmbobr Amho. VgoM Ë`m§À`mda Xoer n[apñWVr, Xm[aÐç, nmaV§Í` `m§Mm n[aUm_hr Pmbm hmoVm._hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m OrdZmbm _hÎdmMo diU Xwgè`m naXoedmarV {_imbo. `m{R>H$mUr Q>m°bñQ>m° , apñH$Z Am{U

Wmoamo m§À`m {dMmagaUrer Ë`m§Mm OdiyZ n[aM` Pmbm. Ë`m§À`m OrdZmda, H$m`m©da d VÎdkmZmda m {VKm§À`m

{dMmam§Mm Imob R>gm C_Q>bm d Vmo nwT>o OÝ_^a {Q>H$bm.

_hmË_m Jm§YrOtMr J«§WaMZm :

_hmË_m Jm§YrOtZr Amnbo amOH$s`, Z¡{VH$ Am{U AmÜ`mpË_H$ VÎdkmZ "h[aOZ', " §J B§{S>`m' Am{U

"ZdOrdZ' `m d¥ÎmnÌm§VyZ Am{U {Z`VH$m{bH$m§VyZ ì`ŠV Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ _mZdVmdmXr hmoVm. Ë`m§ZrH$_© d qMVZ øm§Mm g_Ýd` gmYbm hmoVm.

qhX-ñdamÁ`, AmË_H$Wm, _mPo g_H$mbrZ, JrVm~moY, gdm}X`, ~«÷M ©, amï´>dmUr, _§Jbà^mV, J«m_godm,

ImXr, AmË_ewÕr, JrVmB©, Y_©ZrVr, Amamo½`mMr Jwê${H$„r, am_Zm_mMo _hÎd, gË`dramMr H$Wm, gË`mJ«h,

AZmgŠVr `moJ Am{U aMZmË_H$ H$m ©H«$_ BË`mXr à_wI J«§W Jm§YrOtZr {b{hbo AmhoV. ^JdX²JrVm, am_m`U,_hm^maV Am{U ~m¡Õ Y_© J«§Wm§Mm à^md Ë`m§À`mda nS>bm hmoVm. _hmË_m Jm§YrZr "~m`~b' m {¼ñVr Y_©J«§Wm_YyZ

AqhgH$ {dMmam§Mo {ejU KoVbo. "Xodm, Ë`m§Zm j_m H$a. H$maU Vo H$m_ H$aVmV. Ë`m§Mr Ë`m§Zm OmUrd Zmhr', ho

7

oey {¼ñVmMo dmŠ` Ë`m§À`m _Zmda q~~bo hmoVo.

Jm§YrOtZr Amnbo {dMma {Za{Zamù`m doir n[apñWVrà_mUo ì`ŠV Ho$bo AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr Amnbo {dMma

g§H${bV H$ê$Z H$moUË`mM dmXmbm OÝ_ {Xbm Zmhr. Jm§YrdmX åhUyZ H$moUVmhr {gÕm§V _m§S>bm Zmhr. gË`

Am{U Aqhgm m§Mr Á`moV gVV VodV amhmdr EdT>oM Ë`m§Mo åhUUo hmoVo. Amnë`m "gË`mÀ`m à`moJ' m AmË_H$WoVË`m§Zr Jm§YrdmX åhUyZ Amnë`m {dMmam§Mm C„oI Ho$bm Zmhr. Amnë`m {dMmam§Zm Ë`m§Zr H$YrM nyU© _mZbo Zmhr.

nÅ>m^r {gVmam_æ`m `m§À`m _Vo, "Jm§YrdmX åhUOo EImXm {gÕm§V Zìho qH$dm _Vm§Mm d {Z`_m§Mm g_yh Zìho VaOrdZmMm Vmo EH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Amho. OrdZmMr EH$ e¡br Amho. _Zwî`mÀ`m OrdZmVrb g_ñ`m§Mo {ZamH$aU H$aUmar

Vr EH$ nÕVr Amho.' åhUOoM Jm§YrdmX hr EH$ OrdZàUmbr Amho. kmZ, H$_© Am{U ^ŠVr `m JwUm§Zr wŠV Ago

_hmË_m Jm§Yr EH$ H$_© moJr hmoVo. A_o[aHo$V Om°Z hoÝg hmoë_g² m§Zr Jm§YrOr åhUOo oey {¼ñVmZ§VaMo "loð>' _mZdAgo Jm¡admoX²Jma H$mT>bo hmoVo. `mdê$Z Jm§YrOtÀ`m loð>ËdmMr à{MVr oVo. _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m gË`mJ«h, Aqhgm,

An[aJ«h, gmYZgw{MVm, {dídñV H$ënZm Am{U AamÁ`dmX `m {dMmam§Zm Jm§YrOtMo VÎdkmZ åhUyZ g§~mo{YboOmVo.

1.2.1 _hmË_m Jm§Yr-gË`, Aqhgm Am{U gË`mJ«h :

_hmË_m Jm§YtMo gË`{df`H$ {dMma :

_hmË_m Jm§Yr doXm§V VÎdkmZmMo nwañH$V} hmoVo. JrVoMm Imobda Agm à^md Ë`m§À`mda nS>bm hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr

doXm§V Am{U JrVoMm ñdV:À`m AZw dmÀ`m AmYmao AÝd`mW© bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. gVVÀ`m ~XbË`m wJmVemídV gË` emoYÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AÛ¡ËdmMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm. gË`, Xod Am{U ~«÷ `m§Zm EH$mM gmÀ`mV ~gdbo d

`m {VÝhr Jmoï>r EH$M AmhoV Ago _mZbo. _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, "gË`' `m eãXmMm _yi AW© "gV' åhUOoMApñVËd Ago Amho. ApñVËd ho gË`m{edm` {Q>Hy$ eH$V Zmhr, åhUyZ B©ída ho gË` Amho Am{U gË` åhUOoM

B©ída Amho. ^maVr` VÎdkmZmV gË`, kmZ Am{U AmXa åhUOoM Xod _mZbm OmVmo.

Jm§Yrà{UV gË`mMo àH$ma :

(A) gmnoj gË` : _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m _VmZwgma {d{eï> n[apñWVrV EImXr Jmoï> gË` Amho Ago dmQ>Uo

Ë`mbm gmnoj gË` Ago åhUVmV na§Vw àË`jmV _mÌ Ago gË` AgV Zmhr. AWm©V àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm EImÚm

n[apñWVrV gË`mMr H$ënZm ~Xby eH$Vo. Aem àH$maMo gË` ho nyU© ZgVo. na§Vw Vmo {Zanoj gË`mH$S>o OmÊ`mMm_mJ© AgVmo. Vmo gË`emoYÊ`mMm EH$ A`eñdr à`ËZ AgVmo. CXm. ì`ŠVrÀ`m gwI d Xw:ImMr H$ënZm gmnoj

ñdê$nmMr AgVo.

(~) {Zanoj gË` : _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m _Vo, gmnoj gË`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo OJUmam _Zwî` {Zanoj gË`mH$S>o

OmVmo. {Zanoj gË` åhUOo gV², {MV² Am{U AmZ§X `m§Mm gw§Xa {_bm\$ d g_Ýd` hmo . {Zanoj gË` åhUOoMB©ída hmo . ho gË` gdm©V loð> AgVo Ago Jm§YrOr åhUVmV. gmnoj gË`mMm _mJ© ñdrH$maUmar ì`ŠVrM {Zanoj

gË`mH$S>o nmohMVo. _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m _Vo- gË`, Aqhgm, AñVo , An[aJ«h d ~«÷M © `m nmM OrdZ VÎdm§Mm

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_mJ© ñdrH$maUmè`m ì`ŠVrg "AmË_kmZ' àmßV hmoVo. åhUOo {Zanoj gË` JdgUo hmo . CXm. oey {¼ñV, gm°H«o${Q>g

`m§Zm AmË_~{bXmZmZo {Zanoj gË` gmnS>bo hmoVo.

_hmË_m Jm§YtMo Aqhgm{df`H$ {dMma :

_hmË_m Jm§YrOtMr Aqhgm hr g§H$ënZm Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§da AmYm[aV Amho. Aqhgobm Vo gd©loð> ~i _mZVhmoVo. Aqhgobm _mUgmVrb B©ídar ~i _mZV hmoVo. _mUyg AqhgmdmXr ~ZÊ`mgmR>r {dZ_« Agbm nm{hOo. Ah§ md,

Ah§_Ý`Vm Agob Va Aqhgm eŠ` ZgVo. AqhgoMm {gÕm§V {~ZMyH$ Amho Aer _hmË_m Jm§YtMr g_OyV homVr.AqhgoMm A§{JH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZîH$b§H$ Mm[aÍ` Am{U gË` {Z © Vm JwU Amdí`H$ AmhoV Ago Jm§Yr åhUV

hmoVo.

_hmË_m Jm§YtZm Aqhgm åhUOo qhgoMm A^md Agm AW© A{^àoV ZìhVm. _ZmMr qhgm, ÛofmMr ^mdZm,

~m¡{ÕH$ qH$dm Z¡{VH$ J¡adV©Z åhUOo qhgmM Ago Jm§Yr _mZV hmoVo. Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo - gË` d Aqhgm _Zwî` OrdZmVAmZ§X, ào_, gmpËdH$Vm AmUVmV. Aqhgm Z¡{VH$ H$ënZm Amho.

Aqhgm ho _mZdr _wŠVrMo gmYZ Amho Ago Jm§YrOr _mZV hmoVo. gË` d Aqhgm øm EH$_oH$m§À`m nañnanyaH$

AgyZ Ë`m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV. Jm§YrOtZr gË`m~amo~a Aqhgm m VÎdmbm _hÎd {Xbo. gË` Am{UAqhgm _mZdr AmËå`mÀ`m XmoZ eŠVr AmhoV. gË` gmÜ` Am{U Aqhgm gmYZ Amho Ago Jm§YrOr _mZV hmoVo.

åhUOo AqhgoÀ`m _mJm©Zo gË`mn ªV OmVm oVo Ago Jm§YrOr _mZV.

AqhgoMr ì`m»`m H$aVmZm Jm§Yr åhUVmV H$s, R>ma _maUo d BOm H$aUo hr qhgm Amho. VgoM EImÚm

ì`ŠVr~Ôb _ZmVgwÕm Xwï>~wï>r, nmn^mdZm ~miJUo qhgmM Amho. h[aOZ `m gmßVm{hH$m_Ü o Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobrAqhgoMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo Amho. ""n¥Ïdrdarb _Zwî`, dñVy d àmUr_mÌm§Zm eãXmZo, {dMmamZo dm H¥$Ë`mZo

hmoUmar XwImnV Q>miUo åhUOo Aqhgm hmo .''

AqhgoMo àH$ma :

1) {ZfoYmË_H$ Aqhgm : _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m _Vo, ì`ŠVrZo ì`ŠVtZm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo H$ï> d Xw:I

XoD$ Z o. ì`ŠVrZo Amnbo H$m ©, H¥$Vr d eãXmÛmao Xwgè`mbm Ìmg hmoB©b Ago dmJy Z o. Xwgè`mbm Ìmg hmoD$ Z XoUo,

Xwgè`mMr hË`m Z H$aUo åhUOoM {ZfoYmË_H$ Aqhgm hmo .

2) {dYm`H$ Aqhgm : Xwgè`m§da ào_ H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m gwImgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo `mbm {dYm`H$ AqhgmåhUVmV. ñdV: Ìmg gmogyZ ì`ŠVr Xwgè`mÀ`m gwImgmR>r à`ËZ H$aVo Voìhm Ë`mg Aqhgm åhUVmV. Xw~©b ì`ŠVtZm

H$moUr Ìmg XoV Agob Va Ë`mdoir Ë`m§À`m _XVrbm YmdyZ OmUo hr Iar {dYm`H$ Aqhgm hmo .

3) {Zanoj Aqhgm : {Zanoj Aqhgm hr gË`mH$S>o OmÊ`mMm _mJ© Amho. _hmZ ì`ŠVrMr Aqhgm hr

{Zanoj Aqhgm AgVo. Y_m©À`m nmbZnmofUmVyZ {Zanoj AqhgoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ B©ídamH$S>o OmVm oVo Ago, Jm§YrOråhUV hmoVo.

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_hmË_m Jm§YrOtZr {Zanoj AqhgoMo nwT>rb VrZ àH$ma g§m{JVbo AmhoV -

(A) eya nwéfm§Mr Aqhgm - _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m _Vo, _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m àË oH$ joÌmV eyam§Mr Aqhgm

AmT>iVo. Z¡{VH$Vm d AmË_{dídmg `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo ì`ŠVr Ooìhm AqhgoMm _mJ© AO_mdVo Voìhm {Vbm eya

nwéfm§Mr Aqhgm Ago åhUVmV. `m AqhgoV dra nwéf g_mOmVrb H$moUVrhr Jmoï> ghO H$ê$ eH$Vmo. hr Aqhgmdra nwéfm§Mo yfU AgVo. Jm§YrOtZr `m AqhgoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm hmoVm.

(~) Xw~©bm§Mr Aqhgm - Xw~©b Am{U AJ{VH$ bmoH$ Xw~©bm§Mr Aqhgm ñdrH$maVmV. {d{eï> n[apñWVrV

ì`ŠVr hr Aqhgm ñdrH$maVmV. na§Vw Vr H$m`_ am{hb H$m Zmhr Vo gm§JVm oV Zmhr. Xw~©bm§Mr Aqhgm dra

nwéem§À`m A{h§gonojm H$_r à{VMr AgVo. _Zwî` Amnë`m Xw~©bVo_wio hr Aqhgm _mÝ` H$aVmo. Z¡{VH$Vm, gË` dgmhg `m Jmoï>tMm A^md Agë`m_wio hr Aqhgm à^mdembr ZgVo.

(H$) {^Í`m bmoH$m§Mr Aqhgm - _hmË_m Jm§Yr åhUVmV, {^Í`m bmoH$m§À`m Odi Aqhgm ZgVo. ^rVr

d Aqhgm `m XmoZ Jmoï>r EH$m {R>H$mUr amhÿ eH$V ZmhrV. Jm§YrOtZr `m A{h§gobm {damoY Ho$bm.

_hmË_m Jm§YtZr darbà_mUo AqhgoMo àH$ma gm§JyZ Ë`mVrb eya nwéfmMr Aqhgm gd©loð> _mZbr. AqhgoÀ`m

{dMmamZo Jm§YrOrZr Imbrbà_mUo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo Amho.

1) _hmË_m Jm§Yr Aqhgobm AmpË_H$eŠVr Ago åhUVmV. nmedr eŠVrMm à{VH$ma H$aUo ho H$m_ Aqhgodagmon{dVmV.

2) Aqhgm em¡ m©Mr MaU{g_m Amho. Á`m ì`ŠVrbm AqhgoMm Adb§~ H$am`bm AgVmo Ë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m{R>H$mUr gÎmoMr hmd, Ah§H$ma, K_|S> d Am¡Xm © Zgmdo. Z_«VoZo AqhgoMm _mJ© dmnaVm oVmo.

3) AqhgoMm _mJ© ñdrH$maVmZm nyd©V`mar H$amdr bmJVo Vr Imbrbà_mUo Amho.

A) XoemVrb Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU ì`dpñWV H$aUo.

~) aMZmË_H$ _mJmªMm dmna H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y gwYmaUo.

H$) Y¡ ©, ghZ{ebVm, gmo{eH$Vm `m JwUm§Mr OmonmgUm H$aUo.

4) em§VVm d gwì`dñWm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r àË oH$ Xoem§Zm AqhgoMm dmna H$aVm oB©b.

5) _hmË_m Jm§YtZr XoemnwT>o EH$ AË §V Cƒ d CXmÎm AmXe© R>oD$Z OJmnwT>o AqhgoMm AmXe© _mJ© R>odbm

Amho.

6) g¡Õm§{VH$ nmVirda Aqhgm hoM gd©loð> AñÌ Agbo Var àË oH$mbmM Vo nobob `m§Mr emídVr XoVm oV

Zmhr m§Mr H$ënZm Jm§YrOtZm hmoVr. {ZîH$b§H$ Mm[aÍ`, gË`, {Z © VmXr JwU, gmYonUm, godm^md ho JwU AmË_gmVHo$ë`m{edm` AqhgoMm g_W©nUo dmna H$aVm oV Zmhr, Ago Vo åhUVmV.

gË`mJ«h :

gË`mJ«hmÀ`m ê$nmV Jm§YtZr gm_y{hH$ bT>çmMo V§Ì OJmbm {Xbo. B§J«Om§Zm Ë`m§Mo aŠVmZo _mIbobo hmV

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ñdÀN> Ywdm`bm gm§JÊ`mnojm AmnU Amnbo H$b§{H$V hmV ñdÀN> Ho$bo nm{hOoV, hr OmUrd Jm§Yr {dMmam§Mo

àoaUmòmoV hmoVr.

Jm§YtZr maVr` ñdmV§Í` {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Aqhgm d gË`mJ«h _mJm©Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm. A_o[aH$Z ñdmV§Í wÕ,

\«|$M H«$m§Vr d 1917 Mr a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§Vr `m gd© KQ>Zm qhgmË_H$ hmoË`m. na§Vw Jm§Yrà{UV ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`bT>m AqhgmË_H$ hmoVm. X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Vrb qhXr bmoH$m§À`m bT>çmbm H$m` Zm§d Úm`Mo `m {dMmamVyZ Ë`m§Zm

gË`mJ«h eãX gmnS>bm. "B§{S>`Z Amonr{Z`ZÀ`m' dmMH$m§gmR>r bT>m `m eãXmbm ñdV§Ì eãX gyM{dÊ`mgmR>rñnYm© R>odbr hmoVr. Ë`m ñnY}VyZ "gV² AmJ«h' m§Mr g§Yr H$ê$Z "gXmJ«h' hm eãX V`ma Pmbm. Ë`mVyZM "gË`mJ«h'

hm eãX V`ma Pmbm.

g{dZ` à{VH$mamnojm gË`mJ«h hr g§km Jm§YtZm A{YH$ Cn wŠV dmQ>V hmoVr. à{VH$ma ÛofmË_H$ AgÊ`mMr

eŠ`Vm AgVo. n[apñWVrVyZ à{VH$ma qhgH$ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. na§Vw gË`mJ«hmV Aqhgm AgVo. Jm§YrÀ`m _Vo -gË`mJ«h åhUOo gË`nam`U hmo . åhUOoM gË`mbm {MH$Qy>Z amhUo. gË`mJ«h åhUOo gË`mMo ~i AgVo, AmË_~i

AgVo. Jm§YrOr gË`mJ«hmbm ào_mMo gm_Ï © åhUVmV. H$maU gË`mJ«hr MyH$ H$aUmè`mbm gwYmê$ eH$VmV. gË`mJ«hrAqhgH$ d {Z © AgVmo.

Jm§YrOtÀ`m _Vo, J°{b{bAmo d H$mob§~g ho Wmoa gË`mJ«hr hmoVo. Oo eŠVr Am{U gŠVrÀ`m Omoamda {_i{dboOmVo Vo eŠVr Am{U gŠVrÀ`m Omoamda {Q>H$dbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio gË`mJ«h emídV Am{U {Mam y _mJ© Amho. gË`

Am{U AqhgoÀ`m {_lUmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobo gm_Ï © Amho.

gË`mJ«h d {Z:eñÌ à{VH$ma :

_hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, gË`mJ«h Am{U {Z:eñÌ à{VH$ma `m XmoZ g§H$ënZm_Ü o \$aH$ Amho. Ë`m§Zr {Z:eñÌ

n«{VH$ma hm eãXà`moJ X{jU Am{\«$Ho$_Ü o dmnabm hmoVm; na§Vw Ë`m§À`m ho naV bjmV Ambo {Z:eñÌ à{VH$mam_YyZgË`mJ«hmMm nyU© AW© ì`ŠV hmoV Zmhr. {Z:eñÌ à{VH$ma hm eãX _`m©{XV d g§Hw${MV eãX Amho. Ë`mZ§Va

{Z:eñÌ à{VH$mamEodOr gË`mJ«h hm eãX dmnabm Amho. _hmË_m Jm§YtZr {Z:eñÌ à{VH$ma d gË`mJ«h `m_Yrb

\$aH$ Imbrbà_mUo ñnï> Ho$bm Amho.

1) {Z:eñÌ à{VH$ma hr g§H$ënZm g§Hw${MV Amho. {VMm dmna _`m©{XV joÌm_Ü o Ho$bm OmVmo. `mCbQ>gË`mJ«h hr ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. gË`mJ«hmMm dmna amOH$s` d _mZdr OrdZmVrb H$moUË`mhr joÌmVrb

g_ñ`m gmoS>{dVm oVmV.

2) {Z:eñÌ à{VH$ma {ZamYma, Agwa{jV d Xw~©b bmoH$m§Mo à{VH$ma eñÌ Amho. Va gË`mJ«h g~b d

gm_Ï ©dmZ bmoH$m§Mo eñÌ Amho. Y¡ ©dmZ bmoH$ gË`mJ«hmMm dmna H$aVmV.

3) {Z:eñÌ à{VH$mam_Ü o emar[aH$ eŠVr d qhgm `m§Mm dmna H$aVmV. `mCbQ> gË`mJ«hm_Ü o qhgobm demar[aH$ eŠVrbm ñWmZ ZgVo.

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4) {Z:eñÌ à{VH$mam_Ü o {^VrMr ^mdZm AgVo `mCbQ> gË`mJ«hm_Ü o {Z © Vobm ñWmZ AgVo.

5) {Z:eñÌ à{VH$mam_Üò X~md V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo Va gË`mJ«hmV X~md V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmV

Zmhr.

6) {Z:eñÌ à{VH$mamMm a AS>Wio AmUÊ`mV AgVmo Va gË`mJ«hm_Ü o {damoYH$m§_Ü o n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r

_Z di{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo.

7) {Z:eñÌ à{VH$mam_Üò H$m`Úm{df`r AmXa ~miJbm OmV Zmhr. Va gË`mJ«hm_Üò H$m`Úm~m~VAmXa ~miJbm OmVmo.

8) {Z:eñÌ n«{VH$mam_Ü o H$mhr doimg geñÌ bT>çmMr V`mar Ho$br OmVo na§Vw gË`mJ«hm_Ü o geñÌbT>çmMm dmna Ho$bm OmV Zmhr.

gË`mJ«hmMr nmÌVm :

1) gË`mJ«hrMr B©ídamda AT>i lÕm Agm`bm hdr.

2) gË`mJ«hrbm g§nÎmr d à{gÕr `m§Mr BÀN>m dm A{^bmfm Agy Z o.

3) gË`mJ«hrMo Amamo½` CÎm_ Agmdo. ~«÷M © Y_m©Mo nmbZ H$amdo.

4) gË`mJ«hrbm H$emMrhr {^Vr Zgmdr.

5) gË`mJ«hr Ü o {Zð> Agmdm.

6) gË`mJ«hr ñdmWm©gmR>r gË`mJ«hmMm _mJ© Adb§~Umam Zgmdm.

7) {damoYH$m~Ôb ào_ Am{U AmXamMr ^mdZm gË`mJ«hrH$S>o Agbr nm{hOo.

8) Ûof, H«$moY d K¥Um `m ^mdZm§À`m Amhmar OmD$Z Vmo Amnë`m _mJm©nmgyZ Xya OmUmam Zgmdm.

gË`mJ«hmMo _mJ© :

1) AghH$ma : gZ 1920-21 _Ü o _hmË_m Jm§YtZr AghH$ma Midi gwê$ Ho$br. {~«{Qe gaH$ma^maVr` bmoH$m§da AË`mMma H$ê$ bmJbo, Ë`m§Mr {nidUyH$ H$ê$ bmJbo. _hmË_m Jm§Yr åhUV, bmoH$ ghH$m ©

H$aVmV åhUyZ {~«{Q>e gaH$ma emofU d AË`mMma H$aV Amho. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr AghH$ma Midi gwê$ Ho$br. gßQ>|~a1930 _Yrb H$bH$Îmm H$m±J«ogÀ`m A{YdoeZmV Jm§YrZr {damoY AgVmZmhr AghH$ma MidirMm R>amd nmg

H$ê$Z KoVbm. nwT>o {S>g|~a _Yrb ZmJnyaÀ`m Zoh_rÀ`m A{YdoeZmV AghH$ma MidirMm R>amd nmg H$ê$ZKoVbm. `m R>amdmV Imbrb Jmoï>r g_m{dï> hmoË`m -

1) {H$Vm~, gÝ_mZ nXì`m§Mm Ë`mJ H$aUo.

2) gaH$mar CËgd, H$m ©H«$_ `mda ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$Uo.

3) gaH$mar emim§VyZ _wbo H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo.

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4) Ý`m`mb`mda ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$Uo.

5) ^maVr` g¡{ZH$m§Zr H$m_mda ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$Uo.

6) H$m`Xo_§S>imda ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$Uo.

7) {dXoer dñVy§da ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$Uo.

2) g{dZ` H$m`Xo §J : Jm§YtZr gZ 1930-31 _Ü o g{dZ` H$m`Xo §J Midi gwê$ Ho$br. amÁ`H$Ë`mªZramÁ`H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r AÝ`m`r H$m`Xo Ho$bo AgVrb Va bmoH$m§Zr ho AÝ`m`r H$m`Xo nmiy Zò. g{dZ`

H$m`Xo §JmMr Midi AqhgH$ _mJm©ZoM H$amdr, Ago Jm§YrOr åhUV AgV. Ë`mgmR>r gË`mJ«hmMr {ejm moJÊ`mMr

V`mar R>odbr nm{hOo. gm°H«o${Q>g d Wmoamo `m {dMmad§Vm§À`m {dMmamVyZ Jm§YrOtZm g{dZ` H$m`Xo §JmMr H$ënZmgwMbr. 1930 _Ü o Jm§YrOtZr {_R>mMm gË`mJ«h H$ê$Z g{dZ` H$m`Xo §J Midirbm gwédmV Ho$br. Xm§S>r`mÌm

hr {_R>mMm gË`mJ«h åhUyZhr AmoiIbr OmVo. ñdmV§Í` MidirMo n{hbo nmD$b åhUyZ Xm§S>r`mÌoH$S>o ~{KVboOmVo. Oo H$m`Xo AÝ`m`r AmhoV Ë`m§Mm H$m`Xo §J H$am`Mm Am{U Oo AÝ`m`r ZmhrV Vo nmim`Mo Aer y{_H$m

KoVbr. g{dZ` `m eãXmMm AW© Oo H$m`Xo AÝ`m`r AmhoV Vo OZVoZo nmiy Z oV. g{dZ` H$m`Xo §J H$aVmZm

{dZèrbVm Agmdr. g_mOmMr hmZr hmoD$ Úm`Mr Zmhr. g{dZ` H$m`Xo §J H$aVmZm gaH$maH$Sy>Z AË`mMmaHo$bo Va Vo ghZ H$am`Mr V`ma Agbr nm{hOo. 7 E{àb 1934 amoOr _hmË_m Jm§YtZr g{dZ` H$m`Xo §JmMr

Midi _mJo KoVbr.

3) haVmi : bmoH$m§À`m d gaH$maÀ`m {ZXe©Zmg EImXr Jmoï> AmUÊ`mgmR>r haVmimMm dmna H$amdm.haVmi EopÀN>H$ Agmdm Ago Jm§YrOr åhUV AgV. haVmim_Ü o ì`mnma ì`dgm` ~§X R>odbo OmVmV. haVmi

X~mdmZo qH$dm gŠVrZo Zgmdm. öX`n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r haVmimMm dmna H$amdm.

4) {hOaV (XoeË`mJ) : Ooìhm EImÚm ^mJmV OZVoda H$m`_ AË`mMma hmoV AgVrb Am{U AqhgH$

_mJm©Zo à{VH$ma H$aVm oV Zgob Va Ë`mdoir Vmo àXoe / ^mJ gmoSy>Z Xwgè`m àXoemV Omdo. gZ 1928 Vo 1939`m H$mbmdYrV _hmË_m Jm§YrOtZr qb~S>r, ~mS>m}br, {dÇ>bJS> Am{U OwZmJS> oWrb bmoH$m§Zm Agm g„m {Xbm

hmoVm. Ë`mMà_mUo Om§~wga d dmoagmS> `m JmdmV {hOaV gË`mJ«h Ho$bm hmoVm.

5) CnmofU : gË`mJ«hmMo CnmofU ho EH$ à^mdr gmYZ Amho. CnmofU gmYZmMm dmna `mo½`doir H$amdm.

CnmofU gmYZmMm dmna H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§Jr AmË_~b d g§ _ Agmdm. CnmofU gmYZ à^mdr Am{Uà^mdr Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm Xwén`moJ hmoD$ Zò `m§Mr H$miOr ¿`mdr. CnmofU gmYZmMm dmna H$aUo AdKS>

AgVo. gaH$mabm A`mo½` H$m_mnmgyZ namd¥Îm H$aÊ`mgmR>r CnmofUmMm dmna H$amdm, Ago Jm§Yr åhUV. _hmË_mJm§YrOtZr 1933 _Ü o h[aOZm§Mr godm H$aÊ`mgmR>r 21 {Xdg AmË_ewÕr CnmofU Ho$bo hmoVo. 1947 gmbr

qhXy-_wñbr_ EoŠ`mgmR>r CnmofUmMm dmna Ho$bm hmoVm.

6) ~{hîH$ma : _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m _Vo, gË`mJ«hmMo à_wI gmYZ åhUOo ~{hîH$ma hmo . gm_m{OH$

Am{U amOH$s` joÌm§V ~{hîH$mamMm dmna H$aVm oVmo. ^maVmVrb bmoH$m§Zr naXoer _mbmda nyU©nUo ~{hîH$ma

13

Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm. gaH$mar H$Moè`m, emim d Ý`m`mb o `mda ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$Vm oVmo Ago Vo åhUV.

7) YaUo : Jm§YrOtÀ`m _Vo - YaUo hm gË`mJ«hmMm _mJ© Amho. Ë`m§Mm dmna H$miOrnyd©H$ d O~m~XmarZo

ñdrH$mamdm bmJVmo. g_mOmVrb EImÚm AÝ`m`r, AË`mMmar ì`ŠVrbm bmoH$m§À`m qZXoÛmao b{‚mV H$aUo åhUOo

YaUo hmo . qhgmË_H$ _mJm©Mm Adb§~ Z H$aVm YaUo YaUo gË`mJ«hmMm à`moJ Amho.

8) {ZamoYZ : {ZamoYZ åhUOo à{V~§Y H$aUo hmo . AÝ`m`, AË`mMma hmoVmo Ë`mÀ`m{déÕ {ZamoYmMm _mJ©dmnamdm d Ë`mbm Ë`m H¥$Ë`m§Mr OmUrd H$ê$Z Úmdr. {dXoer dñVyda ~{hîH$ma d Xmê$~§Xr mgmR>r _hmË_m Jm§YtZr

{ZamoYZmMm dmna Ho$bm hmoVm.

darbà_mUo _hmË_m Jm§YrOtZr gË`mJ«hmMo doJdoJio _mJ© gm§JyZ Ë`m§Zm Ë`m _mJmªMm dmna Ho$bm hmoVm.

ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 1 :

nwT>rb àíZmMr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) _hmË_m Jm§YtZr gË`mMo H$moUVo àH$ma gm§{JVbo?

2) _hmË_m Jm§YtZr AqhgoMo H$moUVo àH$ma gm§{JVbo?

3) _hmË_m Jm§Ytda H$moUË`m {dMmam§Mm à^md nS>bm hmoVm?

1.2.2 _hmË_m Jm§YtMo amÁ`{df`H$ {dMma :

_hmË_m Jm§Yr ho EH$ doJim Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñdrH$mê$Z B{VhmgmMm Aä`mg H$aUmao {dMmad§V hmoVo. ñdamÁ` damÁ`g§ñWm `m XmoÝhr ~m~VrV _hmË_m Jm§YtZr _ybJm_r {dMma _m§S>bobm hmoVm. 1909 _Ü o _hmË_m Jm§YtZr "qhXy

ñdamÁ`' ZmdmMm J«§W {b{hbm. `m_Ü o Ë`m§Zr Amnbo _ybJm_r {dMma _m§S>bo. Ë`m_wio Jm§YtÀ`m dmL²>_`mV hm{dMma ~hþM{M©V R>abm Amho. 1909 _Ü o JwOamVr ^mfoV 'India Home rule' J«§W {b{hbm. ^maVr`m§Zm H$em

àH$mao ñdamÁ` hdo Amho `mMr Ë`m§Zr _r_m§gm Ho$br. BWo _hmË_m Jm§YtZr ñdamÁ`mMm n`m© r _mJ© _m§S>bm. qhXyñdamÁ`mMo Mma ^mJmV Ë`m§Zr Imbrbà_mUo {d^mOZ Ho$bo.

1) ñdamÁ`m~ÔbMo {dMma

2) Jm§YtMr AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrMr {M{H$Ëgm

3) n`m© r g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mO _m§S>Ur

4) ñdamÁ` åhUOo H$m`? `mMo g{dñVa {díbofU Ë`m§Zr Imbrbà_mUo Ho$bo Amho.

1) ñdamÁ`m~ÔbMo {dMma :

qhXy ñdamÁ`mÀ`m n{hë`m ^mJmV Jm§YtZr ^maVmV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m amOH$s` MiditMr MMm© Ho$br.Ë`m§À`m _Vo maVr` Midir ñdamÁ`mMr _mJUr H$aV AmhoV. Ë`mVrb n{hbr Midi _dmim§Mr hmoVr. Jm§YtÀ`m

_Vo, XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr d BVa _dmim§Zr ñdamÁ`mMo ñdßZ XmIdbo. hr Ë`m§Mr _moR>r H$m_{Jar Amho. Ë`mÀ`m Z§Va

Ohmb_VdmÚm§Zr ñdamÁ`mMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. Ë`mM~amo~a qhgH$ H«$m§VrMm _mJ© OnUmao geñÌ H«$m§{VH$maH$ oVmV.

14

_hmË_mOtÀ`m _Vo, m gdmªZr ñdamÁ`mMr H$ënZm _yimnmgyZ bjmV KoVbr ZgyZ ñdamÁ`mMr H$ënZm à{VH$mË_H$

Amho. ^maVmda B§J«Om§Mo amÁ` d `m amÁ`mZo Ho$bobo ^maVr`m§Mo ZwH$gmZ B. _wio ho amÁ` AÝ`m`H$maH$ Amho, ho

Ë`m§Zr ^maVmVrb H$mnS> CÚmoJ, eoVr B. Mo ZwH$gmZ Ho$bo. hr amOdQ> B§J«Om§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$br åhUÊ`mnojm AmåhrË`mV _XV Ho$br. Amåhr Ë`m§Zm _XV Ho$ë`m_wio B§J«Om§nojm Amåhr OmñV AnamYr AmhmoV. Ë`m_wio Am_MoM

ZwH$gmZ Pmbo. Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, Ohmb d geñÌ H«$m§{VH$maH$m§Zm XoemV amOH$s` ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUmd`mMm Amho.hm ~Xb _ybJm_r ~Xb Amho. Ë`m§Zm ñdV: gÎmoda ~gm`Mo Amho. B§J«Om§À`m g§ñWm H$mù`m§À`m hmVr Amë`mZ§Va

Vo H$ë`mUH$mar H$m © H$aVrb H$m`? \$aH$ \$ŠV EdT>mM H$s Jmoè`m§À`mEodOr H$mio amÁ`H$V} oVrb. emofUmgmR>r{Z_m©U Ho$boë`m g§ñWm H$mù`m A{YH$mè`m§À`m nwT>mH$mamImbr emofU H$aVrb. H$maU Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n emofUmË_H$

Amho. Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, `m g§ñWm B§J«Om§à_mUoM ZH$mo AmhoV. H$maU Ë`m_wio _ybJm_r ~Xb hmoUma ZmhrV. geñÌ

H«$m§{VH$maH$ d Ohmbm§Zm \$ŠV B§J«O ZH$mo AmhoV. _hmË_m Jm§Yr oWo _°{PZrMo A{^àoV ñdmV§Í` bmoH$emhr ZñWmnÊ`mMo CXmhaU XoVmV. Am°ñQ´>o{b`mÀ`m OmJr BQ>brMo g§ñWm{ZH$ d A{YH$mè`mMo amÁ` Ambo d _°{PZr

{ZameoZo _aU nmdbm. g§ñWmZmMr amOdQ> ñdamÁ`mMr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, maV ñdV§Ì hmoD$Zg§ñWm{ZH$m§À`m hmVmV Jobm Va Vmo B§J«Om§à_mUo Xoer g§ñWm{ZH$m{déÕ bT>oZ. ñdamÁ`mMm AW© hm Imob Amho.

Amnë`m bmoH$m§Mo amÁ` åhUOo ñdamÁ` Zìho.

2) _hmË_m Jm§YtMr AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrMr {M{H$Ëgm :

^maVmdaMo B§J«Om§Mo amÁ` ho Ho$di B§½b§S> ZmdmÀ`m XoemVrb bmoH$m§Mo amÁ` Zmhr. Va Vo AmYw{ZH$ nmpíM_mË`g§ñH¥$VrZo ñWmnbobo amÁ` Amho. AmYw{ZH$ nmpíM_mË` g§ñH¥$Vr hr gd© g§hmaH$ d gd© jH$ g§ñH¥$Vr AgyZ `m

g§ñH¥$VrZo gd© emofUmg gwédmV Ho$br Amho. AmYw{ZH$ nmpíM_mË` g§ñH¥$VrVrb n¡emMm V_mem AgyZ {VZo gd©bmoH$m§Zm Jwbm_ Ho$bo Amho. AmYw{ZH$ nmpíM_mË` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§ñWm§da Jm§YrOtZr Q>rH$m Ho$br Ë`mVrb g§ñWm

Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV -

(A) B§½b§S>Mr bmoH$emhr AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrMr XoUJr : B§½b§S>Mr bmoH$emhr OJmVrb bmoH$emhrMr

_mVm _mZbr hmoVr. na§Vw Vr _mVm ZgyZ doí`m Amho. Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, AmYw{ZH$ bmoH$emhrV {dH$mg hmoV Zmhr.nmpíM_mË` bmoH$emhrV ~hþ_V {_idUmè`m§Zm gÎmm {_iVo. ~hþ_V {_idÊ`mMo _mJ© gwßV AgwßV AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r

g§gX gXñ` ^m§S>dbXmam§Mo {hVajU H$aVmV. Vo JQ>~mOr H$aVmV. {ZdSy>Z Amë`mda nwÝhm {ZdSy>Z oÊ`mda bjAgVo. Ë`m_wio bmoH${hVmMr MMm© hmoV Zmhr. g§gXoV gd©© MMm© ewÕ nmëhmi Agmdr. gÎmoÀ`m amOH$maUm{edm`

Ë`m§Zm H$mhr gyMV Zmhr. Á`m XoemV bmoH$emhr ñWmnZ hmoB©b Ë`m XoemV ho Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ho$di B§½b§S>_Ü oMAgo hmoB©b Ago Zmhr. åhUyZ Jm§YtZr g§gXr` amOdQ>rda Q>rH$m H$ê$Z hr AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrMr XoUJr Amho. Or

bmoH$m§À`m à{V{ZYtZm bmoH$m§nmgyZ Xya H$aVo Ago åhQ>bo.

(~) AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg d Ë`mVrb hmd : _hmË_m Jm§YtZr AmYw{ZH$

g§ñH¥$VrVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg d Ë`mVrb hmdaQ>nUmda Q>rH$m Ho$br. `mV Vo {_iVo Ë`mda g_mYmZr Z amhVmOmñVrV OmñV gÎmm, _mb_Îmm {_idÊ`mH$S>o H$b AgVmo. ^m¡{VH$ gmYZmÛmao gwI {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ AgVmo.

15

Ë`m_wio Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, AmYw{ZH$ gä`Vm hr _mUgmbm g_mYmZ Z XoVm ñnYm©Ë_H$ ~Z{dVo. Á`mV Imob {df_Vm

Amho. nyU©nUo Cn^moJr ~Z{dVo.

(H$) AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrZo S>m°ŠQ>a, dH$sb d aoëdo gwê$ Ho$br : aoëdo hr B§J«Om§Zr ñdV:À`m ñdmWm©gmR>r

Ho$br. Jm§YtZr d{H$b, S>m°ŠQ>a `mda Q>rH$m Ho$br. d{H$b hr g§ñWm ^maVmV ZìhVr. hr g§ñWm Ho$di bmoH$m§V^m§S>Uo H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwê$ Ho$br. d{H$b OmUyZ~wOyZ ImoQ>o ~mobm`bm bmdVmV. AmnU JwÝhm Ho$boë`mMr Va\$Xmar

A§V:H$aUm{déÕ Ho$di n¡emgmR>r H$aV AmhmoV `m§Mr WmoS>rhr I§V ~miJV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio ho AË §V qZXZr`Amho. S>m°ŠQ>a ho gwÕm bmoH$m§Zm {ZamoJr H$aÊ`mnmgyZ Ë`m§Zm A{VaoH$s Am¡fYo XoD$Z Ë`mMr Vã`oV KmbdVmV.

AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$Vr qhgoda Amho. JaO ZgVmZm eñÌ{H«$`m H$ê$Z _hmJS>r Am¡fYo é¾m§Zm XoVmV. _mUgmÀ`m earamVrb

{~KmS> ~hþVoH$ doim {ZgJ©V: Xya hmoVmV. na§Vw S>m°ŠQ>a Am¡fY XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m àH¥$Vrbm YmoH$m AmUVmV. ho gd©n¡emgmR>r hmoVo. àmMrZ ^maVmV ho ì`dgm` hmoVo. na§Vw à{Vð>m ZìhVr. ho bmoH$ l_ Z H$aVm emofU H$aV AmhoV.

Ë`m_wio S>m°ŠQ>am§Zr gwÕm AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrMo gd© jH$ XyV åhUyZ H$m © Ho$bobo Amho hr Q>rH$m A{VaoH$s Amho. na§VwXmof OmñVrV OmñV ñnï> ìhmdo åhUyZ hr Q>rH$m Ho$br.

3) n`m© r g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mO `m§Mr _m§S>Ur :

àmMrZ g§ñH¥$Vrnojm n`m© r g§ñH¥$Vr hdr. AmYw{ZH$ m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vrbm n`m© r XoUmar VmH$X maVr` g§ñH¥$VrVAmho. hr g§ñH¥$Vr gm_§Oñ` `m VÎdmda AmYmabobr AgyZ Vr nam yV hmoV Zmhr. ^maVmÀ`m \o$aC^maUrgmR>r

AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z _yi g§ñH¥$VrH$S>o naV Omdo bmJob.

1) B§J«Om§Zr ^maVr` g_mOmV Imob {d^mOZ Ho$bo. Ë`mVrb n{hbo {d^mOZ qhXy-_wñbr_ `m§À`mVrb

hmo . B§J«O qhXy d _wgb_mZmbm gm§JVmV H$s, Vw_Mm Y_©, ^mfm d g§ñH¥$Vr doJir Amho. Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, `mnojmMwH$sMr Xwgar Jmoï> Zmhr. H$maU `m XoemV qhXy-_wpñb_ bmoH$ hOmamo dfmªnmgyZ AmhoV. 95% n{hbo _wpñb_ qhXy

hmoVo. åhUyZ gm§ñH¥${VH$Ñï>çm, dm§{eH$Ñï>çm Vo doJio ZmhrV. gm_mB©H$ na§nam qhXy d _wpñb_ XmoKohr nmiVmV.qhXy-_wpñb_mV g§Kf© Pmbm Agbm Var Z§Va Ë`m§Zr ghH$m © d gm_§Oñ`mZo amhm`Mo R>adyZ Vo 400-500 df}

em§VnUo amhV hmoVo. _mÌ B§J«Om§Zr `mV doJionUmMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U Ho$br. Vr MwH$sMr Amho. qhXy-_wñbr_ EoŠ`

^maVr` g_mOmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho.

2) {ñÌ`m§Mm àíZ, OmVrì`dñWm, m§S>dbemhrÀ`m àíZm~m~V {dMma H$aVmZm Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, emofU{da{hVg_mO Agmdm Vmo Cn^moJmda AmYm[aV ZgyZ ñdmdb§~r Agob. àË oH$ Jmd ñdm`Îm d ñdmdb§~r Agob. Agm

g_mO {Z_m©U H$amdm. Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, qhXy g_mOmV n`m© r ì`dñWm H$amdr.

3) AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$Vrbm d g§gXr` ì`dñWobm n`m© r ì`dñWm H$amdr Ë`mgmR>r Imbrb Jmoï>r H$amì`mV.

(A) g§gXr` ì`dñWobm n`m© r ì`dñWm C^mamdr. hr ì`dñWm J«m_ñdamÁ`mda C^mamdr. àË oH$ Jmd

ñdmdb§~r d ñdm`Îm Agob.

(~) àË oH$ ñdm`Îm d ñdmdb§~r JmdmMm H$ma^ma {ZdSy>Z {Xboë`m n§Mm`VrZo H$amdm. gd© {ZU© ~hþ_VmZo

16

KoÊ`mEodOr EH$_VmZo ¿`mdo.

(H$) `m ì`dñWoV gdmªZm g_mZ A{YH$ma AgVrb. H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm, JQ>mbm {deofm{YH$ma ZgVrb.

àË oH$mMo _yë` g_mZ Agob.

(S>) H$m`XmnmbZ ho àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMo H$V©ì` Amho; na§Vw H$m`Xm hm gmd© m¡_ËdmMm AmXoe Zìho. ^maVr`

g§ñH¥$VrV Omo H$m`Xm MwH$sMm Amho Vmo ~XbÊ`mMm nyU© A{YH$ma àË`oH$mbm Amho. Vmo ~XbÊ`mgmR>r g§Kf©H$aÊ`mMo H$V©ì` àË oH$mMo Amho. H$m`Xm hm H$YrM AZwCëb§KZr` Agy eH$V Zmhr.

(B) amÁ`g§ñWoZo Ho$bobo H$m`Xo `mMm ~mD$ H$ê$ Z o. Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, amÁ`g§ñWoV Xmof Agy eH$VmV. Vo Xya

H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï © gË`mV Amho. Vmo A{YH$ma àmßV H$amdm.

"qhX ñdamÁ`' `m nwñVH$mV Aem àH$mao n`m© r {dMma _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Jm§YtZr Ho$br.

4) ñdamÁ` åhUOo H$m`? :

1) Jm§YtÀ`m amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m H$ënZoV amÁ`g§ñWoMr g§ñWmË_H$ VmH$X H$_r H$ê$Z amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m gd© ì`dhmamda{ZU© mV OZVoMm Imob gh^mJ Agmdm. OZVoÀ`m Imob gh^mJm{edm` hr {ZU© à{H«$`m Iè`m AWm©Zo bmoH$emhr

hmoUma Zmhr.

2) Jm§YrOtÀ`m _Vo, gd© amOH$s` g§ñWmMr bmoH$emhr Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ nwZa©MZm ìhmdr. Zdo ñdamÁ` ho ñdV:Mo

Agmdo. Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, AmYw{ZH$ nmpíM_mË` amÁ`emñÌmZo Á`mà_mUo g§gXr` amÁ`ì`dñWm {Xbr d bmoH$m§ZmdoJio dmQ>bo. Ë`m_wio hr AbJVm n¸$s H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr gÎmm {d^mOZmMm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm.

3) gÎmm {d^mOZmÀ`m {gÕm§Vmbm _mŠg©à_mUo Jm§YrOtMm {damoY hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ho H¥$Ìr_ AgyZ

^m§S>dbemhrgmR>r V`ma Ho$bobr hr ì`dñWm Agmdr. Aem n[apñWVrV H$m ©H$mar d H$m`Xo_§S>i ñdV§Ì ZmhrV.H$m ©H$mar _§S>i R>a{dÊ`mMo A{YH$ma H$m`Xo_§S>imbm AmhoV. VoWo «ï>mMma, dmQ>mKmQ>r MmbVmV. Ý`m`_§S>i ho

Iè`m AWm©Zo doJio AgV Zmhr. H$maU Vo `m ì`dñWoZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobo H$m`Xo VnmgyZ Ë`mbm Ý`mæ` R>adVo d

Ë`mX²dmao Ý`m` XoVo. Ë`m_wio IM© Jw§VmJw§V dmT>Vo d gË` bwßV nmdVo. Ë`m_wio m à{H«$`m gmoß`m H$amì`mV. bmoH$m§Mr^m§S>oU `m H$m`Úm_wio {Z_m©U Pmbr AmhoV. Vo Ý`m`n§Mm`VrÛmam Zì`m nÕVrZo gmoS>dUyH$ Ho$br Jobr nm{hOo.

4) Jm§YrOtÀ`m _Vo, hm A{YH$ma {dH|$ÐrV H$amdm. Jm§YtZr J«m_ñdamÁ`mMr H$ënZm _m§S>br. àË oH$ J«m_

ñdamÁ` Agob {VWo Am{W©H$ ñdmdb§~Z Agob. JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Zr Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJ, bKwÚmoJ `mVyZ CËnmXZ H$amdo.

`mMo d¡{eï>ç åhUOo Jmdm_Ü o ñdmdb§~r ~ZVm oVo. ñdmdb§~r g_mOmMo J«m_ñdamÁ` ìhmdo. H$moUË`mhr ~m~VrVnamdb§~r Zgmdo.

5) n§Mm`V ì`dñWoV bmoH$m§Zm amOH$s` ì`dhmamV ^mJ KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agmdm. {ZU©` KoD$Z

A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r A{YH$ma Agmdm. EH$_VmZo {ZU© ¿`mdm. ~hþ_Vm_wio XmoZ JQ> {Z_m©U hmoD$ Z oV. Ë`m_wioAën_Vmda X~md oVmo. åhUyZ {ZU© gh_VrZo ¿`mdoV. gh_Vr {Z{_©VrgmR>r A{VaoH$s {ZU© ZgmdoV. ~hþ_V

17

åhUOo bmoH$emhr Zìho. Iar bmoH$emhr EH$_VmZo {ZU© KoÊ`mV Amho. hm {ZU© KoVmZm gdmªZm ~amo~a ¿`mdo

bmJVo. VaM Vmo {ZU© _mÝ` hmoVmo. AÝ`Wm _mÝ` hmoUma Zmhr. Xadfu à_wInXr doJir ì`ŠV Agmdr.

6) Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, gÎmoMo OmñVrV OmñV {dH|$ÐrH$aU ìhmdo. ~imMm CÔoe gÎmoMo H|$ÐrH$aU AgVo. gÎmoMo

H|${ÐH$aU g_mOmg KmVH$ R>aVo. åhUyZ Vo {dH|$ÐrV H$amdo. amÁ`g§ñWm hr Ag§»`, ñdm`Îm, ñdmdb§~r, ñdV§ÌJUamÁ`mMm g§K Agmdm.

7) Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, {na°{_S>à_mUo J«m_amÁ` Agë`mg darb J«m_amÁ` ImbÀ`m J«m_amÁ`mbm Xm~yZ Q>mHo$b.

na§Vw g_wÐmÀ`m bmQ>ogmaIr JUamÁ` EH$_oH$m~amo~a ghdmg H$aVrb. ho EH$_oH$m§Zm gmhmæ` H$aVrb. _hmË_m

Jm§Yr dê$Z oUmè`m Xm~dm{déÕ hmoVo. nXgmonmZ nÕVrbm Jm§YtMm {damoY hmoVm.

8) A§{V_V: Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, amÁ §ñWm d amÁ`H$V} ho {H$Vrhr Mm§Jbo Agbo Var Vo X§S>eŠVrMo emofUmMoà{V{ZYr AmhoV. AmXe© amOmhr ñWybH$_m© Amho. H$maU Vmo ~imÀ`m Ûmao _mUgmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUVmo.

àË oH$ _Zwî` gwï> d Xwï> àd¥ÎmrMm ZgVmo. ~imÛmao Ooìhm amOm `m ì`ŠVrMm g§hma H$aVmo Voìhm Vmo Xwï>m~amo~agwï>ËdmMm Zme H$aVmo. åhUyZ Vmo AmXe© hmoV Zmhr.

_hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m amOH$s` {dMmam§Mr d¡{eï>ço :

_hmË_m Jm§YtZr amOH$s` {dMmamV A{Ve` _mobmMo `moJXmZ {Xbobo Amho. Ë`m_wio AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr`

amOH$s` {dMmam§V OmJ{VH$ ñVamda amOH$s` B{VhmgmÀ`m ~m~VrV ^maVr` {dMmad§V åhUyZ Jm§YtZm ñWmZAmho. Ë`mÀ`m amOH$s` {dMmam§Mr d¡{eï>ço Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.

1) _hmË_m Jm§YtZr amOH$s` hË`ma åhUyZ gË`mJ«hmMm {dMma OJmbm {Xbm. qhgm, g§Kf©, Ûof, _Ëga B.

Zr ÌñV _mZd g_mOmbm em§VVoMm, ~§YwËdmMm g§Xoe XoÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m © Jm§YtZr Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio B{VhmgmVJm§YtMr gË`mJ«hmMr H$ënZm _hÎdmMr R>aVo. Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, gË`mJ«h ho AqhgH$ wÕ Amho. åhUyZ gË`mJ«hmMm

{dMma, y{_H$m AË §V _hËdmMm {dMma Amho. ho Jm§YrOtMo Iao `moJXmZ Amho.

2) _hmË_m Jm§YtMm {dMma Zdm n`m©`r g_mZ ì`dñWoMm {dMma hmoVm. hr g_mOì`dñWm nmpíM_mË`

ì`dñWobm n`m©`r R>aUmar ì`dñWm Amho Am{U Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo - qhgm, emofU, {ñÌ`m d _mJmg g_mOmMrJwbm_{Jar `m{déÕ g§Kf© H$am`Mm Agob Va Iè`m AWm©Zo n`m© r g_mO {Z_m©U H$amdm.

3) amÁ` ì`dñWog§X^m©V Jm§YtZr amOH$s` gÎmm, X_ZeŠVr `m§Mm èhmg J¥hrV Yabm hmoVm. amOH$s` gÎmoV

Oo Ano{jV Amho. Vo Jm§YrOtZm Ano{jV Zmhr. Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, amÁ`mMm èhmg Iè`m AWm©Zo {df_ g§~§Ymda

AmYmaboë`m amÁ`m§Mm hmoB©b. Á`mV XS>nemhr Amho, Vo Jm§YtZm ZH$mo hmoVo.

4) Jm§Yr ho gË`mMo nwañH$V} hmoVo. na§Vw Jm§YtZm gË` gmnS>bo Zmhr, Ago åhUVm oV Zmhr. Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo,{dkmZmZo emoYbobo gË` R>mo~i _mZmMo AgVo. Vo H$m`_ gË` ZgVo. åhUyZ Amnbr gË`mH$S>rb dmQ>Mmb Mmby

Amho.

18

_Zwî`mMo Or{dV Ü o H$m` Amho? hm àíZ Jm§YtZm _hÎdmMm dmQ>Vmo. e§H$amMm`mªÀ`m _Vo, _moj {_idUo,

~m¡ÕmÀ`m _Vo {Zdm©U hmoUo Va O¡ZmÀ`m _Vo AahV hmoUo åhUOo Or{dV Ü o gmYZo hmo . Jm§YtÀ`m _Vo, Ord§V

Agon ªV bmoH$m§Mr qhgonmgyZ, Xw:ImnmgyZ _wŠVr H$aUo hr _mPr BÀN>m Amho.

Jm§Yr ho ñdmV§Í`goZmZr, {dMmad§V, boIH$, g§V {M{H$ËgH$ _r_m§gH$ B. Ago A{ÛVr` ì`ŠVr_Ëd hmoVoåhUyZ Q>mJmoam§À`m _Vo, B{VhmgmV Xod Amho Ago dmMV hmoVmo na§Vw Jm§YtÀ`m ê$nmV Xod AmVm n¥Ïdrda MmbVmo

Amho.


nwT>rb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) ñdamÁ` åhUOo H$m`?

2) _hmË_m Jm§YtZr amÁ`{df`H$ {dMma H$moUË`m J«§WmV _m§S>bo?

3) _hmË_m Jm§YtZr _m§S>bobo amÁ`{df`H$ {dMma H$moUË`m {d^mJmV {d^mJbo AmhoV?

1.2.3 AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo :

àmñVm{dH$ :

AmMm © {dZmo~m mdo m§Zr _m§S>boë`m gdm}X` g§H$ënZoMo _yi _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m {dMmagaUrV nhmd`mg{_iVo. EH$m AWm©Zo AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmg_moarb gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U amOH$s` g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r

Jm§Yr {dMmamMm dmna H$aUo åhUOoM gdm}X` hmo . g_mOmbm gmd©O{ZH$ H$ë`mUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo ^m¡{VH$ d Am{W©H$

gmYZm§Mm OmñVrV OmñV Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo gdm}X` ho gmYZ Amho. "A{YH$m{YH$m§Mo A{YH$m{YH$ gwI' `mCn wŠVVmdmÚm§À`m _ybgyÌmnojm gdm}X`mMo C{Ôï> A{YH$ ì`mnH$ Amho. gdm}X`m_Ü o g_mOmVrb àË oH$mMo d

gdmªMo H$ë`mU Ë`m§Zm Ano{jV Amho. g_mOdmXmnojm gdm}X`mMo VÎdkmZ A{YH$ g_mdoeH$ d gd©ñneu Amho.g_mOdmXmÀ`m gd©M àH$mam_Ü`o \$ŠV l{_H$m§Mm {dMma H$obm OmVmo d Y{ZH$m§Zm Xmof {Xbm OmVmo. na§Vw

gdm}X`m_Ü o ì`ŠVr d g_mOmMo {hV J¥hrV Yabo OmVo. g_W© Am{U Ag_W©, Cƒ Am{U ZrM, ~w{Õ_mZ Am{U_§X~wÕr `m gdmªMmM g_mdoe Aä wX` gdm}X`mV Ho$bm OmVmo. OJm Am{U OJy Úm nojmhr BVam§H$[aVm OJm `m

VÎdkmZmMm ì`dhmamV Adb§~ gdm}X`mbm Ano{jV hmoVm.

_mUyg hm _yiV: d ñd^mdV: {Z:ñdmWu d gXmMaUr AgVmo. VgoM ghH$mar, namonH$mar d em§VVmào_r

AgVmo, Aer gdm}X`mMr J¥hrV àoaUm hmoVr. _mZdmÀ`m `m gX²JwUm§Mm A{dîH$ma H$_r hmoÊ`mg dV©_mZg_mOì`dñWm Am{U n[apñWVr H$maUr yV Amho. AmVmÀ`m g_mÁ`dñWoV Am{U n[apñWVrV Amdí`H$ ~Xb

H$ê$Z darb _mZdr JwUm§Zm COmim XoVm oB©b, Agm {dídmg gdm}X` VÎdkmZm_Ü o Amho. Aqhgm, gË`, ñdmW©Ë`mJ,AmË_g§ _Z B. g§ñH$ma J«hU H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm _mZdmV Amho. AmdmhZo Am{U Vnñ`m `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo g§ñH$ma

KS>{dbo OmD$ eH$VmV.

19

amÁ`g§ñWm, H$m`Xo, dV©_mZ bmoH$emhr emgZàH$ma Am{U {ZdSUyH$m, amOH$s` nj B. g§ñWm~ÔbMm

A{dídmg gdm}X`mV ì`ŠV Ho$bm Amho. AmË_H|$ÐrV amÁ`ì`dñWm àM§S> à_mUmda Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU d

`m§{ÌH$sH$aU, amï´>r` {Z`moOZmbm àmYmÝ`, A{Vg§K{Q>V njaMZm B. KQ>H$m§da AË`§V àIa Q>rH$m gdm}X`VÎdkmZmZo Ho$br. eoVr d eoVH$ar VWm IoS>o hm ^maVmMm AmË_m Agë`m_wio `m XoemMm H$moUVmhr gm_m{OH$,

Ym{_©H$ d amOH$s` {dMma IoS>o hm H|$Ðq~Xy _mZyZM Pmbm nm{hOo.

g_mOmV {df_Vm amhUma Zmhr. Y{ZH$ bmoH$ Amnë`m _mb_ÎmoH$S>o {dídñVmÀ`m y{_Ho$VyZ nmhmVrb.gdmªÀ`m {H$_mZ JaOm ^mJboë`m AgVrb, ^{dVì`mMr qMVm Hw$UmbmM AgUma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio nmedr

X§S>eŠVrÀ`m ~imMr JaO g_mOmbm bmJUma Zmhr Aem àH$mao H|$Ðr` amÁ``§ÌUm AZmdí`H$ R>abr H$s,

amOH$s` njm§Zm _hÎd amhUma Zmhr, Ago gdm}X`mMo VÎdkmZ Amho.

_hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m h`mVrV Ë`m§Mo ho ñdßZ gmH$ma hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr. Ë`m§Mo ho AnyU© H$m © Ë`m§À`m {ZYZmZ§VaË`m§Mo _mZgnwÌ AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zr hmVr KoVbo. Jm§YtMo H$m © ho AË §V H«$m§{VJ © Amho. Aem Om{UdoVyZ

{dZmo~m§Zr Ë`mg hmV KmVbm Am{U Amnbo g§nyU© Am wî` Ë`m§Zr `m H$m`m©gmR>r dmhÿZ KoVbo.

AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Mo M[aÌ :

AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Mo nyU© Zmd {dZm`H$ Zaha ^mdo. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ 11 gßQ>|~a 1895 amoOr Hw$bm~m

{OëømVrb JmJmoXo Zm_H$ Jmdr Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo AmOmo~m e§ wamd ^mdo CXma, Y_©namÙ d VoOñdr nwéf åhUyZ

à»`mV hmoVo. Zaha ^mdo `m§Mo dS>rb hr VrúU ~wÕrMo d _hÎdmH$m§jr hmoVo. {VWë`m {ZgJm©BVHo$M _mobmMog§ñH$ma {dZmo~m§da Ë`m§À`m _mVmoltZr Ë`m§À`m ~mb_Zmda Ho$bo. Ë`m§Mm AÜ``ZmMm lr JUoem nwUo ehamV Pmbm.

Ë`mZ§Va 1905 gmbr Vo ~S>moÚmg Jobo. VoWo Ë`m§Mo dS>rb gaH$mar ZmoH$arg hmoVo. bhmZnUmnmgyZM VrúU ~wÕrd Agm_mÝ` ñ_aUeŠVr `m§Mo daXmZ {dZmo~m§Zm bm^bobo hmoVo. AÜ``ZerbVoMr Ë`mV â nS>br. Ë`m_wio

Ë`m§Mo e¡j{UH$ OrdZ èmo_` R>abo. _amR>r, g§ñH¥$V, \«|$M AmXr ^mfm§~amo~aM J{UVmMr Ë`m§Zm Iyn AmdS>hmoVr. gZ 1914 gmbr embm§V narjm nmg Pmë`mda _hm{dÚmb`mV Ë`m§Zr àdoe Ho$bm. `mM gmbr {dZmo~m§Zr

"{dÚmWu _§S>imMr' ñWmnZm H$ê$Z gmd©O{ZH$ dmMZmb` gwê$ Ho$bo; nU nwT>o Ë`m§Mo _Z {ejUmV a_oZm, amï´>r`

MidirZo Ë`m§Zm AmH${f©V Ho$bo. ~§JmbÀ`m H«$m§{VH$maH$m§À`m H$m`m©Zo Ë`m§Zm ào[aV Ho$bo. EH$sH$S>o AÜ`mË_mMrAmoT> XwgarH$S>o ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_mMr AmoT> `mV Ë`m§Zr Aä`mg gmoSy>Z {Xbm Am{U Ka gmoS>Ê`mMm {ZU© KoVbm.

H$merbm OmD$Z Ë`m§Zr g§ñH¥$V d Y_© J«§WmMo gImob AÜ``Z Ho$bo. amOH$s` ZoË`mMm Omo AmXe© C^m Ho$bm hmoVmË`mÀ`mer ~amo~ar H$aUmam H$moUrM Ë`m§Zm {XgoZm.

gZ 1966 gmbr ~Zmag qhXy {díd{dÚmb`mÀ`m CX²KmQ>Z g_ma§ m{Z{_Îm _hmË_m Jm§YtMo H$mer oWo^mfU Pmbo. {dZmo~m§Zm Ë`m ^mfUmVrb H$mhr _wÔçm§Zr AmH${f©V Ho$bo Am{U _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m H$moMa~ oWrb

Aml_mV Vo XmIb Pmbo. Aml_mVrb gai n{dÌ OrdZH«$_ Am{U dmJÊ`mVrb A oX^md, Xoe^ŠVr, Ë`mJ dVnñ`m ho OrdZ nmhÿZ {dZmo~m§À`m _Zmda \$ma _moR>m n[aUm_ Pmbm. Aml_mÀ`m OrdZmer Vo g_ag Pmbo.

20

earal_mÀ`m àË oH$ Jmoï>rV gh^mJr Pmbo. A{Vl_m_wio àH¥$Vr {~KS>br AgVm Ë`m§Zr Aml_mVyZ EH$m dfm©Mr

gwÅ>r KoVbr. Ë`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr dmB© oWo ZmamÙemñÌr _amR>o `m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr Cn{ZfXo, JrVm, ~«÷gyÌo,

em§H$a^mî`, _Zwñ_¥Vr, nm§VOb`moJ Xe©Z, d¡eo{fH$ Xe©Z Am{U `mkdëŠ`ñ_¥Vr dJ¡ao J«§Wm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm. hoH$arV AgVmZmhr Aml_mVrb d«Vd¡H$ë o Ë`m§Zr H$Q>mjmZo AmMaUmV AmUbr. Jm§Yrhr Vo nmhÿZ ^mamdbo. 1921

gmbr Jm§YtÀ`m AmkoZwgma dÜ`m©bm Aml_ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dZmo~m Jobo. Aqhgm d¥Îmr d g_{n©V H$m ©H$V}{Z_m©U H$aUmam hm Aml_ `m ^mJmVrb aMZmË_H$ H$m`m©Mm H|$Ðq~Xy R>abm.

gZ 1923 gmbr ZmJnyaÀ`m P|S>m gË`mJ«hmV ^mJ KoVë`m~Ôb {dZmo~m§Zm {ejm Pmbr. Vr ^moJyZ ~mhoa

oVmM 1924 gmbr Ë`m§Zr Jm§YtÀ`m Amkodê$Z Ho$ai àm§VmVrb "dm`H$mo_' oWrb gË`mJ«hmMo ZoV¥Îd Ho$bo.

h[aOZm§Zm XodimOdiyZ OmÊ`mgmR>r _ZmB© H$aUmè`m gZmVÝ`m§Mo öX`nmbQ> H$aÊ`mV Ë`m§Zm oWo è {_imbo.1930 gmbr dYm© ^mJmV Pmboë`m _§Jb gË`mJ«hmV Ë`m§Zr g{H«$` ^mJ KoVbm. 1932 gmbÀ`m Midirbm

^mfUo Ho$ë`m~Ôb Ë`m§Zm Ywù`mÀ`m H$mamdmgmV R>odbo AgVm VoWo Ë`m§Zr JrVoÀ`m AR>am AÜ`m`m§da VodT>rMàdMZo {Xbr Am{U gmZo JwéOtZr Amnë`m _moË`mgma»`m diUmXma Ajam§V Vr {Q>nyZ R>odbr. nwT>o {dZmo~m§Zr

^JdX²JrVoMo g_íbmoH$s mfm§Va "JrVmB©' ZmdmZo à{gÕ Ho$bo. JrVmB© d JrVm àdMZo hr {dZmo~m§Mr _amR>r gm{hË`mbm{Xbobr ~hþ_mob oQ> Amho. Ë`mdoir Vwé§JmV AgVmZmM J«m_g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`m©Mm g§H$ën {dZmo~m§Zr gmoS>bm. Jm§YtZr

gwé Ho$boë`m ì`ŠVrJV gË`mJ«hmMo n{hbo gË`mJ«hr åhUyZ {dZmo~mMo Zmd 17 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1940 bm Omhra Pmbo.

Ë`mV {dZmo~m§Zm VrZXm {ejm Pmbr. 1942 gmbr "MboOmd'À`m MidirV nwÝhm EH$Xm Ë`m§Zm nH$S>Ê`mVAmbo. Ë`m§Mo Aml_hr OßV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mdoir Ë`m§Zm dobmoa Oob_Ü o R>odÊ`mV Ambo AgVm VoWo VobJy,

H$mZS>r, V_ri, _ë`mi_ dJ¡ao Xm{jUmË` mfm {dZmo~m§Zr AmË_gmV Ho$ë`m. mfm^{JZt~Ôb n«o_ hm {dZmo~m§À`mì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm EH$ _hÎdmMm n¡by hmoVm.

30 OmZodmar 1948 amoOr Jm§YtMm IyZ Pmbm. Ë`mZ§Va H$mhr {Xdgm§Zr Ë`m§À`m AZw m`m§Mo EH$ g§_obZ

godmJ«m_ oWo Pmbo. Ë`mdoirM "gdm}X` g_mO Am{U gd© godm g§K' `m§Mr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Jm§YtÀ`m

Anwè`m H$m`mªZm VS>rg ZoUo ho ñWyb C{Ôï> `m g§ñWm§À`m nmR>rer hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va {dZmo~m§Zr Jm§YrOtMr qhXy-_wñbr_em§VVoMo H$m ©, {Zdm©{gVm§Mm àíZ Am{U _oAmo {dñWm{nVm§Mr ì`dñWm B. Anwar H$m } nyU© H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ hmVr

KoVbo. naYm_ Aml_mV ñdV: l_ H$ê$Z H$m§MZ-_wŠVrMm à`moJ AmMaUmV AmUbm.

1951 À`m gw_mamg Vob§JUmV O{_ZrMm àíZ A{V^ §H$a Pmbm hmoVm. h¡Ðm~mX OdiÀ`m {edam_n„r

Jmdr gdm}X` g_mOmMo {Vgao dm{f©H$ A{YdoeZ âbo hmoVo. {dZmo~m§Zr ^modVmbMr n[apñWVr nm{hbr. g_OmdyZKoVbr d Ë`m àm§VmV nX`mÌm H$mT>Ê`mMm {ZU© Ë`m§Zr KoVbm. "nm`r `mÌm H$arV O_rZ {_idrV Jobmo Va

O{_ZrMm àíZ gwQ>ob' Aer H$ënZm Ë`m§À`m _ZmV CX` nmdbr. `m O{_Zr {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©bm Ë`m§Zr" yXmZ`k' Ago Zmd {Xbo. 1962 gmbr Xoe^mfm hr ~§YZo Z _mZVm "O` OJV'Mr H$ënZm Ë`m§Zr _m§S>br. gd©

godm g§KmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br d Ë`mVyZ gdm}X`mMr H$ënZm _m§S>br. {dZmo~m ho àË`j amOmH$aUmV ZìhVo, nU Zoh_rË`m§Mm nmqR>~m Zohê§$Zm hmoVm. Zohê$Z§Va Vmo nmqR>~m B§{Xam Jm§YtZm {_imbm. {dZmo~m§À`m OrdZmV gdmªV H$R>rU

21

àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm Vmo åhUOo AmUr~mUrÀ`m H$mimV O`àH$me Zmam`U Am{U gd©godm g§KmZo àË`j

amOH$maUmV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMm {ZU© KoVbm. na§Vw {dZmo~m, am. H$. nmQ>rb, Za|Ð Xod d {Z_©bm Xoenm§S>o `m§Mm

Ë`mg {damoY hmoVm. 1977 À`m {ZdS>UwH$sV B§{Xam Jm§YtMm nam^d Pmbm. AmUr~mUrg {damoY Ho$bm Zmhr åhUyZAmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdoda àM§S> Q>rH$m Pmbr. Ë`m§Zm gaH$mar g§V åhQ>bo Jobo. nwT>o àm`mondoeZ H$ê$Z 15 Zmoìh|~a

1982 amoOr {dZmo~m§Zr OJmMm {Zamon KoVbm. gm_m{OH$ y{_H$m ~OmdUmam bmoH$ZoVm g§V åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr y{_H$m_hÎdmMr Amho. {dZmo~m ho g§nyU© XoemMo ZoVo hmoVo VgoM Vo Jm§YtÀ`m VÎdkmZmMo gImob Aä`mgH$ d Á oð> mî`H$ma

hmoVo.

AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Mr gdm}X` / bmoH$ZrVrMr g§H$ënZm :

_hmË_m Jm§YrOtZr añH$sZÀ`m "AÝQy> {Yg bmñQ>' nwñVH$mMm AZwdmX Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zm "gdm}X`'

g§H$ënZm {_imbr. Ë`m_Ü o Cƒ-ZrM gdmªMo _mZdr A{YH$ma g_mZ AmhoV ho gm§{JVbo Amho. Ë`mbmM _hmË_m

Jm§YrOtZr gdm}X`mMm {dMma åhQ>bo Amho. _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m {dMmamMm àMma H$aUmao Oo _m{gH$ {ZKmbo hmoVoË`mMo XoIrb Zmd "gdm}X`' Ago R>odbo hmoVo.

gdm}X` eãXmMm AW© Agm H$s, B©ídamZo Á`m AWu OJmV _mZd g_mO {Z_m©U Ho$bm Amho Ë`m AWm©Zo

_mZdm_mZdmV {damoY Agmdm qH$dm EH$_oH$m§À`m {hVmV {damoY Agmdm, Aer B©ídamMr BÀN>m AgUo eŠ` Zmhr.àË oH$mZo EH$_oH$mMr {M§Vm ¿`mdr Am{U Amnbr {M§Vm hr Xwgè`mbm ÌmgXm`H$ hmoUma Zmhr, Aem arVrZo dhmdr.

Hw$Qw>§~mV AgoM hmoVo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb hm Ý`m` g_mOmb bmJy H$aUo gmono Omdo `mbmM gdm}X` åhUVmV.

gdm}X` - hoVy Am{U C{Ôï>ço :

1) AqhgH$ Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo.

2) dJ©{dahrV g_mO {Z_m©U H$aUo.

3) ñd §nyU© d ñd §em{gV amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo.

gdm}X`mMr d¡{eï>ço :

1) gd© Jmoï>tMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo.

2) gË` Am{U Aqhgm.

3) H$ama

4) amÁ`{da{hV g_mO

5) njnÕVr d àm{V{ZYrH$ bmoH$emhrg {damoY

6) Am{W©H$ {dH|$ÐrH$aU Am{U g_mZVm

7) amOH$s` gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU

8) bmoH$eŠVrda {dídmg

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9) Am§Vaamï´>dmX Am{U {díd~§YwËd

gdm}X` / bmoH$ZrVr :

1) amÁ` - gwamÁ` - ñdamÁ` :

AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zr AmYw{ZH$ g_mOm_Ü o amÁ` H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrV EH$m`VZ nÕVr, AZoH$m`VZ

nÕVr Am{U gdm© VZ nÕVr Aem VrZ àH$mao {d^mOZ Ho$bo Amho. EH$m`VZ nÕVr AZoH$m`VZ nÕVr `m XmoÝhrnÕVr ApñVËdmV AmhoV; nU gdm© VZ nÕVr AmO ApñVËdmV Zmhr. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, EH$m`VZ nÕVr AmXrnmgyZ

AmVmn ªV {R>H${R>H$mUr ApñVdmV Amho. `m nÕVrV EH$m ì`ŠVrMo amÁ` AgVo. qhXwñWmZmVrb g§ñWmZo ho Ë`mMoOdiMo CXmhaU Amho. d§ena§naoZo Ambobo Am`Vo g§ñWm{ZH$ ~hþYm A{YH$ Ah§à_mU AgVmV. OJmÀ`m BVa

^mJmV hr nwîH$i {R>H$mUr EH$m`VZ nÕVr OerÀ`m VerM Mmby Amho. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, AZoH$m`VZ nÕVrMo

XmoZ ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJ Aëng§»`m`VZ Am{U ~hþg§»`m`VZ Ago hmoVmV. Aëng§»`m`VZ nÕVrMo H$mhr àH$mawamonmV Am{U BVaÌ {deof Omoa H$arV Amho. ZmPrdmX, \°$grdmX, gm_«mÁ`dmX hr gd© MT>Ë`m d CVaË`m nÕVrMr

nU Aëng§»`m`VZ ê$no AmhoV. qhgm, §ÌdmX, EH${ÌV ^m§S>db, {demb à_mUmda `moOZm hr Ë`m§Mr hË`maoAmhoV. `mCbQ> ~hþg§»`m`VZ nÕVrMm à`moJ OUy Am§Yù`m AmdoemZo a{e`mZo Ama§{^ë`mgmaIm {XgVmo. na§Vw

qhgm hr Ho$ìhmhr Am{U H$moR>ohr ~hþOZ g_mOmMo hË`ma hmoD$ eH$V Zgë`m_wio a{e`mVrb à`moJ hm dñVwV:eñÌemñÌY{ZH$ Aëng§»`m`VZ nÕVrMm R>aUma Amho. `m XmoÝhr nÕVr Xmof wŠV Amho. Ë`m_wio AmYw{ZH$

nÕVrVrb AZoH$ amÁ`nÕVr Xmof wŠV AmhoV. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo gdm© VZ amÁ` nÕVr AmO H$moR>oM ApñVËdmV

Zmhr. Vmo Jm§YtMm à`ËZ Amho Am{U Vmo ñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMo gmYZ hr Ë`m§Zr emoYyZ H$mT>bo Amho. bmoH$emhr ZmdYmaU H$aUmar Am{U "_r gdm© VZ Amho' Ago ^mg{dUmar EH$ amÁ`nÕVr AmO OJmV Amho. {VMo wamon d

A_o[aH$m `m XmoÝhr I§S>mV ZmQ>H$ Mmby Amho. nU qhgoda C^mabobr H$moUVrhr nÕVr, Oar Vmo S>moŠ`mJ{UH$ _V_mJÊ`mMo gm|J H$arV Agbr Var Vr gdm© VZ Zìho. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, OoWo H$gë`mM àH$maMr ì`dñWm Zmhr,

XwO©Z bmoH$ _ZmV oB©b Ago dmJy eH$VmV. Aem AdñWobm "emgZhrZ ì`dñWm åhUVm oB©b. nU hm {dZmo~m§Mm

AmXe© ZmhrVa àW_ emgZhrZ OmD$Z gwemgZ mdo Am{U Z§Va Vohr OmD$Z emgZ_wŠV g_Om ~Zmdm. {dZmo~m§À`m_Vo, emgZ_wŠV g_mOmV ì`dñWm amhrbM nU Vr Jm§dmoJm§d dmQ>bobr Agob. Aem g_mOmV, X§S>eŠVrMr JaO

amhUma Zmhr. g_mOmV H$mhr Z¡{VH$ {dMma BVHo$ gd©_mÝ` Pmbo AgVrb H$s emgZ _wŠVr åhUOo ñdamÁ`,ñdemgZ åhUOo àË oH$mMo Amnbo amÁ` ho _mPo amÁ` Amho Ago àË oH$mbm dmQ>Uo åhUOoM gdmªMo amÁ` ho

am_amÁ`, OoWo àË`oH$mbm dmQ>Vo H$s hr _mPr gÎmm Amho. VoWo gdmªMr gÎmm, gd© amÁ` gmH$maVo, hr EH$ AJXrdoJir Jmoï> Amho. `mbm ñdamÁ` åhUm H$s gdm© VZ åhUm. bmoH$ZrVr / gdm}X` Vr hrM.

2) AmOMr bmoH$emhr nÕVr :

AmMm © {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, AmYw{ZH$ bmoH$emhr ì`dñWm hr AàË`j à{V{ZYtMr H$ënZm Amho. `mV bmoH$

Amnë`m à{V{ZYtg {ZdSy>Z XoVmV. bmoH$m§Zm {ZdS>UyH$sV _VXmZ H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` Amho. nU _VXmZ g§nbo H$s,Vo nmM dfmªgmR>r Jwbm_ ~ZVmV d Ë`m§À`mH$S>o H$moUVmhr A{YH$ma AgV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ApñVËdmV AgUmao

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emgZ ho bmoH$m§nmgyZ \$ma Xya Amho Am{U gaH$mar {ZU© ho bmoH$m§Mo {ZU© åhUyZ bmoH$m§da bmXbo OmVmV. hr EH$

àH$maMr à{V{ZYtMr hþHy$_emhr Amho. bmoH$emhr åhUOo ~hþ_VmMo amÁ` {VÀ`m_Ü o ~hþ_V _hÎdmMo AgVo. `m

ì`dñWoV gd© {ZU© ~hþ_VmZo KoVbo OmVmV. na§Vw Aën_V d ~hþ_V hm g_mOmV oX {Z_m©U H$aUmam {gÕm§VAmho. bmoH$ OmVrÀ`m dJm©À`m AKmoa ~hþ_V \$moSy> eH$VmV. bmoH$emhr_Ü o amOH$s` ~hþ_V AgVo; nU OmVr`

~hþ_Vm_wio Vr {dH¥$V ì`dñWm hmoVo. Á`m_wio Mm§Jbo d `mo½` C_oXdma {ZdSy>Z oV ZmhrV. ~hþg§»` d Aëng§»`g_mOmV ^m§S>Uo hmoVmV åhUyZ ~hþ_VmÀ`m hþHy$_emhrbm AmMm © {dZmo~m ^md|Zr {damoY Ho$bm d Ë`mda Ë`m§Zr

Q>rH$m Ho$br. m bmoH$emhr_wio {d^mOZmÀ`m aofm V`ma hmoVmV. AmMm © {dZmo~m md|À`m _Vo, bmoH$emhrV {ZdS>UyH$mhmoVmV d `m_Ü o bmoH$ {ZdS>UyH$ bT>{dVmV. àË oH$ C_oXdma EH$_oH$m§Mr ~XZm_r, qZXm H$aVmo, ImoQ>m àMma

H$aVmo, {ZdS>UyH$sV A_mn n¡gm dmnabm OmVmo. qhgm Ho$br OmVo. gm_mÝ` n[a{ñWVrV H$moUVmhr gä` _mUyg

H$aUma Zmhr Aem Jmoï>r bmoH$ {ZdS>UyH$sV H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m nmR>r_mJo gÎmoMr bmbgm AgVo. Ë`m_wio _mUgmÀ`mñd^mdmVrb gd© dmB©Q> JwU g_moa oVmV. Ë`m_wio Aem nÕVrÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV gË` Zmhr. bmoH$emhr ì`dñWoV

{ZdS>UwH$m EH$ IoimÀ`m ñdê$nmV nm{hOoV, nU Ë`mEodOr AmVm {damoY Am{U qhgm `m AmYmamda Vr EH$ñdê$nmMr bT>mB© ~Zbr Amho. Aem {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m ^mZJS>rV g_mOmVrb gä` bmoH$ nS>V ZmhrV.

AmMm © {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, {ZdS>UyH$sZ§Va gmYmaU: nmM dfm©gmR>r bmoH$g^m d {dYmZg^m V`ma hmoVmV.

`m_Ü`o Oo à{V{ZYr AgVmV Vo EH$m ñdê$nmMo amOo AgVmV. Vo H$m`Xo H$aVmZm AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m VS>OmoS>r

H$aVmV. ho à{V{ZYr ~hþ_VmZo Ambobo ZgVmV. 100 Q>ŠHo$ bmoH$m§n¡H$s 50 Q>ŠHo$ bmoH$ {ZdS>UwH$sV _VXmZH$aVmV d Ë`mV 50 Q>ŠHo$ n¡H$s ~hþ_V {_iUmam ZoVm {ZdSy>Z oVmo. hm {Zdm©MrV à{V{ZYr 10 Q>ŠHo$ OZVoMo gwÕm

à{V{Z{YËd H$aV Zmhr. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, amOH$s` nj bmoH$m§Zm {d^m{OV H$aVmV d njm§Mr {eñV g_mOmbmbmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio njmMr hþHy$_emhr V`ma hmoVo. nj gm§Job Ë`mà_mUo _Vm{déÕ _VXmZ H$amdo

bmJVo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Mm A{YH$ma g§nVmo. bmoH$emhrV njmMr y{_H$m hr AgVoM. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, {ZdS>UwH$m§À`m

H$mimV nj {ZdS>UyH$m qOH$Ê`mgmR>r AZoH$ Jmoï>tMm dmna H$aVmV. CXm. OmVrdmX, {ZdS>UwH$m_wio OmVrdmXmbm~iH$Q>Vm {_iVo. amï´>r` Midir_Ü o OZVobm OmVrÀ`m AmYmao g§KQ>rV H$aUo eŠ` ZìhVo. nU Vo m bmoH$emhrV

ghO eŠ` Pmbo Amho. _moR>_moR>o bmoH$ Ho$di OmVr_wio nam yV Pmbo.

AmMm © {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, bmoH$emhr ì`dñWm Am{U BVa ì`dñWo_Ü o amÁ`mZo H$m` H$amdo? `mda ^a {XbmAmho Am{U Ago gm§JÊ`mV Ambo H$s, amÁ`mÀ`m _XVrZo gd© Jmoï>r H$aVm oVmV. H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr ñWmnZm

H$aÊ`mV `mdr. amÁ`mÀ`m hmVmV VmH$X AgVo. amOZrVrV gd© a bmoH$emhrbm ~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mda AgVmo, nU

`m_Ü o bmoH$ ~iH$Q> hmoV ZmhrV Va, amÁ`g§ñWm ~iH$Q> hmoVo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§_Yrb ñdmdb§~rd¥Îmr g§nVo. `m_wioAem amÁ`mMr nwÝhm VmH$X dmT>Vo. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, amOH$maUm_wio d amÁ`g§ñWo_wio Amnbo gd© àíZ gwAVrb

Aer H$ënZm bmoH$m§À`m _ZmV R>oD$ Z o. amÁ`g§ñWoH$S>o àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mMr eŠVr Zmhr. amÁ`g§ñWm hr ñdV:H$S>oOmñV A{YH$ma d eŠVr {_idÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. åhUyZ gaH$ma Adb§{~Uo ho JwÝhoJmarMo bjU Amho. gd© àíZ

gwQ>Vrb Aer H$ënZm bmoH$m§À`m _ZmV R>oD$ Z o. amÁ`g§ñWoH$S>o àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mMr eŠVr Zmhr. amÁ`g§ñWm hr

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ñdV:H$S>o OmñV A{YH$ma d eŠVr {_idÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. åhUyZ gaH$ma Adb§{~Uo ho JwÝhoJmarMo bjU

Amho. gd© àíZ amOH$maUmZo gwQ>VmV Ago Zmhr. amOH$maUm_wio OrdZ AmH«${_V H$aÊ`mMo H$mhrM H$maU Zmhr.

amÁ`H$Vm© Wmoa AgVmo Ago Zmhr. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, ZrVrÀ`m CÔoe àmßVrgmR>r Ë`m§Zr amÁ` {Z_m©U Ho$bo Agbo VarË`m§Mm hoVy amÁ` ~iH$Q> H$aUo hm Agmdm. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, `mà{H«$ oV AmnU XmoZ amÁ` ñWmnZ H$aVmo. ñdamÁ`

ho Amnbo amÁ` AgVo d Amnë`m hmVmV Amnë`m ^{dVì`m~m~V {ZU© KoÊ`mMr eŠVr AgVo. ho amÁ` ~møJwbm_{Jar Zï> hmoD$Z {Z_m©U hmoVo. Xwgao åhUOo am_amÁ` ho AmXe© amÁ` Amho.

3) amOZrVrbm n`m© r - bmoH$ZrVr / gdm}X` :

AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zr amOZrVrbm n`m© r ì`dñWm åhUyZ bmoH$ZrVr ì`dñWm {Xbr Am{U bmoH$ZrVrMo/ gdm}X`mMo VÎd _m§S>bo. bmoH$ZrVr_Ü o bmoH$m§Zm Iè`m AWm©Zo g_mOH$maUmV Iam gh^mJ KoVm oVmo. åhUyZ

gaH$maZo H$maU ZgVmZm JmdÀ`m àemgZmV hñVjon H$ê$ Z o. JmdMr \o$aC^maUr d JmdmVrb g§ñWm§Mm {dH$mg

Amdí`H$ Amho. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, gd© Jmdm_Ü o n§Mm`V bmoH$emhr Agmdr Am{U `m~m~V {ZdS>UyH$ gwÕmnjr` nm`mda hmoD$ Z o. Va njmVrb nÕVrZo ìhmdr. {ZdS>UyH$sV {hVmMo, OmVrMo, dJm©Mo àm~ë` AgVo. `m

{ZdS>UyH$sV gdmªZm g§Yr {_iob C_oXdma hm gd© g_Vmob {ZdS>bm OmB©b. bmoH$ZrVr_Ü o bmoH$m§Mo {ZU© bmoH$MKoV AgVmV. Ë`m {R>H$mUr EH$_VmMo VÎd _m§S>Ê`mV Ambo Amho. H$maU {ZU© ~hþ_VmZo KoVbo Va amÁ`mMo

Aën_V d ~hþ_V `mV {d^mOZ hmoVo. EH$_VmZo {ZU© KoVë`mg JmdmMr EH$s amhVo. Aëng§»`mH$m§da AÝ`m`

hmoV Zmhr. ~hþg§» obm A{VaoH$s {ZU© KoÊ`mMr g§Yr àmßV hmoV Zmhr. H$m © H$am`Mo Agob Va gdmªMo {hV bjmVKoD$Z {ZU© ¿`mdo bmJVmV. Oa EImXm {damoYmgmR>r {damoY H$ê$ bmJbm Va Aem AndmXmË_H$ n[apñWVrV

90% bmoH$ nmqR>~m XoV AgVrb Va eodQ>Mm n`m© åhUyZ Vmo {ZU© ~hþ_VmMm _yi CÔoe gdmªMo H$ë`mU hmAgVmo.

AmMm © {dZmo~m ^md|À`m _Vo, bmoH$ZrVrMm AmYma Ë`mJ hm Amho. g_mOmV Or eŠVr {Z_m©U hmoVo Vr

Ë`mJmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVo. Oo gm_m{OH$ H$m © H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r Ë`mJ hr _moR>r Jmoï> Zmhr. g_mOmMr eŠVr

H$emV Amho? Mm§Jë`m _mUgmZo H$m_ H$amdo `mV Amho. H$mhtMo Ago _V Amho H$s, g_mOmVyZ g_mOgodm H$amdr.Iar eŠVr amOH$maUmV ZgyZ g_mOgodoV Amho. åhUyZ amOH$maUmMm Ë`mJ hr bmoH$ZrVrMm AmYma Amho. gÎmm

d eŠVr `m_Ü o oX Amho. Ago {dZmo~m§Mo _V hmoVo. gÎmo_wio nXàmßVr hmoVo. na§Vw eŠVr hr g§nyU© g_mOmMr eŠVrAgVo. Ë`mJmÀ`m Ûmao g§nyU© g_mOmV XoemÀ`m CÞVrgmR>r eŠVr {Z_m©U H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo,

gÎmoÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo gd© Jmoï>r gmÜ` hmoV ZmhrV. gÎmm d godm `mV \$aH$ Amho. gÎmoÀ`m Omoamda _ÚnmZmda gaH$ma~§YZo Kmby eH$Vo nU Vo nyU©nUo amoIy eH$V Zmhr. nU g_mOgodH$ ho mo½` arVrZo H$ê$ eH$VmV. g_mOmVrb dmB©Q>

ì`gZo Xya H$aUo ho g_mOgodH$m§Mo H$V©ì` Amho. amOH$s` gÎmoV g_mOmbm nwT>o ZoÊ`mMr eŠVr ZgVo. Aer gd©

~§YZmnmgyZ _wŠV AgUmè`m godm H$aUmè`m_Ü o AgVo. amÁ`g§ñWm Am{U Y_© EH$mM {R>H$mUr Ho$ìhmM Zm§XyeH$V ZmhrV. H$maU amÁ`g§ñWm hr Y_©gÎmobm Zï> H$arb. ào_mZo g_OmD$Z gm§JUo hm Y_© {dMma Amho. AmMm ©

{dZmo~m ^mdo `m§À`m bmoH$ZrVrV AemàH$mao g_mO godobm ñWmZ Amho.

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4) amOH$maUmMo AmÜ`mË_rH$aU :

amOZrVrMo AmÜ`mË_rH$aU hmoÊ`mMm Omo ^mg Pmbm Amho. Vmo VoìhmM Zmhrgm Pmbm. EImXm Xoe OoìhmñdmV§Í` {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo, Voìhm Ë`mV ñdm^m{dH$M AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm oVo. H$maU Ë`m§À`m ~mOybm

gË` AgVo. åhUyZM g‚mZ d gËnwéf hr Ë`mV ^mJ KoVmV Ago _V {dZmo~m _m§S>VmV. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, _hmË_m

Jm§YtZr amOH$s` AÜ`mË_rH$aU hm {dMma Zm_Xma JmoIbo `m§À`mH$Sy>Z KoVbm. amOH$maUmMo AmÜ`mË_rH$aUH$am åhUOo amOH$aUm_Ü o gwÕm Z¡{VH$VoMm àMma H$am. amOH$s` ì`ŠVtZr {ZîH$m_ d¥ÎmrZo H$_© H$amdrV Aer

`m_mJo y{_H$m Amho. AmMm © {dZmo~m ^md§oÀ`m _Vo, ñdmV§Í` nyd© H$mimV amOH$s` AmÜ`mË_rH$aUmMm AW©{ZîH$m_ H$_© H$aUo hm hmoVm. nU ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV gÎmoMo H|$ÐrH$aU hm AW© A{^àoV Pmbm. Jm§YtZr eodQ>r

Agm {dMma _m§S>bm H$s ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va H$m±J«ogMo H$m © g§në`m_wio Vr ~aImñV H$am. bmoH$godH$ g§KmMr ñWmnZmH$am, amOH$maUmMo AmÜ`mË_rH$aU H$amd`mMo Agob Va bmoH$m§Mr godm H$am Ago Jm§YtZr åhQ>bo; nU H$m±J«ogbm

hm {dMma _mÝ` ZìhVm. amOH$maUmMo AmÜ`mË_rH$aU H$am`Mo Agob Va Ë`m§Zr bmoH$ZrVr Adb§{~br nm{hOo.

bmoH$godH$ g§KmV, godm _hÎdmMr hmoVr, AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§À`m _Vo, Jm§YtMo amOH$maU hr EH$ bmoH$ZrVrMhmoVr.

5) bmoH$ZrVrV gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU :

gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aUo åhUOo gd© OZVobm A{YH$ma d ñdmV§Í` XoUo. gÎmoMr AmgŠVr Xya H$aUo `m Jmoï>rgÎmoÀ`m {dH|$ÐrH$aUmV A{^àoV AmhoV. gÎmoMm _mJ© hm godoMm _mJ© Amho. hm hodm, Ûof, Ah§H$ma Zgbobm _mJ©

Amho. godm _mUgmbm Ah§H$mamH$S>o ZoV Zmhr. AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdoMm bmoH$ZrVrMm _mJ© hm godoÛmao gÎmoMm Zme

H$aUo hm Amho. AmMm © {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, bmoH$ZrVrMo _w»` H$m © bmoH$ZrVrMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo ho Amho. bmoH$m§Zm~iH$Q> H$am`Mo Agob Va Ë`m_Ü o àJVr ~ÔbMr AmH$m§jm d CnH«$_{ebVm {Z_m©U H$amdr bmJob. g_mOmVrb

qhgm Zï> H$amdr bmJob. X§S>eŠVrbm {damoY H$amdm bmJob. g_wXm`mZo EH$_VmZo ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMr gd` bmdmdrbmJob. H$m`ÚmÀ`m _XVr{edm` bmoH$m§Zr ñdBÀN>oZo, ào_mZo ì`dhma H$amdm Ago bmoH$ZrVrMo amOH$maU Amho.

{VMm CÔoe X§S>meŠVrMm Zme H$aUo hm Amho. bmoH$eŠVrgmR>r bmoH$m§Mr bmoH$emhr hdr Amho. `mV bmoH$ ñdV:Moì`dhma ñdV: H$aVrb. {dZmo~m§À`m _Vo, bmoH$m§Mo amÁ` ñWmnZ H$am`Mo Agob Va bmoH$ZrVr ~iH$Q> H$aUo

Amdí`H$ Amho.

Aem àH$mao AmMm © {dZmo~m ^md|À`m _Vo, `m bmoH$ZrVrV {dMmam§Mo nyU© ñdmV§Í` A{^àoV Amho. bmoH$ZrVr

hm amOZrVrbm n`m© Amho. H$maU amOZrVr_Ü o {dÎmr` g_ñ`m gwQ>V ZmhrV. Ë`m_Ü o AZoH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m §ÌUmH$m ©aV AgVmV. Am{U amOZrVr hmM A§{V_ n`m© Zmhr, Aer {dZmo~m§Mr y{_H$m hmoVr.


nwT>rb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zr gm§{JVbobr gdm}X`mMr C{Ôï>o gm§Jm.

26

2) gdm}X`mMr ì`m»`m ñnï> H$am.

3) yXmZ Midi H$moUr gwê$ Ho$br?

1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Am{U eãXmW© :

1) Aqhgm = n¥Ïdrdarb _Zwî`, dñVy d àmUr_mÌm§Zm eãXmZo, {dMmamZo dm H¥$Ë`mZo hmoUmar XwImnV Q>miUo

åhUOo Aqhgm hmo .

2) {dYm`H$ Aqhgm = Xwgè`mda ào_ H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m gwImgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo `mbm {dYm`H$ Aqhgm

åhUVmV.

1.4 gmam§e :

_hmË_m Jm§YtMm OÝ_ Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1869 amoOr JwOamV _Yrb H$mR>odmS>m oWrb nmoa~§Xa `m ehamV Pmbm.

_hmË_m Jm§YtMo g§nyU© Zm§d _mohZXmg H$a_M§X Jm§Yr Ago hmoVo. _hmË_m Jm§YtZr Amnbo {dMma gË`, Aqhgm Am{U

gË`mJ«h `mda _m§S>bo AmhoV. gË`{df`H$ {dMmamV gmnojm gË` Am{U {Zanoj gË` Ago _m§S>bo AmhoV.AqhgmË_H$ {dMma _m§S>VmZm Aqhgm åhUOo qhgm Z H$aUo. AqhgoÀ`m àH$mamV {ZfoYmË_H$ Aqhgm, {dYm`H$

Aqhgm, {Zanoj Aqhgm, eya nwê$fm§Mr Aqhgm, Xw~©bm§Mr Aqhgm Am{U {^Í`m bmoH$m§Mr Aqhgm Ago gm§{JVboAmhoV. gË`mJ«h åhUOo H$m` gm§{JVbo Ë`mZ§Va gË`mJ«hmMr nmÌVm gm§{JVbr Amho. Ë`mZ§Va gË`mJ«hmÀ`m _mJm©_Ü o

AghH$ma, g{dZ` H$m`Xo §J, haVmi, XoeË`mJ, CnmofU, ~{hîH$ma, YaUo d {ZamoYZ m _mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mg

gm§{JVbo.

_hmË_m Jm§YtZr amÁ`{df`H$ {dMma _m§S>bo AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü o ñdamÁ`m~ÔbMo {dMma, Jm§YtMr AmYw{ZH$g§ñH¥$VrMr {M{H$Ëgm, n`m© r g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mO _m§S>Ur Am{U ñdamÁ` åhUOo H$m`? `m{df`r {dMma _m§S>bo

AmhoV. _hmË_m Jm§YtMr AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrMr {M{H$Ëgm `m_Ü o B§½b§S>Mr bmoH$emhr AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrMr XoUJr,AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg d Ë`mVrb hmd Am{U AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrZo S>m°ŠQ>a, d{H$b d aoëdo

`m~m~V {dMma _m§S>bo AmhoV. Ë`mZ§Va _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m amOH$s` {dMmamMr d¡{eï>ço gm§{JVbr AmhoV.

AmMm © {dZmo~m mdo m§Mo nyU© Zmd {dZm`H$ Zaha mdo. 11 gßQ>|~a 1895 amoOr Ë`m§À`m Hw$bm~m {OëømVrb

JmJmoXo Zm_H$ Jmdr OÝ_ Pmbm. Ë`m§Zr gdm}X` H$ënZm _m§S>br. Ë`m_Ü o gdm}X`mMr CÔoe Am{U d¡{eï>ço gm§{JVbrAmhoV. Ë`m_Ü o amÁ`-gwamÁ`-ñdamÁ`, AmOMr bmoH$emhr nÕVr, amOZrVrbm n`m© r-bmoH$ZrVr / gdm}X`,

amOH$maUmMo AmÜ`mË_rH$aU d bmoH$ZrVrV gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU `m§Mo {díbofU Ho$bo Amho.

1.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :

1) _hmË_m Jm§YtMo gË`, Aqhgm Am{U gË`mJ«hmMm {dMma ñnï> H$am.

2) _hmË_m Jm§YtMo amÁ`{df`H$ {dMma ñnï> H$am.

3) AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Mr bmoH$ZrVr Am{U gdm}X`m~m~VMo {dMma ñnï> H$am.

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1.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :

1) Jm§Yr _mo. H$m. (1957) : gË` Ho$ à`moJ AWdm AmË_H$Wm, Ah_Xm~mX,ZdOrdZ àH$meZ _§{Xa

2) Jm§Yr _mo. H$m. (1960) : gË`mJ«hmMr OÝ_H$Wm, Jm§Yr {dMma Xe©Z, I§S> 5,nwUo, _hmamï´> Jm§Yr ñ_maH$ {ZYr àH$meZ

3) Mm¡gmiH$a AemoH$ (g§) : _hmamï´>mVrb Jm§YrdmXmMm {dH$mg Am{U AÝd`mW©,(2003) {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

4) Gandhi M. K. (1968) : Selected work of Mahatma Gandhi, (insire Volumes),

Ahmedabad, Navjiran Trust

5) Gandhi M. K. (1969) : Non-Violence in peace and war (in two vols.),

Ahmedabad, Navjiran Trust

6) ^mdo {dZmo~m (1989) : gdm}X`-{dMma Am{U ñdamÁ` emñÌ, dYm©,

ndZma, na§Ym_ àH$meZ

7) ^mdo {dZmo~m (2003) : ào_n§W AqhgoMm, dYm©, ndZma na§Ym_ àH$meZ

8) Xoenm§S>o {Z_©bm (1955) : {dZmo~mOtÀ`m ghdmgmV, dYm©, J«m_godm _§S>i àH$meZ

9) Q>§S>Z {dídZmW (1997) : AmMm © {dZmo~m ^mdo, AZw. A§Obr ZmaJmobH$a, Zdr {X„r,

^maV gaH$ma, _m{hVr Am{U àgma _§Ìmb`²²²

28

KQ>H$ 2

bmoH$emhr

2.0 C{Ôï>ço

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 no[a`ma d emhÿ `m§Mo OmVr {Z_y©bZmMo {dMma

2.2.2 S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrMm {gÕm§V

2.2.3 E_². EZ². am° `m§Mm Zd_mZdVmdmX d _ybJm_r bmoH$emhr {gÕm§V

2.3 gmam§e

2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

2.5 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao



2.0 C{Ôï>ço :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg -

1) ^maVmVrb bmoH$emhr {dMmam§Mr gwédmV g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

2) no[a`ma d emhÿ _hmamO `m§Zr g_Vm{Y{ð>V g_mO {Z{_©VrgmR>r Ho$bobo OmVr {Z_y©bZmMo H$m © g_OyZ

KoVm oB©b.

3) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zm A{^àoV Agboë`m gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrÀ`m g§H$ënZoMo {díbofU H$aVm oB©b.

4) E_. EZ. am° `m§À`m Zd_mZdVmdmX d _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrMm {gÕm§V ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

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2.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

^maVr` {dMmamVrb bmoH$emhr na§nam§~m~V H$mhr _V oX AmhoV. àmMrZ ^maVmV amOoemhr ApñVËdmVAgbr Var Ë`mdoir H$mhr JUamÁò hr CX`mbm Ambr hmoVr. S>m°. H$mer àgmX O`ñdmb `m§À`m _Vo, øm

JUamÁ`m§Mm H$mbI§S> B. g. ny. ghmì`m eVH$mnmgyZ Vo B. g. Xwgè`m eVH$mn ªV hmoVm. ~m¡Õ dmL²>_`mV "JU'

Am{U "g§K' `m XmoÝhr g§km g_mZ AWm©Zo dmnaë`m OmV, Ago ñnï>rH$aU AmT>iVo. Ë`mdoiÀ`m JUamÁ`mVamOoemhr d bmoH$emhr `m XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m VÎdm§Mo {_lU nmVmi gma»`m JUamÁ`mV {XgyZ oVo. S>m°. O`ñdmb

`m§Zr Amnë`m "qhXy nm°{bQ>r' `m J«§WmV B. g. nyd© ghmì`m eVH$mV ^maVmV bmoH$emhrMr ~rOo amOH$s` OrdZmVéObobr hmoVr, Ago XmIdyZ {Xbo Amho. `m {ddoMZmdê$Z Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, KQ>ZmË_H$ amOH$s` OrdZ Am{U

O~m~Xma amÁ`nÕVr B. g. nyd© ghmì`m eVH$mV ÑT> Pmbr hmoVr. S>m°. Ho$. nr. O`ñdmb `m§À`m _Vo, àmMrZ^maVmV 82 JUamÁò ApñVËdmV hmoVr. "bmoH$emhr' `m eãXmV AmO Omo AW© A{^àoV Amho, Ë`m AWm©Zo

H$Xm{MV àmMrZ maVmV bmoH$emhr amOdQ> Zgob na§Vw {dMma{d{Z_` nÕVrZo amÁ`H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mMr bmoH$emhrMr

nÕV maVr`m§Zm Mm§JbrM AdJV hmoVr. JUamÁ`m{df`r CnbãY Pmboë`m nwamì`mdê$Z maVr`m§Zm bmoH$emhrMoVÎdkmZ _m{hV hmoVo Ago åhUmdo bmJob.

bmoH$emhr hm emgZmMm àH$ma AË §V àmMrZ AgyZ maVmVrb m ì`dñWo~amo~aM àmMrZ J«rH$ ZJaamÁ`mV

àË`j bmoH$emhrMr nÕVr ApñVËdmV hmoVr. nwT>o amï´> amÁ`m_Ü o àm{V{Z{YH$ bmoH$emhrMr nÕVr gwê$ Pmbr.

AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ OJmV AÜ`m©nojmhr OmñV OJmMo emgZ àm{V{ZYrH$ bmoH$emhrÀ`m VÎdmZwgma hmoV Amho.bmoH$emhr hm Ho$di EH$ emgZàH$ma Z amhVm, Vmo EH$ OrdZ_mJ© ~Zbm Amho.

bmoH$emhrMm AW© :

J«rH$ ^mfoVrb 'Demos' Am{U 'Kratos' `m XmoZ eãXm§nmgyZ 'Democracy' åhUOo "bmoH$emhr' hm eãX~Zbm Amho. `mVrb Demos Mm AW© bmoH$ qH$dm OZVm Va Kratos Mm AW© eŠVr qH$dm gÎmm Agm hmoVmo.

Ë`m_wio Democracy åhUOo "bmoH$m§Mr gÎmm' qH$dm "bmoH$m§Mo amÁ`' Ago _mZbo OmVo.

`m bmoH$emhr emgZàUmbrMm J«rH$ZJa amÁ`mnmgyZ d ^maVmVrb B. g. nyd©À`m JUamÁ`m§nmgyZ hiyhiy{dH$mg Pmbm. 21 ì`m eVH$mV g§gXr` d AÜ`jr` bmoH$emhrMr nÕVr ApñVËdmV Ambr. B. g. nyd© nmgyZ

AmOn ªVÀ`m àXrK© H$mbI§S>mV gd© {R>H$mUr AgUmar bmoH$emhr EH$mM ñdê$nmMr hmoVr Ago Zmhr. bmoH$emhrÀ`m

ñdê$nm_Üò H$mimZwgma ~Xb hmoV Ambo AmhoV. VgoM bmoH$emhrÀ`m AWm©g§~§Yr AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Mo {^ÞÑ{ï>H$moZ ApñVËdmV Agbobo {XgVmV.

bmoH$emhrbm H$mhr {dMmad§V hm emgZg§ñWoMm EH$ àH$ma _mZVmV. Á`m amÁ`mZo bmoH$emhr emgZ nÕVr

ñdrH$mabr Ë`mbm "bmoH$emhr amÁ`' Ago åhUVmV d {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Zo "gÎmm n[adV©Z'hm bmoH$emhr amÁ`mMm AmYma _mZbm OmVmo. `mgmR>r ho {dMmad§V -

1) {Z:nj d Iwë`m {ZdS>UyH$m 2) amOH$s` ~hþnjnÕVr 3) {Z`{_V H$mbmdYrZ§Va gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m

30

4) {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amOH$s` gÎmm n[adV©Z hr bmoH$emhr emgZmMr bjUo _mZVmV.

Va H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§À`m _Vo, "bmoH$emhr' hr Ho$di amÁ` Mmb{dÊ`mnwaVr _`m©{XV ~m~ ZgyZ Vr EH$

OrdZnÕVr Amho. VgoM Vr EH$ g_mOì`dñWm d AW©ì`dñWm XoIrb Amho. bmoH$emhrg_mOì`dñWm åhUOo

Jar~-lr_§V, Xw~©b-g~b Aem gd© àH$maÀ`m KQ>H$m§Zm Amnbr à{Vð>m A~m{YV R>odVm oVo. àË oH$mbm Am{W©H$d gm_m{OH$ Ñï>çm {dH$mgmMr g_mZ g§Yr {_iVo. {ejUmZo Amnbr JwUdÎmm {gÕ H$aÊ`mg dmd {_iVmo.

g_mOmVrb gdmªZm Amamo½`mÀ`m gw{dYm {_iVmV. Amnë`m JwUdÎmoda amoOJma àmßV H$aÊ`mMr g_mZ g§Yr {_iVod Ë`mVyZ {_iUmè`m CËnÞmda {ZpíMV nÕVrZo OrdZ OJÊ`mMr h_r XoUmam g_mO åhUOo bmoH$emhr g_mOì`dñWm

hmo .

bmoH$emhrV g_mO d AW©ì`dñWoMr ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm d Ý`m` hr AmYma yV VÎdo AgyZ, g_Vm

àñWm{nV H$ê$Z gd© àH$maMr _mZd{Z{_©V {df_Vm Zï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. àË oH$ g_mOKQ>H$mbmñdmV§Í`m_wio AmnAmnbm gdmªJrU {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr g_mZ g§Yr {_iVo. ~§YwVm åhUOo AmnU gd©OU

amÁ`mMo g_mZ KQ>H$ AmhmoV, Ago nañnag§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoUo. Ý`m` VÎdm_wio H$m`Úm~m~V H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVr_Ü o oX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr `mMr h_r AgUo.

Aem àH$mao bmoH$emhr hm EH$ emgZ àH$ma Va AmhoM nU Ë`m emgZnÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z Ý`m`, ñdmV§Í`,g_Vm d ~§YwVm `m VÎdm§da AmYm[aV g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo qH$dm Vgm Vmo AgÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Uo. `mVyZ

bmoH$emhr hr EH$ OrdZàUmbr ~Zbr Amho. maVmVrb {dMmad§Vm§Zr Ë`mÑîQ>rZo bmoH$emhr VÎdmMm dmna Ho$ë`mMo{XgyZ oVo.

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

2.2.1 no[a`ma d emhÿ _hmamO `m§Mo OmVr {Z_y©bZmMo {dMma :

^maVmVrb H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§Zr AYyZ_YyZ dU©-OmVrÀ`m àíZm§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Agbm, Var Ë`mMr Iar

gwédmV {~«{Q>em§Mo `m XoemV AmJ_Z Pmë`mZ§VaM Pmbr. ^maVr` {dMmad§Vm§Zr d gw_mOgwYmH$m§Zr Om{V`VoÀ`m{df_Voda ^mî` Ho$bo. ~«m÷U dJm©da Q>rH$m Ho$br, Om{V`Vo_Yrb Cƒ-ZrMVoÀ`m «m_H$ H$ënZm d OmVrMm

A{^_mZ Zï> Pmbm nm{hOo, Aer _Vo _m§S>br.

nU Om{Vì`dñWm _wimVM dmB©Q> AgyZ {VZo Ho$bobr ì`dgm`mMr dmQ>Ur Zï> Pmbr nm{hOo qH$dm g§nyU©

Om{Vì`dñWoMoM {Z_y©bZ hmoD$Z g_Vm{Y{ð>V g_mO {Z_m©U Pmbm nm{hOo, Ago _V \$ma H$_r bmoH$m§Zr _m§S>bo.{ejU àgmamVyZ hiyhiy OmVr oX H$_r hmoV OmB©b Ago BVam§Mo _V hmoVo; nU ^maVmV Vgo H$mhr Pmbo Zmhr.

H$maU. Om{Vì`dñWo _mJo AW©ì`dñWm AgyZ Ë`mVyZ hmoUmè`m emofUmda Vr AmYmabobr Amho. Om{Vì`dñWo_wiogm_m{OH$ EoŠ` {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. _mÌ Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ àíZ, g_ñ`m, {df_Vm, VUmd dmT>rg bmJVmV.

`m~amo~aM Vr EH$ àM§S> emofU H$aUmar ì`dñWm Amho. Aem nÕVrZo {VMo {díbofU Pmbo Zmhr. ^maVmVrb

CƒdJu` ZoV¥ÎdmZo Or amï´>dmXmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br, Ë`m VÎdkmZmV OmVr{Z_y©bZmbm ~mOybmM R>odbo. _mJmg

31

OmVtÀ`m emofU_wŠVrMm g_mdoe Ë`m§À`m amï´>dmXmÀ`m _m§S>UrV ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr Om{V_r_m§gm \$ŠV

gwYmaUmdmXr am{hbr. Aem H$mhr CƒdJr© ZoV¥ÎdmZr eyÐmXreyÐ, {ñÌ`m d H$m_Jmam§À`m emofUmÀ`m Am{U

Añn¥í`VoÀ`m n«íZm§Zm hmV KmVbm Zmhr. g§nyU© OmVr{Z_y©bZmMr, gm_m{OH$ gÎmmnmbQ>mMr d emo{fVm§À`m Ý`m`h¸$m§~m~VMr y{_H$m H$YrM _m§S>br Zmhr.

`mCbQ> {~«{Q>em§Zr {ejU àW_M gdmªgmR>r Iwbo Ho$ë`m_wio ~«m÷UoÎma OmVtVyZ Zd{e{jV ZoV¥Îmd CX`mbm

Ambo d Ë`m§Zr ~«m÷U A{ÔZm§nojm doJù`m Ñï>rZo {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rMm, amï´>r` g§ñWmMm, ñdmV§Í` d amï´>dmXBË`mXr g§H$ënZm§Mm {dMma Ho$bm. _hmË_m Omo{Vamd \w$b|Zr gmd©O{ZH$ g^m hr "gmd©O{ZH$' H$er Zmhr qH$dm

B§{S>`Z Z°eZb H$m±J«og Iè`m AWm©Zo "Z°eZb' H$er Zmhr `mMo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo. ñdmV§Í` Midir_YyZ

Om{Vì`dñWoMo d {VÀ`m A§VJ©V AgUmè`m nm`m yV AÝ`m` d emofUmMo ghO {ZamH$aU hmoB©b, Ago _hmË_m\w$b|Zm dmQ>V ZìhVo. B§{S>`Z Z°eZb H$m±J«og_Yrb _yR>â {e{jV CƒdUu`m§Zm g§nyU© amï´>mÀ`mdVrZo ~mobÊ`mMm

A{YH$maM Zmhr, Ago _hmË_m \w$b|Mo _V hmoVo. H$maU mdr amï´>dmXmMr {Z{_©Vr ~«m÷Ur A{ÔZdJm©À`m VH$bmXygm§ñH¥${VH$ nm`mda Zìho, Va {ejrV d CÚmoJerb {ñÌ`m d eyÐmXreyÐm§À`m gm_m{OH$ VmH$XrdaM hmoD$ eHo$b

`mMr ImÌr \w$b|Zm dmQ>V hmoVr.

^maVmÀ`m X{jUoH$S>o Ë`mJamO eoÅ>r, S>m°. Zmà Am{U B©. ìhr. am_mñdm_r m§Zr OmVr` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ H$m±J«ogÀ`m

ñdmV§Í` MidirMr {M{H$Ëgm Ho$br. ~«m÷UoÎma OmVtgmR>r ñdm{^_mZ Midi no[a`ma am_mñdm_rZr X{jUoVgwê$ Ho$br. Voìhm amOH$s` gwYmaUo BVH$mM gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoda Ë`m§Mm â hmoVm. no[a`ma am_ñdm_r Ago åhUV

H$s, Amnë`mbm "Xod, Y_©, H$m±J«og, Jm§Yr Am{U ~«m÷U' `m nmM Anàd¥Îmr{déÕ bTy>Z amOH$s` gÎmo{df`rOmUrd d OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z, g_Vm{Y{ð>V amï´>{Z{_©VrgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo ho Amnë`m MidirMo Ü o Amho.

no[a`ma am_mñdm_tZr H$m±J«ogÀ`m A{YdoeZmV dma§dma _mJmgOmVtÀ`m AmajUmMm R>amd _m§S>bm; nU H$m±J«ogZo Vmo_§Oya H$aÊ`mg gVV ZH$ma {Xbm. Ë`m_wio H$m±J«og gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mÀ`m Jßnm _maV Agbr, Var Vr H$er A§V{d©amoYr

Amho ho ñnï> Pmbo.

`m~amo~aM H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmMo amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr OmVr{Z_y©bZmMo H$m_ H$aVmZm, _mUgmMr ~w{Õ_Îmm

d _mZ{gH$ gm_Ï © `m§Mm Ë`mÀ`m OmV, d§e, Y_© `m§À`mer H$mhrhr g§~§Y ZgVmo, Oo d¡km{ZH$ gË` OmUyZ H$m ©Ho$bo. CƒdUu`m§À`m ~amo~aM ~hþOZm§Zmhr à{Vð>oMo ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {Xbr nm{hOo, Ago emhÿ _hmamO

åhUV. H$maU g_mOmVrb Xw~©b OmVr Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` Ñï>çm Omon ªV eŠVrembr hmoV ZmhrV

Vmon ªV Om{Vg§ñWm g_yi Zï> hmoUma Zmhr. ho emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo Om{Vg§ñWm Zï> H$aÊ`mMo _w»` gyÌ hmoVo. `m~amo~aAmnë`m OmVrMo ZoV¥Îd Xwgè`m OmVrÀ`m nwT>mè`m§À`m hmVr OmUma Zmhr `mMr XjVm KoÊ`mMm {dMma _m§S>bm; nU

øm OmVr n[afXm hmoÊ`mMm hoVy Amnë`m OmVrMm Ah§H$ma dmT>dUo d Xwgè`m OmVrMm Xwñdmg H$aUo hm Zgmdm.`mMr I~aXmar KoÊ`mMr OmUrd gd© OmVtÀ`m nwT>mè`m§Zm emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr H$ê$Z {Xbr hmoVr.

S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, Om{Vì`dñWm Ho$di Hw$UmÀ`m CnXoemZo dm AmXoemZo Zï> hmUma Zmhr,

Va ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm d ~§YwVm `mda g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr VaM OmVtMm A§V hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Om{V oX ApñVËdmV

32

Amho Vmon ªV ^maVmV amï´> ApñVdmV oD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU OmVr `m amï´>{damoYr AgVmV. OmVt_wio gm_m{OH$

OrdZmV {df_Vm d {d^ŠVVm ApñVËdmV oVo, Agm Ë`m§Mm {ZîH$f© hmoVm. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV,

"^maV ho amï´> Amho Ago åhUUo åhUOo AmnU ñdV:Mr \$gdUyH$ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmaIo Amho. Omo g_mO hOmamoOmVr-nmoQ>OmVtZr {N>Þ-{dpÀN>Þ Pmbm Amho Vmo amï´> `m g§H$ënZog H$gm nmÌ hmoB©b?' EH$ÌnUmMr qH$dm

EH$mË_VoMr OmUrdM gm_m{OH$ bmooH$emhr {Z_m©U H$aVo Am{U gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhr AgÊ`mdaM amï´>mMrOS>U-KS>U Adb§~yZ AgVo. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` bT>çm_Ü o Om{Vì`dñWoV nm`m yV Agboë`m emofUmH$S>o d

A§V{d©amoYm§H$S>o H$m±J«og OmUrdnyd©H$ S>moioPmH$ H$aVo. Ë`m_wio emofUmMo d A§V{d©amoYmMo g_yi CƒmQ>Z H$aÊ`mgmR>rAmdí`H$ AgUmam ì`mnH$ g§Kf© C^maÊ`mgmR>rM AmnU H$m±J«ogÀ`m ~mhoa AmhmoV Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ñnï>

H$aVmV.

Om{Vì`dñWm hr EH$ emofU ì`dñWm Agë`mZo Vr Cƒ OmVtZm bm^Xm`H$ R>aVo d BVam§da AÝ`m` H$aVo.

hm AÝ`m` Zï> H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr àñWmnZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Om{Vì`dñWoV \$ŠV gwYmaUm H$ê$Z MmbUmaZmhr, Va Om{Vì`dñWm g_yi Zï> H$aUo hmM Ë`mda Cnm` Agy eH$Vmo, Aer _r_m§gm `m Am_ybmJ« n[adV©ZdmXr

ZoV¥Îdm§Zr Ho$br.

2.2.1 (A) no[a`ma `m§Mo OmVr{Z_y©bZmMo {dMma :

no[a`ma B©. ìhr. am_mñdm_r `m§Mm OÝ_ Vm{_iZmSy> amÁ`mVrb EamoS> `m Jmdr 17 gßQ>|~a 1879 amoOr

Pmbm. H$ÞS>m Zm`H$a Agboë`m Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mV H$_©R> qhXyY_m©Mo dmVmdaU hmoVo; nU am_mñdm_r Hw$emJ« ~wÕrMo

d {M{H$ËgH$ Ñï>rMo Agë`mZo J[a~r d Añn¥í`Vm nmhÿZ Ë`m§Mo _Z àjwãY hmoV. g§nyU© Am wî`mV XmoZ df} emioVJobo d ghr H$aÊ`mBVnV {ejU KoVë`mZ§Va dS>rbm§À`m ì`dgm`mV Vo bj XoD$ bmJbo. ì`dgm`m{Z{_Îm eoH$S>mo

bmoH$m§À`m JmR>r oQ>r hmoD$ bmJë`m d nañna g§dmXmVyZ g_mO dmñVddmMr AmUIr Mm§Jbr AmoiI hmoD$ bmJbr.bmoH$m§Mo àíZ, AS>rAS>MUr g_Oy bmJë`m. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo M[aÌH$ma åhUVmV H$s, "ì`dgm` joÌ am_mñdm_tgmR>r

OUy EH$ Iwbo {dÚmnrR>M R>abo.' Ë`m~amo~aM Y_©J«§Wm§Mo dmMZ AË §V gyú_ d {M{H$ËgH$nUmZo Ho$ë`m_wio,

Ë`mVrb {dg§JVr d nmoH$inUm Ë`m§À`m MmUmj ZOaoVyZ gwQ>bm Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM Y_m©à_mUo nËZrZo KmVbobo_§JigyÌ ho {VÀ`m Jwbm_rMo d AY:nVZmMo bjU Amho. ho nQ>ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m nËZrMo _§JigyÌ H$mTy>Z

Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio H$m¡Q>w§{~H$ g§Kf© {Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`m g§Kfm©VyZ no[a`ma am_mñdm_r Ka gmoSy>ZH$bH$Îmm, ~Zmag `m {R>H$mUr g§Ý`mí`m§À`mV dmdabo; nU Ë`mV Ë`m§Zm g_mO n[adV©ZmMm d _mZd _wŠVrMm _mJ©

{XgoZm. nwÝhm Vo Kar naVbo. dm§PmoQ>çm Ym{_©H$ MMm© H$arV ~gÊ`mnojm gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm àË`j {^S>Uo A{YH$`mo½` Amho, Aer Ë`m§Mr ImÌr Pmbr d {Z`moOZnyd©H$ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H$m`m©bm gwédmV Ho$br. gm_m{OH$ g_Vm

d Añn¥í`moÕma `mgmR>r A{daV H$m © H$aÊ`mMo Ë`m§Zr n o$ R>a{dbo.

`m H$m`m©À`m AZwf§JmZo Ë`m§Zm H$m±J«ogMo AmH$f©U dmQ>bo H$maU H$m±J«ogÀ`m H$m ©H«$_mV ñdmV§Í`àmßVr ~amo~aM

Añn¥í`moÕmamMm g_mdoe hmoVm. 1920 À`m Xaå`mZ Ë`m§Zr H$m±J«og_Ü o àdoe Ho$bm. ImXr Am{U Xmê$~§Xr `mH$m ©H«$_mgmR>r am_mgm_tZr Amnbm doi, eŠVr d n¡gm IMu KmVbm. mVyZ Ë`m§Mr Vm{_iZmSy> H$m±J«og H${_Q>rÀ`m

33

AÜ`jnXr Zo_UyH$ Pmbr d X{jU ^maVmVrb H$m±J«ogMo ZoV¥Îd am_mñdm_tZr gm§ mibo.

Ë`m§Zr VmS>r {damoYrÀ`m Am§XmobZmV JmdmoJmdr à~moYZ Va Ho$boM, Ë`m{edm` hOmamo én`m§Mo ZwH$gmZ

nËH$ê$Z Am§XmobZmMr gwédmV ñdV:À`m eoVmVrb nmMeo VmS>mMr PmS>o VmoSy>Z Ho$br. H${Zð> OmVtÀ`m _§{XamÀ`m

añË`mdê$Z MmbÊ`mÀ`m h¸$m§gmR>r dm`H$mo_À`m _hmXod _§{XamnwT>o gË`mJ«h Ho$bm d XmoZ doim Vwé§Jdmg ^moJbm.{Wê$Zobdobr {OëømVrb ga_mXodr `m {R>H$mUÀ`m JwéHw$b_ `m g§ñWoV ~«m÷U-~«m÷UoÎma {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m ImÊ`m-

amhÊ`mÀ`m njnmVr gmo tZm am_mñdm_tZr H$S>mSy>Z {damoY Ho$bm; nU H$m±J«ogZo Ë`m§Zm XmX {Xbr Zmhr. Ë`m g§ñWobm{_iUmar XoUJr H$m±J«og_Yrb EH$m ~«m÷U ghg{MdmZo JwnMyn nmohM Ho$br.

_mJmgdJu`m§gmR>r {ejUmV d ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o H$mhr OmJm amIrd Agmì`mV, `m Ame`mMo R>amd 1920,1921 d 1922 _Ü o H$m±J«ogÀ`m dm{f©H$ A{YdoeZmV am_mñdm_tZr _m§S>bo. `m AmajU R>amdmda 1933 _Ü o

XmoZ JQ> {Z_m©U hmoD$Z \$ŠV dmVmdaU Vmnbo; nU àË`j A{YdoeZmV R>amd MM}bm AmbmM Zmhr. gZ 1924À`m H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmMo no[a`ma am_mñdm_r ho ñdV: AÜ`j hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr AÜ`jr` ^mfUmV OmVr` AmajUmMr

OmoaXma _mJUr Ho$br. Varhr R>amd \o$Q>mibmM Jobm. gZ 1925 _Ü o `m R>amdmÀ`m ~mOyZo Vrg bmoH$m§Mm nmqR>~mAgmdm, Ago _V Ë`mdoiÀ`m AÜ`jm§Zr _m§S>bo. no[a`ma am_mñdm_tZr R>amdmÀ`m ~mOyZo nÞmg bmoH$m§À`m gøm

{_i{dë`m. Varhr bmoH$m§Zr Jm|Yi KmbyZ Ë`m§Mo åhUUo bmoH$m§n ªV nmohMyM {Xbo Zmhr. m gd© KS>boë`m àH$mamZ§Va

am_mñdm_tMr ImÌr Pmbr H$s, H$m±J«og hr Ho$di ~«m÷Um§Mo bm§Jyb-MmbZ H$aUmar g§KQ>Zm Amho d Ë`m§Zr H$m±J«oggmoS>Ê`mMm {ZU© KoVbm. H$maU H$m±J«ogàUrV amï´>mV _mJmgdJmªZm _wirM ñWmZ Zmhr, `mMr Ë`m§Zm ImÌr Pmbr.

Jm§YrOthr dUm©l_ Y_m©À`m Mm§JwbnUmda dmQ>Mmb H$aVmZm ~«m÷Um§ZmM gwa{jV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV hmoVo.Ë`m_wio H$m±J«og, Jm§Yr d ~«m÷UdmX m§À`merhr g§Kf© H$aÊ`mMm am_mñdm_tMm {ZU© n¸$m Pmbm. Amnbm amOH$s`

bT>m Kmo{fV H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr nwT>rb KmofUm {Xbr, "AmVm `mnwT>o B©ída ZH$mo, H$s Y_© ZH$mo, Jm§Yr ZH$moV, H$m±J«ogZH$mo H$s ~«m÷U ZH$moV.'

_Ðmg àm§VmV OñQ>rg nmQ>uÀ`m nmqR>ã`mda Pmboë`m Eg. _w{W`m _wX{b`ma d goVyaWrZm Aæ`a gaH$maZoOm{V{Zhm` AmajUmMm AmXoe H$mT>bm. am_mñdm_tZr Ë`m~Ôb OñQ>rg nmQ>uMo H$m¡VwH$ Ho$bo. H$m±J«og gmoS>ë`mda

am_mñdm_r OñQ>rg nmQ>uV Jobo. 1938 gmbr Vo njmMo AÜ`j Pmbo. 1944 bm OñQ>rg nmQ>uMo ÐdrS> H$iK_`m njmV ê$nm§Va Pmbo; nU 1949 _Ü o am_mñdm_tZr Amnbr ñdr` g{Md Agboë`m ñÌr ~amo~a Xwgam {ddmh

Ho$bm. `m KQ>ZoÀ`m {ZfoYmW© AÊUmXwamB© `m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr H$mhr AZw`m`m§Zr Ð{dS> _wÞoÌ H$iK_ njmMr

ñWmnZm Ho$br. 1950 _Yrb _Ðmg Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m AmajU {damoYr {ZU© mÀ`m {déÕ àM§S> _moR>o Am§XmobZam_mñdm_tZr C o Ho$bo.

H$m±J«og gmoS>ë`mZ§Va am_mñdm_tZr ñdm{^_mZ Midi gwê$ Ho$br. Ë`mÛmao gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm H$m ©H«$_

bmoH$m§g_moa _m§S>bm. qhXy g_mOmVrb OmVrda AmYm[aV Agbobr H$m`_Mr l_ {d^mJUr, hr H$er ~«m÷Um§À`m{hVmMr AgyZ, ~«m÷UoVam§Zm gd©M ~m~VrV H$er KmVH$ Amho, ho bmoH$m§g_moa _m§S>bo. `m {df_Vo {déÕÀ`m

bT>çmV no[a`ma am_mñdm_r Ago åhUVmV H$s, eyÐ, X{bV Am{U {ñÌ`m m _mJmg gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§À`m àJVrÀ`m

34

dmQ>m B©ída, Y_©, Jm§Yr, H$m±J«og d ~«m÷UdmX `m§Zr AS>dë`m AmhoV. {ñÌ`m§À`m CÞVr~m~V am_mñdm_tZr qMVZ

d H$m © Ho$bo. {ñÌ`m§Zm {ejUmMr g§Yr {_imbr d Ë`m§Mm ñdm{^_mZ Onbm, Va {ñÌ`m nwéfm§nojmhr H$V©~Jma

R>aVrb Agm Ë`m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm. {ñÌ`m§À`m gdmªJrU CÞVrÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Mr d _m§S>boë`m{dMmam§Mr H¥$VkVmnyd©H$ nmdVr XoÊ`mÀ`m ^mdZoVyZ X{jU ^maVmVrb {ñÌ`m§Zr am_mñdm_tMm Jm¡ad "no[a`ma' hr

CnmYr XoD$Z Ho$bm. Or CnmYr Ë`m§À`m Zmdm~amo~a H$m`_nUo OmoS>br Jobr. Aem H¥${Verb no[a`ma am_mñdm_r`m§Zr 24 {S>g|~a 1973 amoOr OJmMm {Zamon KoVbm.

{~«{Q>e amOdQ>r{df`rMr y{_H$m :

{~«{Q>em§~m~VMr no[a`ma am_mñdm_r m§Mr y{_H$m ñnï> hmoVr. Vo åhUVmV H$s, {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rZoM Amåhm§bmàW_ {eH${dbo H$s, amOmZo bmoH$m§À`m BÀN>oZwgma dV©Z H$amdo Am{U amOm àOm{hV Xj Zgob Va Ë`mbm gÎmm «ï>

H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma àOobm AgVmo; nU Oo {~«{Q>e amÁ`H$V} Amnë`m XoemV _mZdVm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r OodT>o

PQ>VmV, {VVHo$ à`ËZ maVmV _mÌ H$aV ZmhrV. no[a`mam§À`m _Vo, maVmVrb A{ÔZ dJm©À`m _mZdVobm {damoYAgë`m_wio {~«{Q>e amÁ`H$V}hr {VÀ`m {dH$mgmH$S>o S>moioPmH$ H$aVmV. 1857 Mm CR>md åhUOo {~«{Q>e amÁ`gÎmm

^maVmV {Z_m©U H$ê$ BpÀN>Umè`m g_VoÀ`m amÁ`mbm ^maVmVrb CƒdJu`m§H$Sy>Z Pmbobm {damoY hmoVm Agono[a`ma åhUVmV. Ë`m CR>mdmV Oo {enmB© bT>bo Ë`m§Mm gZmVZr ^maVr` A{ÔZm§Zr ñdV:Mr nma§n[aH$ gÎmm naV

{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobm J¡admna hmoVm, Ago no[a`ma am_mñdm_tMo åhUUo hmoVo. Aem àH$mao {~«{Q>e gÎmm d maVr`

A{ÔZ ho XmoKohr g§J_Z_VmZo _ZwY_m©Mo nmbZ H$aVmV d _mZdVm Y_© {Z_m©U H$ê$ BpÀN>V ZmhrV, Agm Amjonno[a`ma `m§Zr Ho$bm.

{~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mbm hþgH$mdyZ ñdamÁ` {Z_m©U H$aUo hm gd©gm_mÝ`m§gmR>r AmË_KmVM R>aob, `mV e§H$m

Zmhr, Ago no[a`ma åhUVmV. H$maU Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ho Zdo ñdamÁ` _Zwñ_¥VrMo d ~«m÷U Y_m©Mo nmbZ H$aUmao Am{U~«m÷U dM©ñdmda AmYmabobo Agob ho CKS>M Amho. Aem ñdamÁ`mV g_VoMo VÎd {Z_m©U hmoUma Zmhr. H$maU

Ë`mVrb àË oH$ g§ñWm OmVr` d qbJ oXmda AmYm[aV {df_Voda d OÝ_{gÕ l_{d^mJUrda AmYm[aV {df_Vobm

A{Y_mÝ`Vm {_idyZ XoUmarM Agob `mV e§H$m Zmhr. Ago ñnï>rH$aU no[a`ma `m§Zr Ho$bo. Añn¥í` Am{U {ñÌ`m`m§MoemofU Omon ªV Wm§~V Zmhr Vmon ªV maVmgmR>r ñdmV§Í` qH$dm ñdamÁ` _mJUo KmVH$M R>aob. H$maU g_VoIoarO

ñdamÁ` AeŠ` Amho. \w$bo-emhÿ-Am§~oS>H$a-no[a`ma m§À`m Ñï>rZo "gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_^md, gd©g_mdoeH$ ~§Yw mdd g_VoMr - EH$mË_VoMr mdZm mdaM amï´>mMr C^maUr Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo.' nU maVmMo EHy$U ñdê$n nm{hë`mg

"^maV ho amï´> ZgyZ AZoH$ OmVr, Y_©, ^mfm Am{U B©ída `m§Mo ZwgVoM EH$ ^ì` nwaU dñVwg§J«hmb` Amho' Agono[a`mam§Zr ^maVmMo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho.

no[a`mam§Mm OmVr {Z_y©bZmMm bT>m :

no[a`ma `m§À`m OmVr {damoYr bT>çmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr "kmZ' hm {df` hmoVm. H$maU _mUgmMo ñdmV§Í` Ë`mÀ`m

g¥OZerb j_Vm àH$Q> hmoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ oV gm_mdbobo AgVo d Ë`mMrM _w m Om{Vì`dñWoV {_iV Zmhr. CbQ>Om{Vì`dñWoV {df_ l_{d^mJUr AgVo. Ë`m_wio EH$m ~mOybm emar[aH$ VmU gmogUmao ~hþg§»` bmoH$ Va

35

Xwgè`m ~mOybm qMVZ-_ZZ H$ê$Z Bh d nabmoH$mMm AW© bmdUmao Cƒ «y bmoH$, Ago g_mOmMo {d^mOZ hmoVo. m

l_{d^mJUrV ~«m÷Um§MmM kmZmda h¸$ hmoVm. Ë`m_wio XmoZ Q> o$ ~«m÷U gmoS>ë`mg Mm§Jbo-dmB©Q>, gË`-AgË`

d Amnë`m lÕm§Mo AmYma OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Amnbr ~wÕr dmnam`Mr Zmhr, Agm ~hþg§»` gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Mm~§Xmo~ñV ~«m÷Um§Zr Ho$bm hmoVm. ^maVmÀ`m Om{V{d^ŠV g_mOmVrb kmZ ~«m÷Um§Mo _§ÌnR>U, H$_©H$m§S> `mÛmao

{Z_m©U hmoVo d ~wÕrd§V åhUyZ {_imbobr à{Vð>m d VmH$X `mÀ`m AmYmao ~«m÷Um§À`m Vm|Sy>Z ~mhoa nS>boë`meãXm§Zm AmnmoAmnM àm_mÊ` {_iVo.

Ë`m_wio no[a`ma Ago åhUVmV H$s, ""_r OÝ_â OmVr Zï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV Amho. Amnë`m XoemV

Ë`mMm AW© Agm Amho H$s, _r Xod, Y_©, emñÌo d ~«m÷U `m§Zmhr Zmhrgo Ho$bo nm{hOo. VgmM àH$ma _bm H$amdm

bmJVmo. H$maU `m Mmahr Jmoï>tMo CƒmQ>Z Pmbo VaM OmVtMo {Z_y©bZ gmÜ` hmoUma Amho. `m Mma n¡H$s EH$mMmOar A§e {e„H$ am{hbm Var OmVrMo g§nyU© {Z_y©bZ H$aUo eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr. H$maU OmVtMr aMZmM _yimV `m

Mm¡Km§_YyZ Pmbr Amho. _mUgmbm Á`m H$mir Jwbm_ Am{U _yI© ~Zdbo Jobo Ë`mM doir g_mOmda OmVrg§ñWmbmXbr Jobr. Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§_Ü o ñdmV§Í`mMr d kmZmMr AmoT> {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mIoarO OmVr Zï>M H$aVm oUma

ZmhrV.''

no[a`mam§À`m _Vo, Om{Vì`dñWoÀ`m g_mOmV ~«m÷U{Z §ÌrV OÝ_mbm Ambobo kmZ hoM _yimV nmaXeu d

ñd §g§X{ ©V ZgVo. Ë`mMr Am{dîH$marVVm hr YyV©nUmZo Ho$bobr AgVo. H$mb n[apñWVrZwgma jUmojUr ~XbVmoÊ`mMr {d{dYa§Jr H$bm Ë`m§À`m A§Jr AgVmV. Cƒ OmVr_wio bmÛmar à{Vð>m, XOm© d à^md H$m`_nUo dmT>V

amhmdm `mgmR>r H$m` dmQ>ob Vo H$aÊ`mMr V`mar ~«m÷Um§Mr AgVo. ~«m÷U Oo H$m` H$aob VoM Y_©H¥$Ë` Amho, ho{gÕ H$aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm OmVr` g_mOmV AgVo. H$mbmZwgma ~«m÷Ur H$_©R>nUmMo ñdê$n ~Xbbo Var H$mdo~mOnUm,

{MdQ>nUm d n[apñWVr gmnojVm `m_wio ~«m÷Ur dM©ñd {Q>Hy$Z am{hbo Amho. B©ída, _moj, ñdJ©, ZaH$ `m Ym{_©H$H$ënZm§Mo bdMrH$ AW© bmdyZ ^moù`m^m~S>çm OZVobm \$gdbo OmVo. `m gd© JXmamoimV ñdmWu {hVg§~§Y d

{dMma bndbo OmVmV. no[a`mam§Zr `mbmM ~«m÷Ur kmZmMm Am{dîH$ma Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

Amnë`m XoemVrb ImXrÀ`m H$m ©H«$_m§VJ©V {dUH$am§À`m hmoUmè`m nm{dÌrH$aUda no[a`mam§Zr Q>rH$m Ho$br d

Ë`mMm \$m`Xm H$moUmg hmoVmo? Agm àíZ CnpñWV Ho$bm. `m àíZmMo CÎma XoVmZm no[a`ma åhUVmV, ""bmoH$m§Zm\$gdyZ ñdV: gwIdñVy OrdZ OJUmè`m ~«m÷Um§Zm, J[a~m§À`m H$ï>mda lr_§V hmoUmè`m lr_§Vm§Zm d earal_ Z

H$aUmè`m {e{jVm§Zm.'' Om{V` g_mOmV ~«m÷Um§À`m Jù`mV OmZdo KmbÊ`mMr na§nam Ë`m§Mr OÝ_{gÕ bm`H$s

d gÎmm {gÕ H$aVo. Vmo H$gmhr Agbm Var OmZdo KmbÊ`mMr na§nam Ë`mÀ`m Ah§H$mamMo nmofU H$aVo. Ë`mÀ`mOmZì`mÀ`m H$ÀÀ`m Ym½`m§_Ü o _mJmgboë`m g_mOmMo H$ï> d A_mZwf hmb JmoR>boë`m énmV gm_mdbobo AgVmV.

~«m÷Umbm Ë`mÀ`m ~«m÷Ê`mVyZ bm^Vo Vo BVam§Zm H$emVyZM {_iy eH$V Zmhr. {^H$mar Agboë`m ~«m÷UmbmbmÛmao A{YH$ma H$amoS>nVr ~«m÷UoÎmam§Zm bmÛo XwamnmñVM.

^maVr` g_mOmVrb Om{Vì`dñWm H$arV Agboë`m l_{d^mJUrda H$S>mSy>Z Q>rH$m H$ê$Z no[a`ma åhUVmV,

EH$M H$m_ EH$m {d{eï> dJm©H$S>o H$m`_nUo gmon{dUo AZ¡{VH$, A_mZwf d ~oH$m`Xoera Amho. EImÚm _mUgmbm

36

Xwnmar gwVma, gm §H$mir ì`mnmar d amÌr {ejH$ hmoÊ`mMr _w m {_imbr nm{hOo. åhUOo hdo Vo H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr

g_mZ g§Yr àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm XoD$Z dU©-OmVrMo {dÜd§gZ ì`mdhm[aH$ d g¡Õm§{VH$ nmVirda H$aUo AË §V JaOoMo

Amho, Ago no[a`mam§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. Ym[_©H$ {_WH$m§Mm {ddoH$mda ^mH$S>nUm {gÕ H$ê$Z, eyÐ, X{bV d {ñÌ`m`m§Zm \$g{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$ë`mMo no[a`mam§Zr ñnï> Ho$bo. nmoWrnwamU d Ym{_©H$ J«§W `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z

MmVwd©Ê`m©Mr ì`dñWm ~iH$Q> Ho$br AgyZ ~«m÷UoÎma OmVtZm {ddoH$~wÕrnmgyZ _¡bmoZ_¡b Xya ZoD$Z R>odbo Amho.Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Zr {ddoH${Zð> d d¡km{ZH$ ìhmdo `mgmR>r no[a`mam§Zr {ddoH${Zð> Midi gwê$ Ho$br. no[a`ma Ago

åhUVmV H$s, "Omo {ddoH${Zð> {dMma d dV©Z H$aÊ`mMo ZmH$maVmo Vmo ney hmo .' Ë`m Ñï>rZoM no[a`mam§Zr {ddoH${Zð>Y_©{M{H$Ëgm Ho$br d "_mUyg Am{U Y_©' `m g§kmÀ`m OmJr "~wÕr Am{U _yI©nUm' `m g§km dmnaUoM `mo½` hmoB©b

Ago åhQ>bo. Y_m©_wio _mUyg _mJmgbobm amhVmo d Ë`m _mJmgbonUmMm \$m`Xm Ë`mÀ`m emofH$m§Zm hmoVmo. Y_m©_wio

_mUgo {d^mJbr OmVmV. AZoH$ dU© d OmVr {Z_m©U hmoD$Z {df_Vm, AÝ`m`, emofU {Z_m©U hmoVo. `m emo{fVg_mOmÀ`m àíZmH$S>o XodY_m©Mo H$YrM bj ZgVo. mMo {díbofU H$ê$Z no[a`ma åhUVmV, "Xodmbm Á`mZo OÝ_mbm

KmVbo Vmo _yI© hmoVm, Omo àMma H$mVmo Vmo ~X_me Amho Am{U Omo XodmMr nyOm H$aVmo Vmo amZQ>r Amho.''

eyÐm{VeyÐm§Zm X`Zr` d XOm©hrZ ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m H$maUm§Mm emoY KoUo ho no[a`mam§À`m ñdm{^_mZ MidirMoà`moOZ hmoVo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo no[a`ma åhUVmV, "B©ídamMr {Z{_©Vr ho Amnë`m _mJmgbonUmMo H$maU Agë`m_wio B©ída

Zï> H$amdm bmJob. AYmoJVrMo Xwgao H$maU H$m±J«og, Ë`m_wio H$m±J«og d Jm§Yr `m§Mm X~X~m Amnë`mbm PwJmê$Z

Úmdm bmJob. ~«m÷U ho Amnë`m {dÜd§gmMo Iao H$maU Amho åhUyZ AmnU Ë`m§À`m {damoYmV AmhmoV. Y_© gm_m{OH$Ñï>çm dmB©Q> Amho åhUyZ Vmohr Zï> H$amdm bmJob. WmoS>Š`mV B©ída, Y_©, H$m±J«og, Jm§Yr d ~«m÷U `m nmM Xwï>

àd¥Îmr AgyZ Ë`m§À`m {damoYmV nwH$maboë`m {ddoH${Zð> wÕmMr Ywam ñdm{^_mZ MidirÀ`m Im§Úmda hmoVr. bmoH$m§MmJ_mdbobm ñdm{^_mZ `m Xwï> n«d¥ÎmrMm {dZme Ho$ë`mIoarO naV {_iUma Zmhr, Aer no[a`mam§Mr ImÌr hmoVr

H$maU Ë`mVM Iam OmVrA§V Amho.

ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ 1 :

Imbrb àíZm§Mo CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {bhm.

1) no[a`ma am_mñdm_tMm OÝ_ H$Yr d Hw$R>o Pmbm?

2) no[a`ma am_mñdm_t H$m±J«og gmoSy>Z H$moUË`m njmV Jobo?

3) "_mUyg Am{U Y_©' `m OmJr H$moUË`m g§km dmnaUo `mo½` hmoB©b Ago no[a`ma am_mñdm_r `m§Zm dmQ>Vo?

4) no[a`mam§À`m ñdm{^_mZ MidirMo à`moOZ H$m` hmoVo?

5) H$moUË`m {damoYmV nwH$maboë`m {ddoH${Zð> wÕmMr Ywam ñdm{^_mZ MidirÀ`m Im§Úmda hmoVr?

2.2.1 (~) emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo OmVr{Z_y©bZmMo {dMma :

amOfu emhÿ§Mm OÝ_ H$mJbÀ`m KmQ>Jo KamÊ`mV 26 OyZ 1874 gmbr Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo Zmd `ed§Vamd Ago

hmoVo. Mm¡Ï`m {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m amUr AmZ§Xr~mB© `m§Zr 17 _mM© 1884 bm `ed§Vamdm§Zm XÎmH$ KoVbo d

37

H$mJbÀ`m KmQ>Jo KamÊ`mVrb èd§Vamd "emhÿ N>ÌnVr' åhUyZ H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZÀ`m JmXrda AméT> Pmbo. emhÿ

_hmamOm§Mm ñd^md {ZH$mon, gai _ZmMm, {XbXma d gË`{Zð> Agm hmoVm. amÁ`m{YH$ma hm amOd¡ d d amO{dbmg

`m§À`m Cn^moJmgmR>r ZgyZ Vmo Amnë`m _mJmgboë`m àOmOZm§À`m CÕmamgmR>r Amho, Aer amOmÀ`m Cn^moJ eyÝ`ñdm{_ÎdmMr OmU emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m {R>H$mUr amÁ`mamohUmnmgyZM Agë`mMr {XgVo.

^maVmVrb OmVr oX ho qhXy Y_m©Mo d qhXy g_mOmMo ì`dÀN>oXH$ bjU Amho. oWo àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMr OmV

OÝ_mdê$Z R>aVo, OmVrdê$Z Ë`mMm ì`dgm` R>aVmo d VmoM ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMm g_mOmMm {Z~ªY AgVmo. AemOmVr-OmVtÀ`m Cƒ-ZrMVoda qhXy g_mOmMr C^maUr Pmbr Amho. `mVrb àË oH$ OmV Xwgè`m OmVrer amoQ>r-

~oQ>r ì`dhma H$aV Zmhr. àË oH$ OmV-CnOmV BVam§er \$Q>Hy$Z dmJVo. Aem {df_VoÀ`m _O~yV IS>H$mda C^m

Agbobm Om{Vì`dñWoMm S>mobmam T>mgiÊ`mMo H$m_ _. \w$b|Zr gwê$ Ho$bo d Vo emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr nwT>o Mmby R>odbo.emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr g_mO CÕmamgmR>r Amnbr amOH$s` gÎmm d BÀN>meŠVrÀ`m Omoamda Om{V oXmÀ`m g_ñ oer

_wH$m~bm Ho$bm. Aem `m _hmnwéfmMo 6 _o 1922 amoOr {ZYZ Pmbo.

Om{Vì`dñWm d Om{VÛofmMr {M{H$Ëgm :

emhÿ _hmamO gmd©O{ZH$ H$m ©H«$_m§_YyZ Amnbo Om{Vì`dñWo~m~VMo {dMma _m§S>V. Amnë`m XoemVrb

gm_m{OH$ CƒZrMVm, AÝ`m` d {nidUyH$ øm XmofmMo _yi Om{V oXmVM Amho Ago emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo à{VnmXZhmoVo. "Om{V oX Agy Úm; nU Om{VÛof _mÌ ZH$mo' Ago åhUUmè`m VWmH${WV A{ÔZ dJm©Mm g_mMma KoVmZm

emhÿ _hmamO åhUVmV, "ho _V àm_m{UH$nUmMo Agë`mg, Ë`m§À`m AkmZmMr H$sd Ho$br nm{hOo. H$maU Om{V oXmMo

H$m © Om{VÛof H$aUo ho Amho. Voìhm H$m © Zmhrgo H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$maUhr H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bo nm{hOo.' `m Om{VÛofmMoCƒmQ>Z H$aÊ`mMm EH$M _mJ© åhUOo àW_ Om{VôX _moS>bm nm{hOo. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr OnmZ_Yrb gm_wamB©

bmoH$m§Mo CXmhaU XoD$Z ñnï> Ho$bo H$s, OnmZr g_mOmZo ñdV: AmYw{ZH$ ~Zm`Mo R>adbo. Voìhm m gm_wamB© bmoH$m§ZrAmnbm loð> XOm© d A{YH$ma gmoSy>Z XoD$Z, Vo gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$ ~Zbo. Ë`m_wioM gm_Ï ©embr amï´> åhUyZ OnmZMm

CX` Pmbm. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zmhr AgoM dmQ>V hmoVo. oWrb ~«m÷U, j{Ì`m§Zr Om{V oX _moS>Ê`mÀ`m amï´>r` H$m`m©g

gwédmV H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Ambobo loð>ËdmMo ñWmZ d dM©ñdmMo h¸$ gmoSy>Z gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$~Zmdo. maVmÀ`m amï´>~m§YUrgmR>r Or gm_m{OH$ g_Vm Ano{jV Amho {VMr {Z{_©Vr gdmªZr {_iyZ H$aÊ`mMr JaO

Amho; nU g_mOmVrb Cƒ «y bmoH$ AmnU hmoD$Z dM©ñd d h¸$ gmoS>Ê`mg V`ma hmoV ZmhrV ho bjmV Amë`mZ§Vaemhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmVrb _mJmgboë`m ~hþOZ g_mOmbm `m Om{Vì`dñWoÀ`m OmoIS>mVyZ

gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r H$m © Ho$bo.

~hþOZm§À`m {ejUmMr gmo :

emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m _Vo, Om{V {df_Vm ZîQ> H$ê$Z g_mZVm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r àW_ Om{Vg§ñWoÀ`m

ApñVËdmbmM gwê§$J bmdÊ`mMr JaO Amho. `mgmR>r ~hþOZm§À`m {ejUmbm gwédmV H$aUo Oê$arMo hmoVo. H$maU

{ejU hr AmnbrM _ŠVoXmar Amho Aer ~«m÷U dJm©Mr _mZ{gH$Vm hmoVr. Vr Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mJmgboë`m~hþOZ OmVtÀ`m _wbm§À`mgmR>r {ejUmMr gmo ìhmdr åhUyZ dg{VJ¥h H$mT>Ê`mMo emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr R>adbo. gd©

38

OmVtÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r EH$M dg{VJ¥h gwédmVrbm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr Om{Vg§ñWm Zï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$Z

nm{hbm; nU dg{VJ¥hmVrb geŠV OmVrM {ejUmMm Mmam \$ñV H$ê$Z BVam§Zm Ho$di MJmim amIyZ R>odÊ`mMo

XoIrb gm¡OÝ` XmIdrV ZìhË`m. ho bjmV Amë`mda emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr OmVdma g^m KoD$Z àË oH$ OmVrÀ`m{dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r ñdV§Ì dg{VJ¥ho {Z_m©U Ho$br. `mVyZ 1901 _Ü o O¡Z ~mo{S>ªJMr ñWmnZm Ho$ë`mZ§Va qbJm`V,

_wñbr_, gmoZma, qenr, nm§Mmi, Jm¡S>, gmañdV, d¡í`, T>moa-Mm§ ma, gwVma, Zm{^H$, H$moï>r BË`mXr {d{dY OmVr-Y_m©Mr 20 dg{VJ¥ho ho emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m àoaUoZo d gmhmæ`mZo ñWmnZ Pmbr. gdm©Wm©Zo Cno{jV Agboë`m Añn¥í`

g_mOmÀ`m _wbm§À`m {ejUmMr Vi_i ~miJyZ Ë`m§À`mgmR>r 1908 _Ü`o "{_g ŠbmH©$ hmoñQ>ob' ho ñdV§Ìdg{VJ¥h ñWmnZ Ho$bo. `m dg{VJ¥hmg _w§~B©Mo JìhZ©a ga Om°O© ŠbmH©$ `m§À`m H$Ý`m {_g ìhm`moboQ> ŠbmH©$ `m§Zr

Añn¥í`m{df`r AgUmè`m H$idirVyZ Amnbm EH$ Z¥Ë`mMm H$m ©H«$_ gmXa H$ê$Z Ë`mVyZ O_bobo nmM hOma

én o oQ> {Xbo. {VMr _mZdVmdmXr Ñï>r nmhÿZ emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr {VMoM Zmd `m Añn¥í`m§À`m dg{VJ¥hmg {Xbo.

_hmË_m \w$ë`m§À`mà_mUo emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr gŠVrÀ`m d _mo\$V àmW{_H$ {ejUmMm AmJ«h Yabm. _mJmgboë`mdJm©Mr _mZ{gH$ Jwbm_{Jar Zm{her H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm {H$_mZ àmW{_H$ {ejU Var {Xbo nm{hOo, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V

hmoVo. `m~m~V Zm{eH$_Yrb ^mfUm_Ü o emhÿ _hmamO åhUVmV, ""ImbÀ`m dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§À`m ~wÕrda dkmZmda, ho Oo OS> d Owb_r Oy bmXbo Jobo Amho, Vo PwJmê$Z XoÊ`mMr eŠVr ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m A§Jr oÊ`mg

gŠVrÀ`m d _mo\$V àmW{_H$ {ejUmMr \$ma Oê$ar Amho.'' `mMm AW© emhÿ _hmamO Cƒ {ejUmÀ`m {damoYmV

hmoVo Agm Zmhr. Va {OWo _mJmgboë`m g_mOmg àmW{_H$ {ejUmMr "H$m|S>çmMr ^mH$ar' hr {_iV ZìhVr {VWoCƒ {ejUmÀ`m "n§MnŠdmZmMm' emhÿ _hmamO {dMma H$ê$ BpÀN>V ZìhVo. H$maU nma§n[aH$ A{^OZ dJ© Omo

n§MnŠdmÝZ ImVmo Ë`mZo _mJmgboë`m dJm©bm H$m|S>çmMr ^mH$ar Var {_iVo H$m? `mH$S>o H$YrM bj {Xbo Zmhr._mo\$V d gŠVrÀ`m àmW{_H$ {ejUmMm H$m`Xm 21 gßQ>|~a 1917 amoOr Img Om{haZm_m H$mTy>Z à{gÕ Ho$bm.

Ë`mÀ`m CÔoemV, "H$adra Bbm»`mVrb Am_À`m gd© àOmOZm§Zm {b{hVm-dmMVm oD$Z Amnbr pñWVr AmoiIyZ

gwYmaÊ`mg g_W© ìhmdo' åhUyZ H$m` H$m`Xm Ho$ë`mMo ñnï> H$ê$Z `mo½` d`mVrb _wbo emioV dmT>dbr ZmhrV VaË`m§À`m AmB©~mnm§Zm àË oH$ EH$ ê$n`m Xa _{hZm X§S> H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

`m H$m`m©Mm n[anmH$ åhUyZ emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`mamohU àg§Jr 1894 gmbr g§ñWmZmVrb {dÚmWu g§ñWm

10,844 hmoVr Vr 1922 gmbr 27,830 BVH$s Pmbr. Ë`mM~amo~a Añn¥í` {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m 234 hÿZ2162 Pmbr. Aem àH$mao emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmMo n[aUm_ H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmV {XgyZ Ambo.

_hmamï´>mVrb ~hþOZ g_mOmbm g_W© ~Z{dUmar EH$ {ejU Midi gwê$ Pmbr. {OUo g_mOmMr EH$ {dH$grV

gm_m{OH$ _mZ{gH$Vm V`ma Ho$br.

Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhmMm nwañH$ma :

Om{Vì`dñWoV AgUmè`m amoQ>r~§Xr, ~oQ>r~§Xr d ì`dgm` ~§Xr `m VrZ {Z~ªYm§Zm emhÿ _hmamO VmoS>y BpÀN>V

hmoVo. gmd©O{ZH$ g^m-n[afXm§_YyZ Añn¥í` bmoH$m§À`m hmVMo AÞmoXH$ àmeZ H$ê$Z emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr amoQ>r~§XrOm{hanUo VmoSy>Z Q>mH$br; nU amoQ>r~§XrhÿZ A{YH$ Vrd«nUo nmibm OmUmam ~oQ>r~§XrMm {Z~ªY Ë`m§Zm VmoS>m`Mm

39

hmoVm. H$maU Omon ªV g_mOmV ~oQ>r~§XrMm {Z~ªY nmibm OmVmo, Vmon ªV Om{V oX g_yi Zï> hmoUma Zmhr Aer

emhÿ _hmamOm§Mr YmaUm hmoVr. hm {Z~ªY PwJmê$Z XoUo Ë`m H$mimV YmS>gmMo H$m © hmoVo. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m

g§ñWmZmV Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh H$aÊ`mg H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Vm XoUmam H$m`Xm _§OyaHo$bm. Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhmg H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Vm {_imë`mg Y_© bmon nmdob Agm H$m§Jmdm Cƒ «y dJm©Zo Ho$bm;

nU emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m _Vo, OodT>çm n«_mUmV Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh hmoVrb VodT>çm n«_mUmV qhXy g_mOmVrbOm{V oX Zï> hmoVrb d VodT>çm à_mUmV Amnë`m XoemMr àJVr hmoB©b. ho gyÌ emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Ho$di Amnë`m

^mfUmVyZ gm§{JVbo Ago Zmhr Va Ë`mà_mUo àË`j AmMaU Ho$bo. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m OZH$ KamÊ`mVrbåhUOo H$mJbÀ`m KmQ>Jo KamÊ`mVrb MwbV ^{JZr M§Ðà^m~mB© `m§Mm {ddmh B§XyaÀ`m VwH$moOramd hmoiH$am§Mo nwÌ

èd§Vamd `m§À`mer KS>dyZ AmUbm d _amR>m KamÊ`mMr YZJa g_mOmer d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y OmoS>Ê`mMr à{H«$`m

gwê$ Ho$br. `mV è {_iVmM H$moëhmnya d B§Xya `m XmoZ g§ñWmZm§À`m_Ü o EHy$U 100 _amR>m-YZJa Am§VaOmVr`{ddmh H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm AmIbr. emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m {Z`moOZmà_mUo `mVrb 25 {ddmh gmOao Pmbo; nU

_hmamOm§À`m {ZYZm_wio hr moOZm nwT>o gaH$br Zmhr. H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmV 7 \o$~«wdmar 1919 amoOr qhXy Am{U O¡Z`m§À`mVrb {_l {ddmhmbm H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Vm XoD$Z Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhm~amo~aM Am§VaY_u` {ddmhmbmhr àmoËgmhZ

{Xbo.

ZmJnya oWo âboë`m A{Ib ^maVr` ~{hîH¥$V g_mO n[afXoMo emhÿ _hmamO AÜ`j hmoVo. `m AÜ`jr`

^mfUmV _hmamO åhUVmV, "`m XoemMr CÞVr bdH$a qH$dm C{eam hmoUo, ho òWrb Om{VôX Á`m à_mUmVZmhrgm hmoB©b Ë`mda Adb§~yZ Amho.' hm Om{V oX Zmhrgm hmoÊ`mg {^Þ{^Þ OmVtMo earag§~§Y {dñV¥V à_mUmda

hmoUo Oê$a Amho. amoQ>rì`dhma OmñV n«_mUmV AmVm hmoUma. Ë`m {déÕ H$moUr {H$Vrhr YS>nS> Ho$br Var {VMm{deof Cn`moJ hmoUma Zmhr; nU ~oQ>rì`dhmam§Mr Ver Jmoï> Zmhr. Ago {ddmh hmoÊ`mH$S>o àd¥Îmr hmoÊ`mg AJmoXa

H$m`Xoera AS>MUr Xya Pmë`m nm{hOoV åhUOo Agbo {ddmh H$m`Xoera R>abo nm{hOoV. Ë`mnmgyZÀ`m g§VVrg

Am¡ag g§VVrMo gd© h¸$ {_imbo nm{hOoV. `mH$[aVm Zm_Xma nQ>ob `m§Zr d[að> H$m`Xo H$m¡pÝgbmV {~b AmUbohmoVo. Aem H$m`ÚmMr \$ma Oê$ar Amho; nU Ago {ddmh hmoD$ bmJë`mg ~«m÷Um§Mo OÝ_{gÕ _hÎdhr H$_r

hmoUma. ~«m÷Um§da ho EH$ _moR>o g§H$Q> AmoT>dUma Agë`mZo ~«m÷Ur nÌm§Zr Ë`m {~bmbm _moR>m H$gyZ {damoY Ho$bm.~«m÷Ur {hVmH$S>o bj {Xbo åhUOo ho Ë`m§Mo H$aUo ~ao {Xgob; nU Xoe{hVmH$S>o `m§Zr AJXrM Xwb©j Ho$bo Ago

_moR>çm H$ï>mZo åhUmdo bmJob. {^Þ OmVrMo ñÌr-nwéf {ddmhg§~§Ym{edm` EH$Ì amhÿZ Ë`m§Zr AZrVrMo dV©Z CKS>Ho$ë`mg `m Y_m©{^_mÝ`m§g InVo; nU Vgm AZrVrMm g§~§Y Á`mg ZH$mo Ë`m§Zm H$m`Xoera {ddmh H$aÊ`mÀ`m

_mJm©V _mÌ `mMm AS>Wim, Ago ho gmd©O{ZH$ Zr{V_ÎmoMo eÌy AmhoV.'

ì`dgm` ~§Xr CR>dbr :

Om{Vì`dñWoÀ`m AÝ`m`mMm {Vgam {Z~ªY åhUOo ì`dgm`mMr ~§Xr hmo . àË oH$ OmVrbm nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZoR>adyZ {Xbobm ì`dgm`M H$amdm bmJV Ago. EImÚmZo Amnë`m OmVrMm ì`dgm` ZmH$mê$Z, Xwgam ì`dgm` gwê$

Ho$ë`mg, Vmo Amnë`m OmVrMmM Zìho Ago Kmo{fV Ho$bo OmV. ì`dgm` ~Xb H$aUo hm gd© g_mOmMm JwÝhm

40

g_Obm OmB©. Aem n[apñWVrV emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr ~bwVo-AmbwVoXmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m OÝ_mZo dmQ>çmbm Ambobm ì`dgm`

H$aÊ`mÀ`m {Z~ªYmVyZ H$m`ÚmZo _wŠV Ho$bo. 22 \o$~«wdmar 1918 amoOr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZÀ`m J°PoQ>_Ü o Om{haZm_m

à{gÕ hmoD$Z g§ñWmZmVrb ~bwVoXma nÕVr Imbgm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m Om{haZmå`mZwgma ~bwË`m-AbwË`mdaË`m§À`m dmQ>çmbm Ambobm OÝ_OmV nma§n[aH$ ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMr H$moUVrhr gŠVr am{hbr Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m

AmdS>rÀ`m {R>H$mUr amhÊ`mMr d Ë`m§Zm AmdS>ob Vmo Y§Xm, ì`dgm`, H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Ambr.Ë`m§À`m BZm_r O{_ZrMm a`Vmdm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Aem àH$mao _mJmgboë`m OmVtda AgUmao nma§n[aH$ ì`dgm`

H$aÊ`mMo {Z~ªY emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr H$m`ÚmZo Zï> H$ê$Z Ë`m OmVtMr gm_m{OH$ Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠVVm Ho$br.

Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU :

emhÿ _hmamOm§Zm eyÐ åhUUmè`m gd© dM©ñddmÚm§Zr, Á`m eyÐm{VeyÐm§Zm newVwë` OrdZ OJÊ`mg ^mJ

nmS>bo Ë`m§À`m doXZm g_OyZ emhÿ _hmamO ~«m÷Uemhr {déÕÀ`m bT>çmV eyÐm{VeyÐm§Zm àW_ gm_m{OH$ d

_mZ{gH$ Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠV H$amd`mg nm{hOo, `m {ZîH$fm©n ªV Ambo d Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaUmg gwédmVHo$br.

Añn¥í`Vm Zï> H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Añn¥í`mgmR>rÀ`m emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r

dg{VJ¥hmMr gmo Ho$br. EdT>çmda Z Wm§~Vm 7 E{àb 1919 À`m EH$m AmXoemÝd o, "Añn¥í` bmoH$m§Mr X`Zr`AdñWm bjmV KoD$Z Ë`m§À`m {ejUmg CÎmoOZ XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Ë`m§Zm nwñVHo$, nmQ>çm, nopÝgbr

_mo\$V XoÊ`mgmR>r AS>rM hOma én o _§Oya Ho$bo. Ë`mM _{hÝ`mV gwê$ Ho$boë`m VbmR>r dJm©Vrb Añn¥í` {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r

Xa_hm gmR> én o à_mUo {eî`d¥Îmr Om{ha H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ñn¥í` Añn¥í` `m§À`mgmR>r Ë`mdoir doJdoJù`m emimhmoË`m Ë`m ~§X H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo 28 gßQ>|~a 1919 amoOr emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr g§ñWmZmVrb Añn¥í`mÀ`m ñdV§Ì emim

~§X Ho$ë`mMm AmXoe Omar Ho$bm. Ë`m_Ü o _hmamO åhUVmV, "H$adra Bbm»`mV Añn¥í` bmoH$m§À`m _wbm§gmR>rñdV§Ì emim AgVmV. Ë`m gd© oË`m Xgè`mnmgyZ ~§X H$aÊ`mV mì`mV d Añn¥í`m§À`m _wbm§g gaH$mar emimVyZ,

BVa bmoH$m§À`m _wbm§à_mUoM XmIb H$ê$Z KoV Omdo. gaH$mar emim§VyZ {edm{ed nmiÊ`mMr Zgë`mZo gd©

OmVtÀ`m d Y_m©À`m _wbmg EH$Ì ~g{dÊ`mV oV Omdo.'

emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr CMbbobo Añn¥í`m§À`m {ejUmg§~§YrMo nmD$b, Añn¥í`m§_Ü o OmJ¥Vr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgH$maUr yV R>abo. Ë`mMm n[anmH$ åhUyZ emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m amÁ`mamohUmÀ`mdoir åhUOo 1894 bm g§ñWmZmV

Añn¥í`mgmR>r \$ŠV 5 emim hmoË`m d Ë`mVrb {dÚmWu g§»`m 168 hmoVr Vr 1907-08 n`ªV Añn¥í` emim§Mrg§»`m 16 d {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m 416 BVH$s Pmbr. nwT>rb Mma dfmªV emim§Mr g§»`m 27 d {dÚmWu g§»`m

616 da nmohMbr. `mMo gd© lo emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaUmÀ`m H$m`m©bm Úmdo bmJob.

`m~amo~aM Añn¥í`m§À`m _wbm§Zm Am ©g_mOr` ñdm_tÀ`m _m\©$V CnZ`Z H$ê$Z doXm§Mr g§Wm {Xbr. Ë`m_wio

`m _wbm§À`m A§Jr n[apñWVr gmnoj AmnU BVamÀ`m ~amo~arMo AmhmoV, Agm AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U Pmbm dË`m§Mr CÞVr hmoD$ bmJbr. Añn¥í`m§À`m _wbm§Mo CnZ`Z H$ê$Z d doXm§Mr g§Wm XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm ~«m÷Um§À`m VWmH${WV

loð> XOm©da AmUyZ gmoS>Umao emhÿ _hmamO ho Iao bmoH$amOo hmoVo. `m~amo~aM Añn¥í` OmVtÀ`m hOoar nÕVrMo

41

{Z_y©bZ, doR>daim nÕVrMo {Z_y©bZ d _hmadVZ Imbgm H$ê$Z m g_mOmMr Jwbm_{Jar Zï> Ho$br. Añn¥í`VoÀ`m

H«y$a d A_mZwf ê$T>r-na§naoÀ`m {damoYmV OmÊ`mMo YmS>g AZoH$ bmoH$ H$aV ZìhVo. `m nmíd© y_rda Amnë`m

g§ñWmZmV Var H$m`ÚmZoM m Xwï> ê$T>rg _yR>_mVr XoÊ`mÀ`m BamÚmZo emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr 1919 À`m OmZodmar _{hÝ`mVXmoZ Om{haZm_o _§Oya H$ê$Z H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmVrb aopìhÝ`y d Á`w{S>{e`b, Amamo½` d {dÚm `m ImË`mVrb

A{YH$mè`m§Zm Amnmnë`m H$m`m©V Añn¥í`Vm Z nmiÊ`m~m~V AmXoe XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. VgoM 6 gßQ>|~a 1919amoOr V_m_ OZVogmR>r Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaUmMm Om{haZm_m H$mT>bm. Ë`mZwgma "gd© gmd©O{ZH$ B_maVr, Y_©emim,

aoñQ> hm¡{gg, gaH$mar AÞN>Ìo dJ¡ao {R>H$mUr d ZXrMo nmUdR>o, gmd©O{ZH$ {d{har oWo H$moUË`mhr _Zwî`mMm{dQ>mi _mZbm OmUma Zmhr.'

emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmÀ`m àemgZmV Añn¥í` ì`ŠVtÀ`m Zo_UyH$m H$ê$Z EH$ gm_m{OH$ H«$m|VrMKS>dyZ AmUbr. 5 Am°JñQ> 1918 À`m Img hþHy$_mZwgma Añn¥í` OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm VbmR>r nXmda Zo_Ê`m~m~V

AmXoe XoÊ`mV Ambm. BVHo$M Zìho Va H$moëhmnwa å`w{Z{gnm{bQ>rÀ`m MoAa_ZnXr àW_M EH$m Añn¥í`mMråhUOo XÎmmo~m nmodmam§Mr Zo_UyH$ emhy _hmamOm§À`m àoaUoM Pmbr. Ë`m~amo~a gaH$mar nmJoV, h_r ImË`mV,

{eH$mar ImË`mV, Q>nmb ImË`mV, amOn[admam§Mo S´>m`ìha åhUyZ Añn¥í` _§S>ir gaH$mar godH$ åhUyZ dmdaVmZm{Xgy bmJbr; nU Añn¥í`Vo~m~VMo gmodionU Ho$di ~«m÷UM nmiV hmoVo Ago Zmhr Va _amR>o d VËg_ AZoH$

OmVrhr Ë`mg AndmX ZìhË`m. m gm_m{OH$ nmíd© y_rda emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Añn¥í`m§À`m hmVMo AÞ ñdrH$mê$Z d

àmeZ H$ê$Z Añn¥í`VoÀ`m ~bX§S> ê$T>rÀ`m nm`mImbr gwé§J bmdbm. J§Jmam_ H$m§~ioZr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmÀ`mh_añË`mda "gË`emoYH$ hm°Q>ob' emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m àoaUoZo d ghH$m`m©Zo H$mT>bo. _hmamO `m hm°Q>ob_Ü o oD$Z

ñdV: Mhm nrV d Amnë`m gmo~V Agboë`m ~«m÷U, _amR>m AmXr OmVtÀ`m gd© _§S>itZm gwÕm Mhm AmJ«hmZonmOrV.

^Q>Š`m {d_wŠV O_mVtMm CÕma :

Añn¥í`m§hÿZ doJù`m d JmdJmS>çmÀ`m ~mhoa AgUmè`m ^Q>Š`m {d_wŠV O_mVtÀ`m CÕmamMo H$m_ emhÿ

_hmamOm§Zr Ho$bo. {d{dY H$bm§da AmYm[aV OrdZ OJUmè`m `m O_mVtZm H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV nma§n[aH$ Cƒ «yg_mOmZo d {~«{Q>em§Zrhr JwÝhoJma O_mVr åhUyZ Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. _hmamï´>mV Aem 13 ^Q>Š`m

O_mVr JwÝhoJma åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$ë`m. {~«{Q>em§Zr Ë`m§Zm Iwë`m Vwé§JmV KmVbo; nU emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Ë`m§Zm Amnë`mnmoQ>mer Yabo. JwÝhoJma àd¥Îmr OÝ_OmV AgVo, JwÝhoJma O_mVrVrb _Zwî` JwÝhoJma àd¥ÎmrMmM AgVmo, Vmo H$YrM

~Xby eH$V Zmhr. ho AmVmn ªVMo gwg§ñH¥$V g_mOmMo d {~«{Q>em§Zr _m§S>bobo g_rH$aU emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr YwS>H$mdyZbmdbo. \$mgonmaYr, H§$Oma^mQ>, ~oaS>, _m§JJméS>r, ~§Omam, H$moadr, H$Q>mar ^m_Q>m, dÈ> Aem O_mVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm

Ë`m§À`m H$boZwgma Ë`m§Zm H$m_ {Xbo. Ë`m§À`m H$m`_ dgmhVr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m d Ë`m§À`mda OÝ_Vm bmXbobm JwÝhoJma

hm R>nH$m emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr nwgyZ Q>mH$bm.

_mUyg hm BWyZ{VWyZ gmaImM AgVmo; nU n[apñWVrM Ë`mbm "gmd' AWdm "JwÝhoJma' ~ZdVo. ào_mZodmJbo Va dmKmgmaIo H«y$a neyXoIrb ~XbVmV. _J JwÝhoJma g_Obr OmUmar _mUgo H$m ~XbUma ZmhrV, Ago

42

Zdo _mZdVmdmXr g_rH$aU emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr _m§S>bo d àË`j A§_bmV AmUyZ ^Q>Š`m {d_wŠV O_mVtMm CÕma

KS>dyZ AmUbm.


Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.

1) amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§Mm OÝ_ H$Yr Pmbm?

2) emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr ~hþOZm§À`m {ejUmMr gwédmV H$m Ho$br?

3) Om{Vì`dñWm Zï> H$Ê`mgmR>r emhÿ _hmamO H$moUË`m {Z~ªYm§Zm VmoSy> BpÀN>V hmoVo?

4) H$moUË`m OmVt_Ü o emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh KS>dyZ AmUbm?

5) emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr g§ñWmZmVrb Añn¥í`m§gmR>rÀ`m ñdV§Ì emim H$Yr ~§X Ho$ë`m?

6) gwg§ñH¥$V g_mOmMo d {~«{Q>em§Mo H$moUVo g_rH$aU emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr YwS>H$mdyZ bmdbo?

2.2.2 S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrMm {gÕm§V :

S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ho bmoH$emhrMo ZoVo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` qMVZmVrb bmoH$emhrMm {dMma hm

Ho$di AmXe© ñdßZa§OZmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbm Zmhr, Va Ë`m§Mm bmoH$emhrg§~§YrMm {dMma hm ^maVmÀ`m amOH$s`,

gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrÀ`m AdbmoH$ZmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio, Ë`m§À`m bmoH$emhr {dMmamV ^maVmÀ`mì`mdhm[aH$ n«íZm§Mo mZ OmJmoOmJr {XgyZ oVo. maVmÀ`m nma§n[aH$ g_mOaMZoV AgUmar Om{Vì`dñWm d Am{W©H$

{df_Vm `m§Zr V`ma Ho$boë`m Jar~-lr_§V, _mbH$-Jwbm_, Cƒ-ZrM `m {df_Vm§da bmoH$emhrMr C^maUrH$aUo eŠ` Zmhr. ^maVr` g_mOaMZoVrb {df_Vm Zï> H$ê$Z Oo _m¡{bH$ ~Xb KSy>Z AmUmd`mMo AmhoV Ë`mbm

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhr Ago åhUVmV.

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr g§emoYZ nyd©H$ {gÕ Ho$bo Amho H$s, eyX« ho nwdu Á`m gy ©d§emÀ`m O_mVr hmoË`m Ë`m§À`mVrb

EH$ hmoVo. j{Ì` dUm©MmM EH$ ^mJ Agboë`m eyÐ amOm§Mm ~«m÷Um§er gVV g§Kf© hmoV. Ë`m_wio ~«m÷Um§ZrË`m§Mm CnZ`ZmMm A{YH$ma ZmH$mabm. Ë`m_wio eyÐ d¡í`m§À`mhr Imbr Jobo. gwédmVrg n[adV©Zr` AgUmao dU©

Z§Va ~§{XñV Pmbo. ~«m÷UdJm©Zo ñdV:bm BVam§nmgyZ VmoS>bo Am{U Amnë`m dUm©V BVam§Zm àdoe ZmH$mabm. hrË`m dUm©Mo OmVr_Ü o ê$nm§Va hmoÊ`mMr gwédmV hmoVr. ~«m÷UoÎma dJm©Zo ~«m÷Um§À`m dU© ~§XrMo AZwH$aU Ho$ë`m_wio

OmVrg§ñWm g_mOmÀ`m Vimn ªV OmD$Z nmohMbr. Om{Vg§ñWm H$moUmÀ`m CnXoemZo dm AmXoemZo {Z_m©U PmbobrZmhr, Ë`m_wio Ë`m _mJm©Zo Vr Zï> hmoUma Zmhr `mMo ^mZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$boë`m OmVr_r_m§goV AmT>iVo.

Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ñdm§VÍ`, g_Vm d ~§YwVm `m _yë`m§da AmYm[aV g_mO {Z_m©U Pmbm VaM OmVrMm A§V hmoD$

eH$Vmo. `mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrMr {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho. OmVrZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr gm_m{OH$ {df_VmApñVËdmV AgVmZm, maVmV amOH$s` bmoH$emhr eñdr hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio maVmg Aem n[apñWVrV

amï´> åhUUo åhUOo AmnU ñdV:Mr \$gdUyH$ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmaIo Amho Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _V hmoVo. S>m°.

43

Am§~oS>H$am§Zm gd© emgZ àH$mam_Ü o bmoH$emhr emgZ nÕVr A{YH$ mo½` dmQ>V hmoVr. H$maU Ë`m_Ü o (1) em§VVoÀ`m

_mJm©Zo n[adV©Z (2) ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í`mMo g§ajU d (3) ì`ŠVrMr à{Vð>m gm§ mibr OmVo.

gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrMr Amdí`H$Vm :

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, bmoH$emhrMr _yio gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmV AgVmV, Ë`m_wio bmoH$emhr åhUOo ghOrdZAgo ñnï> H$ê$Z bmoH$emhr amÁ`ì`dñWoV gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMr \o$aaMZm H$aVm oVo `mda Ë`m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm.

Á`m g_mOmV doJdoJù`m gm_m{OH$ JQ>m§À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ _V{^ÞVm d V\$mdVr AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m_Ü`oghOrdZmMr qH$dm nañna ghH$m`m©Mr ^mdZm ZgVo. Ë`m g_mOmV bmoH$emhr ê$O{dUo d {Q>H${dUo Iyn AdKS>

Jmoï> Amho, Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a§mMo _V hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` g_mO Omo OmVrda AmYmabobm Amho. Ë`mÀ`mVbmoH$emhr {Z_m©U H$amd`mMr Agob Va àW_ gm_m{OH$ g_Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. ^maVmVrb Or

{df_Vm _mZd{Z{_©V Amho Ë`mVyZ OmVr`Vm, Xm[aÐç, AkmZ, emofU, Jwbm_r {Z_m©U Pmbr AgyZ ^maVr`

bmoH$emhrÀ`m dmQ>MmbrVrb Vo à_wI AS>Wio AmhoV. `m {df_VoMo OmUrdnyd©H$ Omon ªV {Z_y©bZ hmoV Zmhr.Vmon ªV `m XoemV bmoH$emhr ApñVËdmV oD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>rM S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$

joÌmVrb bmoH$emhrMm {dMma _m§S>bm.

^maVmMr nma§n[aH$ g_mOaMZm hr bmoH$emhrbm _wirM nmofH$ Zmhr, Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo dmñVddmXr{díbofU hmoVo. H$maU ^maVmÀ`m nma§n[aH$ g_mOaMZoV gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>oÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Cƒ-ZrM d Jar~-

lr_§V Aer H$m`_ñdê$nmMr {df_Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr d Vr {Q>Hy$Z am{hbr. Aem g_mOmV EH$m ~mOybm AÝ`m`,

AË`mMma, emofU, Owby_ H$aUmè`m d[að> OmVtMm ñdmW© ~imdVmo Va Xwgè`m ~mOybm Ý`m`, ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm,gwa{jVVm, ñdm{^_mZ d à{Vð>m `m§Mm èhmg hmoVmo. Ë`mVyZ gm_m{OH$ ZrVr_Îmm Zï> hmoVo. Aem ^maVr` g_mOmV

bmoH$emhr `eñdr H$amd`mMr Agob Va ^maVmV gd©àW_ gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhr {Z_m©U H$aUo hr nyd©AQ> AgobAgo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV. H$maU ^maVmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ VoM bmoH$emhrMo C{Ôï> Agob.

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrg§~§Yr {dMma :

^maVr` g_mOmVrb nma§n[aH$ {df_Vm Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {VÀ`mV H$amd`mMo Am_ybmJ« ~Xb åhUOo gm_m{OH$

bmoH$emhrMr {Z{_©Vr, Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV. H$maU m nma§n[aH$ g_mOaMZoV ~Xb Z H$aVm, bmoH$emhrMrB_maV C^r Ho$ë`mg Vr nm`m Zgboë`m B_maVrà_mUo H$mogiyZ nS>ob `m~m~V _bm `pËH¨${MVhr e§H$m Zmhr, Ago

Vo åhUV. EH$m ~mOybm gd© hŠH$ Am{U gÎmoMo H|$ÐrH$aU Á`m§À`mnmer Pmbo Amho Agm EH$ dJ©, Va Xwgè`m~mOybm nr{S>V, _mJmg d Á`m§Mo h¸$ {hgH$mdyZ KoVbobm Am{U \$ŠV n{hë`m dJm©Mo AmoPo dmhUmam ^madmhH$

Aer g_mOmMr {d^mJUr hmoV Agë`mg, Aem g_mOmV gj_ gÎmmYmar dJ© _mJmgdJm©Mo gd©Vmonar emofUH$aVmo. Oo bmoH$emhr VÎdkmZmg _maH$ Amho. bmoH$emhr emgZ àH$mamV g_Vm{Y{ð>V g_mOaMZm J¥{hV Agë`mZo

^maVmVrb amOH$s` bmoH$emhrMo e gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrÀ`m {Z{_©Vrda Adb§~yZ Amho. Ë`m_wio Ho$di amOH$s`

bmoH$emhrÀ`m aMZog _wirM AW© ZgVmo, Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _V Amho.

44

gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrV (1) ì`ŠVr - ì`{ŠV_Yrb gX² mdZm, gÝ_mZ d g_mZ à{Vð>oMr _Zmod¥Îmr Am{U

(2) åhUOo KÅ> nma§n[aH$ gm_m{OH$ ~§YZm§nmgyZ _wŠV Aer g_mOaMZm, Or AmYw{ZH$Vobm nmofH$ Agob, `m§Mm

g_mdoe hmoVmo. "EH$ ì`ŠVr EH$ _V' `mhrnojm "EH$ ì`ŠVr EH$ _yë`' ho VÎd A{YH$ `mo½` Amho. H$maU{ZgJ©V:M _mUgo emar[aH$ eŠVr d ~wÕr_Îmm `m~m~V {df_ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm g_VoMr dmJUyH$ XoUo

JaOoMo Amho. `mVM OZVoÀ`m gdmª{JU åhUOo gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ àJVrMo JwnrV bnbo Amho, Ago S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _V hmoVo. emofU, AÝ`m`, AË`mMma gVV dmQ>çmbm oUmè`m Jar~ d _mJmg OZVobm nmM dfmªVyZ

{_iUmam _VmMm A{YH$ma H$dS>r_mob dmQ>Uo ñdm^m{dH$ Amho. `mgmR>r gdmªZm g_mZ XOm©, à{Vð>m àmßV PmbrVaM ^maVmV bmoH$emhr {Q>Hy$ eHo$b. ^maVr` g_mOmVrb Cƒ-ZrMVm Or OmV, d§e, OÝ_, g§nÎmr BË`mXtda

AmYmabobr Amho Vr bmoH$emhrgmR>r KmVH$ Amho. H$maU `m {df_VoV ì`ŠVrda g_mOmH$Sy>Z qH$dm Cƒ^«y

ì`dñWoH$Sy>Z BVHo$ AÝ`m`, AË`mMma hmoVmV d Vo BVŠ`m _mJmªZr hmoVmV H$s, Ë`m§À`m g_moa emgZmH$Sy>Z hmoUmaoAÝ`m, AË`mMma, Owby_ {ZH¥$ð> dmQ>VmV. Aem g_mOì`dñWoV amOH$s` bmoH$emhr AW©hrZ R>aVo, Ago S>m°.

Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV. amOH$s` bmoH$emhrÀ`m èmgmR>r ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, Ý`m` d ~§YwVm hr bmoH$emhrMr bjUogm_m{OH$ n[aKmV Omon ªV Am{dîH¥$V hmoV ZmhrV Vmon ªV amOH$s` bmoH$emhr AW©hrZ AgVo. `mgmR>r gm_m{OH$

bmoH$emhr àñWm{nV hmoD$Z g_mOmVrb gdmªÀ`m {H$_mZ àmW{_H$ JaOm ^mJë`m n[hOoV d g_Vm{Y{ð>V g_mO

{Z_m©U Pmë`mg BWo bmoH$emhr Mm§Jë`m n«H$mao èñdr hmoB©b. åhUOoM gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrMr {Z{_©Vr hramOH$s` bmoH$emhrÀ`m èmgmR>r d pñWaVogmR>r Amdí`H$ ~m~ Amho.

bmoH$emhrMr ì`m»`m :

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$boë`m {ddoMZmZwgma bmoH$emhrMo ZwgVo ñdê$nM ~XbV Zmhr Va {VMo C{Ôï> XoIrbH$mb_mZm~amo~a ~XbV AgVo. Ë`m_wio AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ bmoH$emhrMo C{Ôï> ho Ho$di A{Z §ÌrV amOgÎmoda

{Z §ÌU KmbUo ho ZgyZ bmoH$H$ë`mU gmYUo ho Amho. `m AZwf§JmZo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr bmoH$emhrMr ì`m»`mnwT>rbà_mUo Ho$br -

""bmoH$m§À`m Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV H«$m§{VH$maH$ ~Xb aŠV{da{hV _mJmªZr KS>dyZ AmUUmaremgZ nÕVr åhUOo bmoH$emhr hmo .''

Á`m emgZ nÕVr_Ü o gÎmmê$T> KQ>H$mbm gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ joÌmV _yb yV ~Xb H$aVm oVmV Am{U

Ago ~Xb ñdrH$maVmZm OZVm aŠVmbm§pÀN>V qH$dm qhgmË_H$ _mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$aV Zmhr VoWoM bmoH$emhr{Q>H$Vo. hrM Iar bmoH$emhrMr H$gmoQ>r Amho Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV. ^maVmV amOH$s` bmoH$emhr èñdr

hmoÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ ~Xb H$aUo nm`m yV Amho ho ñnï> H$ê$Z S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMo

n[aerbZ H$ê$Z maVmVrb g§gXr` bmoH$emhrÀ`m eñdrVogmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m JmoîQ>tMo {díbofU H$aVmV.Á`mVyZ gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ bmoH$emhrMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo {H$Vr JaOoMo Amho ho bjmV oVo.

gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrÀ`m èpñdVogmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao KQ>H$ :1) g_VoMr Amdí`H$Vm : bmoH$emhr èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmam àW_ KQ>H$ åhUOo

45

g_mOì`dñWoV {df_Vm Zgbr nm{hOo. g_mOmVrb Om{VàWm d dJ©ì`dñWmhr bmoH$emhrbm KmVH$ AgVo. gd©

h¸$ d gÎmoMo H|$ÐrH$aU Á`m§À`mH$S>o Amho Agm dJ© EH$m ~mOybm Am{U gd© àH$maMo ^ma dmhÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aUmam

dJ© Xwgè`m ~mOybm Aer g_mOmMr {d^mJUr Agy Z o. H$maU Aem {df_Voda AmYmaboë`m g_mOaMZo_Ü oqhgmË_H$ H«$m§VrMr ~rOo AgVmV d Ë`m§Mo n[a_mO©Z bmoH$emhr H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr `m g§X^m©V

A~«mh_ qbH$Z m§À`m J°{Q>g~J© oWrb mfUmMm C„oI Ho$bm Amho. qbH$Z Amnë`m mfUmV åhUVmV, ""ñdV:À`m{déÕ {d^mJbobo Ka VJ Yê$ eH$V Zmhr.'' (A house divided against itself cannot stand). S>m°.

Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, "dJm©-dJm©Vrb A§Va d dJ©g§Kf© ho bmoH$emhrÀ`m e{gÕrÀ`m _mJm©Vrb gdm©V _moR>o AS>ga~ZVmV Agm `m {dYmZmMm AW© Amho. g_mOmVrb Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ dJ© ho ñdV:À`m {dZmemg H$maUr yV

R>aVmV. OJmVrb {Za{Zamù`m ^mJmVrb bmoH$emhrÀ`m B{VhmgmMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg, bmoH$emhrÀ`m AnèmMo

H$maU gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm d dJm©-dJm©V C^r Agbobr Ag_VoMr Xar hoM Amho. `mgmR>r g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$d Am{W©H$ {df_Vm Zï> Pmbr nm{hOo.

2) à^mdr {damoYr amOH$s` nj : bmoH$emhrÀ`m è{gÕrgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobr Xwgar Jmoï> åhUOo

{damoYr amOH$s` njmMo ApñVËd hmo . S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a bmoH$emhrMr H$m ©-_r_m§gm H$aVmZm bmoH$emhrbm "gÎmodarb{Z §ÌU' (Veto of power) Ago åhUVmV. "d§ena§namJV gÎmm' d ga§Om_Xmaemhr `m§À`m Zo_H$m CbQ> AWm©Mm

eãX åhUOo bmoH$emhr. bmoH$emhrMm AW©M hm H$s, gÎmmê$T> _§S>itÀ`m A_`m©X gÎmobm H$moR>oVar Ho$bobo {Z §ÌU.

PmoqQ>Jemhr_Ü o {Z §ÌUmbm dmdM ZgVmo. EH$Xm {ZdS>bobm amOm Amnë`m "CnOV d X¡dr' A{YH$mamZo amÁ`H$aVmo. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, bmoH$emhrV AmnU Aer ì`dñWm Ho$bobr AgVo H$s, Á`m_wio gÎmmê$T> Agboë`m

_§S>itZm Xa nmM dfmªZr bmoH$m§nwT>o Omdo bmJVo d Vo gÎmoda amhÊ`mg bm`H$ AmhoV qH$dm ZmhrV, bmoH$m§Mmgm§ mi Am{U g§ajU H$aÊ`mg g_W© AmhoV H$s ZmhrV `m àíZmda OZVoMm H$m¡b ¿`mdm bmJVmo. `mbmM S>m°.

Am§~oS>H$a gÎmodarb {Z §ÌU Ago åhUVmV.

na§Vw Ho$di Xa nmM dfmªZr \$ŠV EH$Xm H$m¡b KoÊ`mZo Am{U _Yë`m H$mimV A{Z §ÌrV gÎmm dmnaÊ`mÀ`m

"n§Mdm{f©H$' {Z §ÌUm_wio IarIwar bmoH$emhr oV Zmhr. bmoH$emhr_Ü o amÁ`gÎmoda bmoH$_VmMo {Z §ÌU ZwgVoMnm{hOo Ago Zmhr, Va Vo VmËH$mi d gVV Agmd`mg hdo. `mgmR>r bmoH$g oV gaH$mabm VoWë`m VoWo AS>{dUmao

d AmìhmZ XoUmao bmoH$ Agmdo bmJVmV. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, emgZg§ñWm hr bmoH$_VmZwdVu Agmd`mg hdrAm{U {Vbm AS>{dUmao, AmìhmZ XoUmao bmoH$ IwÔ H$m`Xo_§S>imVM Agbo nm{hOoV. `mdê$Z Vwåhmbm {damoYr

njmMo _hÎd H$iob. {damoYr njmÀ`m ApñVËdm_wio gÎmmê$T> gaH$maMo Ü o YmoaU VmndyZ EoaUrda R>moHy$Z ZrQ>ZoQ>Ho$

H$aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm AgVo. gÎmmYmar njmbm Amnë`m YmoaUmMo d amÁ`H$ma^mamMo g_W©Z Am{U {damoYr njmVrbbmoH$m§À`m e§H$m§Mo {ZagZ gVV H$amdo bmJVo. åhUyZM bmoH$emhr èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r à^mdr {damoYr njmMr

Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.

3) H$m`Xm d amÁ`H$ma^ma joÌmVrb g_Vm : bmoH$emhrÀ`m èmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar {Vgar~m~ åhUOo d¡Ym{ZH$ d amÁ`H$ma^ma {df`H$ joÌmV nmimd`mMr g_Vm hr hmo . H$m`ÚmMo A{YamÁ` ho VÎd

46

_mÝ` H$ê$Z amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr d àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Zr gdmªZm g_mZVoMr dmJUyH$ {Xbr nm{hOo. VaM gdmªZm

Ý`m` {_iob. amÁ`H$ma^ma MmbdVmZm g_mVmÑï>r A{YH$ _hÎdmMr AgyZ, Vr {deX H$aÊ`mgmR>r S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr

CÚmoJY§Úm§À`m bm`goÝg (nadmZo) XoVmZm amÁ`H$ma^mamVrb J¡aàH$ma d A_o[aHo$Vrb ZmoH$a^aVrÀ`m _{bXmnÕVrMo (ñnm°B©b {gpñQ>_) CXmhaU {Xbo Amho. B§½b§S>à_mUoM ^maVmVhr gaH$maZo amÁ`H$ma^mamV hñVjon H$ê$

Z o Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr gwM{dbo.

4) g§{dYmZmË_H$ {ZVtMo nmbZ : S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, Amnbr AmOMr amÁ`KQ>Zm hr H$m`XoeraVaVwXtMm d VÎdm§Mm ZwgVm gm§JmS>m Amho. `m gm§JmS>çmbm Amí`H$ Agbobo aŠV_m§g g§{dYmZmË_H$ Zr{V_ÎmoÀ`m

nmbZmVM {_iob. B§½b§S>_Ü o `m KQ>ZmË_H$ Zr{VbmM KQ>ZmË_H$ g§Ho$V Ago åhUVmV Am{U ho g§Ho$V bmoH$

ñdIwerZo nmiVmV. `m g§X^m©V S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr AmR>ì`m ES>dS>©À`m amOnX Ë`mJmMo CXmhaU {Xbo. `m KQ>ZoVamOmZo n§VàYmZmMm g„m _mZbm d amOnXmMm Ë`mJ Ho$bm. B§½b§S>À`m B{VhmgmV VmËnwaË`m gÎmoÀ`m {dbmo Zmg

~ir nSy>Z njZoË`m§Zr Amnë`m {damoYH$m§g _J Vo gÎmoda AgmoV qH$dm {damoYr nj åhUyZ H$m_ H$arV AgmoVH¡$MrV nH$S>Ê`mMo n«g§J g§{dYmZmMr d bmoH$emhrMr hmZr hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ H$Q>mjmZo Q>mibobo AmhoV. VgoM S>m°.

Am§~oS>H$am§Zr KQ>ZmË_H$ Zr{VÀ`m~m~V A_o[aHo$À`m n{hë`m amï´>mÜ`jmMo CXmhaU {Xbo. bmoH$mJ«hmñVd Vo Xwgè`mdoir amï>mÜ`j Pmbo; na§Vw {Vgè`m§Xmhr Ë`m§Zm {dZ§Vr Ho$br Voìhm Ë`m§Zr Vr H$R>moanUo {PS>H$mabr. H$maU d§ena§namJV

gÎmmemhrMm ~r_moS> H$aUmè`m VÎdkmZmMm CX²JmVm åhUyZ, _bm H$V©ì`~wÕrZo Vo {PS>H$mamdoM bmJob, Ago

åhUyZ g§{dYmZmË_H$ Zr{VMo nmbZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo Ë`m_wio bmoH$emhrMm nm`m A{YH$ ~iH$Q> Pmbm.

5) Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm gwa{jVVm : S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, bmoH$emhrÀ`m ZmdmImbr Aëng§»`m§H$m§MrqH$dm Aën_Vdmë`m§Mr JiMonr ~hþ_Vdmë`m§H$S>yZ hmoVm H$m_m Z o. ~hþg§»`m§H$ _§S>ir H$ma^ma H$arV Agbr

Var Amnë`mbm H$moUVrhr BOm hmoUma Zmhr, Amnë`mda H$moUVmhr AÝ`m` hmoUma Zmhr `mMr h_r d gwa{jVVmAëng§»`m§H$m§Zm {_imbr nm{hOo.

`m g§X^m©V S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr B§½b§S>À`m hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_ÝgMo CXmhaU {Xbo Amho. 1931 À`m gmd©{ÌH${ZdS>UwH$sZ§Va _Oya njmMo ZoVo a°ågo _°H$S>moZmëS> `m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr amï´>r` _§{Ì_§S>i V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV _Oya njmMr g^mgX g§»`m 50 da Ambr d hþOya njmMo ~mëS>{dZ n§VàYmZ ~Zbo.hþOya njmÀ`m àM§S> ~hþ_VmImbr H$m_ H$aUmè`m m Aëng§»` _Oya njmÀ`m gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z mfUm~m~V, VhHy$~r

gyMZm§~m~V dm AÝ` {damoY H$aUmè`m nÕVr~Ôb ~hþ_Vdmë`m hþOya njmH$Sy>Z H$Yrhr JiMonr qH$dm AÝ`m`

Pmbm Zmhr. `mCbQ> Amnë`m bmoH$g oV {damoYr njmMo g^mgX gXmgd©H$mi qZXmì`O§H$ R>amd, hVHw$~r gyMZmqH$dm VËg_ àH$ma dmnaVmV. Vo gd©M mo½` Zgbo, Var ~hþg§»`m§H$ gÎmmê$T> JQ>mH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm nadmZJrhr ZmH$mabr

OmVo. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a _w§~B© {dYmZg oMo gXñ` AgVmZm gÎmmê$T> _§S>itZr EH$hr VhHw$~r gyMZm MM}gmR>r oD${Xbr Zmhr. Ë`mdoiMo AÜ`j _mdiUH$a ho Aem gyMZm ñdV: \o$Q>miyZ bmdm`Mo qH$dm Ë`m§Zr nadmZJr {XbrM

Va _§Ìr {damoY H$am`Mo. _§Í`mZo {damoY Ho$ë`mg VhHw$~r gyMZm _m§S>Umè`m g^mgXmbm Amdí`H$ VodT>çm g^mgXm§MmnmqR>~m {_idmdm bmJVmo; nU N>moQ>çm Aëng§»` O_mVtÀ`m 4 qH$dm 6 g^mgXm§À`m JQ>mZo CnpñWV Ho$boë`m

47

VhHw$~r gyMZm§Zm Oa gaH$mar njmH$Sy>Z gVV {damoY Pmë`mg `m Aëng§»`m§H$ bmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m Xw:Im§Zm dmMm

\$moS>Ê`mg g§Yr {_iUma Zmhr. Aem n[apñWVrV m Aëng§»`m§H$m§V J¡agZXera _mJ© Adb§{~Ê`mMo, H«$m§{VH$maH$

CR>md hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m g§ dVmo. åhUyZ bmoH$emhr H$ma^mamV ~hþ_Vdmë`m§H$Sy>Z Ago XS>nemhrMo dV©Z hmoVmH$m_m Z o.

6) Zr{V_mZ g_mOì`dñWoMr Amdí`H$Vm : bmoH$emhr amÁ`ì`dñWogmR>r Zr{V_mZ g_mOì`dñWoMr

AË`mdí`H$Vm AgVo Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _V hmoVo. `m~m~V amOH$s` emñÌdoË`m§Zr H$mhrM {dMma Ho$bobm{XgV Zmhr; nU Zr{V_Îmo{edm` amOH$maU H$aVm oV Zmhr. amÁ`mVrb ZmJ[aH$ Zr{V_mZ AgVrb Va H$m`ÚmMr

H$_rV H$_r JaO ^mgVo. bmoH$emhr åhUOo ñdV§Ì gaH$ma Ago g§~moYÊ`mV oVo. ñdV§Ì gaH$ma åhUOo Aer

amÁ`nÕVr H$s, {OÀ`m_Ü o OmñVrV OmñV gm_m{OH$ joÌmV bmoH$m§Zm H$m`ÚmÀ`m hñVjonm{edm` _moH$ionUmZoOrdZ OJVm oVo Am{U Oa H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>brM, Va Vmo H$m`Xm nmibm OmÊ`mBVnV gm_m{OH$

ZrVr g_mOm_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmbr Agë`mMr ImÌr H$m`Xo H$aUmè`m§Zm {_imbr nm{hOo. bmoH$emhrÀ`m m A§Jm~Ôbàm. bmñH$s Ago åhUVmV H$s, bmoH$emhr amÁ`nÕVr_Ü o Zr{V_mZ OrdZ J¥{hV Yabobo AgVo. H$maU gm_m{OH$

Zr{VÀ`m A^mdr bmoH$emhr eñdr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Vr {N>Þ{d{N>Þ hmoB©b.' Amnë`m XoemV hm AZw d {_iVmoMAmho, Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _V hmoVo.

7) {ddoH$s bmoH$_V : bmoH$emhrÀ`m àñWmnZogmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar AmUIr EH$ ~m~ åhUOo{ddoH$s qH$dm {dMmar bmoH$_V hmo . S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, AÝ`m` àË oH$ XoemV hmoV AgVmV `m~Ôb e§H$m

Zmhr; na§Vw Vmo gd©Ì gma»`mM à_mU Amho Ago _mÌ Zmhr. g_mOmVrb H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm AÝ`m`mMr AJXr WmoS>rPi nmohMVo, Va H$mhtZm AZpÝdV N>i gmogmdm bmJVmo, Vo AÝ`m`mÀ`m AmoÂ`mImbr XS>nyZ Jobobo AgVmV.

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a `m g§X^m©V B§½b§S>_Yrb Á y bmoH$m§Mo CXmhaU XoVmV. Á y bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`mdarb AÝ`m`m{damoYmVEH$mH$s bT>m Úmdm bmJbm. EH$hr B§p½be _Zwî` Ë`m§À`m _XVrbm Ymdbm Zmhr. _XVrnojmhr Á y§da hmoUmè`m

AÝ`m`mV B§p½be {¼íMZ bmoH$m§Zm AmZ§X dmQ>V Ago. hm gmd©O{ZH$ {ddoH$ ~wÕr OmJ¥V Zgë`mMm n[aUm_ hmo .

Voìhm AÝ`m H$moUdahr hmoV Agmo, AÝ`m` {Xgbm ao {Xgbm H$s, OmJ¥V hmoD$Z CR>Umar eŠVr åhUOo

g{_ï>rMr gX²{ddoH$~wÕr. gmd©O{ZH$ {ddoH$~wÕr `mMm AW©M Agm H$s, {OÀ`m n«mXw m©dm_wio g_mOmVrb àË oH$_mUyg, _J Vmo Ë`m AÝ`m`mMm ~ir Agmo dm Zgmo, AÝ`m`mÀ`m n[a_mO©ZmW© nr{S>Vm§Zm gmW Úm`bm C^m amhVmo.

`m g§X^m©V X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Vrb qhXr bmoH$m§da Jmoè`m bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mMo CXmhaU S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a

XoVmV. `m AÝ`m`m {damoYmV {_. ñHy$Q> `m Jmoè`m Bg_mZo gXa AÝ`m`mMo n[a_mO©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r OrdmMo amZ Ho$bo.X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Vrb qhXr bmoH$m§À`mdarb AÝ`m`mÀ`m {déÕ MidirV {H$Ë oH$ Jm¡adUu` Vê$U, Vê$Ur gm_rb

Pmbo. ho OZVoVrb gmamgma {ddoH$~wÕrMo \$i hmo .

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Vrb {d^ŠV bmoH$dñVr (segregation) À`m YmoaUm {déÕ ~mobUmaoAmnU, Amnë`m XoemV ZOa Q>mH$ë`mg àË oH$ JmdmV {d^ŠV dñVrÀ`m VÎdkmZmMr H$m ©dmhr Pmbobr AmnUmg

{XgUma Zmhr H$m`? Amnë`m àË oH$ IoS>çmV "X{jU Am{\«$H$m' AdVabr Amho. `m {d^ŠV dñVrVrb Añn¥í`

48

OmVtMm àíZ hmVmiÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§À`mdarb AÝ`m`mMm _wH$m~bm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Šd{MVM H$moUr nwT>o Amë`mMo

{XgVo. ho Ago H$m hmoVo? H$maU CKS> Amho gm_m{OH$ {ddoH$~wÕrMm A^md hmo . hm àH$ma AgmM hmoV am{hbm

Am{U Aëng§»`m§H$m§da hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mMm _wH$m~bm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Oa BVa bmoH$ nwT>o Ambo ZmhrV, Va _J nwÝhmH«$m§VrMo dmao Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m S>moŠ`mV Ioiy bmJVo.

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, Amnë`mbm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va AmnU bmoH$emhrMm nwañH$ma H$ê$Z amÁ`KQ>Zm

V`ma Ho$br; nU OJmH$S>o nmhVm hm bmoH$emhrMm d¥j gd©M {R>H$mUr ZrQ>nUmZo \$mo\$mdy eH$Vmo Ago Zmhr. VmoA_o[aHo$V dmT>bm. B§½b§S>_Ü o Ë`mMr dmT> Pmbr, H$mhr A§emZo Ë`mZo \«$mÝg_Ü o hr _yi Yabo. `m H$mhr BVaÌ

KS>boë`m AmemXm`r KQ>Zm hmo ; nU n{hë`m _hm wÕmZ§Va Am°pñQ´>`m-h§JoarÀ`m gm_«mÁ`mMo {dKQ>Z hmoD$Z Or

N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r amï´>o CX`mg Ambr VoWo bmoH$emhr KQ>Zm d bmoH$emhr gaH$ma {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo; nU Ë`mbmoH$emhrMo H$m` Pmbo? {VMm bdboehr {eëbH$ am{hbm Zmhr. hr gd© amï´>o Xwgè`m H$moUmÀ`m Var Jwbm_{JarV

Jobr. {g[a`m d B{OßV `m XoemVrb hr bmoH$emhr nÕVr g§nwï>mV Ambr.

hr gd© CXmhaUo XoD$Z S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV, ^maVr` bmoH$m§Zrhr Amnë`m ^{dî`m~Ôb AË §V OmJê$H$d {dMmar ~Zbo nm{hOo. AmnU bmoH$emhrMm nwañH$ma H$aUmar amÁ`KQ>Zm V`ma Ho$br åhUOo Amnbo H$m_ g§nbo.

Aem àH$maÀ`m AmË_KmVH$s ^mdZo~m~V _r gdmªZm YmoŠ`mMm Bemam XoD$ BpÀN>Vmo. Amnbo H$m_ AmVm Hw$R>o gwê$

Pmbo Amho. H$maU Amnë`m XoemV AZoH$ Y_©, OmVr, d§e, ^mfm d qbJ `mda AmYm[aV {df_Vm Amho. `m {df_g_mOaMZoÀ`m nma§n[aH$ ê$T>r-na§nam VmoSy>Z, ZdrZ AmYw{ZH$ _yë o ñdrH$maUmam _wŠV g_mO {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr

O~m~Xmar Amnbr Amho. Vgm g_mO {Z_m©U Ho$bm VaM bmoH$emhr {QHy$Z amhrb. gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrMr{Z{_©Vr H$aUo hr AË §V Amdí`H$ ~m~ AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ {df_Vm Zï> H$ê$Z g_Vm àñWm{nV

Ho$br nm{hOo.



1) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m bmoH$emhr {dMmamV H$emMo ^mZ {XgVo?

2) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, ^maVr` bmoH$emhrÀ`m dmQ>MmbrVrb à_wI AS>Wio H$moUVo?

3) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mr bmoH$emhrMr ì`m»`m gm§Jm.

4) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a {damoYr njmbm _hÎd H$m XoVmV?

5) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhr åhUOo H$m`?

2.2.3 E_². EZ². am° `m§Mm Zd_mZdVmdmX d _ybJm_r bmoH$emhr {gÕm§V :

E_². EZ². am° `m§Mm OÝ_ npíM_ ~§Jmb_Yrb Mmo{dg naJUm {OëømVrb A~}{b`m `m IoS>çmV 21 _mM©1887 amoOr Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo _yi Zmd "Za|ÐZmW ^Å>mMm ©' Ago hmoVo. am° `m§Mo _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejU H$bH$Îmm

49

oWrb "~|Jmb Z°eZb' H$m°boO_Ü o Pmbo. `mH$mimV Ë`m§Mm ~§Jmb_Yrb H«$m§{VH$maH$ JQ>m§er g§~§Y Ambm d

geñÌ H«$m§{VH$maH$m§À`m MidirV gm_rb Agë`mÀ`m Amamonmdê$Z Ë`m§Zm {ejm Pmbr. nwT>o Mmb©g² E _m{Q>©Z ho

Zmd YmaU H$ê$Z Vo ^maVmVyZ {ZgQ>bo d MrZ-OnmZ_mJ} A_o[aHo$V Jobo. A_o[aHo$Vrb dmñVì`mV Ë`m§Mo OwZoghH$mar YZJmonmb _wIOu `m§Zr Ë`m§Mo Zmd "_mZd|ÐZmW am° ' Ago Ho$bo d nwT>o Ë`mM ZmdmZo Vo AmoiIbo OmD$

bmJbo.

A_o[aHo$VyZ am° _opŠgH$mobm Jobo. VoWrb dmñVì`mV Ë`m§Mm gmå`dmXr Miditer g§~§Y Ambm. _mŠg©À`m{dMmam§Zr à^m{dV hmoD$Z Vo H$Å>a _mŠg©dmXr ~Zbo. "H$å w{ZñQ> B§Q>aZ°eZb' `m Am§Vaamï´>r` gmå`dmXr g§KQ>ZoMo

Vo gXñ` hmoVo; nU nwT>o bo{ZZ d BVa a{e`Z gmå`dmXr ZoË`m§er Ë`m§Mo H$mhr _wÔçmda _V oX Pmbo. _mŠg©dmXmMo

àYmZ C{Ôï> ì`ŠVrbm ñdmV§Í` àmßV H$ê$Z XoUo ho Amho, Ago am° m§Mo _V hmoVo. Va BVa gmå`dmXr ZoVo dJ©g§Kfm©À`md l{_H$ dJm©À`m hþHy$_emhr VÎdkmZmda â XoV hmoVo. gZ 1928 Z§Va ho _V oX A{YH$ Vrd« Pmbo Am{U

"H$å w{ZñQ> B§Q>aZ°eZb' _YyZ am° `m§Zm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambo.

Ë`mZ§Va am° 1930 _Ü o ^maVmV naV Ambo. Ë`m§Zr "B§{S>n|S>§Q> B§{S>`m' ho gmßVm{hH$ gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`mMoMZmd nwT>o "a°{S>H$b øw_°{ZñQ>' Ago R>odÊ`mV Ambo. 1940 _Ü o Ë`m§Zr H$m±J«ogÀ`m AÜ`jnXmMr {ZdS>UyH$ bT>{dbr;

nU Ë`mV nam yV Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr H$m±J«og njmMm Ë`mJ Ho$bm. am° `m§Zr "a°{S>H$b S>o_m°H«°${Q>H$ nj' ZmdmMm

ñdV§Ì nj ñWmnZ Ho$bm. 1945-46 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$sV `m njmMm EH$hr C_oXdma {ZdSy>Z Ambm Zmhr.

`mdê$Z am° `m§Mo Ago _V ~Zbo H$s, g_mOmMo gm§ñH¥${VH$ à~moYZ Pmë`m{edm` d d¡Mm[aH$ H«$m§Vr KSy>ZAmë`m{edm` _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrÀ`m VÎdkmZmbm OZVoMm nmqR>~m {_iUma Zmhr. `mMr OmUrd hmoD$Z E_².

EZ². am° g{H«$` amOH$maUmVyZ A{bá Pmbo. Ë`mnwT>rb H$mimV am° `m§Zr Zd_mZdVmdmXr {dMmam§Mm XoemV àMmaH$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©da H|${ÐV Ho$bo. Aem Zd_mZdVmdmXr {dMmad§VmMo 25 _o 1954 amoOr "S>ohamSy>Z' oWo {ZYZ

Pmbo.

am° `m§À`m OrdZmV AZoH$ pñWË §Vao Pmbobr {XgVmV. am° ho d`mÀ`m 30 ì`m dfm©n ªV geñÌ H«$m§VrMo

CnmgH$ åhUyZ àIa amï´>dmXmH$S>o AmH${f©V Pmbo; nU geñÌ H«$m§VrÛmao ì`ŠVrMm ~ir KoVm oB©b nU {~«{Q>egaH$maÀ`m `§ÌUobm Y¸$m nmohMUma Zmhr, `mMr OmUrd Pmë`m_wio am°` àIa amîQ´>dmXmH$Sy>Z gm_w{hH$

OZAm§XmobZmH$S>o dibo. A_o[aHo$Vrb dmñVì`mV _mŠg©dmXr VÎdkmZmMm Ë`m§Zr Aä`mg Ho$bm d g§nyU© OZVoMrM¡VÝèŠVr EH$Ì H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU gmYÊ`mMm _mJ© Ë`m§Zm _mŠg©dmXr VÎdkmZmV AmT>ibm.

_mŠg©dmXmÀ`m VÎdkmZmZo amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` Va {_iUma hmoVoM, Ë`mM~amo~a Am{W©H$ emofU H$aUmè`m dJm©Mo

ApñVËd g§nwï>mV oUma hmoVo. emofUa{hV, dJ©{dahrV d g_Voda AmYmabobr gdmªJrU {dH$mgmMr g_mOì`dñWm{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mŠg©dmXr VÎdkmZM Cn`moJr Amho. _mŠg©dmXr H«$m§Vr åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmMr EH$

nmàr Amho, Ago am° Zm dmQ>bo d Vo àIa amï´>dmXmH$Sy>Z _mŠg©dmXmH$S>o dibo. XmoZ VnmhÿZ A{YH$ H$mi _mŠg©dmXrVÎdkmZmda d H$å w{ZñQ> njmÀ`m àMmamgmR>r Ë`m§Zr doi, n¡gm Am{U l_ IMu KmVbo. _mŠg©dmXmVrb m¡{VH$dmX

Am{U _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ `mda am° `m§Mr {ZVm§V lÕm homVr. ^m¡{VH$dmX åhUOo Á`m Jmoï>tMo ApñVËd {gÕ

50

hmoD$ eH$Vo Aem Jmoï>rM ^m¡{VH$ AgVmV. B©ída, AmË_m, nwZO©Ý_, ñdJ©-ZaH$, _moj, A_aVm BË`mXr Jmoï>tZm

dmñVdVm Zmhr Ë`m H$mën{ZH$ AmhoV. S>moù`m§Zm {XgUmao OJ ^m¡{VH$ Amho Am{U ^m¡{VH$dmX hr ñdm^m{dH$

{dMmagaUr Amho.

àmMrZ H$mimV ^m¡{VH$ VÎdkmZmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar n[apñWVr CnbãY ZìhVr. AkmZ,Xm[aÐç, ^rVr, AgË`, X¡{Z`Vm, _mZ{gH$ X~md B. H$maUm§_wio _mUyg VH©$ewÕ d em§VnUo {dMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m

_Z:pñWVrV ZìhVm. ^m¡{VH$ VÎdkmZmEodOr Y_m©Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br d B©ídamMr nyOm-AMm© gwê$ Pmbr. Y_m©Vrbhm H$_©H$m§S>nUm {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm gVV Mmby am{hbm. Aem n[apñWVrV g_mOmVrb H$mhr dJm©Zr Xod-Y_m©Mo ñVmo_

_mOdbo. Ë`m_wio ^m¡{VH$dmXr VÎdkmZ _mJo nS>bo. g_mOmÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmMm _mJ© åhUOo kmZmMm àgma

VmoM hmoD$ Z XoVm nwamo{hVm§Zr ñdV:H$S>o R>odbm d ~hþg§»` g_mOmbm AkmZr ~Z{dbo d amOmbm B©ídamMm AdVma~Zdbm. am° `m§À`m Ñï>rZo Y_m©Vrb H$moUVrM Jmoï> {gÕ H$aVm oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio B©ídadmXr VÎdkmZ AgmÜ`

Amho. ^m¡{VH$dmXr VÎdkmZmM IaoIwao VÎdkmZ AgyZ, H$mb© _mŠg©à_mUoM am° `m§Zr Y_© hr ~m~ Jm¡U _mZbr.am° `m§À`m _Vo, Y_m©_wio ì`ŠVr gwñV d Amier ~ZVo.

(A) am° `m§Mm Zd_mZdVmdmX :

am° Amnë`m _mZdVmdmXmbm "Zd' emñÌr` (d¡km{ZH$) _mZdVmdmX Ago g§~moYVmV. H$maU Ë`m§À`m _Vo,Ë`m§Mm _mZdVmdmX A{YH$ g§nÞ, ~iH$Q> Am{U emñÌr` kmZmZo d AmYw{ZH$ gä`VoÀ`m eVH$mÀ`m gm_m{OH$

AZw dmZo l_-H$m¡eë`nyd©H$ {Z{_©V Agm Amho. _mZdVmdmXr VÎdkmZmÀ`m Aä`mgmMm H|$Ðq~Xy _mUyg Amho.

am°`Zr _mUgmMm AÝd`mW© d¡km{ZH$ kmZmÀ`m AmYmao bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. gd© gm_m{OH$ àJVrMo _yi_mUgmÀ`m {dMmam§_Ü o d AmH$m§jm§_Ü o emoYbo. Zd_mZdVmdmX hr EH$ _ybJm_r d gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m gdmªJm§Mm

CbJS>m H$ê$Z Ë`mMo _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmar {dMmagaUr Amho. Zd_mZdVmdmXmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _mŠg©dmX AZw dmÀ`mAm{U VH$m©À`m H$gmoQ>rbm nyU©nUo CVaV Zmhr. ì`dhmamVhr Vmo An`er R>aVmo. bo{ZZZ§Va ñQ>°{bZZogwÕm a{e`mV

ì`{ŠVJV hþHy$_emhr {Z_m©U Ho$br. Oar ^m§S>dbXma dJm©H$Sy>Z H$m_Jmam§Mr hmoUmar Am{W©H$ {nidUyH$ Wm§~br

Agbr Var VoWo gÎmmYmar amÁ`H$Ë`mªMm Zdm dJ© {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm. n`m© mZo Ë`m§À`mH$S>o CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mr_mbH$s Ambr. Ë`mVyZ gmå`dmXr njmMo dM©ñd dmT>V Jobo d ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mda AZoH$ _`m©Xm nS>ë`m.

Z¡{VH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m§da AmYmabobr g_mOì`dñWm KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r g§gXr` bmoH$emhrMo VÎdkmZ

Am{U _mŠg©dmXr VÎdkmZ `m Xmohm|VyZ EH$m doJù`m gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` VÎdkmZmMr Amdí`H$Vm AmoiIyZam° `m§Zr Zd_mZdVmdmX _m§S>bm. Zd_mZdVmdmX åhUOo _mZdr àH¥$VrMr OS>UKS>U hmo . am° `m§À`m _Vo,

_ybJm_r {dMma hm amï´> qH$dm dJ© `mÑï>rZo {dMma H$aV Zmhr. Va Ë`mMr Ñï>r hr _mZdmMr Amho. ñdmV§Í` åhUOo

ì`ŠVrMo ñdmV§Í` hmo` Agm Ë`mMm AW© Amho. _mZdVmdmXmV ì`ŠVrbm _Ü`dVu ñWmZ AgyZ AZoH$ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mbm Amdí`H$ Aem g_mO n[adV©ZmMr gwédmV gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adV©ZmVyZ hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

H$maU gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adV©ZmMm CJ_ ì`ŠVrnmgyZ hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmnojm ì`ŠVr _hÎdmmMr R>aVo d ñdmV§Í`mMmemoY ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZ g¥ï>rVrb EH$ àoaUm Amho.

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Zd_mZdVmdmXmMr gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë o :

am° `m§À`m _Vo, {dkmZmMm {dH$mg Am{U {dñVma KSy>Z Amë`m_wio gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m§Zm d¡km{ZH$ nm`màmßV Pmbm. Ë`m_wio {dkmZmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m§Mm {dMma H$aUo `mo½` hmoB©b.

1) ñdmV§Í` : ñdmV§Í` ho Zd_mZVmdmXmMo _yë` Amho. Amnë`m ApñVËdmgmR>r PJS>Ê`mMr, g§Kf© H$aÊ`mMrCnOV àoaUm gd© OrdO§Vy_Ü o AmT>iyZ oVo. _mZd hm gwÕm OrdemñÌr` CËH«$m§VrVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobm EH$ àmUr

Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m_Ü o hr ApñVËdmgmR>r PJS>Ê`mMr CnOV àoaUm Amho. _mZdmÀ`m {R>H$mUr Agboë`m~m¡{ÕH$, Z¡{VH$ Am{U {ddoH$erb `m gwßVeŠVrÀ`m Am{dîH$mamVrb ^m¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$ d _mZ{gH$ ~§YZo

Zmhrer hmoV OmUo åhUOoM ñdmV§Í` hmo .

2) ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmX : Zd_mZdVmdmXm_Ü o ~w{Õàm_mÊ` øm gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`mbm _hËd {Xbobo {XgVo.

~w{Õàm_mÊ` åhUOo ~w{ÕMr àJë^Vm hmo d hoM _mZd àmÊ`mMo d¡{eï>ç _mZbo OmVo. ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m CnOVàoaUoà_mUo _mZdmbm ~w{Õ_Îmm hr {ZgJm©Mr XoUJr Amho. {ZgJ© hm {Z`_~Õ AgVmo d _mZd ~w{ÕÀ`m dmnamZo kmZ

àmßV H$ê$Z KoD$Z Ë`m kmZmÀ`m AmYmao gË` g_OyZ KoVmo qH$dm gË` gm§JVm oVo. gË` hm kmZmMm H|$Ðq~Xy AgyZVo EH$ _mZdVmdmXr _yë` Amho. ì`ŠVr Ooìhm gË`-AgË`, Mm§Jbo-dmB©Q>, {hV-A{hV R>a{dVmZm ~w{ÕMm dmna

H$aVo Voìhm {Vbm ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmX Ago åhUVmV.

3) Y_©{Zanoj Z¡{VH$Vm : ñdmV§Í`, ~w{Õàm_mÊ`Vm m ~amo~aM ì`ŠVrMr Z¡{VH$ mdZm hr gwÕm {ZgJ©VoMr

XoUJr Amho. H$moUË`mhr Y_m©VyZ qH$dm X¡dreŠVrVyZ {VMm CJ_ hmoV Zmhr. _mZdàmUr hm g_whmV amhUmam àmUrAgyZ Ë`mÀ`m g_whd¥ÎmrVyZ Am{U ghH$m`m©À`m ^mdZoVyZ, Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmMo g§ajU Am{U g§dY©Z hmoV AgVo.

Z¡{VH$Vm hr Xod, Y_©, ñdJ©-ZaH$, _moj Aem AmÜ`mpË_H$ Jmoï>tda AmYmabobr Zmhr. Zr{V_mZ ~Z{dÊ`mMrYm{_©H$ nÕVr A`mo½` d nyU©nUo MyH$sMr Amho. "AmkmnmbZ åhUOo Z¡{VH$Vm' ho gyÌ ~amo~a Zmhr. Z¡{VH$VoMo

AmMaU ho ñd §ñ\y$V© Agbo nm{hOo. ì`ŠVr_Yrb {ddoH$erbVm hmM Z¡{VH$VoMm AmYma Amho. B©ída, amï´>,amÁ`, Y_© d dJ© `m Jmoï>tZm Z¡{VH$VoMm _mZX§S> _mZUmao bmoH$ ì`ŠVrH$S>o Xwb©j H$aVmV. ~wÕr hm Z¡{VH$VoMm nm`m

Amho d ì`ŠVrZo Amnë`m ñdV:À`m {dH$mgmÀ`m à`ËZmV Amnbr gm_m{OH$ O~m~Xmar {dgaVm H$m_m Z o. am°

`m§Zr ñdmV§Í`, gË` Am{U kmZ hr à_wI VrZ _yë o ñdrH$mabr hmoVr d Omon ªV _mZdr g_mO ApñVËdmV am{hbVmon ªV hr VrZ _yë o {Q>Hy$Z amhVrb. ì`ŠVr ~XbmVrb, JaOoZwgma gm_m{OH$ {Z`_ ~XbVrb; na§Vw _mZdmMr

{ddoH$erbVm ~XbUma Zmhr, AemàH$mao Z¡{VH$VoV Y_©, `oD$ Z`o åhUyZ Zr{VemñÌmbm EH$ {ZpíMV {XemXoÊ`mMm à`ËZ am° `m§Zr Ho$bm.

g_mOm g_moarb àíZ gmoS>{dVmZm d¡km{ZH$ Am{U ~w{Õ{Zð> Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñdrH$mabm nm{hOo, Agm am° `m§MmAmJ«h hmoVm. X¡dr eŠVrMo ApñVËd _mZyZ, _mZdr OrdZ ho Ë`m X¡dr eŠVtÀ`m AmYrZ Amho, Ago _mZÊ`mÀ`m

àd¥Îmrbm am° `m§Mm {damoY hmoVm. Amnë`m OrdZmVrb àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mMr Hw$dV _mUgm_Ü oM Amho, Ë`m_wioH«$m§{VemñÌmV _mZdmÀ`m {dMmaeŠVrbm ñWmZ Agbo nm{hOo. Á`m H«$m§{VemñÌmV _mZdmÀ`m {dMmaeŠVrbm

ñWmZ Zmhr Ë`m H«$m§{VV _mZd EImÚm §ÌmV {\$aUmè`m MH«$mà_mUo AgVmo. H$mb© _mŠg©À`m H$m_Jma H«$m§{VVrb

52

H$m_Jma dJm©Mr pñWVr `mhÿZ doJir Zmhr. am° `m§Zr ^maVmÀ`m gÚ:pñWVrMo Ho$bobo {díbofU \$ma ~mobHo$ Amho.

ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va ^maVmV Jar~r, ~oH$mar, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, «ï>mMma, Y_© oX, Om{V oX Ago AZoH$ àíZ {Z_m©U

Pmbo AmhoV. ga§Om_emhr Am{U ^m§S>dbemhr Aem àH$maMr emofU H$aUmar AW©ì`dñWm hrM àm_w»`mZo `mAm{W©H$ {df_Vobm qH$dm {Z_m©U Pmboë`m `m àíZm§Zm O~m~Xma Amho; na§Vw am°` `m§À`m Zd_mZdVmdmXmV

ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Am{U {dH$mgmÀ`m hoVyZo n«o[aV Pmbobr {Z`mo{OV ghH$mar AW©ì`dñWm Ago {VMo ñdê$nam{hb; na§Vw `mgmR>r Zd_mZdVmdmXmZwgma àW_ gm§ñH¥${VH$ H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Ambr nm{hOo d Z§Va gm_m{OH$ H«$m§Vr

KSy>Z Ambr nm{hOo. `m nÕVrZo ^maVmV g_mO n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambo Va oWrb {d{dY àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$hmoB©bM; nU Ë`mM~amo~a Zdg_mO {Z{_©Vr hmoD$Z oWrb àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm OmñVrVOmñV ñdmV§Í` àmßV hmoB©b,

Aer am° `m§Mr _ZmoYmaUm hmoVr.

(~) _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrMm {gÕm§V :

_mZd|ÐZmW am° `m§Zr Amnë`m Zd_mZdVmdmXr {dMmamV ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mbm gdm}ƒ ñWmZ {Xbo Amho.ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`mVrb gwßV eŠVr, j_Vm d JwU `m§Mm nyU© {dH$mg gmYÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr nm{hOo. `m hoVyZo

am° `m§Zr _ybJm_r bmoH$emhr {gÕm§VmMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br. àm{V{ZYrH$ bmoH$emhr d hþHy$_emhr nÕVr VgoMgdªH$f gmå`dmXr emgZnÕVr `mVrb Xmof am° `m§Zr àW_ XmIdbo Vo nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) àm{V{ZYrH$ bmoH$emhrV gd© bmoH$ amÁ`H$ma^mamV gh^mJr hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`mAm{U

amÁ`mMo dmT>Vo joÌ\$i m_wio àm{V{ZYrH$ bmoH$emhr ApñVËdmV Ambr; na§Vw àm{V{ZYrH$ bmoH$emhrV g_mOmVrb

H$mhr bmoH$m§À`m hmVr gÎmm EH$dQ>br d ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mMm `m ì`dñWm§_Ü o g§H$moM Pmbobm {XgyZ oVmo.

2) àm{V{ZYrH$ bmoH$emhrVrb njnÕVr am° `m§À`m _Vo, gXmof Agë`mZo ì`ŠVrMo ñdmV§Í` ApñVËdmVamhV Zmhr.

3) àm{V{ZYrH$ bmoH$emhrVrb amOH$s` nj gÎmm àmßVrgmR>r Zoh_r ë`m-~wè`m _mJmªMm Adb§~ H$aVmV.

gÎmm {_idUo qH$dm {_imbobr gÎmm {Q>H${dUo `mgmR>r amOH$s` nj gÎmm ñnY}_Ü o AZoH$ dm__mJmªMm Adb§~

H$aVmV. _VXmam§Zm ImoQ>r AmídmgZo XoÊ`mnmgyZ Vo _Vm§Mm H«$`-{dH«$` H$aÊ`mn ªV amOH$s` njm§Mr _Ob Jobobr{XgVo.

4) gmå`dmXr XoemV gwÕm EH$M amOH$s` nj Agë`m_wio oWo {damoY H$aUmam Xwgam amOH$s` nj ZgVmo.

Ë`m_wio gd© gÎmm gdªH$f Aem gmå`dmXr nj Cn^moJVmZm {XgVmo.

`m gd© Xmofm§Mo {díbofU H$ê$Z am° `m§Zr Amnbr _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br.

_ybJm_r bmoH$emhrMr d¡{eï>ço :

E_². EZ². am°` `m§Zr àM{bV àm{V{ZYrH$ bmoH$emhr Am{U gmå`dmXr emgZàUmbr `m§À`mVrb XmofXmIdyZ Vo Zmhrgo H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br, Ë`mMr d¡{eï>ço nwT>rbà_mUo -

53

1) ì`{ŠVñdm§Í`mbm _hÎd : am° `m§Zr _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrV ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í`mbm {deof àmYmÝ` qH$dm

_hÎd {Xbobo {XgVo. amÁ`, Y_©, g_mO Aem gd© ~§YZmVyZ ì`ŠVrMr _wŠVVm Pmbr nm{hOo. _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrVrb

ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z gX²gX²{ddoH$ ~wÕrbm AZwgê$Z Agbo nm{hOo.

2) àË`j bmoH$emhrMr nÕVr : bmoH$emhr amÁ`mV àË`j bmoH$emhrMr nÕVr ñdrH$mabr Ago am°`m§Zr gwM{dbo Amho. dmñV{dH$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV amÁ o bmoH$g§» oZo d joÌ\$imZo _moR>r AmhoV. Varhr am° `m§Zr

àË`j {Z §ÌUmMo _mJ© ñdrH$mamdoV Agm AmJ«h Yabobm {XgVmo. H$maU OZ_V àXe©Z, gmd©_V, àË`mdhZ AgoàË`j bmoH$emhrMo _mJ© ñdrH$maë`m{edm` OZVoMo gmd© m¡_Îd Iè`m AWm©Zo àñWm{nV hmoUma Zmhr. bmoH$m§Mm amOH$s`

gh^mJ OmUrdnyd©H$ dmT>mdm `m hoVyZo am° `m§Zr àË`j {Z §ÌUmMo bmoH$emhr _mJ© ñdrH$mabobo {XgyZ oVmV.

3) gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU : _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrV gÎmoÀ`m {dH|$ÐrH$aUmbm _hÎd {Xbo AgyZ, _ybJm_r

bmoH$emhrV ì`ŠVr gd©gmYmaU KQ>H$ åhUyZ amhUma ZgyZ "bmoH$g{_Ë`m' hm gd©gmYmaU KQ>H$ amhUma Amho.EHy$U OZVoÀ`m 1/50 A§e à{V{ZYrËd XoD$Z OZVoMo gmd© m¡_Îd àñWm{nV Ho$bo Omdo. Aem n«H$mao gÎmoMo

{dH|$ÐrH$aU KS>dyZ, àË`j bmoH$emhr gmYZm§ _m\©$V ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í` A~m{YV R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmB©b.

4) {Z`mo{OV ghH$mar AW©ì`dñWm : _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrVrb AW©ì`dñWm ^m§S>dbdmXr qH$dm

g_mOdmXr ñdê$nmMr AgUma Zmhr, Va Vr {Z`mo{OV ghH$mar AW©ì`dñWm Agob. ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Am{U{dH$mgmÀ`m hoVyZo ào[aV Pmbobr {Z`mo{OV ghH$mar AW©ì`dñWm Ago {VMo ñdê$n am{hb. Zâ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ `m

VÎdmbm ghH$mar AW©ì`dñWoV ñWmZ AgUma Zmhr. _mbH$-H$m_Jma Agm oX {Z_m©U Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr. _moR>oCÚmoJY§Xo ghH$mar nÕVrZo Mmb{dbo OmVrb. CËnmXH$ Am{U J«mhH$ `m§À`m_Ü o {dVaUmMr ì`dñWm {Z_m©U

H$ê$Z H$_rV-H$_r qH$_VrV J«mhH$m§Zm _mb CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbm OmB©b.

5) nj{da{hV amOH$maU : amOH$s` ì`dhma hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ JaO AgyZ amOH$s` g§KQ>Zo{edm`

gm_m{OH$ ì`dhma MmbUma ZmhrV. nU amOH$s` ì`dhmam§Mr ewÕr H$amd`mMr Pmë`mg amOH$s` njnÕVr Zï>Pmbr nm{hOo, Ago am° `m§Mo _V hmoVo. gÎmogmR>r g§Kf© H$aUmao amOH$s` njM Zï> Pmbo Va amOH$maUmVrb AZoH$

A`mo½` d dmB©Q> Jmoï>r Zm{hem hmoVrb. `mgmR>r bmoH$g{_Ë`mÀ`m AmYmamda amOH$s` gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$ê$Z,amÁ`mMr gÎmm OZVoÀ`m hmVmV {Xë`mg IarIwar bmoH$emhr ApñVËdmV `oB©b. am°` `m§À`m _Vo, _mUgmÀ`m

{ddoH$~wÕrdarb ~§YZo Zm{her H$ê$Z _mZ{gH$Ñï>çm ñdV§Ì Pmbobo bmoH$, ZdrZ g_mOaMZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`mÑT> {ZíM`mZo, Amnë`m gm_y{hH$ à`ËZmZo _ybJm_r bmoH$emhr {Z_m©U H$aVrb d ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í` gwa{jV R>odUmam

_wŠV g_mO {Z_m©U hmoB©b.

_yë`_mnZ :

ApñVËdmV Agboë`m àm{V{ZYrH$ bmoH$emhr Am{U gmå`dmXr emgZàUmbrVrb Xmof Zï> H$ê$Zì`{ŠVñdmV§Í` A~m{YV R>odÊ`mgR>r am° `m§Zr _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br; nU Vr àË`jmV CVê$

eH$br Zmhr. H$maU {VÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrV H$mhr g_ñ`m hmoË`m. _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrV am°` `m§Zr àË`j

54

bmoH$emhrMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Agbm Var AmH$mamZo d bmoH$g§» oZo _moR>çm AgUmè`m XoemV àË`j bmoH$emhrMo

_mJ© dmnaVm oV ZmhrV. VgoM bmoH$g{_Ë`m§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoD$Z bmoH$m§Mo gmd© m¡_Ëd àñWm{nV H$aVmZm

eoH$S>m 2% g^mgX gÎmoMm J¡admna H$aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr.

amOH$s` nj hm bmoH$emhrMm H$Um AgyZ amOH$s` njM bmoH$emhrbm J{V_mZ H$aVmV. bmoH$m§Mo g§KQ>Zd d¡Mm[aH$ A{Yð>mZ {Z_m©U H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio am° `m§Mr nj{da{hV _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrMr g§H$ënZm Aì`dhm ©

d AeŠ` dmQ>Vo. am° `m§Mr _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>Ê`m_mJo CXmÎm _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ Amho; nUË`m§Mr AmXe© H$ënZm àË`jmV gmH$ma hmoUo AdKS> Amho.



1) E_². EZ². am° `m§Mm OÝ_ H$Yr d Hw$R>o Pmbm?

2) am° H$moUË`m Am§Vaamï´>r` g§KQ>ZoMo gXñ` hmoVo?

3) E_². EZ². am° `m§À`m _Vo ñdmV§Í`mMm AW© H$m`?

4) _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrV gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$go Ho$bo Amho?

5) amOH$s` ì`dhmam§Mr ewÕr H$aÊ`mgmR>r am° H$moUVm Cnm` gwM{dVmV?

2.3 gmam§e :

^maVmVrb Om{Vì`dñWoÀ`m {Z_y©bZmMr d g_Vm{Y{ð>V g_mO {Z{_©VrMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>Umè`m {dMmad§Vm§À`m

_Vo amï´>{Z{_©Vr ho gmÜ` Zìho, Va Zdg_mO{Z{_©VrMo Vo EH$ gmYZ Amho. Aem Zdg_mO aMZoMr C^maUr hmoUo,

AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmgmR>r Amdí`H$ ~m~ Amho. Aem amï´>{Z{_©VrH$S>o OmVr{Z_y©bZmMo g_W©H$ {dMmad§V gm_m{OH$d Am{W©H$ ~XbmMr à{H«$`m åhUyZ nmhV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, na§naoZo Á`m KQ>H$m§Zm gd©àH$maÀ`m gÎmoÀ`m n[aKm~mhoa

R>odbo, Ë`m§Zm gÎmm d à{Vð>m {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo H$m © amï´>dmXmZo Ho$bo nm{hOo. gd© gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y Zd_yë`m§daAmYm[aV V`ma hmoVrb. Aer H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Ambr VaM gdmªZm Iao ñdmV§Í` àmßV hmoB©b, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo.

{~«{Q>e {damoYmMo amOH$maU H$aUmè`m H$m±J«ogMm amï´>dmX hm oWrb gm_m{OH$ aMZm§_Yrb ÌwQ>r d {dH¥$Vr ZOaoAmS>H$ê$Z VH$bmXy EH$OwQ>rgmR>r yVH$mimMo CXmÎmrH$aU H$aUmam amOH$s` ñdê$nmMm hmoVm. Va \w$bo-emhÿ-Am§~oS>H$a-

no[a`ma `m§Zr _m§S>bobm amï´>dmX "gm_m{OH$' ñdê$nmMm hmoVm, Agm Ë`m_Ü o \$aH$ H$aVm oB©b. VgoM am° `m§À`m

_m§S>Ur_Ü`o ^maVmÀ`m C^maUrV ì`ŠVr ~Xbmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ {Xbo AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r Zd_mZdVmdmXmÀ`mgm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. Ë`mVyZ ì`ŠVr n[adV©Z Pmë`mda AmnmoAmnM g_mO ~Xb {XgyZ oB©b,

Ago am° `m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo.


1) JUamÁ o = Á`mMm à_wI d§ena§naoZo Z oVm bmoH${Z wŠV AgVmo.

55

2) ~§YwVm = nañna ào_

3) g_m{Yð>rV = g_Voda AmYmabobm

4) «m_H$ = H$mën{ZH$

5) {d^ŠVVm = EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ doJio H$aUo

6) A{^OZ dJ© = g_mOmVrb Cƒ «y bmoH$m§Mm dJ©

7) H$mdo~mOnUm = YwV©nUm

8) n[apñWVr gmnojVm = ñWb, H$mb d n[apñWVrbm AZwgê$Z

9) {ddoH$~wÕr = gmamgma {dMma~wÕr

10) emofU = {nidUyH$

11) XOm©hrZ = {ZH¥$ï>

12) {dÜd§g = Zï> H$aUo

13) gm_wamB© bmoH$ = Cƒ gm_m{OH$ ñVa Agbobm OnmZr bmoH$g_yh

14) Am§VaOmVr` = doJ-doJù`m OmVt_Yrb

15) {ZdmaU H$aUo = CƒmQ>Z H$aUo

16) Añn¥í`Vm = {d{eï> bmoH$g_wXm`mMm ñne© ZmH$maUmar àWm

17) aopìhÝ y = _hgyb {d^mJ

18) Á w{S>{e`b = Ý`m`mb`rZ ì`dñWm

19) Am{dîH¥$V = ì`ŠV hmoUo

20) aŠV {da{hV = aŠVnmV Z hmoVm

21) CnOV = OÝ_m~amo~a

22) amï´> = EH$VoMr ^mmdZm OnUmam g_yh

2.5 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :

ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ 1 -

1) no[a`ma am_mñdm_tMm OÝ_ 17 gßQ>|~a 1879 amoOr Vm{_iZmSy>Vrb EamoS> `m Jmdr Pmbm.

2) no[a`ma am_mñdm_r H$m±J«og gmoSy>Z OñQ>rg nmQ>uV Jobo.

3) "_mUyg Am{U Y_©' `m OmJr "~wÕr Am{U _yI©nUm' `m g§km dmnaUoM `mo½` hmoB©b, Ago no[a`ma

am_mñdm_r `m§Zm dmQ>Vo.

4) eyÐm{VeyÐm§Zm X`Zr` d XOm©hrZ ~Z{dUmè`m H$maUm§Mm emoY KoUo ho no[a`mam§À`m ñdm{^_mZ MidirMo

56

à`moOZ hmoVo.

5) B©ída, Y_©, H$m±J«og, Jm§Yr d ~«m÷U `m§À`m {damoYmV nwH$maboë`m {ddoH${Zð> wÕmMr Ywam ñdm{^_mZMidirÀ`m Im§Úmda hmoVr.


1) 26 OyZ 1874 amoOr amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm.

2) {ejU hr AmnbrM _ŠVoXmar Amho, Aer ~«m÷UdJm©Mr AgUmar _mZ{gH$Vm Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r emhÿ

_hmamOm§Zr ~hþOZm§À`m {ejUmMr gwédmV Ho$br.

3) Om{Vì`dñWm Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r emhÿ _hmamO amoQ>r~§Xr, ~oQ>r~§Xr d ì`dgm` ~§Xr `m VrZ {Z~ªYm§Zm VmoSy>

BpÀN>V hmoVo.

4) emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr _amR>m d YZJa OmVr_Ü o Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh KS>dyZ AmUbm.

5) emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr g§ñWmZmVrb Añn¥í`mgmR>tÀ`m ñdV§Ì emim 28 gßQ>|o~a 1919 amoOrÀ`m AmXoemZo

~§X Ho$ë`m.

6) JwÝhoJma àd¥Îmr OÝ_OmV AgVo, JwÝhoJma O_mVrVrb _Zwî` JwÝhoJma àd¥ÎmrMmM AgVmo, Vmo H$YrM

~Xby eH$V Zmhr. ho gwg§ñH¥$V g_mOmMo d {~«{Q>em§Mo g_rH$aU ^Q>Š`m {d_wŠV O_mVtZm nmoQ>merYê$Z emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr YwS>H$mdyZ bmdbo.


1) ^maVmÀ`m amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrÀ`m AdbmoH$ZmVyZ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr

bmoH$emhr g§~§Yr {dMma _m§S>ë`mZo, Ë`mV ^maVmÀ`m ì`mdhmarH$ àíZm§Mo ^mZ {XgVo.

2) ^maVmVrb _mZd{Z{_©V {df_VoVyZ V`ma Pmbobr OmVr`Vm, Xm[aÐç, AkmZ, emofU, Jwbm_r ho S>m°.

Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo ^maVr` bmoH$emhrÀ`m dmQ>MmbrVrb n«_wI AS>Wio AmhoV.

3) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, ""bmoH$m§À`m Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV H«$m§{VH$maH$

~Xb aŠV{dahrV _mJmªZr KS>dyZ AmUUmar emgZnÕVr åhUOo bmoH$emhr hmo .''

4) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a {damoYr njmbm _hËd XoVmV. H$maU bmoH$emhr_Ü o amÁ`gÎmoda bmoH$_VmMo

{Z §ÌU ZwgVoM nm{hOo Ago Zmhr, Va Vo VmËH$mi d gVV Agmd`mg hdo. `mgmR>r {Z §ÌU R>odUmaobmoH$ IwÔ H$m`Xo_§S>imVM {damoYr njmÀ`m ê$nmZo AgmdoV.

5) ^maVr` g_mOmVrb nma§n[aH$ {df_Vm Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {VÀ`mV H$ê$Z AmUmd`mMo Am_ybmJ« ~XbåhUOo gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrMr {Z{_©Vr hmo , Ago S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV.


1) E_². EZ². am° `m§Mm OÝ_ 21 _mM© 1887 amoOr npíM_ ~§Jmb_Yrb Mmodrg naJUm {OëømVrb

A~}{b`m `m Jmdr Pmbm.

57

2) E_². EZ². am° "H$å w{ZñQ> B§Q>aZ°eb' `m Am§Vaamï´>r` gmå`dmXr g§KQ>ZoMo gXñ` hmoVo.

3) am° `m§À`m _Vo, _mZdmÀ`m {R>H$mUr Agboë`m ~m¡{ÕH$, Z¡{VH$ Am{U {ddoH$erb `m gwßVeŠVtÀ`mAm{dîH$mamVrb ^m¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$ d _mZ{gH$ ~§YZo Zm{her hmoV OmUo åhUOo ñdmV§Í` hmo .

4) bmoH$g{_Ë`m§À`m _m\©$V 1/50 A§e à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m g§H$ënZoÛmao _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrV gÎmoMo{dH|$X«rH$aU Ho$bo Amho.

5) amOH$s` ì`dhmam§Mr ewÕr H$aÊ`mgmR>r amOH$s` nj nÕVr Zï> H$aÊ`mMm Cnm` E_². EZ². am° `m§ZrgyM{dbm.


1) no[a`ma am_mñdm_r `m§Mo OmVr{Z_y©bZmMo H$m © {dfX H$am.

2) emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m OmVr{Z_y©bZmÀ`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

3) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhrÀ`m {gÕm§VmMo {díbofU H$am.

4) E_². EZ². am° `m§Mm _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrMm {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am.

5) am°` `m§Mr Zd_mZdVmdmXmMr g§H$ënZm {dfX H$am.

2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :

1) S>m°. ^m. b. ^moio : AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmVrb amOH$s` {dMma

2) am. O. bmoQ>o : amOH$s` {gÕm§V Am{U amOH$s` {dMmad§V

3) e§H$aamd IamV : S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mo amOH$s` {dMma

4) Sm°. amdgmho~ H$g~o : S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Am{U ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm

5) A. am. Hw$bH$Uu : àmMrZ ^maV g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U B{Vhmg

6) S>m°. O`qgJamd ndma : amOfu emhÿ N>ÌnVr - OrdZ d H$m`©

7) S>m°. a_oe OmYd : bmoH$amOm emhÿ N>ÌnVr

8) S>m°. eofamO JO{^ o : S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo amOH$s` VÎdkmZ

9) ^maVr` amOH$s` {dMma : àm. ~r. ~r. nmQ>rb²²²

58

KQ>H$ 3

g_mOdmX

(A) Odmhabmb Zohê§$Mm bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX

(~) O`àH$me Zmam`U - gdm}X` d g_mOdmX

(H$) am__Zmoha bmo{h`m§À`m g_mOdmXr H$ënZm

3.0 C{Ôï>ço

3.1 àmñVm{dH$

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 Odmhabmb Zohê§$Mm bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX

3.2.2 O`àH$me Zmam`U - gdm}X` d g_mOdmX

3.2.3 am__Zmoha bmo{h`m§À`m g_mOdmXr H$ënZm

3.3 gmam§e

3.4 _hÎdmÀ`m nm[a^m{fH$ g§H$ënZm

3.5 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ d Ë`m§Mr CÎmao


3.7 g§X © J«§W

3.0 C{Ôï>ço :

^maVr` amOH$s` {dMma àm§Vm_Ü o AmnUmg Jm§YrdmXr gdm}X`mMm, ^maVr` CXma_VdmXr bmoH$emhrMm d

g_Voda AmYm[aV ì`mnH$ g_mOdmXmMm Aä`mg H$amdm bmJVmo. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm gdm}X`, bmoH$emhr d g_mOdmX

`m CXma_VdmXr, g{hîUy ì`{ŠVdmXmÀ`m emIm AgyZ Ë`m EH$_oH$mer A§VJ©V g§b½Z Agë`mMo {XgVo. nmümË`

59

{dMmagaUr_Ü o ~oÝW°_Zo OmñVrV OmñV bmoH$m§Mo OmñVrV OmñV H$ë`mU ho {dH$mgmMo gyÌ gm§{JVbo. hmM {dMma

A{YH$ {dH$mg nmdV AgVmZm Q>m°bñQ>m°b, Wmoamo, añH$sZ, ~mHw$ZrZ, àwYm±, àmD$YZ, H«$monmoQ>H$sZ `m§Zr _Ü`

wamonmV AamÁ`dmXmMm {dMma _m§Sy>Z ì`ŠVrbm OmñVrV OmñV ñdmV§Í` XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. "amÁ` ZH$mo' `m

{dMmamer AamÁ`dmX ~m§Yrb hmoVm. `mMdoir Oo. Eg. _rb, Q>r. EM. J«rZ `m§Zr "amÁ`mZo H$_rV H$_r amÁ`

H$amdo' Ago gm§JV ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mbm àmYmÝ` {Xbo. Ë`m_wio `mVyZ H$ë`mUH$mar CXma_VdmXr {dMmambm MmbZm

{_imbr; VgoM bmoH$emhrÀ`m {^ÝZ emIm§Mm A{YH$ {dH$mg Pmbm. bmoH$emhrVrb _yb yV ñdmV§Í`mbm A{YH$

ì`mnH$ ñdê$n d AmH$ma Ame` àmßV ìhmdm `mgmR>r nmümË` {dMmad§Vm§Zr bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMr _m§S>Ur

Ho$br. `m_Ü o am°~Q>© AmodoZ, bmñH$s gmaIo {dMmad§V hmoVo. \o${~`Z, {JëS> g_mOdmXmMr {d{dY éno {deofV:

B§½b§S>_Ü o V`ma Pmbr. A°S>_ pñ_WZo "boPo \o$a' `m g§H$ënZoVyZ _wŠV AW©ì`dñWoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`mZo Am{W©H$

ñdmV§Í`m~amo~a g_mOdmX d bmoH$emhrMm A{YH$ {dH$mg Pmbm. Va AamÁ`dmXmbm d CXma_VdmXmbm ^maVr`

àmê$n XoVmZm _. Jm§YtZr gdm}X`, g_mOdmX d bmoH$emhrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. AWm©VM ^maVmV bmoH$hemhr

g_mOdmX d gdm}X`mMr _yë o EH$Ì Pmbobr {XgVmV. maVr` {dMmad§Vm§Zr Ho$di nmümË` XoemVyZ bmoH$emhrMm

{dMma KoVbm ZgyZ _rb, J«rZ, bmñH$s à_mUo maVmVrb nma§n[aH$ àOmgÎmmH$mMm _moR>m à^md maVr` bmoH$emhrV

na§naoVyZ Amë`mMo {XgVo. ^maVr` CXma_VdmXr d g_Ýd`dmXr g§ñH¥$Vr bmoH$emhrbm nyaH$ R>abr. VrM Jmoï>

g_mOdmXmMr gm§JVm oB©b. ~è`mM doim Ago åhQ>bo OmVo H$s, ^maVr` g_mOdmXmda B§½b§S>Mm à^md Amho

H$maU A°S>_ pñ_W, am°~Q>© AmodoZ, _rb `m§Zr g_mOdmXmMm {dH$mg Ho$bm d bmñH$sZo bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX

g§H$ënZm V`ma H$ê$Z bmoH$emhr d g_mOdmXmMr ì`mßVr A{YH$ H$ë`mUH$mar d bmoH$m{^_wI Ho$br. _mÌ

^maVmV A{ÔmV g_mOdmX d Ë`mÀ`m _yimer AgUmar gmd©ÌrH$ g_Vm hm {dMma ~amM àmMrZ ñdê$nmMm

Amho. ^maVr` ^ŠVrg§àXm` d g§Vna§naoZo hOmamo df} gm_m{OH$ g_VoMo à`moJ Ho$bo Agë`mZo g_mOdmXmMr

Ag§»` _yëò ^maVmV hmoVr. {Vbm B§½b§S>_Yrb Zd g_mOdmXmMm, a{e`mVrb H$m_Jma H«$m§Vr d a{e`Z

g_mOdmXmMm g§X^© OmoS>VmZm AmnU AÜ`mË_dmXmÀ`m d _mZdVmdmXmÀ`m A§JmZo g_VoMm dmna ^maVr`

g_mOdmXmV Ho$bm.

Odmhabmb Zohê§$Mm bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX, O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§Mm gdm}X`r g_mOdmX d am__Zmoha

bmo{h`m§Zr n§Mm`V amÁ`dñWoÀ`m g§X^m©V Ho$bobr g_mOdmXmMr A{YH$ nwamoJm_r _m§S>Ur hr ^maVr` amOH$s`

à{H«$`m d amOH$maU g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho. {deofV: {dgmì`m eVH$mV maVr` ñdmV§Í` MidirMm

{dH$mg hmoV AgVmZm ^maVr` amOH$s` VÎdkmZmMo AZoH$ à`moJhr ^maVmV hmoV hmoVo. gd©g_mdoeH$ d ì`mnH$

Ame` AgUmao nU H$ëÙH$mar VÎdkmZ H$moUVo `mMm {dMma àË oH$ g_mOgwYmaH$mZo d amOH$s` {dMmad§Vm§Zr

doJdoJù`m nÕVrZo Ho$bm åhUyZM maVmV Ogm gmå`dmXr {dMma V`ma Pmbm d Ë`mVyZhr S>mdo, COdo, g_mOdmXr

{dMma nwT>o Ambo qH$dm am°{`ñQ> _mZdVmdmXr {dMma V`ma Pmbm VgoM bmoH$emhrMr AZoH$ àméno VnmgyZ KoVmZm

AmnU ^maVr` bmoH$emhrbm H$Yr g§gXr`, H$Yr AÜ`jr` Aer n[a_mUo bmdV H$moUVo àmén A{YH$ _hÎdmMo

`mda qMVZ Ho$bo VgoM bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX, Jm§YrdmXr g_mOdmX, H$ë`mUH$mar bmoH$emhr Ago H$mhr VmËdrH$

60

àH$mahr VnmgyZ KoVbo. CXma_VdmX d H$ë`mUH$mar {dMmamMm {dñVma H$aVmZm Ogm gdm}X`mMm à`moJ Ho$bm

Jobm, VgmM gdm}X`mbm bmoH$emhr, Y_©{Zanoj, H$ë`mUH$mar d Jm§YrdmXmMm g§X © XoV ^maVr` g_mOdmX d

n§Mm`Vr àOmgÎmmH$mMo à`moJhr ^maVmV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m gdmªMm nam_e© KoUo d Ë`m_Ü o Zo_Ho$nUmZo n§. Zohê$,

O`àH$me Zmam`U d am__Zmoha bmo{h`m `m§Mo bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX d gdm}X`mÀ`m g§X^m©V {dMma g_OmdyZ

KoUo hm `m Aä`mgmMm à_wI hoVy Amho.

3.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ ho ^maVr` amOH$s` OrdZmVrb EH$ ~hþAm`m_r ì`{ŠV_Îd hmoVo. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`Midir_Ü o gh^mJr Pmbobm EH$ ñdmV§Í`ào_r amï´>dmXr wdH$ ZoVm BWnmgyZ Vo nmümË` XoemV {ejU KoVbobm

AmYw{ZH$VoMm {dMma H$aUmam Varhr _ZmZo ^maVr` Agm Cƒ{dÚm{d^w{fV ZoVm, H$m±J«oggmR>r d H$m±J«ogÀ`mñdmV§Í`dmXr {dMmamgmR>r gmao Am wî` IM© H$aUmam amï´>dmXr ZoVm, _moVrbmb Zohê§$Mr _moR>r amOH$s` na§nam d

à{Vð>m AgUmè`m Ka§XmO KamVrb ì`{ŠV_Îd, Jm§YrdmXmZo à^m{dV Pmbm Var gm{hË`mMr AmdS> AgUmam loð>

gm{hpË`H$, Aä`mgH$, {WAm°gm°{\$H$b gmogm`Q>rMm gXñ`, CXma_VdmXr bmoH$emhrMm CnmgH$ Varg_mOdmXm~Ôb àM§S> AmñWm AgUmam n« moJerb {dMmad§V, ^maVr` g{hîUy na§nam d B{VhmgmMo AmH$f©U

AgUmam g§emoYH$, maVmMm n{hbm àYmZ_§Ìr BË`mXr. n§. Zohê§$Zr maVmVrb gd© CXma na§nam§Zm A{YH$ {dH${gVH$aVmZm Ë`mV nmümË` bmoH$emhr d g_mOdmXmMr H$mhr _yë`o EH$Ì H$ê$Z bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXm~amo~a Jm§YrdmXr

{dMmam§Mm à`moJ am~dÊ`mMm n« ËZ Ho$bm.

n§. Zohê§$da nmümË` bmoH$emhrMm à^md hmoVm. B§½b§S>_Ü o {ejU KoVmZm g§gXr` bmoH$emhr d Ë`mVrb

ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm, Ý`m` `m gd© _yb yV _mZdr _yë`m§Zr Vo à^m{dV Pmbo hmoVo. ^maVmgma»`m àOmgÎmmH$JUamÁ`mMr _moR>r CXma na§nam AgUmè`m Amnë`m XoemV g§gXr` bmoH$emhr {hM EH$_od O~m~Xma d A{YH$

g_mOerb nÕVr Amho Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. _mÌ Ho$di bmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr_YyZ H$ë`mUH$mar g_Vmob{dH$mgmMo gmÜ` nyU© H$aVm oUma Zmhr, `mMo dmñV{dH$ ^mZ n§. Zohê§$H$S>o hmoVo åhUyZ bmoH$emhMr EH$ AmXe©

OrdUàUmbr åhUyZ ñdrH$ma H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` bmoH$emhrbm A{YH$ Ame` àmßV H$éZ XoÊ`mgmR>rg_mOdmXmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm n§. Zohê§$da B§½b§S>_Yrb \o${~`Z g_mOdmXmMm à^md hmoVm. VgoM a{e`mVrb

gmå`dmXr H«$m§VrVyZ V`ma Pmboë`m J{V_mZ g_mOdmXmH$S>ohr Vo AmH${f©V Pmbo hmoVo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va amOH$s`

njm§Zm Ambobo {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb _hÎd, Ë`m§Mr g_mOrH$aUmVrb _hÎdnyU© y{_H$m, n§Mdm{f©H$ moOZmVyZH$amd`mMm {Z`moOZ~Õ {dH$mg, n§Mm`V ì`dñWo~amo~a eharH$aU, _moR>o CÚmoJ d àH$ën, eoVr, {ejU, Amamo½`

`mgmR>r ñdrH$mabobr g§{_l AW©ì`dñWm, Jm§YrdmX d ^maVr` amï´>dmXmMm `Wm`mo½` dmna `mVyZ n§. Zohê§$Zrn[anyU© bmoH$emhr V`ma H$aÊ`mMm n«`ËZ Ho$bm. bmoH$emhrbm ^m§S>dbàYmZ loð>tMm YmoH$m AgVmo d `mo½`

H$miOr KoVbr Zmhr Va bmoH$emhr ~hþOZ g_mOmMr Z amhVm AënOZm§Mr ~ZVo ho bjmV KoD$Z Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmXmMo

_O~yV H$dM bmoH$emhrÀ`m ^modVr V`ma Ho$bo hmoVo. dgmhVdmX, gm_«mÁ`dmX, \°${gP_bm {damoY H$aVmZmË`m§Zr gmå`dmXmVrb qhgH$ AmH«$_H$dmXmbm d gd© àH$maÀ`m X_U §Ì AgUmè`m ì`dñWm§Zm {damoY Ho$bm

61

hmoVm. bmoH$emhr hr _yimVM bd{MH$, CXma_VdmXr Agë`mZo Vr g_Ýd`, à`moJ, bmoH$_V d nañna ghH$m`m©VyZ

VWm MM}VyZM nwT>o OmVo, Ago Ë`m§Mr _V hmoVo. ^maVmVrb àM§S> Xm[aÐç Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r d ì`mnH$ Om{V`Vm Xya

H$ê$Z EH$g§Y ^maV V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mOdmX hm AmXe© n`m© Amho, Ago 1929 bm bmhmoa H$m±J«og_Ü oAÜ`jnXmdê$Z ~mobVmZm n§. Zohê$ åhUbo hmoVo. n§. Zohê$ ì`{ŠVdmXr hmoVo. Var g_J« g_mOmMr àJVr Ë`m§Zm

AnojrV hmoVr. `mgmR>r bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX, amï´>dmX, g_Ýd`dmX, n§Merb CXma VÎdo, Y_©{ZanojVm d Ý`m`g_mOì`dñWm KQ>ZmË_H$ _mJmªZr V`ma H$aÊ`mda Ë`m§Zr a {Xbm. naH$s` amOdQ>rVyZ ñdV:Mr Apñ_Vm hadboë`m

^maVmbm bmoH$emhr d g_mOdmXr _yë o àXmZ H$aVmZm gVV g_Vmob {dH$mgmMm Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bm d ^maVr`bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX d {dH$mgmMr nm`mâUr Ho$br.

n§. Zohê§$à_mUo Xwgao _hÎdmMo amOH$s` {dMmad§V d gwYmaH$ åhUOo O`àH$me ZmamÙ hmo . O`àH$meZmamÙ ho g_mOdmXr d gdm}X`r Var bmoH$emhrda lÕm AgUmao bmoH$ZoVo hmoVo. Amnë`m embo` OrdZmV

{~hma_Yrb O`àH$meOtda amO|ÐàgmX, n§. Zohê$ d _m¡bmZm AmPmX m§Mm à^md hmoVm. nwT>o A_o[aHo$V {eH$VmZmË`m§À`mda E_. EZ. am° , Q´>m°Q>ñH$s, bo{ZZ BË`mXr gmå`dmXr {dMmam§Mm gImob à^md nS>bm. a{e`Z H«$m§Vr~Ôb

Ë`m§À`m _ZmV Hw$Vyhb V`ma Pmbo. ^maVmV naV Amë`mda _. Jm§Yt~Ôb Ë`m§À`m _ZmV H$mhr e§H$m hmoË`m.^maVr` gmå`dmX, Jm§YrdmXr Midir d a{e`Z H«$m§Vr `m_YyZ Ë`m§Zr gmå`dmXr {dMma {ZQ> VnmgyZ KoVbm.

^maVmÀ`m Zì`m ~m§YUrgmR>r g_mOdmX hm `mo½` n`m© Amho, ho Ë`m§À`m bjmV Ambo. `mH$mimV AemoH$ _ohVm,

AmMm © Za|Ð Xod, AÀ wVamd nQ>dY©Z, Eg. E_. Omoer, {_Zy _gmZr, ZmZmgmho~ Jmoao m§À`m g_doV H$m_ H$aVmZm^maVmV H$m_Jma, eoVH$ar, _Oya, H$ï>H$ar, {dÚmWu EH$Ì Amë`m{edm` g_J« H«$m§Vr hmoUma Zmhr Am{U

^m§S>dbXmam§Mo hñVH$ AgUmao {~«{Q>e `m XoemVyZ OmUma ZmhrV, ho Ë`m§Zr AmoiIbo.

1952 _Ü o Amnbm n[adV©ZmMm H$m ©H«$_ ì`dhmamV AmUÊ`mgmR>r O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§Zr g_mOdmXrnjm_m\©$V {ZdS>UyH$ bT>dbr; nU Vo Ë`mV nam yV Pmbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mda Q>rH$m Pmbr `mVyZ Vo {dZmo~m§À`m

gdm}X` d yXmZ MidirH$S>o dibo. gmå`dmX hm XoIrb gm_«mÁ`dmXrM Amho, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>bo. Ë`mnojm

yXmZ, gdm}X` d Jm§YrdmX EH$Ì H$gm ~m§YVm oB©b d aMZmË_H$ H$m_mVyZ n[adV©Z H$go H$aVm oB©b `mda Ë`m§ZrqMVZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m AmUr~mUrVrb g_J« H«$m§VrMr gwédmV `mM H$mimV Pmbr. 1973 _Ü o Ë`m§Zr ñWmnZ

Ho$boë`m " yW \$m°a S>o_m°H«$gr' `m {dÚmWu MidirMo g§nyU© ^maVmV Zì`m {dMmam§Mr bmQ> V`ma Pmbr. B§{XamJm§YtMr gÎmm AgVmZm H$m±J«ogZo gÎmoMm A{VaoH$ Ho$bm d bmoH$emhr _yë`m§Mr JiMonr H$ê$Z 1975 _Ü o ^maVmV

AmUr~mUr bmXbr. `m hþHy$_emhr d XS>nemhrÀ`m {damoYmV O`àH$meOtZr 20, 21 _mM© 1976 amoOr _w§~B©V

g_mOdmXr, OZg§K, g§KQ>Zm H$m±J«og d ^mbmoX `m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU H$ê$Z OZVm njmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. _mM©1977 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV OZVm nj {ZdSy>Z Ambm d ^maVmV nwÝhm bmoH$emhr {dMmam§Mr am~dUyH$ H$aÊ`mV

O`àH$me èñdr R>abo.

njr` AWdm emgZ g§ñWoV OZVm njm_wio Pmboë`m ~Xbm_wio g_mOmV bJoM ~Xb hmoUma ZmhrV, `mMrO`àH$meOtZm H$ënZm Agë`mZo gmå`dmXr H«$m§VrVyZ doJmZo H«$m§Vr H$ê$ nmhUmao O`n«H$me g_mOdmXm_Üò

62

{dMmanyd©H$ H«$m§VrH$S>o d Z§Va gdm}X`mVyZ g_mO VWm g_J« H«$m§VrH$S>o dibo. bmoH$emhr emgZ àH$mamV Ë`m§Zr

Z¡{VH$Vm d bmoH$gh^mJmbm _hÎd {Xbo. _. Jm§YtMr n§Mm`V amO ì`dñWm Ë`m§Zm bmoH$emhrgmR>r nyaH$ dmQ>br.

S>m°. am__Zmoha bmo{h`m `m§Zr ^maVr` g_mOdmXr {dMmamV _hÎdmMr â KmVbr. O_©Zr_Ü o "_rR> d

gË`mJ«h' `m {df`mda nrEM². S>r. àmßV Ho$ë`mZ§Va ~Zmag {dÚmnrR>mV Ë`m§Zr H$mhr H$mi àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m_Ho$bo. nwT>o Vo _XZ_mohZ _mbdr` d Jm§YrdmXr ZoVo O_Zmbmb ~OmO `m§À`m g§nH$m©V Ambo. 1934 _Ü o Vo

H$m±J«ogA§VJ©V g_mOdmXr njmgmR>r H$m_ H$ê$ bmJbo. Ë`m§Zr "H$m±J«og gmoe°{bñQ>' ho gmßVm{hH$ Mmbdbo.gm_«mÁ`dmX d wÕ{damoYr ^mfUm§_wio Ë`m§Zm gVV Vwé§Jdmg ghZ H$amdm bmJbm. 1942 À`m "^maV N>moS>mo'

Am§XmobZmV Ë`m§Zr H$m_ Ho$bo. 1948 _Ü o Ë`m§Zr ñdV§Ì g_mOdmXr njmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. nwT>o Ë`mbm àOm

g_mOdmXr d Z§Va g§ wŠV g_mOdmXr Ago Zmd {_imbo.

S>m°. bmo{h`m O`àH$meOrà_mUo g_mOdmXr {dMmam§Mo g_W©H$ hmoVo. eoVH$ar Midi, B§J«Or hQ>md, OmVrOmoS>mo, qhXr amï´>^mfoMm ñdrH$ma d Mm¡I§~m g§H$ënZoVyZ n§Mm`Vr ì`dñWoMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmZm gÎmoMo {dH§o$ÐrH$aU

H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr bmoH$emhr d g_mOdmXr am~dUyH$ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m§Mm _mŠg©da {dœmg hmoVm; nU Vo_mŠg©dmXr ZìhVo. Ë`m§Zm Jm§Yr {dMmam~Ôb AmË_r`Vm hmoVr; nU nyU© Jm§YrdmX Ë`m§Zm _mÝ` ZìhVm. Amnbm

bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX ì`dhmamV AmUÊ`mgmR>r {ZdS>UyH$sVyZ H«$m§Vr, gË`mJ«hmVyZ g_mOn[adV©Z d Z§Va aMZmË_H$

H$m ©H«$_mbm Ë`m§Zr _hÎd {Xbo. `mbm "g_mOdmXmMm bmo{h`mdmXr Zdm à`moJ' Ago åhUVmV. `mg§X^m©V Amnbo{dMma _m§S>VmZm Vo åhUVmV,

""gÎmoÀ`m {dH«|$ÐrH$aUm{edm` bmoH$emhr d g_mOdmX V`ma hmoV Zmhr `mgmR>r H|$Ð, amÁ`, {Oëhm d Jmd

Ago Mma ñVa H$amdoV. Am{W©H$ joÌmV _`m©{XV `m§{ÌH$sH$aU Ho$ë`mg emofU Wm§~yZ H$m_JmamMo Xm[aÐç H$_rhmoB©b. ^maVmV gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmV Om{V`Vm AS>Wim Agë`mZo Vmo Xya H$aVmZm ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVm V`ma

H$amdr d g_mOmÀ`m EH$g§Y ~m§YUrgmR>r qhXr amï´>^mfm Agmdr.'' Ë`m§À`m _Vo, B§J«Or hr _yR>âm§Mr emofUmMr

^mfm Amho. Vr hQ>ë`m{edm` bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX oUma Zmhr. H$m±J«ogZo `m g§X^m©V \$mago ârd H$m © Ho$boZgë`mZo S>m°. bmo{h`m§Zr J¡a H$m±J«ogdmXmM ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. J¡aH$m±J«ogdmXM ^maVmV bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX AmUob,

Agm Ë`m§Mm R>m_ {dœmg hmoVm.

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

àñVwV àH$aUmV AmnUmg gdm}X`, bmoH$emhr d g_mOdmXr {dMmam§Mm maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V Aä`mg H$amd`mMm

Amho. gdm}X` {dMmam§Mr gwédmV _. Jm§YtZr Ho$br Agbr Var {dZmo~m ^mdo d O`àH$me ZmamÙ, e§H$aamd XodBË`mXr AZoH$ gwYmaH$m§Zr gdm}X`mbm nwT>o ZoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. O`àH$me ZmamÙ ho Ho$di gdm}X`r {dMmad§V

ZìhVo Va ì`mnH$ g_mOH$ë`mUmMm {dMma H$aUmao Vo g_mOdmXr d bmoH$ÎmmH$ {dMmad§V hmoVo. amï´>r` H$m±J«ogÀ`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ g_mOmMm \$magm {dH$mg hmoV Zmhr ho bjmV KoD$Z O`àH$me `m§Zr OZVm njmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ EH$gj_ n`m© ^maVr` amOH$maUmbm {Xbm Var gm_m{OH$ H«$m§Vr{edm` Iam g_mOdmX d gdm}X` ì`dhm © hmoUma

Zmhr, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo.

63

n§. Zohê§$Zr bmoH$emhrbm OrdZàUmbr _mZyZ ^maVmV g§gXr` bmoH$emhr~amo~a bmoH$m§À`m gh^mJmda d

_yë`m§da AmYm[aV bmoH$emhrMm à`moJ Ho$bm. ^maVmgmR>r Ho$di {~«{Q>em§À`m bmoH$emhrMo AZwH$aU Z H$aVm

Ë`m§Zr `m bmoH$emhrbm g_mOdmXmVyZ gm_mOH$, Am{W©H$ g_VoMo d Jm§YrdmXmVyZ Z¡{VH$Vm, n§Mm`V ì`dñWm,gdm}X` d {dH$mgmMo g§X © {Xbo. n§. Zohê$ àIa amï´>dmXr hmoVo; nU Ë`mMdoir Vo ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`dmXr d g_yhdmXr

hmoVo. ^maVmgma»`m {d{dY OmVr, Y_©, ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr d JQ> AgUmè`m XoemV gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aVmZmg§KamÁ`mMm Var amîQ>r` EH$mË_VoMm à`moJ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm. _yb yV ñdm§VÍ`m§Zm H$V©ì`mMr OmoS> {Xbr. bmoH$emhr~amo~a

Ho$di g_mOdmXM Zmhr Va Ý`m` Y_©{ZanojVm Am{U amï´>r` AI§S>Vo~amo~a H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMm {dMma Ho$bm.n§. Zohê§$Zr amï´>r` H$m±J«ogÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gm_«mÁ`dmX d naH$s` amOdQ>r{déÕ g§Kf© Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio ñdmV§Í`m~amo~a

_mZdr hŠH$ d g_J« {dH$mgmMo _hÎd Ë`m§À`m bjmV Ambo hmoVo. B§½b§S>_Ü o Aä`mg H$aVmZm g§gXr` bmoH$emhr,

H$m`ÚmMo A{YamÁ`, Ý`m`ì`dñWm, _yb yV hŠH$ d {damoYr njmMo _hÎd Ë`m§Zr ~{KVbo hmoVo. B§½b§S>_Yrbg_mOdmXr bmoH$emhr~amo~a a{e`Z H«$m§Vr~m~Vhr Ë`m§Zr gImob {dMma Ho$bm. _. Jm§YtMm {eî` åhUyZ H$m_

H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ñdV§Ì ~wÕrZo nyU© Jm§YrdmX ñdrH$mabm Zmhr. n§Mm`V ì`dñWoVyZ {dH|$ÐrH$aU d bmoH$emhrË`m§Zm _mÝ` hmoVr; nU IoS>çmH$S>o Mbm, Hw${Q>amoÚmoJm§Zm _hÎd Úm, hm _. Jm§YtMm g§Xoe Ë`m§Zr \$magm ñdrH$mabm

Zmhr. Ë`mEodOr Ë`m§Zr Am¡Úmo{JH$, g§{_l AW©ì`dñWm, n§Mdm{f©H$ moOZm, {Z`moOZ _§S>i mVyZ ~moH$mamo, {^bmB©

éH$Ho$bm, {demImnÅ>U `m{R>H$mUr _moR>o àH$ën Mmby Ho$bo. {hamHy$S>, ^mH«$mZmZJb, Xm_moXa d H$mo Zm YaU~m§YyZ eoVr, drO `mda â {Xbm. PQ>nQ> àJVr Ho$ë`m{edm` g_mO Am{W©H$Ñï>çm gj_ hmoUma Zmhr d Omon ªV

H$moUVmhr g_mO gdm©WmªZo AmYw{ZH$ hmoV Zmhr; Vmon ªV g_mOdmX d bmoH$emhrbm H$mhr AW© ZgVmo, ho n§.Zohê§$À`m bjmV Ambo hmoVo. àYmZ_§Ìr åhUyZ, H$m±J«ogMo ZoVo åhUyZ, KQ>Zmg{_VrMo gXñ` åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr hr

O~m~Xmar èñdrnUo nma nmS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Am{U bmoH$emhr~amo~a g_mOdmX, Jm§YrdmX, n§Merb,CXma_VdmX, Z¡{VH$Vm, em§VVm ghH$m ©, {dH$mg `m gd©M AmXe© _yë`m§Zm EH$Ì am~dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr

gwê$ Ho$bobo g§gXr` bmoH$emhrMo àmê$n, g§{_l AW©ì`dñWoMo àmê$n d Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda A{bßVVo_YyZ

amï´>mMo {hV OnÊ`mMo Z¡{VH$ YmoaUm§Mo n§Merb àmê$n AmOhr H$m`_ Amho.

S>m°. am__Zmoha bmo{h`m§Zr ^maVr` g_mOdmXr {dMmam§Mm A{YH$ {dH$mg Ho$bm. g_mOdmXr g_mO{Z{_©VrgmR>r Ë`m§Zr 1952 _Ü o àOm g_mOdmXr njmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. O_Zmbmb ~OmO m§À`m_wio Jm§YrdmXmMm,

H$m±Jo«g A§VJ©V g_mOdmXm_wio n§. Zohê$ d H$m±J«ogMm, ñdmV§Í` bT>çmV gh^mJ KoVë`mZo ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mMm dg_mOdmXr {dMmagaUr_wio eoVH$ar H$m_Jma Midi, J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ^mfm d OmVrÀ`m g_ñ`m `mVyZ Ë`m§Mr

{dMmaYmam V`ma Pmbr hmoVr. bmoH$emhrda Ë`m§Mm {dœmg hmoVm. mgmR>r {ZdS>UyH$sVyZ gÎmm n[adV©Z, Jm§YrdmXmVyZ

gË`mJ«hr nÕVrZo g_mOn[adV©Z d Ë`mZ§Va n§Mm`V amÁ` gma»`m aMZmË_H$ {dYm`H$ H$m ©H«$_mVyZ amï´>~m§YUrH$aÊ`mMo Ë`m§Mo ñdßZ hmoVo. EH$mM doir AmXe© emgZì`dñWm, Mm¡I§~m n§Mm`V amÁ` ì`dñWm, emofU d Xm[aÐç

{Z_w©bZmgmR>r _`m©{XV ZdV§ÌkmZmMm dmna, Om{V` {df_Vobm {damoY, ñÌr-nwéf g_Vm d qhXr amï´>^mfoMo _hÎd`mgmR>r S>m°. bmo{h`m `m§Zr H$m_ Ho$bo. Vo CÎm_ g§gXnQy> d amOH$maUmMo {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mgH$ hmoVo. ^maVmV

J¡aH$m±J«ogdmX hr g§H$ënZm Ë`m§Zr éOdbr. 1952 _Üò n§M_T>r òWo Pmboë`m A{Ib ^maVr` g_mOdmXr

64

njmÀ`m A{YdoeZmV Vo åhUVmV, ""_r _mŠg©dmXr Zmhr. VgoM _mŠg©dmXmMm {damoYH$hr Zmhr. VgoM _r Jm§YrdmXr

Zmhr d Jm§YrdmXmMm {damoYH$hr Zmhr.'' S>m°. bmo{h`m§À`m _Vo àË oH$ amOH$s` VÎdkmV H$mhr ~m~VrV d {d{eï>

H$mimV ~amo~a Agbo Var H$m`_ ñdê$nr nyU© ~amo~a ZgVo åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr _mŠg©Mr H«$m§Vr d Jm§YtMr gË` Aqhgm`mVyZ ñdV:Mm {dH$mgm{^_I aMZmË_H$ H$m ©H«$_ V`ma Ho$bm. maVr` Xm[aÐç d {df_Vm mMr Ë`m§Zr {M{H$Ëgm

Ho$br. g_mOmVbo ~hþVoH$ àý EH$_oH$mV AS>H$bobo Agë`mZo Vo gmoS>dÊ`mg _yb yV _moR>o à`ËZ H$amdo bmJVmV,Ago Ë`m§Mr _V hmoVo.

3.2.1 Odmhabmb Zohê§$Mm bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX :

OrdZ n[aM` : {dgmì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVmVrb Wmoa amOH$s` {dMmad§V d ZoË`m§_Ü o n§. Odmhabmb

Zohê$ `m§Mo ñWmZ AË §V _hÎdmMo d AgmYmaU Ago Amho. AË §V lr_§V Aem H$mpí_ar ~«m÷U Hw$Qy>§~mV n§.Zohê§$Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo dS>rb amîQ´>r` H$m±J«ogMo à^mdr ZoVo d {ZîUmV H$m`Xon§{S>V hmoVo. n§. Zohê§$Zr B§½b§S>_Ü o

{ejU KoVmZm ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` Midi, Jm§YrdmXr gË`mJ«h d H«$m§{VH$maH$m§Mm amï´>dmXr g§Kf© OdiyZ nm{hbm

hmoVm. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`m~Ôb Zìho Va d¡{œH$ _mZdr ñdmV§Í`mMr Ë`m§Zm H$miOr dmQ>V hmoVr. nmaV§Í`,ì`ŠVrñdm§Í`mMr JiMonr, gm_«mÁ`dmX, dgmhVdmX, \°${gP_, qhgm d gd© àH$maÀ`m XheVdmXm~Ôb Ë`m§Zm

qMVm dmQ>V hmoVr. `m gd© A_mZdr {dMmam§EodOr CXma_VdmXr bd{MH$ bmoH$emhr, Ë`mM~amo~a g_mOdmX,g_Vm, Ý`m`, ~§YwVm, Y_©{ZanojVm d gdm}X`mgma»`m AmXe©dmXr {dMmamVyZ gd© _mZdOmVrMo H$ë`mU H$go

H$aVm oB©b, `mda Ë`m§Zr gImob {dMma _m§S>bo d bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMr ~¡R>H$ Ë`m§Zr ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVmVA{YH$ _O~yV Ho$br.

n§. Zohê§$Mm OÝ_ Abmhm~mX oWo 14 Zmoìh|~a 1889 _Ü o gwg§ñH¥$V, lr_§V KamV Pmbm. dS>rb _moVrbmbZohê§$Mo H$m±J«og_Yrb H$m © d _. Jm§YrMo gm{ÝZÜ` VWm B§½b§S>_Yrb \o${~`Z g_mOdmXr {dMmamMm d nmümË`

bmoH$gÎmmH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm _moR>m à^md Ë`m§À`mda nS>bm. 1912 _Üò Vo B§½b§S>_Üò ~°[añQ>a Pmbo d ^maVmVAbmhm~mXbm Ë`m§Zr dH$sbr gwê$ Ho$br. 1916 _Ü o àW_M Ë`m§Mr bIZm¡ H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmV _. Jm§Yrer

oQ> Pmbr. 1914 Vo 1919 hm Ogm n{hë`m _hm wÕmMm H$mbI§S> hmoVm Vgm Vmo H$m±J«og_Yrb Ohmb ZoVo bmo.{Q>iH$m§Mm H$mbI§S> hmoVm. bIZm¡ H$ama d qhXy-_wñbr_ EoŠ`, ñdXoer, ñdamÁ`, ~{hîH$ma d amï´>r` {ejU

Am{U hmo_ê$b Midi `m_wio Ë`m H$mimVrb `wdH$m§Zm bmo. {Q>iH$m§~Ôb àM§S> AmXa dmQ>V hmoVm. Ë`m§Mo

H«$m§VrMo Ohmb {dMma d hmo_éb Midi `m~Ôb n§. Zohê§$À`m _ZmV AmñWm hmoVr. hmo_ê$b Midi d A°Zr~oP§Q> `m§À`m {WAm°gm°{\$H$b gmogm`Q>r_Ü o n§. Zohê$ gh^mJr Pmbo.

nU nwT>o bmoH$_mÝ`m§À`m _¥Ë wZ§Va ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m±J«og d ñdmV§Í` Midi _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m hmVmV Jobr.

_. Jm§YtZr gË`, Aqhgm d g{dZ` {damoYmMo Zdo V§Ì ~mS>m}br, M§nmaÊ` d IoS>m oWrb eoVH$ar Am§XmobZmVdmnabo d Ë`mV Ë`m§Zm è Ambo. Ë`m_wio BVa wdH$m§à_mUo n§. ZohégwÕm _. Jm§YtÀ`m gË`mJ«hr H$m ©H«$_m_wio

^mamdbo d Vo Jm§YrdmXr {dMma Midir_Ü o gm_rb Pmbo. 1921 _Ü o `m Jm§YrdmXr gË`mJ«hmV ^mJ KoVë`mZo

n§. Zohê§$Zm Vwé§Jdmg Pmbm d Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Mo ì`{ŠV_Îd VmdyZ gwbmIyZ {ZKmbo. 1926 _Ü o Vo A{Ib ^maVr`

65

H$m±J«og H${_Q>rMo ga{MQ>Urg Pmbo. 1927 _Ü o _mñH$mo oWo Vo a{e`Z H«$m§VrÀ`m Xhmì`m dYm©nZ{XZmbm hOa

am{hbo. VoWo n§. Zohê§$_Ü o AgUmam _yi \o${~`Z g_mOdmX A{YH$ {dH$mg nmdbm. a{e`Z gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr_Yrb

H$mhr gËdm§e AmnU ^maVmgmR>r KoD$ eH$Vmo H$m? `mda Ë`m§Zr qMVZ Ho$bo. 1929 _Ü o amdr ZXrÀ`m H$mR>rbmhmoa H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmV AÜ`jnXmdê$Z ~mobVmZm Ë`m§Zr g§nyU© ñdmV§Í`mMr KmofUm Ho$br. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`

MidirVrb hr EH$ A yVnyd© d H«$m§VrH$mar KQ>Zm hmoVr.

1930 Vo 1936 `m H$mbI§S>mV _rR>mMm gË`mJ«h d H$m`Xo §J `m_wio n§. Zohê§$Zm AZoH$doim Vwé§JdmgghZ H$amdm bmJbm. hm H$mbI§S> Iè`m AWm©Zo H$m±J«ogÀ`m dmT>rMm H$mbI§S> hmoVm. H$maU 1936 À`m \¡$Onya

H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmV ehar H$m±J«og n{hë`m§Xm IoS>çm_Ü o d ~hþOZ g_mOmn ªV nmohmoMbr. 1937 _Ü o n§. Zohê$

H$m±J«ogMo nwÝhm AÜ`j ~Zbo. 1939 _Ü o Ë`m§Zr MrZbm oQ> {Xbr. m H$mimV ~°. {OZm§Zr _m§S>bobm {Ûamï´>dmXmMm{dMma n§. Zohê§$Zr \o$Q>mibm. H$maU Vo Y_©{ZanojVoMo CnmgH$ hmoVo. _. Jm§Yrà_mUo Y_m©À`m ZmdmImbr ^maVmMo

VwH$S>o hmoD$ Z XoVm AI§S> ^maVmMo, gmd© m¡_ bmoH$gÎmmH$ amï´> Ago ñdßZ Ë`m§Zr nm{hbo hmoVo. 1942 _Ü o _.Jm§YtÀ`m "^maV N>moS>mo' Am§XmobZmV Vo gh^mJr Pmbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm AQ>H$ Pmbr d Ah_XZJaÀ`m Vwé§JmV

R>odbo. VoWo Ë`m§Zr "^maVmMm emoY' (Discovery of India) hm àXrK© d Aä`mgnyU© Agm J«§W {b{hbm. 1946gmbr Vo H$m±J«ogMo AÜ`j Pmbo d Ë`mMdoir A§Var_ gaH$maMo Vo àYmZ_§Ìr ~Zbo. nwT>o 1964 n ªV Ë`m§Zr

^maVmMo ZoV¥Îd H$aVmZm bmoH$gÎmmH$ g_mOdmXr {dMmam§Mr ^maVmV am~dUyH$ Ho$br.

n§. Zohê§$darb à^md d bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMr ~m§YUr :

n§. Zohê§$Mo àmW{_H$ {ejU KamVM Pmbo. `mH$mimV Ë`m§Mo Ka ho dS>rb _moVrbmb Zohé§_wio H$m±J«ogÀ`mamOH$s` MiditMo H|$Ð hmoVo. _mo{Vbmb Zohê$ d _. Jm§YtMm n§. Zohê§$da gdmªV _moR>m à^md hmoVm. Ë`m§Mo _yi

ì`{ŠV_Ëd qMVZerb gm{hË`rH$mMo hmoVo, Ë`m_wio g§ñH$maj_ d`mV Ë`m§Zr ñH$m°Q>, {S>H$Ýg, W°H$ao m§À`m H$mX§~è`mdmMë`m. doëg, _mH©$ Q>doZ, Oo. Eg. {_b, _mb}, em°, agob, grS>Zo do~ BË`mXtMo J«§W Ë`m§Zm _hÎdmMo dmQ>bo.

^maVmV JyT>dmXmda ^mî` H$aUmè`m {WAm°gm°{\$H$b gmogm`Q>rMm Ë`m§À`mda à^md hmoVm. A°Zr ~oP§Q> d bmo.

{Q>iH$m§Mr hmo_éb Midi Ë`m§Zm ñdamÁ`mgmR>r nyaH$ dmQ>V hmoVr. Ë`m_wio H$mhr H$mi Vo bmoH$_mÝ`m§À`m Ohmbamï´>dmXmH$S>o AmH¥$ï> Pmbo hmoVo.

B§½b§S>_Ü o Cƒ {ejU KoVmZm VoWo {dH$mg nmdbobm CXma_VdmXr H$ë`mUH$mar d Cn`mo{JVmdmXr {dMma

Ë`m§Zm ^mamdyZ Q>mH$Umam hmoVm. Oo. Eg. {_b, Q>r. EM. J«rZ `mgma»`m CXma_VdmXr bmoH$gÎmmH$ {dMmad§Vm§ZrV`ma Ho$bobm ì`ŠVrñdm§Í`dmXr VWm amÁ`mÀ`m _`m©Xm ñnï> H$aUmam {dMma Ë`m§Zr ñdrH$mabm hmoVm. `m H$mimV

J°[a~mëS>rÀ`m amï´>dmXr nwñVH$mZo Vo AñdñW Pmbo hmoVo.

^maVmV Amë`mZ§Va Vo àW_ bmoH$_mÝ`m§À`m d Z§Va _. Jm§YtÀ`m gm{ÝZÜ`mV Ambo. Ë`mM H$mimV a{e`Z

gmå`dmXmVyZ eoVH$ar H$m_Jmam§Mo g_Vm{Yð>rV amÁ` V`ma H$ê$Z aMZmË_H$ g_mOdmX V`ma H$aVm oB©b, AgoË`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo; nU hm gmå`dmXr Ohmb {dMma ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mÀ`m AmS> oV Agë`mZo n§. Zohê§$Zr gmå`dmXmMm

{dMma gmoSy>Z {Xbm Am{U Vo 1920 Z§Va Jm§YrdmXr CXma g_Ýd`dmXr àdmhmV gm_rb Pmbo. _. Jm§YtZr

66

gm§{JVbobo {dH|$ÐrH$aU, n§Mm`V ì`dñWm, Z¡{VH$ewÕVm d aMZmË_H$ H$m ©H«$_ Ë`m§Zr am~dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

n§. Zohê§$_Ü`o nmümË` {dMma d ^maVr` g§ñH$mamMo Ogo AO~ {_lU hmoVo VgoM Ë`m§À`mV AmXe©dmX d

ì`dhmadmXmMohr {_lU hmoVo. Amnbr AmXe© n§MerbgmaIr d¡{œH$Vm {Z_m©U H$aUmar _yë`o ì`dhmamVAmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr àYmZ_§ÌrnXmÀ`m H$mbmdYrV n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm, {Z`moOZ _§S>i, _moR>o àH$ën, nmaXeu

{ZdS>UyH$m, g§gXr` nÕVr, {ejU, Amamo½`, eoVr, H$maImZXmar d naamï´> YmoaUmV _hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~Omdbr.ho Ë`m§Mo H$m © bmoH$gÎmmH$, Jm§YrdmXr, g_mOdmXr, H$ë`mUH$mar, amï´>dmXr d Cƒ AmXe© _yë`m§da C o hmoVo.

n§. Zohê§$Mr J«§WaMZm :

Á`mbm Iè`m AWm©Zo amOH$s` {dMmad§V åhUVmV, Vem AWm©Zo n§. Zohê§$Zr H$moUVohr {eñV~Õ amOH$s`{dMma _m§S>bobo ZmhrV. _mÌ Ë`m§À`m mfUmVyZ, g_H$mbrZ MidirVyZ d Ë`m§Zr KoVboë`m YmoaUmË_H$ {ZU© mVyZ

Vo ñnï> hmoVmV Am{U `m gmè`m {dMmam§Mm H|$Ðq~Xy ì`ŠVr d g_mOmMm bmoH$gÎmmH$ _mJm©Zr gwg§ñH$marV d ^m¡{VH$

{dH$mg hmo . Ë`m§À`m J«§Wg§nXo_YyZhr hoM {dMma AmnUmg àH$fm©Zo {XgVmV. Ë`m§Zr A{Ve` ì`ñV AgUmè`mAmnë`m OrdZmVyZ _m¡{bH$ Ago boIZ Ho$bo Amho. `mV -

1) gmo{dEQ> a{e`m,

2) A°Z A°Q>mo~m`J«m\$s 4) p½b_gog Am°\$ dëS>© {hñQ>ar

3) boQ>g© \«$m°_ E \$mXa Qy> {hO S>m°Q>a 5) {S>ñH$ìhar Am°\$ B§{S>`m

darb gd© J«§WmVyZ n§. Zohê§$Mo g§doXZerb, amîQ>dmXr, qMVZerb, AmXe© _yë`àYmZ, CXma_VdmXr, g{hîUy,

H$ë`mUH$mar, d¡{œH$ H$ë`mUH$mar d bmoH$gÎmmH$ g_mOdmXr A§Va§J ñnï> hmoVo.

n§. Zohê§$Mo bmoH$emhr{df`H$ {dMma :

n§. Zohê§$Mr bmoH$emhrda àIa Aer {Zð>m hmoVr H$maU Ho$di bmoH$emhr_Ü oM ì`ŠVr d g_mOmMm g_Vmob

_yë`m{Y{ð>V {dH$mgmMm {dMma AgVmo, Ago Vo åhUV. àMbrV AgUmar B§½b§S>Mr bmoH$emhr hr H$m`ÚmZo

A{YamÁ` d Ý`m` ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUmar Agbr Var Vr gm_«mÁ`dmXr d BVam§À`m ñdmV§Í`mMm g§H$moM H$aUmarAmho, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. åhUyZ ì`mnH$ ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, Ý`m` `m§Mm dmna H$aUmar d gd© _mZd OmVrMo

H$ë`mU H$aUmar bmoH$emhr Ë`m§Zm AnojrV hmoVr. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr g§gXr` bmoH$emhrMm n«`moJ Ho$bm hmoVm.g§gXr` bmoH$emhrV gÎmm{d^mOZ, {Z §ÌU d g_Vmob `mMm Vmi_oi AgyZ Vr A{YH$ {Z §ÌrV d O~m~Xma

Agë`mZo Vr bmoH$gÎmmH$ dmVmdaU V`ma H$ê$ eHo$b, Agm Ë`m§Mm {dœmg hmoVm. ^maVr` bmoH$emhrbm

hþHy$_emhrnmgyZ dmMdÊ`mgmR>r g§gXr` nÕV Oer Cn`moJmMr R>aob VgoM gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU Ho$ë`mg ñWm{ZH$amï´>H$m§_Ü o AgUmè`m ñWm{ZH$ Apñ_Vm ì`dhmambm Cn`moJmÀ`m R>aVrb, Ago n§. Zohê§$Mo _V hmoVo. `mgmR>r

Ë`m§Zr EH$mË_Vobm n«mYmÝ` XoUmè`m g§KamÁ`mMm à`moJ Ho$bm. AÜ`jr` bmoH$emhr ZmH$mabr d n§Mm`V ì`dñWobmnmqR>~m {Xbm. n§. Zohê§$Zm Ho$di emgZnÕVr åhUyZ bmoH$emhr nÕVr A{^àoV ZìhVr. Va Ë`m§Zm A{YH$

bmoH$m{^_wI, {dH$mgm{^_wI, H$ë`mUH$mar Var _yë`àYmZ, Z¡{VH$ d AmXe©dmXr bmoH$emhr V`ma H$amd`mMr

67

hmoVr åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr bmoH$emhrbm OrdZàUmbr Ago Zmd XoVmZm bmoH$emhr~amo~a g_mOdmX d Jm§YrdmXmMm

ñdrH$ma Ho$bm.

bmoH$emhrbm Vo ì`ŠVrbm g§nyU© ñdmV§Í`mMm AdH$me d g§Yr XoUmar bmoH$m§Mr M¡VÝ`_` Midi _mZV.

{Vbm Vo _mZdr _ZmodñWm _mZV. hr _ZmodñWm Cƒ XOm©Mr Agob Va {VÀ`m_Ü o _mUyg ñdV:À`m j_Vm emoYyZñdV:Mm {dH$mg H$ê$ eH$Vmo. VgoM BVam§À`m gwImMm d H$ë`mUmMm gå`H$ {dMma H$aVmZm Vmo Z nQ>Umè`m

Jmoï>t~Ôbhr Vrd« {damoY Z H$aVm g_§OgnUo g^modVmbÀ`m KS>m_moS>tH$S>o nmhm`bm {eH$Vmo. hr _mZ{gH$bd{MH$Vm, g{hîUwVm d ñdV:~amo~a BVam§À`m {dH$mgmMr H$miOr åhUOo Iar Am§V[aH$ bmoH$emhr AgVo.

bmoH$emhr hr EH$m ~mOybm ì`ŠVrdmXr AgVo Va Xwgè`m ~mOybm Vr g_yhdmXr AgVo. EH$m ~mOybm Vr Oer

_mZ{gH$ AgVo Ver Vr Xwgè`m ~mOybm ~m¡{ÕH$ AgVo åhUyZ bmoH$emhrV ì`ŠVrMm Ogm Am§V[aH$ {dH$mgA{^àoV AgVmo VgmM XwgarH$S>o Vmo ì`ŠVrÀ`m ^m¡{VH$, Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmer ~m§Yrb AgVmo Am{U `m gmè`mbm

g_yhmMo g§X © AgVmV. H$maU EH$mH$s ñdmV§Í` d {dH$mgmMm gwÕm {dMma H$aVmM oV Zmhr. `m gmè`m ì`m{_lbmoH$emhrMo ^maVgma»`m {d{dYVoZo ZQ>boë`m XoemV H$go à`moJ H$aVm oVrb `mMr Ë`m§Zm qMVm hmoVr. amOH$s`

nj, {damoYr nj, amÁ`KQ>Zm, g§gXr` H$ma^ma, H$m`Xm d Ý`m`, àemgZ, _yb yV ñdmV§Í`, {ZdS>UyH$m, emgZ dg_mO Aem gd©M ñVamda bmoH$emhr _yë o ì`ŠV hmoV AgVmV Am{U `m à{H«$ o_Ü o ì`ŠVr nmgyZ g_mOmn ªV

d g_mOmnmgyZ emgZmn ªV gd© g§ñWm g§KQ>Zm§Zm bmoH$emhr _`m©Xm§Mo ^mZ Agmdo bmJVo. åhUyZ bmoH$emhr

åhUOo Ho$di ñdmV§Í` Aer bmoH$emhrMr Ho$bobr ì`m»`m Ë`m§Zm _mÝ` ZìhVr. _yb yV ñdmV§Í`mMm ñdV:À`m{dH$mgmgmR>r dmna H$aVmZm O|ìhm ì`ŠVr BVam§À`m àJVrMm AmñWodmB©H$nUo {dMma H$aVo d ñdV:À`m ñdmV§Í`mMm

OmUrdnyd©H$ g§H$moM H$aVo VWm g_moaÀ`mbm ñdmV§Í` Cn^moJÊ`mMr g§Yr XoVo V|ìhm Iar bmoH$emhr V`ma hmoVo,Ago n§. Zohê§$Mo _V hmoVo. ^maVmMm I§S>àm` AmH$ma, àM§S> bmoH$g§»`m d Om{V`, Ym{_©H$, ^m{fH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$

{d{dYVm AgUmè`m XoemV bmoH$emhr am~dVmZm AS>MUr oVrb mMr Ë`m§Zm H$ënZm hmoVr; nU m gd© KQ>H$m§Zm

Ë`m§À`m {ddjrV joÌmV ñdmV§Í` {Xbo Va {d{dYVoVyZ EH$Vm d EH$VoVyZ bmoH$emhr V`ma H$aVm oB©b Ago Ë`m§ZmdmQ>V hmoVo. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr d¡{dÜ`nyU© Agbr Var {VÀ`m _yimer AgUmar gä`Vm, CXmaVm, bd{MH$Vm,

_mZdVm, AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§VmofmMr ^mdZm, ghH$m ©, ào_ d Ë`mJ bmoH$emhrbm Cn`moJr R>aob Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>VhmoVo. bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m gmd© m¡_ A{YH$mamMr d H$V©ì`mMr OmUrd H$ê$Z {Xbr H$s bmoH$ nañna {dœmgmZo hm

bmoH$emhrMm JmS>m nwwT>o ZoVrb Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. ñdmV§Í` bT>çmV Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§Mr g§KQ>rV eŠVr d amï>ào_mgmR>rñdñdmV§Í`mda nmUr gmoS>Ê`mMr loð> ^mdZm AZw^dbr hmoVr. {VM àoaUm, eŠVr d ^mdZm AmVm ñdmV§Í`

{Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r d ~bembr ^maV V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaVm oB©b d ^maVr` bmoH$ Zd^maVmMr ~m§YUr H$aÊ`mV

H$_r nS>Uma ZmhrV, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo.

^maVm_Ü o g§gXr` emgZnÕVr ñdrH$maVmZm d AÜ`jr` bmoH$emhrbm {damoY H$aVmZm n§. Zohê§$À`m g_moaA_o[aHo$Vrb ^m§S>dbàYmZ bmoH$emhr C^r hmoVr. ^maVmV Oa _yR>^am§Mr bmoH$emhr V`ma Pmbr Va ñdmV§Í`,

Ý`m` d g_Vmob {dH$mgmbm H$mhr AW© amhUma Zmhr, ho Ë`m§À`m gn«y Ahdmbmdarb MM}À`mdoir bjmV Ambo

68

hmoVo. bmoH$emhrÀ`m àYmZ VÎdm_Ü`o _yimV Vr OmñVrV OmñV bmoH$mZwdVu Agmdr bmJVo. bmoH$m§Mm ghO

CËñ\y$V© gh^mJ bmoH$emhrMm AmË_m AgVmo. àË oH$mbm `mV Amnbo {dMma d _Vo _m§S>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo;

nU ^m§S>dbàYmZ bmoH$emhr _yimV Am{W©H$ {df_Voda AmYm[aV AgVo. ^m§S>dbemhr emofUmda AmYmarVAgVo d gÎmmYre hoM ^m§S>dbXma Agë`mZo Vo ~hþOZ H$ï>H$ar gm_mÝ` OZVogmR>r Amnë`m gÎmoMm H$YrM dmna

H$arV ZmhrV. VgoM gm_mÝ` OZVobmhr n¡emA^mdr g§gXon ªV OmVm oV Zmhr. `m ^m§S>dbàYmZ bmoH$emhrV{ZdS>UyH$m nmaXeu d ñdV:À`m _Vmda Z hmoVm Ë`m n¡emÀ`m ~imda nma nS>VmV. Ë`m_wio gÎmoVyZ gÎmm Vgo

n¡emVyZ n¡gm `m ZmË`mZo ^m§S>dbàYmZ bmoH$emhrV bmoH$H$ë`mU AWdm g_Vmob {dH$mg hmoV Zmhr. n§. Zohê§$ZrAem bmoH$emhrbm ^mg_mZ, \$gdr bmoH$emhr åhQ>bo hmoVo.

n§. Zohê§$Zm bmoH$emhrMr OnUyH$ H$am`Mr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zm g§ mì` \°${gP_Mr ^rVr dmQ>V hmoVr. gmYmaUV:{XImdy, PQ>nQ> àJVrgmR>r A{YH$ AmH«$_H$ amï´>dmXmVyZ qhgH$ _mJm©Zr \°${gP_Mr R>am{dH$ g_yhmÀ`m

H$ë`mUmgmR>r dmQ>Mmb AgVo. wdH$m§_Ü o ~è`mMdoim Aem AmH«$_H$ amï´>dmXmMo AmH$f©U AgVo; nU Ë`m§ZrË`mVrb YmoŠ`mMm {dMma Ho$bobm ZgVmo. \°${gP_~Ôb Vo åhUVmV, ""\°${gP_~Ôb _bm àM§S> {VañH$ma Amho.

^m§S>dbàYmZ ì`dñWm O|ìhm «ï> hmoVo V|ìhm Ë`mVyZ Oo {dH¥$V ê$n V`ma hmoVo, Ë`mbm \°${gP_ åhUVmV.'' n§.Zohê§$Zr \°${gP_bm H$R>moa {damoY Ho$bm. ^maVmV qhXy-_wñbr_ g§Kfm©VyZ \°${gP_gmaIm H$Å>a AmH«$_H$ qhgH$

{dMma V`ma hmoD$ Z o `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Y_©{ZanojVobm amÁ`KQ>ZoV d ì`dhmamV A{YH$ _hÎd {Xbo.

1917 À`m a{e`Z gmå`dmXr H«$m§{VZ§Va H$mhr H$mi ì`mnH$ g_VogmR>r d H$ï>H$è`m§À`m amÁ`mgmR>r n§.

Zohê§$Zr gmå`dmXmbm nmqR>~m {Xbm hmoVm; nU {deofV: ñQ°{bZÀ`m H$mimV a{e`mV ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í` Zï> Pmbo dgmar amOH$s` ì`dñWmM bmoH$m§gmR>r ~§{XñV Pmbr. n§. Zohê§$Zm ì`mnH$ ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í` d ì`mnH$ g_Vm d Ë`mVyZ

V`ma hmoUmar Ý`m` ì`dñWm VWm ~§YwVm, _mZdVm Ano{jV hmoVr åhUyZ maVmV V`ma Pmboë`m EH$m{YH$maemhrdmXrd ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í` {damoYr gmå`dmXmbm Ë`m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm.

n§. Zohê§$À`m bmoH$emhr {dMmamda {~«{Q>em§Mm à^md hmoVm. {~«{Q>em§Mm ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`dmXr {dMma, CXma_VdmX,H$ë`mUH$mar bd{MH$ Iwbr ì`dñWm, Ë`m§Mo àemgZ, Ý`m`ì`dñWm, {eñV d Ë`m§Mr g§gXr` nÕVr AZwH$aUr`

Amho, Ago n§. Zohê§$Mo _V hmoVo; nU {~«{Q>em§Zr ñdV:Mm {dH$mg d ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r dmnabobr gm_«mÁ`dmXr,dgmhVdmXr d BVam§À`m ñdmV§Í`mbm ZH$ma XoUmar amOH$s` ì`dñWm Ë`m§Zm _mÝ` ZìhVr. {~«{Q>em§Mo ho gmoB©Mo XwQ>ßnr

YmoaU Ë`m§Zm KmVH$ dmQ>V hmoVo, åhUyZ bmoH$emhrgmR>r n§. Zohê§$Zr bmhmoa H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmVM nyU© ñdmV§Í`mMr

_mJUr Ho$br hmoVr. nwT>o ^maVmMo naamï´> YmoaU R>adVmZm Ë`m§Zr gm_«mÁ`dmXmbm {damoY H$aVmZm àË oH$ amï´>mMogmd© m¡_Ëd BVam§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo nm{hOo Ago åhQ>bo hmoVo. ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`m~amo~a g_yhmMo H$ë`mU d Ë`mMdoir

amï´>mMm XOm© d amï´>mMr Apñ_Vm H$er gwajrV amhrb `mbm n§. Zohê§$Zr _hÎd {Xbo. Ë`m§Mr bmoH$emhr g§H$ënZmì`ŠVr{dH$mgmH$Sy>Z Am§Vaamï´>r` g_wXm`mÀ`m {dH$mgmH$S>o {dH$mg nmdVmZm {XgVo. àË oH$ amï´>mZo ñdV:Mm m¡{VH$

d VmpËdH$ {dH$mg H$aVmZm ñdV:bm wÕ, g§Kf©, emofU, Y_© wÕ d gd© àH$maÀ`m VmUVUmdmnmgyZ _wŠV R>odmdo,Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. Ho$di EH$m XoemV bmoH$emhr V`ma hmoD$Z MmbV Zmhr Va Ë`m amï´>mÀ`m g^modVmbr AgUmè`m

69

amï´>mVhr bmoH$emhr, _mZdVm, nañna ghH$m ©, em§VVm, gbmoIm, _¡Ìr, aMZmË_H$ {dH$mg m§gmaIr bmoH$gÎmmH$

_yë o Agmdr bmJVmV. n{hë`m d Xwgè`m _hm wÕmMo AZw d bjmV KoVm bmoH$emhrÀ`m nwZñWm©nZogmR>r OmXm

à`ËZm§Mr d em§VVm_` ghOrdZmVyZ bmoH$emhr d {dH$mg Ago gyÌ _m§S>VmZm n§. Zohê$ {XgVmV. `mgmR>r Ë`m§ZrAm§Vaamï´>r` YmoaU R>adVmZm A{bßVVmdmXr YmoaUmbm _hÎd {Xbo. A{bßVVmdmXm_Ü o VQ>ñWVm A{^àoV ZgyZ

~S>çm amï´>m§À`m JQ>amOH$maUmnmgyZ Xya _mÌ N>moQ>çm _mJmg amï´>m§Zr _¡ÌrgmR>r, ghH$m`m©gmR>r AmdmhZ Ho$bo Va^maV Aem amï´>m§Zm Oéa ghH$m © H$aob Aer bmoH$gÎmmH$ CXmÎm ^mdZm hmoVr. n§. Zohê§$Mo naamï´> em§VVmdmXr,

n§Merb YmoaU ho bmoH$emhrbm nyaH$ ñdénmMoM hmoVo.

n§. Zohê§$Mo bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXr {dMma :

n§. Zohê§$Zm gwédmVrnmgyZ bmoH$emhrà_mUo g_mOdmXmMo _moR>o AmH$f©U hmoVo. bmoH$emhrVyZ ñdmV§Í`mbm

A{YH$ MmbZm {_iVo Va g_mOdmX A{YH$ n«H$fm©Zo ì`mnH$ g_Vm V`ma H$ê$ eH$Vmo, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo.

B§½b§S>_Ü o Ë`m H$mimV {gS>Zo do~, am°~Q© AmodoZ d Z§Va bmñH$s m§Zr bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMr g§H$ënZm {dH$grVHo$br hmoVr. B§½b§S>_Ü o {ejU KoV AgVmZm n§. Zohê§$da Ogm Oo. Eg. {_bÀ`m ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`dmXr {dMmamMm

à^md nS>bm VgmM Ë`m§À`mda B§½b§S>_Yrb \o${~`Z g_mOdmXmMmhr à^md nS>bm. ^maVmV 1912 _Ü o naVAmë`mZ§Va bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMr gwédmV H$er H$aVm oB©b, `mÑï>rZo Ë`m§Zr gImob Ago qMVZ Ho$bo hmoVo.

^maVm_Ü o bmoH$emhrgmR>r g_mOdmX d g_mOdmXmgmR>r bmoH$emhrMr JaO Amho, ho bjmV KoVm _yimV

`m XmoZ g§H$ënZm {^ÝZ ZgyZ EH${OZgr AmhoV, Ago n§. Zohê§$Mo _V hmoVo. maVmV g_mOdmXr {dMma H$m am~dmdm,

`mMm {dMma H$aVmZm n§. Zohê$ åhUVmV, ""Om{V` {df_Vm d Xm[aÐç `m_wio _wimV H$moUË`mhr joÌmV g_VmZgUmè`m ^maVmV g_mOdmXr {dMma AË §V Cn`moJmMm Amho.'' n§. Zohê§$À`m _Vo, g_mOdmXr {dMmam~amo~a

Ë`mMr dmñV{dH$ am~dUyH$ ^maVmV Am{W©H$, Om{V`, Ym{_©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_Vm V`ma H$ê$ eHo$b. `mgmR>rË`m§Zr H$m±J«ogA§VJ©V g_mOdmXr JQ>mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. g§{_l AW©ì`dñWoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. _moR>çm àH$ënm~aom~a

{dkmZ, {ejU, Amamo½`, añVo, eoVr, nmQ>~§Ymao, AUyg§emoYZ, _hm_§S>io BË`mXtda Ë`m§Zr ^a {Xbm.

Ë`m§À`m _Vo, g_mOdmX hm Ho$di VmËdrH$ {gÕm§V Zmhr Va bmoH$emhrn«_mUo g_mOdmXhr EH$ OrdZàUmbr

Amho, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. Ho$di Xm[aÐç {Z_y©bZ H$aUo EdT>o _m\$H$ C{Ôï> n§. Zohê§$Zm g_mOdmXmÀ`m g§X^m©VAnojrV ZìhVo Va Xm[aÐç {Z_y©bZm~amo~a, Om{V` {df_Vm Xya H$ê$Z EH$g§Y g_mOmÀ`m nañna ghH$m`m©VyZ

g§nyU© {dH$mg Ë`m§Zm A{^àoV hmoVm. `mgmR>r g_mOdmX d Ë`mbm nyaH$ åhUyZ bmoH$emhrbm Vo AmXe© ì`dñWm_mZV hmoVo.

`m H$mimV ^maVmV EHy$U 3 àH$maÀ`m g_mOdmXmMm à^md {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm. `mV -

1. a{e`Z gmå`dmXr H«$m§VrZ§Va V`ma Pmbobm AmH«$_H$ g_mOdmX

2. B§½b§S>_Ü o bmoH$emhr, CXma_VdmX d Cn wŠVVmdmXmbm nyaH$ åhUyZ V`ma Pmbobm \o${~`Z g_mOdmX

qH$dm bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX.

70

3. ^maVmV V`ma Pmbobm Jm§YrdmXr, g{hîUy g_mOdmX.

1) 1917 _Ü o a{e`mVrb gmå`dmXr H«$m§VrZ§Va VoWo g_mOdmXr g_mO aMZm V`ma H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ gwê$

Pmbo. gd©gm_mÝ`m§gmR>r hm gmå`dmX VWm a{e`Z g_mOdmX hm bmoH$gÎmmH$ Agob Aem KmofUm Pmë`m d

gmo{dEQ> m àOmgÎmmH$ nÕVrbm _hÎd Ambo; nU bo{ZZZ§Va a{e`mVrb bd{MH$ YmoaU g§nwï>mV Ambo. ñQ>°{bZÀ`mH$mimV a{e`mV gmå`dmXr amï´>dmX V`ma Pmbm. ImOJr ì`dgm` d eoVrMo amï´>r`H$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Am{U

{ejUg§ñWm_Ü o Ho$di _mŠg©dmXr {ejUmda ^a XoD$Z A{^ì`ŠVr {dMma ñdmV§Í`, _V ñdmV§Í` `m gmè`mM_yb yV A{YH$mamda ~§YZo Ambr. EH$M nj, nm°{bQ>ã wamobm gdm©{YH$ma, bmoH$emhr H|${ÐH$aU, X~mdJQ>mMo

amOH$maU Zmhr. Ho$di ZmdmbmM {ZdS>UyH$m BË`mXr gdªH$fdmXr _yë`m§_wio a{e`mZo àJVr Ho$br; nU VoWrb

ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`M Zï> Pmbo. ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í` ZgVmZm V`ma Pmbobr àJVr d V`ma Pmbobr g_Vm H$Xm{MV amï´>mÀ`màJVrbm Cn^moJmMr Agob; nU Vr ì`ŠVrMo H$ë`mU H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr VgoM Vr \$ma {Xdg {Q>Hy$ eH$V Zmhr,

Ago n§. Zohê§$Mo _V hmoVo. åhUyZ a{e`Z gmå`dmXmbm Ë`m§Zr Xya R>odbo. ^maVmgma»`m CXma_VdmXr, g_Ýd`dmXrd ì`ŠVrMr à{Vð>m OnUmè`m amï´>mbm qhgH$, AmH«$_H$, Ohmb d EH$H$ëbr àJVrMm _mJ© Cn`moJmMm Zmhr, ho

Ë`m§À`m bjmV Ambo hmoVo.

2) B§½b§S> ho bmoH$H$ë`mUmMo Ü o ~miJUmao à`moJerb amï´> Amho, Ago n§. Zohê§$Mo _V hmoVo. B§½b§S>_Ü o

bmoH$gÎmmH$, g_mOdmXr, ì`ŠVrdmXr, ñdmV§Í`dmXr, g_Ýd`dmXr, Cn wŠVVmdmXr d wZo{Q>`ZgmaIo ì`ŠVrH|${ÐV{dMma V`ma Pmbo. A°S>_ pñ_W gma»`m AW©VÁkmZo _wŠV AW©ì`dñWoMm nmR>nwamdm H$ê$Z bmoH$m§Zm Am{W©H$

joÌmV ñdV:Mr j_Vm VnmgÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` {Xbo. Oo. Eg. {_bZo "Am°Z {b~Q>u' d "gãOoŠeZ Qy> dy_oZ' mgma»`mJ«§WmVyZ ñdmV§Í`mMo _hÎd gm§{JVbo. EdT>oM Zìho Va ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m gImobrH$aUmgmR>r {ejU àgma d {ñÌ`m§Zm

_VmMm A{YH$ma mgmR>r {_bZo Midir C^maë`m. nmb©_|Q>_Ü o {dMma _m§S>bo. Q>r. EM. J«rZZo ì`ŠVrMo ñdmV§Í`_mÝ` H$aVmZm amÁ`mÀ`m OmñVrÀ`m _`m©Xm gm§{JVë`m Va ~oÝW°_Zo Cn`mo{JVmdmXmMo gyÌ gm§JyZ OmñVrV OmñV

bmoH$m§À`m OmñVrV OmñV H$ë`mUmMr CXma_VdmXr åhUOoM bmoH$emhr ì`dñWm gm§{JVbr. bmñH$sZo Va bmoH$emhr

g_mOdmXmMo n« moJ Ho$bo d wZoQ>o{Z`Z g_mOmZo `m gmè`m ñdmV§Í` g_VmdmXr {dMmam§Zm g{hîUy _mZdVmdmXmMrMm¡H$Q> V`ma H$ê$Z {Xbr. m bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXr dmVmdaUmV n§. Zohê§$Zr Amnbo Cƒ {ejU KoVbo. B§½b§S>_Yrb

ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, Ý`m`, H$m`Xm, {eñV, àemgZ d bmoH$emhr {dMmamZo Vo à^m{dV Pmbo. VoWrb \o${~`Z g_mOdmXË`m§Zm maVr` g_mOì`dñWogmR>r A{YH$ mo½` ñdê$nmMm dmQ>bm d Ë`m§Zr AZoH$doim m g_mOdmXmMm nwZéƒma

Ho$bm. 1929 _Ü o amdr ZXrÀ`m H$mR>r bmhmoa H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmV ~mobVmZm Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmXmMo _hÎd gm§{JVbo

hmoVo. Ho$di Xm[aÐç {Z_y©bZ EdT>o N>moQ>o Ü o g_mOdmXm_Ü o ZgyZ g_mOdmXm_Ü o g_mZVoMo _hmZ VÎdkmZ Amhod g_Vo{edm` ñdmV§Í` AW©{hZ AgVo. g_mOdmX n[anyU© _mUyg V`ma H$aÊ`mda ^a XoUmam {dMma AgyZ Vmo

bmoH$emhr OrdZàUmbrbm ~iH$Q>r AmUVmo, Ago Vo åhUmbo. _mZdr OrdZ gdm©Wm©Zo C§MmdUo n§. Zohê§$Zm _hÎdmModmQ>V hmoVo. 1936 _Ü ohr Ë`m§Zr bIZm¡ H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmV g_mOdmXmMo _hÎd gm§{JVbo hmoVo.

3) _mÌ ^maVmV g_mOdmXmMo à`moJ H$aVmZm B§½b§S>à_mUo nyU© \o${~`Z g_mOdmX MmbUma Zmhr. H$maU

71

B§½b§S> _yimV EH$mË_ d g_Voda AmYm[aV amï²> Amho, `mMr Ë`m§Zm H$ënZm hmoVr. ^maVmV AgUmar {df_Vm

Ho$di Am{W©H$ ñdê$nmMr ZgyZ Vr Om{V`, Ym{_©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñdê$nmMr Agë`mZo \o${~`Z AÜ`mË_dmXr

na§nam d maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr bjmV KoD$Z a{e`Z g_mOdmXmEodOr Ë`m§Zr Jm§YrdmXr ghZerb d A{YH$ g_mOerbg_mOdmX ñdrH$mabm. ^maVmV `m H$mimV Jm§YrdmXr g_mOdmX, gdm}X`r g_mOdmX, _mŠg©dmXr g_mOdmX,

am° rñQ> g_mOdmX Ago g_mOdmXmMo AZoH$ àH$ma nS>bo. H$m±J«og A§VJ©V g_mOdmX, àOm g_mOdmX, H¥$fH$g_mOdmX Ago AZoH$ JQ> d njhr `m H$mimV V`ma Pmbo. _mÌ njr` ñnY}V Z AS>H$Vm n§. Zohê§$Zr Amnbm

bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMm H$m ©H«$_ nwT>o ZoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm g§gXo_Ü o g_mOdmXr njmZo Ho$boë`mH$R>moa Q>rH$m§Zr {dMbrV Z hmoVm bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmgmR>r Ë`m§Zr H$m±J«ogMm d ñdV:À`m A{YH$mam§Mm dmna

Ho$bm. Aemdoir _. Jm§YtZr ^m§S>dbXmam§Zm {dœñV _mZyZ Or AamÁ`dmXmMr H$ënZm {dH$grV Ho$br {Vbm

{damoY H$aÊ`mMo YmS>g n§. Zohê§$Zr XmIdbo. ^m§S>dbXma d ^m§S>dbr emofUH$mar gmR>m H$aUmar n«d¥Îmr hrg_mOdmXmg_moarb à_wI g_ñ`m Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr m§S>dbXmam§Zm g_mOdmXr à{H«$ oV H$YrM {dœñV dm gh^mJr

KQ>H$ åhUyZ gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVbo Zmhr. _mÌ Jm§YrdmXr, em§VVm_`, AqhgH$ _mJmªZr eoVH$ar H$m_Jmam§Zm Ý`m`XoVmZm Am{W©H$ {df_Vm Xya H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bm. mgmR>r Q>oS> w{Z`Ýgbm Ë`m§Zr nmqR>~m {Xbm. CÚmoJY§Úmn¡H$s

H$mhr _moR>çm ì`dgm`m§Mo amï´>r`H$aU Va H$mhtMo H$mhr à_mUmV amï´>r`H$aU d Ë`mVyZ V`ma hmoUmar àm{YH$aUo

VWm N>moQ>çm d Xwæ`_ ì`dgm`m§Mo à_m{UV ImOJrH$aU Am{W©H$ g_VmobmgmR>r d g_mOdmXmgmR>r Cn`moJmMoAmho, Ago n§. Zohê§$Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. `m g§{_l AW©ì`dñWoMm Ë`m§Zr _moR>çm H$m¡eë`mZo dmna Ho$bm d Ë`mgmR>r

{Z`moOZ _§S>imMr Ë`m§Zr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ^maVmVrb àM§S> ñdê$nmMo Xm[aÐç, {ZajaVm, {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`dmÚm§Zr^maVmMo Ho$bobo emofU, ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoV Ambobr ApñWaVm, H$bm, Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ d J«m_moÚmoJmbm bmJbobr

AmohmoQ>r, eoVrg_mo[ab XwîH$mi, {dI§S>Z, H$O©~mOmarnUm d Anwè`m CËnÞmÀ`m g_ñ`m, nma§n[aH$ AW©ì`dñWm`m gmè`m g_ñ`m Am{U Ë`mV Om{V`, Ym{_©H$ VUmd, ~w{ÕOrdr dJm©Mr g§Hw${MV d¥Îmr VWm Zì`mZo gwê$ Pmboë`m

bmoH$emhrg_moarb gd© AS>MUtZm ~amo~a KoD$Z n§. Zohê§$Zr ^maVmV bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMr am~dUyH$ Ho$br.

g¡Õm§{VH$ Mm¡H$Q>rV ~§{XñV Z hmoVm n§. Zohê§$Zr ñdV:À`m nÕVrZo bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMm à`moJ Ho$bm. Ë`m

H$mimV g_mOdmXmÀ`m g§X^m©V AZoH$ {dMmaàdmh d ì`m»`m V`ma Pmë`m. g_mOdmXr nj gm_m{OH$ g_VoMoH$m_ H$arV AgVmZm H$m±J«og A§VJ©V Zohê§$Zm g_mOdmXr JQ> H$m V`ma H$amdm bmJbm? Aem H$mhr e§H$mhr

`m_Ü o hmoË`m. `m gmè`m§Zm Vm|S> XoVmZm n§. Zohê§$Zr Amnë`m VÎdmer d g_VoÀ`m Ü o mer VS>OmoS> Ho$br Zmhr.`mgmR>r _. Jm§YtÀ`m Z¡{VH$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ g_mOdmXmbm àg§Jr ~mOybm R>oD$Z emñÌr` \$brVdmXr g_mOdmX

Ë`m§Zr ñdrH$mabm. åhUyZM Hw${Q>amoÚmoJmnojm Ë`m§Zr _moR>çm àH$ënmbm _hÎd {Xbo. IoS>çm§nojm eharH$aU d

`m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMo à_m{UV _hÎd Ë`m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo. n§. Zohê§$À`m _ZmV g_mOdmXm~Ôb H$moUVmhr Jm|Yi ZìhVm.qH$~hþZm ^maV-a{e`m _¡Ìr_wio Amnbr g_mOdmXmMr Mm¡H$Q> ~Xbbr Agohr Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V ZìhVo. åhUyZM

1936 _Ü o Amnbr y{_H$m ñnîQ> H$aVmZm n§. Zohê$ åhUVmV, ""g_mOdmX åhUOo Aer EH$ nÕV H$s Or_Ü oy_r Am{U y_rMr \$io `m§Mm g_mOmÀ`m {hVmgmR>r Aem VèhoZo Cn`moJ ìhmdm H$s, {_iUmam bm^ ImOJr

_mb_ÎmoÀ`m AnKmVmZo Z R>aVm bmoH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m godoÀ`m à_mUmV R>amdm.'' CËnmXZ, {dVaU, l_ d _mo~Xbm

72

`mVrb g_Ýd`mbm Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmX åhQ>bo hmoVo. ho {dMma Ë`m§Zr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm, {Z`moOZ _§S>i d g§{_l

AW©ì`dñWoVyZ ì`dhmamV AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

n§. Zohê§$Mo amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ ì`{ŠV_Îd ho CXma_VdmXr, em§VVmdmXr, bmoH$gÎmmH$,

g_mOdmXr d _mZdVmdmXr hmoVo. ^maVmMo amï´>r` YmoaU R>adVmZm `mMr gVV à{MVr Ambr; nU ^maVr` naamï´>YmoaU R>adVmZm Ë`m§Zr n§Merb YmoaUm§Mm d A{bßVVmdmXr YmoaUm§Mm Ho$bobm dmna bmoH$gÎmmH$ g_mOdmXmbm

d CXma_VdmXr _mZdVmdmXmbm d¡{œH$ ~ZdÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoVm.

3.2.2 O`àH$me ZmamÙ - gdm}X` d g_mOdmX :

OrdZ n[aM` : _. Jm§YtZr gwé Ho$boë`m gdm}X`r `m CXma_VdmXr {dMmambm d ^maVr` g_mOdmXmbm

A{YH$ ì`mnH$ Ame` d AdH$me XoÊ`mMo H$m_ O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§Zr Ho$bo. _. Jm§YtÀ`m Z§Va {dH$mgm{^_wI

bmoH$emhr d ì`ŠVrÀ`m _yb yV ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r g_J« H«$m§Vr H$ê$Z n[adV©Z H$aUmao Vo à^mdr {Z:ñn¥h {dMmad§V dg_mOdmXr {dMmam§Mo ZoVo hmoVo.

O`àH$meOtMm OÝ_ gaH$mar _Ü`_ dJu` A{YH$mè`mÀ`m KamV 1902 _Ü o Pmbm. CÎmaàXoe d {~hmaÀ`m

gahÔr OmoS>Umè`m {gVm~Xmàm ho Ë`m§Mo OÝ_Jmd. VéU d`mV ^maVr` H«$m§{VH$maH$m§Mm Ë`m§À`mda à^md nS>bm.`mMdoir _. Jm§Yr, amO|ÐàgmX, n§. Zohê$ d _m¡bmZm AmPmX `m§Mo gm{ÝZÜ` Ë`m§Zm bm^bo. 1922 _Ü o Mm¡arMwam

KQ>ZoV _. Jm§YtZr gË`mJ«h _mJo KoVë`mMo O`àH$meZm AmdS>bo Zmhr d Ë`m§Zr nwÝhm {ejUmH$S>o bj H|${ÐV

Ho$bo. A_o[aHo$V Ë`m§Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr hbmIrMr AgVmZmhr Vo H$m_ H$ê$Z {eH$V am{hbo. VoWo Ë`m§Zrg_mOemñÌ, AW©emñÌmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm d H$mb© _mŠg©, am° , bo{ZZ, Q´>m°Q>ñH$s `m§À`m gmå`dmXr n[adV©ZdmXr

{dMmam§Mm gImob Aä`mg Ho$bm. gm_m{OH$ g_Vm, l_, l{_H$m§Mo g§KQ>Z d gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m g§X^m©Vg_mOdmXr {dMma Cn`moJmMm Amho, ho Ë`m§À`m bjmV Ambo. 1929 _Ü o naV ^maVmV Amë`mda g_mOdmXr

{dMmam§Mr am~dUyH$ H$er H$aVm oB©b, `m Ñï>rZo Ë`m§Zr qMVZ H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.

^maVmV 1924 _Ü o gmå`dmXr njmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr hmoVr. 1929 _Ü o n§. Zohê§$Zr nyU© ñdmV§Í`mMr

KmofUm Ho$br hmoVr. a{e`mV bo{ZZÀ`m OmJr ñQ>°{bZMr gÎmm gwê$ Pmbr hmoVr Am{U g§nyU© ^maVr` amOH$mUmda_m. Jm§YtMm à^md hmoVm. nU O`àH$meOtZm _. Jm§YtMr y{_H$m \$magr _mÝ` ZìhVr. VgoM gmå`dmXr nj d

Ë`m H$S>ì`m Midir~Ôbhr Ë`m§À`m H$mhr e§H$m hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio Jm§YrdmXmMm \$magm ñdrH$ma Z H$aVm, gmå`dmXràdmhmV KmB©Zo gm_rb Z hmoVm Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmXmMm _mJ© {ZdS>bm. ^maVmV AgUmar gm_mÝ` OZVm åhUOo

eoVH$ar d H$m_Jma H$ï>H$ar Am{U `m bmoH$m§Zm g§KQ>rV H$ê$Z ^m§S>dbXma àñWm{nV dJm©{déÕ bmoH$bT>m C^mê$Z

bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX d AmXe© g_mOaMZm V`ma H$aVm oB©b, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>o. eoVH$ar, H$m_Jmam§À`m g§KQ>ZmCä`m H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r 1934 _Ü o H$m±J«og A§VJ©V g_mOdmXr g§KQ>ZoMr ~m§YUr Ë`m H$mimV Pmbr hmoVr; nU

amï´>r` H$m±J«ogbm g_mOdmXr {dMmam§Mo Ü o gmÜ` H$aVm Ambo Zmhr, Ago O`àH$metZm dmQ>V hmoVo. H$m±J«ogMmg_mOdmX nwñVH$s AgyZ Vmo \$magm ì`mdhm[aH$ Zmhr, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. gÎmoMo amOH$maU H$aVmZm ~hþOZ

73

g_mOmMo H$ë`mU H$aUo AdKS> AgVo, Ago O`àH$metZm dmQ>V Agë`mZo gwédmVrnmgyZ Vo gÎmoÀ`m _mohmnmgyZ

Xya am{hbo. n[adV©ZmÀ`m Ý`mæ` Midir C^maUo d Ë`mgmR>r gd© H$ï> ghZ H$arV nwT>o OmUo hm Ë`m§Mm ñWm`r^md

hmoVm.

1952 À`m bmoH$g oÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV O`àH$meOtMm nam^d Pmbm. `m nam^dm_wio Ë`m§À`mda H$R>moaAem Q>rH$m Pmë`m; nU Ë`m§Zm CÎma Z XoVm O`àH$meOtZr ñdV:bm g_mOdmXmÀ`m ñWmnZogmR>r dmhÿZ KoVbo. n§.

Zohê§$Mr Ë`m§Zm _§Ìr_§S>imV KoÊ`mMr BÀN>m hmoVr; nU Ë`m§Zr gÎmoV gm_rb hmoÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xbm. gdm}X`mMmH$m ©H«$_ A{YH$ gd©ñneu d bmoH$mZwdVu ìhmdm, `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr nwT>o yXmZ `kmV {dZmo~m§Zm g{H«$` nmqR>~m {Xbm.

`m H$mimV gmå`dmXr XheVdmX, qhgmMma, gm_«mÁ`dmX `mbm Ë`m§Zr Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda Vrd« {damoY Ho$bm.

MrZer _¡Ìr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm. 1970 bm ~m§JbmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr nwT>mH$ma KoVbm. maVmVrbMwH$boë`m ZjbdmÚm§Zm g_mOmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr nwT>mH$ma KoVbm. M§~i Imoè`mVrb

XamoS>oImoam§Mo _Zn[adV©Z O`àH$meOtZr Ho$bo. 1975 _Üò B§{Xam Jm§YtZr amï´>r` AmUr~mUr Kmo{fV H$ê$Zì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mMm g§H$moM Ho$bm. m {damoYmV Ë`m§Z g_J« H«$m§VrMr KmofUm H$ê$Z maVr` wdH$m§Zm ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`,

bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX d ^maVmÀ`m Zd{Z_m©UmgmR>r g§KQ>rV Ho$bo. ^maVmMr bmoH$gÎmmH$, g_mOdmXr ~m§YUrHo$di wdH$M H$ê$ eH$Vrb Agm Ë`m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm. VgoM gÎmoÀ`m ~mhoa amhÿZ g_mOn[adV©Z H$aVm oV

Zmhr, hohr Ë`m§À`m bjmV Ambo hmoVo. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmXr, OZg§K, ^mbmoX, g§KQ>Zm H$m±J«og `m§Zm EH$Ì

~m§YyZ OZVm njmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br d H$m±J«ogÀ`m EH$m{YH$maemhrbm EH$ _O~yV n`m©` V`ma Ho$bm.O`àH$meOtÀ`m AmdmhZm_wio _mM© 1977 À`m {ZdS>UwH$sV H$m±J«ogMm nam^d Pmbm d OZVm gaH$ma gÎmoda

Ambo.

O`àH$meOtMo ì`{ŠV_Îd ~aoM Jw§VmJw§VrMo hmoVo. gÎmoÀ`m n[aKmÀ`m ~mhoa amhÿZ gÎmmn[adV©ZmMo Ë`m§Zrà`ËZ Ho$bo. 1952 _Ü o g_mOdmXr njmV Oa doJdoJio A§VñW JQ> Pmbo ZgVo d O`àH$meOtZr amOH$s`

àdmhmV amhÿZ g_mOdmXr nj ~m§YUrMo H$m_ Ho$bo AgVo Va Ë`m§Zm 1952 Z§VÀ`m nwT>À`m H$mbI§S>mV H$m±J«ogEodOr

g_mOdmXr Agm à^mdr n`m© V`ma H$aVm Ambm AgVm. qH$~hþZm, n§. Zohê§$À`m H$mhr MwH$sÀ`m YmoaUm§da dB§{Xam Jm§YtÀ`m EH$m{YH$maemhrda {H$_mZ A§Hw$e R>odVm Ambm AgVm. 1975 Z§Va OZVm njmMr Ë`m§À`m

nwT>mH$mamZo Pmbobr {Z{_©Vr hr Ver C{eamMr à{H«$`m hmoVr. O`àH$meOtZr Amnë`m OrdZmV gmao {ZU© H«$m§{VH$mard AgmYmaU nÕVrZo KoVbo. Ë`m_wioM _. Jm§YtÀ`m gË`mJ«hr dmQ>Mmbr~m~V gwédmVrbm e§H$m ì`ŠV H$aUmao

O`àH$me ZmamÙ nwT>o {dZmo~m§À`m gdm}X`mV gm_rb Pmbo. `m H$mimV gdm}X`mÀ`m àMmamgmR>r Ë`m§Zr H$m_

Ho$bo; nU Ë`mdoir gdm}X`mVrb _w»` g_J« {dH$mgmMm Jm^m Zï> Pmbm hmoVm d Vr Ver Am¡nMm[aH$ AW©{hZMidi ~Zbr hmoVr. H$mhr _moR>çm Y{ZH$m§Zr {dZmo~m§Zm Or O{_Z yXmZ åhUyZ XmZ Ho$br Vr Zm{nH$, IS>H$mi

d {Zén`moJr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio _moR>m {dMma AgUmam gdm}X` d Ë`mVyZ gmÜ` hmoUmam bmoH$H$ë`mUmMm hoVy {ZgQy>ZJobm hmoVm. O`àH$me ZmamÙ OrdZâ bmoH$H$ë`mUmMo _mJ© emoYV am{hbo. `mVyZM g_mOdmX, Jm§YrdmX,

{dÚmWu Midi, nj{Z{_©Vr, {ZdS>UyH$m, öX` n[adV©Z d gdm}X` Agm àdmg Vo H$arV am{hbo. `m gmè`m

74

dmQ>MmbrV Ë`m§Zm {H$Vr è Ambo, ho _moOÊ`mnojm Ë`m§Zr bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmXr d gdm}X`r ñdénmMr Or ~¡R>H$

V`mar Ho$br Ë`mVyZ EH$ nwamoJm_r amOH$maU ^maVmV gwê$ Pmbo. ^maVr` wdH$ nwÝhm EH$Xm ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r V`ma

Pmbm. H$m±J«ogbm doJdoJio n`m© V`ma Pmbo d amOH$maUmMo ewÕrH$aU hmoD$Z H$moUË`mhr X~mdmbm d AÝ`m`mbmPwJmê$Z Q>mH$Umar bmoH$emhr eŠVr g_mOmV V`ma Pmbr.

O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§Mo g_mOdmXmg§~§YrMo {dMma :

A_o[aHo$_Ü o {ejU KoV AgVmZm O`àH$meOtda Iè`m AWm©Zo gmå`dmX, g_mOdmXmMm à^md nS>bm._mŠg©Mm n[adV©Z d H«$m§VrVyZ g_VoMm {dMma Ë`m§Zr VnmgyZ KoVbm. V|ìhm `m {dMmamVrb H$mhr _`m©Xmhr Ë`m§À`m

bjmV Amë`m. Ë`mdoir bo{ZZ, ñQ>°{bZ, E_. EZ. am° , Q´>m°Q>ñH$s `m§Mo gmå`dmXr {dMma Ë`m§Zr VnmgyZ nm{hbo.l_mMo d l{_H$m§Mo _hÎd, g_Vm d H«$m§Vr mMo _hÎd Ë`m§À`m bjmV Ambo. _mŠg©dmXmVrb qhgm, EH$m{YH$maemhr

Q>miyZ g_mOdmX nwT>o H$gm ZoVm oB©b, `mMm {dMma Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm. H$m±J«ogA§VJ©V g_mOdmXmnojm ñdV§Ì g_mOdmXV`ma H$ê$Z g_mOdmXmbm bmoH$emhrMo d Z§Va gdm}X`mMo g§X © XoÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bm. gmYmaUV: O`àH$me

ZmamÙ EH$mMdoir bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX, Jm§YrdmX d gdm}X`mÀ`m àm§VmV bmoH$H$ë`mUmgmR>r à`moJ H$arV

am{hbo d bmoH$bT>o C^maV am{hbo. darb gd© {dMmaYmam§_Ü o ì`ŠVrbm H|$ÐñWmZr _mZyZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m gdmªJrUàJVr~amo~a gdmªMm g_J« {dH$mg H$gm H$aVm oB©b mMmM _yb yV {dMma _m§S>bobm Agë`mZo _yi ì`{ŠVdmXmMrM

hr {d{dY à`moJerb ê$no AmhoV, Ago O`n«H$meOtZm dmQ>V hmoVo, åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m EH§$Xa n[adV©ZmÀ`m {dMmamVEH$mMdoir bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX, gdm}X` d Jm§YrdmX S>moH$mdVmZm AmnUmg {XgVmo.

àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMr gd© àH$maÀ`m Xw:ImVyZ _wŠVr H$ê$Z {Vbm {VMo _yb yV ñdmV§Í` àXmZ H$aVmZm g_mOmMm

g_Vmob {dH$mg d ì`ŠVrMr à{Vð>m OnUmao VÎdkmZ åhUyZ O`àH$me ZmamÙ g_mOdmXmH$S>o nmhV hmoVo.

1917 _Ü o Pmboë`m a{e`Z H«$m§VrZ§Va gmå`dmXmMo Am{W©H$ g_Vm d n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mMm àM§S> doJ d AmdoeAgë`mMo Ë`m§À`m bjmV Ambo. Ë`m_wio ghm{OH$M Vo gwédmVrbm _mŠg©dmXmH$S>o PwH$bo hmoVo. _mŠg©dmXmVrb

g_mOdmXr {dMma hm Ë`m§À`mdarb Vgm n{hbm à^md hmoVm; nU O`àH$me ZmamÙ ñdV§Ì ~wÕrMo d qMVZerb{dMmad§V hmoVo. åhUyZ ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gmå`dmXmMr am~dUyH$ H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm ì`mnH$ g_VoMr ImÌr hmoVr;

nU ì`ŠVrÀ`m _yb yV ñdmV§Í`mMo H$m`? hm àíZ Ë`m§Zm AñdñW H$aUmam hmoVm. Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠVVm EdT>m

ñdmV§Í`mMm _`m©{XV AW© Ë`m§Zm A{^àoV ZìhVm, Va ì`ŠVrbm Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gd© àH$maÀ`m gm_m{OH$,amOH$s`, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm Vo {dMma H$arV hmoVo; nU Aem ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mMr d {dMma A{^ì`ŠVr

ñdmV§Í`mMr H$moUVrM VaVyX gmå`dmXm_Ü o ZìhVr. O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§Zr ñdmV§Í` d g_VoMm EH$Ì {dMmaHo$bm hmoVm Am{U Ë`mVyZ Vo AmnmoAmnM gdm}X`mH$S>o Jobo hmoVo. _mŠg©dmXmH$S>o Xwb©j Ho$ë`mZo O`àH$meOtZm

gdm}X`mH$S>o OmVm Ambo.

g_VoÀ`m d H$m_Jmam§À`m H«$m§VrÀ`m ZmdmImbr ì`ŠVrdmXr g_mOdmX, _mZdVmdmXr d ñdmV§Í`dmXr

g_mOdmX a{e`mV Ambm Zmhr, CbQ> g_mOdmXmÀ`m ZmdmImbr gdªH$fdmXr, hþHy$_emhrdmXr, \°${gñQ> {dMmaa{e`mV gwê$ Pmë`mZo O`àH$meOtZr _mŠg©dmXmMo gImob _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo. H«$m§Vr d n[adV©ZmgmR>r qhgm H$amdr

75

bmJVo H$m? _mŠg©dmXmV AnwaonUm Zmhr H$m? d Vmo Agob Va BVa {dMmam§Mr _XV KoÊ`mV ñdmV§Í` H$m Zmhr?

g_mOdmX AmJ«hmZo V`ma hmoVmo H$s Vr g_mOmMr gdm}ÀM _mZ{gH$Vm AgVo? Ho$di g_VoVyZ {dH$mg H$gm eŠ`

Amho? `m gd© àým§À`m _yimer AgUmao ì`mnH$ _mZdr ñdmV§Í` Ë`m§Zm _hÎdmMo dmQ>bo. _mZdr H$ë`mUmMoH$moUVohr CXma_VdmXr à`moJ H$aVmZm Ë`mV ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mbm nwaogm AdH$me Zgob Va Aem à`moJm§Zm `e oV

Zmhr, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmXmMm EH$mH$s d gwÅ>m {dMma Z H$aVm Ë`mbm bmoH$emhrMm g§X ©{Xbm d n§. Zohê§$À`m m àH$maÀ`m à`moJmÀ`m nwT>o OmD$Z g_mOmVrb eodQ>À`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r bmoH$emhr

g_mOdmXmbm gdm}X`m~amo~a KÅ> ~m§Ybo.

H$moUVohr emgZ O|ìhm loð>rOZm§nwaVo _`m©{XV hmoVo. V|ìhm {VWo ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, Ý`m` d gd© bmoH$gÎmmH$

_yë o Zï> hmoVmV, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. maVmV à^mdr {damoYr nj Zmhr d A{VaoH$s ~hþ_VmÀ`m AmYmamda H$m±J«ogH$ma^ma H$arV Agë`mZo H$m±J«og bmoH$H$ë`mUmEodOr {Xdg|{Xdg \°${gñQ> ~ZV Amho, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. bmoH$emhr

g_mOdmXmÀ`m _m§S>UrgmR>r Ë`m§Zr 1976 _Ü o OZVm njmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br d _mM© 1977 À`m {ZdS>UwH$sVOZVm gaH$ma V`ma Pmbo. gm_m{OH$ g_Vm d Ý`m`mgmR>r g_mOdmXmV g_Vmob {Z §ÌU _hÎdmMo AgVo, Ago Vo

åhUVmV. _mÌ gaH$ma ~Xbbo H$s bJoM g_mOdmXmMo ñdßZ gmH$ma hmoB©b, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V ZìhVo. `mgmR>r Vog_mOmÀ`m à{VgmXmbm _hÎd XoV hmoVo. gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMo H$m_ Ho$di g_mOM H$ê$ eH$Vmo d Ë`mVhr Ago

n[adV©Z wdH$ dJ© H$ê$ eH$Vmo, Agm O`n«H$meOtMm {dœmg hmoVm. `mbmM Vo "g_J« H«$m§Vr' Ago åhUV.

AmUr~mUrÀ`m nmœ© y_rda bmoH$m§Zr H$m±J«ogdarb Amnbm A{dœmg _VnoQ>rVyZ XmIdbm. Ë`m_wio g_mOdmXr

nj d Ë`m{Z{_ÎmmZo OZVm njmMo _hËd dmT>ob; `m g§ mì` YmoŠ`mVyZ gwQ>H$m {_idÊ`mgmR>r B§{Xam Jm§YtZr 42ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrÛmao "g_mOdmXr' hm eãX amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m gaZmå`mV Q>mHy$Z H$m±J«oggwÕm g_mOdmXrM Amho, ho

XmIdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. O`àH$meOtÀ`m _Vo, g_mOdmX hr H$m`ÚmZo V`ma hmoUmar à{H«$`m Zmhr qH$dm Ho$diAmåhr g_mOdmXmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm åhUOo g_mOdmX Ambm, EdT>r Vr à{H«$`m ghO d gmonrhr Zmhr. gmYmaUV:

a{e`Z g_mOdmXmV ^m§S>dbemhr Zï> Ho$br H$s g_mOdmX oVmo, Ago J¥{hV Yabo OmVo. `m g_mOdmXmMm g§~§Y

Am{W©H$ g_VoÀ`m g§X^m©V _moObm OmVmo. _mÌ Vo \$mago Iao Zmhr AÝ`Wm a{e`mV g_mOdmXm~amo~a _wŠV bmoH$emhrd ñdmV§Í`dmXr {dMma V`ma Pmbo AgVo. O`n«H$meOtZm aMZmË_H$ {XImdy g_mOdmX A{^àoV ZìhVm. g§nÎmrMo

amï´>r`H$aU `mgmaIo g_mOdmXr à`moJ am~dÊ`mÀ`m nbrH$S>o OmD$Z gm_m{OH$ emofUmMo gd© _mJ© ~§X H$ê$Zgm_m{OH$ d _mZ{gH$ g_mOdmX H$gm V`ma H$aVm oB©b hm Ë`m§À`m qMVZmMm {df` hmoVm. `mgmR>r Am{W©H$

gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU Ogo _hÎdmMo AgVo VgoM g_mOdmXmV amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU _hÎdmMo

AgVo, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. bmoH$emhr d g_mOdmXmVrb gr_maofm \$maM A§YwH$ AmhoV, ho Ë`m§À`m bjmV AmbohmoVo.

g_mOdmXm_Ü o gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmVyZ nwamoJm_r g_mO{Z{_©Vrbm _hÎd AgVo. a{e`m_Ü o ho gm_m{OH$

n[adV©Z H$m_Jmam§Zr Ho$bo. MrZ_Ü o ho n[adV©Z eoVH$è`m§Zr Ho$bo; nU ^maVgma»`m XoemV eoVH$ar hmM H$mhrH$mi H$m_Jma AgVmo d H$m_Jma hm XrK©H$mi VWm _yimV eoVH$ar AgVmo. VgoM Om{V` {df_VoÀ`m nma§n[aH$

76

nÕVr_wio g_mOmVbm EH$ _moR>m _mJmg dJ© H$ï>H$è`m§n«_mUo emo{fV AgVmo. {ñÌ`m§Zm ì`mnH$ ñdmV§Í` ZgVo.

Aem XoemV g_mOdmXmÀ`m n[adV©ZmÀ`m bT>çmV gd© ~hþOZ g_mO EH$Ì `mdm, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. åhUyZM

a{e`Z H«$m§Vrbm AmnU H$m_Jmam§Mr H«$m§Vr åhUVmo Va ^maVmV O`àH$meOtÀ`m H«$m§Vrbm AmnU g_J« H«$m§VrAgo åhUVmo. `mbm Vo bmoH$bT>m Ago Zmd XoVmV. n§. Zohê§$Zr bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmÀ`m à`moJmV bmoH$emhr

g_mOdmXr _yë`m§Mo _hÎd bjmV KoVbo hmoVo; nU n[adV©ZmÀ`m g§X^m©V gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m, H$ï>H$è`m§À`mbmoH$bT>çmMo _hÎd _mÌ bjmV KoVbo ZìhVo. åhUyZ n§. Zohê$ g¡Ym§{VH$ g_mOdmXmH$S>o OmñV PwH$bo hmoVo Va

O`àH$me ZmamÙ g¡Ym§{VH$ g_mOdXmnojm \${bVdmXr g_mOdmXmH$S>o OmñV PwH$bo hmoVo, åhUyZM bmoH$emhr,g_mOdmX, Jm§YrdmX d gdm}X`mVrb gËdm§e ñdrH$maV ^maVr` g_mOdmXmbm Vo A{YH$ ì`mnH$ ê$n XoV hmoVo.

a{e`Z gmå`dmXm_Ü o H$m_Jma§mMo amÁ`, Am{W©H$ g_Vm `mgmaIr AmXe© VÎdo Agbr Var Ë`m§Mr gmYZoCÎmamoÎma nmobrgr n«H$maMr ~Zbr. MoH$m, E_ Ho$ ìhr S>r, Ho$Or~r gma»`m nmobrgr g§KQ>Zm§Zr X~mdV§ÌmMm dmna

H$ê$Z {deofV: ñQ>°{bZÀ`m H$mimV bmXboë`m g_mOdmXmMo à`moJ Pmbo. `m à{H«$òV a{e`Z g_mOdmXrMidirMr gmYZo «ï> d MwH$sMr hmoVr Ago O`àH$meOtMo _V hmoVo. BWo gmÜ` gmYZ gw{MVoMm {dMma H$aVmZm

O`àH$me ZmamÙ Jm§YrdmXr Z¡{VH$Vm, ewÕ amOH$maU, _mZdVm d _yë`àYmZVoÀ`m Odi OmVmZm {XgVmV. hrH«$m§VrMr Z¡{VH$Vm Ë`m§Zm n[adV©ZmV _hÎdmMr dmQ>Vo. nmümË` gmå`dmXr amï´>m§nojm nm¡dm©Ë` Am{e`mB© amï´>o {d{dYVoZo

d {d{dY g_ñ`m§Zr J«mgbobr d _mJmg Agë`mZo `m amï´>mV Ë`m§Zm Z¡{VH$ ewÕVm A{YH$ _hÎdmMr dmQ>Vo. åhUyZ

^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vrbm gmOogm g_mOdmX V`ma H$aÊ`mda Ë`m§Zr a {Xbm. m qMVZmVyZ Ë`m§Zr "ìhm` gmoe°{bP_?'ZmdmMm J§«W {b{hbm. `m J«§WmV Vo åhUVmV, ""g_mOdmX hr d¡ {ŠVH$ OrdZàUmbr ZgyZ gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>ZoMr

Vr EH$ nÕVr Amho. g_mOmVrb gd© àH$maÀ`m {df_VoMm {dZme H$ê$Z g_mOmÀ`m EH$m ~mOybm AmO Oo Eoœ ©,Amam_, gÎmm d n¡gm, gwI Amho Am{U Xwgè`m ~mOybm Xm[aÐç, Cnmg_ma, AkmZ, {ZajaVm, A§YlÕm, amoJamB© d

_mJmgbonU Amho. Vo {MÌ ~XbUo hm g_mOdmXmMm CXmÎm hoVy Amho. gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ joÌmV Am_wbmJ«

n[adV©Z H$aUo, ho g_mOdmXmMo bmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar Ü o Amho. g_mOmV V`ma Pmbobr gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm hrCËnÞmÀ`m {df_ {dVaUmV d l_mMo Ad_yë`Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m {dH¥$V _mZdr _Zmod¥ÎmrV Amho. Ë`mVyZ gÎmoÀ`m

H|${ÐH$aUmMr g_ñ`m V`ma Pmbr Amho. `m gmYZgÎmoMo g_mZ d Ý`m` \o$admQ>n Pmbo Va Xm[aÐç d {df_Vm XyahmoD$ eHo$b. `mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ g_VoÀ`m {dMmam§Mo A{^gaU d g_mOrH$aU H$amod bmJob. VaM g_mOdmX

bmoH$m§_Ü o Imobda éOy eHo$b. `mgmR>r H$gob Ë`mMr O{_Z, ghH$mar nÕVrMr eoVr, Hw$im§À`m O{_Zr Ë`m§ZmnaV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo g§KQ>Z, g§ wŠV {Z`moOZ~Õ eoVr, eoVrbm nyaH$ ì`dgm`m§Zm MmbZm d Ë`mgmR>r ~±H$m, gaH$ma,

ì`mnmanoR>m `mda `mo½` {Z §ÌU _hÎdmMo Amho.''

darb J«§WmV g_mOdmXmMo ì`mnH$ ñdê$n d Ë`mMm Ame` ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§Zr

Ho$bm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, _wimV bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmXr d gdm}X`r _yë o maVr` CXma_VdmXr g{hîUy na§naoV AmhoVM.

Ë`m_wio g_mOdmXmMo ì`mdhm[aH$aU H$aÊ`mV \$maer AS>MU Zmhr Agm Ë`m§Mm {dœmg hmoVm. maVr` B{VhmgmVZoh_rM bmoH$ doJdoJù`m emofUm{déÕ EH${ÌV bT>bo AmhoV. {edm` ^maVr` àmMrZ B{VhmgmV `m XoemV

JmdJmS>çmV AmXe© àOmgÎmmH$, JUamÁ o, n§Mm`V ì`dñWm, gm_y{hH$ nañna ghH$m`m©da AmYm[aV g_yh OrdZ

77

d bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXr _yë o hmoVr. `m A{ÔmV VÎdkmZmMm nwÝhm EH$Xm AmnUmg dmna H$am`Mm Amho, Ago

Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. hm dmna H$aVmZm eoV_Oya, H$m_Jmam§À`m g§KQ>Zm, CÚmoJì`dgm`, ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`H$aU, O{_ZrMo

\o$admQ>n, OmXm O{_Zr H$mTy>Z KoUo, ghH$ma, amoOJma h_r `mgmaIo à`moJ Ho$bo OmVmV. ^maVmV amîQ´>r` H$m±J«ognjmZo Ago à`ËZ Ho$bo; nU O`àH$meOtZm Ago dmQ>V hmoVo H$s, hr gd© ^mg_mZ d dadaMr {XImD$ à{H«$`m

Amho. H$maU Ago H$aVmZm Ë`m à{H«$ oVrb H$mhr Xmofhr AmnUmg ñdrH$mamdo bmJVmV. åhUyZM g_mOdmXr{dMma Ho$di aMZmË_H$ H$m ©H«$_mV namdVuV Z H$aVm Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ _mZdr, gO©Zerb, g§doXZerb, _yë`m{Yð>rV

d Z¡{VH$ H$go ~ZdVm oB©b mMm Vo emoY KoV hmoVo. mVyZM njr`, g§ñWmË_H$, emgH$s` n[adV©Zmnojm ì`ŠVrbm_ZmnmgyZ `m à{H«$ oV AmUmdo bmJob Ago Vo åhUV. {dMma bmXÊ`mnojm Vo AmoiIyZ g_mOmZo Ë`m g§X^m©V

Amnë`m Iwë`m à{V{H«$`m {Xë`m Va {dMma H$Xm{MV XwéñV H$ê$Z bmoH$ Ë`mMm AmZ§XmZo ñdrH$ma H$aVmV d Aem

ñd §ñ\y$V© Midir d {dMmaM èñdr hmoVmV, Ago O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§Mo _V hmoVo. g_mOdmX H$m` qH$dmbmoH$emhr H$m`, Vr Zoh_rM bmoH$m§À`m gh^mJ, CnH«$_erbVm d _Zñdr nmqR>ã`mda MmbVo. g_mOdmXmÀ`m

{ZH$mon dmT>rgmR>r "amÁ`mMm g_mOdmX' `m EodOr Vo "bmoH$m§Mm g_mOdmX' _hÎdmMm _mZVmV. gmYmaUV: gd©MàH$maMo amOH$s` {dMma ho _mZgmÀ`m ^m¡{VH$, Vm§{ÌH$ àJVrbm _hÎd XoVmV. _mÌ à{H«$ oV _mZdr A§V[aH$

^mdZm d {dMmam§Mr JiMonr hmoVo. g_mOdmXmZo ì`ŠVrbm H|$Ð _mZVmZm g_mOmbm {dgê$ Z o d g_mOmMr

g_Vmob àJVr H$aVmZm AZmdí`H$ ^m¡{VH$ dñVy dmT>rÀ`m à{H«$ oV AS>Hy$ Z o, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. H$maUAZmdí`H$ dñVy {Z{_©Vr d CËnmXZ dmT> hr Zoh_rM dJ©aMZm, g§Kf©, ñnYm© d emofUmbm OÝ_ XoVo. g_mOdmX ewÕ

amhmdm `mgmR>r O`àH$me ZmamÙ Amnë`m {dMmamV gdm}X`, Jm§YrdmX, Z¡{VH$ ewÕVm d AmË_~imbm _hÎdXoVmV.

O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§Mo gdm}X`r {dMma :

_. Jm§YtZr bmoH$emhrbm {dH$mgmMm EH$ _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm _mZbo hmoVo; nU bmoH$emhrbm Vo nyU© {dH$mgmMrAdñWm åhUV ZìhVo H$maU bmoH$emhrVhr ì`ŠVrda ~§YZo AgVmV d nmobrg, Vwé§J hr AnwaonUmMr à{VHo$

AgVmV, Ago Vo åhUVmV. _. Jm§Yr bmoH$emhrH$Sy>Z AamÁ`dmXmH$S>o d AamÁ`dmXmH$Sy>Z gdm}X`mH$S>o OmVmZm{XgVmV. Amnë`m AmË_M[aÌmV Ë`m§Zr gdm}X`mMm Jm§ r`m©Zo {dMma Ho$bm hmoVm. apñH$ZMo "AZ Q>y {Yg bmñQ>' ho

nwñVH$ dmMVmZm _r nyU© ^mamdyZ Jobmo, Ago Ë`m§Zr åhQ>bo hmoVo. `m nwñVH$mMo ^mfm§Va _. Jm§YtZr "gdm}X`' Ago

Ho$bo.

_Ü` wamonmV CXma_VdmXr bmQ> Ambr. Ë`m_Ü o A°S>_ pñ_WMr _wŠV AW©ì`dñWoMr g§H$ënZm, ~oÝW°_MmCn wŠVVmdmX d CXma_VdmX Am{U `m gdmªZm nwT>o ZoÊ`mMo H$m_ ñdmV§Í`dmXr Oo. Eg. {_b, J«rZ, bmñH$s `m§Zr

Ho$bo. gmYmaUV: OmñVrV OmñV bmoH$m§Mo OmñVrV OmñV H$ë`mU hm B§½b§S>_Ybm {dMma ^m¡{VH$ H$ë`mUmerA{YH$ {ZJS>rV hmoVm. _. Jm§YtZr hr CXma_VdmXr Midi AÜ`mË_dmXmÀ`m d Am§V[aH$ gwImÀ`m g§X^m©V

{dH$grV H$aVmZm OmñVrV OmñV Zìho Va g_mOmVrb eodQ>À`m _mUgmÀ`m gwImÀ`m g§X^m©V {dH$grV Ho$br.

`m_Ü o Ë`m§À`mda apñH$Zn«_mUo AamÁ`dmXr {dMmad§V Q>m°bñQ>m° , Wmoamo, ~mHw${ZZ, àmD$YZ, àwYm±, H«$monmoQ>H$sZ

78

BË`mXtMm _moR>m à^md hmoVm. àmßV gmYZg§nÎmrÀ`m AmYmao g_mOmVrb àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMm Am{W©H$, ^m¡{VH$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ d AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§nyU© {dH$mg H$aUo ho gdm}X`mMo à_wI Ü o hmoVo. gdmªMm gdmªJrU

Aä wX`mMm {dMma åhUOo gdm}X` Aer gdm}X`mMr ì`m»`m Agë`mZo gdm}X` bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX ì`ŠVrdmX,H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` `m gdmªZm OmoS>Umam à^mdr Xwdm Amho, ho O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§À`m bjmV Ambo hmoVo.

åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmX d gdm}X` `m§Zm bmoH$emhrÀ`m g§X^m©V EH$Ì ~m§YyZ Ë`mbm Jm§YrdmXr Z¡{VH$VoMr OmoS>{Xbr. g_mOdmX A{YH$ àdmhr, gd©ñneu d \$brVdmXr H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm hm à`ËZ hmoVm d Vr bmoH$emhr

g_mOdmXmMr åhUOo Zohê$ {dMmamMr nwT>Mr Amd¥Îmr hmoVr. {dZmo~m§À`m yXmZ, J«m_XmZ d J«m_ñdamÁ` m _yb yVaMZmË_H$ MidirV Iam g_mOdmX bnbm Amho, ho O`àH$meOtÀ`m bjmV Ambo d Vo {dZmo~m§À`m MidirV

gh^mJr Pmbo.

gdm}X` d g_J« H«$m§Vr `m XmoÝhr Midir EH$_oH$mbm nyaH$ AgyZ gdm}X`mVrb A{VaoH$s AmXe©dmX Xya

H$aÊ`mg d g_J« H«$m§Vr_Ü o Z¡{VH$ AmXe©dmX V`ma H$aÊ`mg m XmoÝhr g§H$ënZm d Midir Cn`moJmÀ`m AmhoV,Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. _mŠg©bm _mŠg©dmXr H«$m§VrZ§Va bmoH$m§Mo ñdmV§Í` Ano{jV hmoVo; nU _mŠg©Mm MwH$sMm AW©

bmdyZ Ë`mÀ`m g_W©H$m§Zr ñdmV§Í`{da{hV g_VoMm AmJ«h Yabm d _mŠg©dmX {OVŠ`m doJmZo nwT>o Ambm VodT>mMVmo doJmZo ~XZm_ Pmbm. g_mOdmX hm Ho$di g_VogmR>r Z amhVm Ë`mV ì`ŠVrMo ñdmV§Í`, H$ë`mU hmoVmZm EH$

Z¡{VH$ _mUyg V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r O`àH$meOtZm gdm}X` Midi _hÎdmMr dmQ>br. Vob§JUm àm§VmV V|ìhm {dZmo~m§Zr

yXmZ Midi gwê$ Ho$br. V|ìhm `mVrb {dZmo~m§Mm g_mOdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§Zm _ybJm_r d~hþCÔoer` dmQ>bm. _. Jm§YtMo Z¡{VH$ A{Yð>mZ AgUmao gm¡å` amOH$maU Ho$di AmXe©dmXr ZgyZ Vo gm_m{OH$ d

H«$m§{VH$maH$ Amho, `mMr à{MVr O`àH$meOtZm yXmZ `kmV Ambr. Ë`m_wio Vo yXmZ d gdm}X`mbm "OZVoMmg_mOdmX' Ago åhUy bmJbo. hm OZVoÀ`m CËñ\y$V© nmqR>ã`mda d gh^mJmda C^m Agë`mZo Vmo gd©ñneu ~Zob,

Aer ImÌr O`àH$meOtZm dmQy> bmJbr. gdm}X`r {dMma O{_ZrÀ`m g_mZ {dVaUmda åhUOo Vgm Am{W©H$

g_Voda C^m hmoVm. VgmM Vmo Om{Vì`dñWoVrb {df_Vm Xya H$ê$Z EH$g§Y g_mO V`ma H$aÊ`mda d g_mOmMrZ¡{VH$ nm`mâUr H$aÊ`mda â XoUmam hmoVm. `mg§X^m©V Amnbo gdm}X`m~ÔbMo {dMma EH$m nÌmV _m§S>VmZm

O`àH$me ZmamÙ {b{hVmV, ""_mPr ImÌr Amho H$s, gÜ`m A{ñVËdmV Agboë`m gd© gm_m{OH$ VÎdkmZmnojmd nÕVrnojm gdm}X`, ho nwT>Mo nmD$b Amho. OJ Oa H$Yr H$mir em§VVoÀ`m, ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m d «mV¥ mdÀ`m g§Ho$VñWhr

nmohMm`Mo Agob Va Ë`m n«rË`W© g_mOdmXmbm gdm}X`mV {dg{O©V ìhmdo bmJob.''

O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§À`m _Vo, gdm}X` hr bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX, ^m§S>dbemhr, \°${gP_gmaIr

{dMmagaUr Zmhr, Va Vr _mZdr CXmÎm gd© _yë o OVZ H$aUmar bmoH$Midi Amho. gdm}X`mbm {Z{üV AernÕVr dm Mm¡H$Q> Zmhr. gd©àH$maÀ`m emofUm§nmgyZ {df_Vm, AÝ`m` d {^VrnmgyZ _mZgmMr gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z {Vbm

à{VîR>m d {VÀ`mÛmao g_mOmV Z¡{VH$ AmXemªMr am~dUyH$ H$aUmè`m gd© {dMmam§Zm d MiditZm gdm}X` ñdV:_Ü ogm_rb H$ê$Z KoVmo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX, CXma_VdmX, H$ë`mUH$mar ì`dñWm, ì`ŠVrdmX,

ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í` `m gdmªMm gdm}X`mer g§~§Y Amho. O`àH$me åhUVmV, ""gdm}X`mVrb yXmZ hr Ho$di O{_ZrMo

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\o$admQ>n H$aUmar Midi Zmhr Va Vr _mZdr H«$m§Vr d _mZdr gdmªJrU àJVrMr gwédmV Amho. Vr n[adV©Z d

Zd{Z{_©VrMr g_mOdmXr CXma Midi Amho.''

{dZmo~m§Zr gdm}X`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AqhgH$ H«$m§VrMm {gÕm§V yXmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ am~dÊ`mMm à`ËZ

Ho$bm; nU àË`j Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoV Ë`m_wio \$ma _moR>o ~Xb Pmbo ZmhrV. `m MidirV \$ma WmoS>obmoH$ àË`jmV gh^mJr Pmbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm OZAm§XmobZmMo ñdén àmßV Pmbo Zmhr. CbQ> EH$m H$monè`mV

Mmbbobr EH$m _yR>â bmoH$m§Mr Midi Ago {Vbm ñdê$n àmßV Pmbo. ^yXmZmV {H$Vr O{_Zr {_imë`m?Ë`mn¡H$s IS>H$mi nS>rH$ d bmJdS>rImbÀ`m {H$Vr hmoË`m? g~b Y{ZH$m§n¡H$s H$mhtZr `m O{_Zr XmZ Ho$ë`m;

nU KoUmè`m§Zm Ë`m~Ôb H$m` dmQ>bo? `m gdm}X`mZo J«m_aMZoV VoWrb OmVrì`dñWoV H$mhr n[adV©Z Pmbo H$m?

`mgmè`mMr O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§Zm gmnS>bobr CÎmao Z¡amíÒZH$ hmoVr. Ë`m_wio O`àH$meOr ZmamO Pmbo.`mVyZ Vo g_J« H«$m§VrH$S>o dibo. gdm}X`mVrb VÎdkmZm~Ôb Ë`m§À`m _ZmV H$gbrhr e§H$m ZìhVr; nU {VMr

am~dUyH$ H$aUo ì`dhmamV AdKS> Agë`mZo dJ©{ZamH$mamEodOr dJ©g§Kf© Ë`m§Zm naV _hÎdmMm dmQ>bm. g_J«H«$m§Vr_YyZ g_mOdmXr gdm}X`mMo à^mdr g_mOrH$aU d bmoH${ejU Pmbo Va ^{dî`mV g_mOdmXr, Jm§YrdmXr

gdm}X` ì`dhmamV oB©b, hm AmemdmX O`àH$me ZmamÙ m§À`mH$S>o hmoVm. A{Ve` Vi_irZo Vo m {dH$mgmÀ`mCXma_VdmXr MidirV eodQ>n ªV H$m_ H$arV am{hbo.

3.2.3 am__Zmoha bmo{h`m§À`m g_mOdmXr H$ënZm :

OrdZ n[aM` : ^maVr` g_mOdmXr MidirVrb EH$ _hÎdnyU© ì`{ŠV_Îd åhUOo S>m°. am__Zmoha

bmo{h`m hmo . Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ 23 _mM©, 1910 _Ü o CÎma àXoemV AH$~anya oWo IoS>çmV Pmbm. dS>rb _§w~B©VAgë`mZo bmo{h`m§Mo {ejU gwédmVrbm JmdmV d Z§Va _w§~B©V Pmbo. 1925 _Ü o Vo _°{Q´>H$ narjm nmg Pmbo.

1929 å o Vo H$bH$Îmm oWyZ ~r. E. Pmbo. 1929 bm Vo Cƒ {ejU KoÊ`mgmR>r B§½b§S>bm Jobo; nU Z§VaO_©ZrV Ë`m§Zr "_rR> Am{U gË`mJ«h' `m {df`mV nrEM. S>r. {_idbr. 1933 bm Vo ^maVmV Amë`mda Ë`m§Zr

~Zmag {dÚmnrR>mV H$mhr H$mi àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. nwT>o _XZ_mohZ _mbdr` d Jm§YrdmXr ZoVo O_Zmbmb

~OmO `m§À`m g§nH$m©V Vo Amë`mZo H$m±J«og ~iH$Q>rda Ë`m§Zr â XoÊ`mMo R>adbo d 1934 _Ü o H$m±J«og A§VJ©Vg_mOdmXr JQ> Ë`m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bm. H$m±J«ogZo g_mOdmXr {dMmaYmam S>moù`mg_moa R>oD$Z H$m_ H$amdo Ago Ë`m§Mo

_V hmoVo. bmoH$m§_Üò g_mOdmXr {dMmam§Mo OZOmJaU ìhmdo, `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr "H$m±J«og gmoe°{bñQ>' `m ZmdmMogmßVm{hH$ H$mhr H$mi Mmbdbo. m H$mimV Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ë`m§Zr wÕ, XheVdmX d gm_«mÁ`dmXr

~S>çm amï´>m§Mo YmoaU `mda Q>rH$m Ho$br. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm AQ>H$ Pmbr. `mZ§Vahr Amnë`m naIS> d ñnï> _Vm§_wioË`m§Zm AZoH$doim Vwé§Jdmg ghZ H$amdm bmJbm. S>m°. bmo{h`m Ho$di g_mOdmXr ZìhVo Va Vo amï´>dmXr, Aä`mgH$

d gm{hË`, H$bm `m§Mo a{gH$ OmUH$ma hmoVo.

B. g. 1942 _Ü o "^maV N>moS>mo' Am§XmobZmV Vo gh^mJr Pmbo. Ë`mdoir O`n«H$me ZmamÙ, AÀ wVamd

nQ>dY©Z `m I§Úm g_mOdmÚm§À`m g§nH$m©V Vo Ambo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mVrb g_mOdmXr {dMma nwÝhm EH$Xm J{V_mZPmbm. qhXy-_wñbr_ g§Kf© {_Q>dÊ`m~amo~a _. Jm§Yrà_mUo Ë`m§Zr ^maVmÀ`m \$miUrbm Vrd« {damoY Ho$bm. `m

80

H$mimV H$m±J«og nj Iè`m AWm©Zo g_mOdmXr {dMmamà_mUo H$m_ Z H$aVm ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m H$m_mV AS>H$bm

Agë`mZo S>m°. bmo{h`m 1948 _Ü o H$m±J«og_YyZ ~mhoa nS>bo d Ë`m§Zr ñdV§Ì g_mOdmXr njmMo ZoV¥Îd gwê$ Ho$bo.

nwT>o hm nj 1952 _Ü`o g_mOdmXr nj H¥$fH$ _OXya àOm njmV {dbrZ Pmbm d Ë`mbm "àOm g_mOdmXr nj'Ago Zmd {_imbo; na§Vw S>m°. bmo{h`m§Mo m njmV _V oX Pmbo d Ë`m§Zr 1955 _Ü o g_mOdmXr nj ñWmnZ Ho$bm.

hm nj d àOm g_mOdmXr EH$Ì oD$Z 1964 _Ü o "g§ wŠV g_mOdmXr nj' V`ma Pmbm. Ë`m§Zr g§gXo_Ü obmoH$à{V{ZYr åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. {damoYr nj ZoVm åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m gImob Aä`mgnyU© ^mfUm§Zr g§gX

JmOdbr.

^maVr` g_mOdmXr {dMma A{YH$ ì`mnH$ ~ZdVmZm Ë`m§Zr Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda g_mOdmXr g§_obZmV

H¥$Vrerb gh^mJ KoVbm. 1951 _Ü o \«±$H$\y$Q>© oWo Am§VaamîQ´>r` g_mOdmXr n[afXoV mJ KoVbm. VgoM A_o[aH$m,OnmZ, lrb§H$m, Am{\«$H$m, B§S>moZo{e`m Xoem§Mo Xm¡ao Ho$bo. Ë`m§Mo B§J«Or, qhXr, \«|$M, O_©Zr, CXy© d ~§Jmbr ^mfoda

à wËd hmoVo. _mÌ qhXr amï´>^mfoda Ë`m§Mr àIa {Zð>m hmoVr. ^maVr` g_mOH$maUmV d amOH$maUmV H$m_ H$arVAgVmZm Ë`m§Zr gVV {df_Vm Am{U emofUm{déÕ AmdmO CR>dbm. _. Jm§YtÀ`m ñdm§VÍ`dmXr, g_mOdmXr d

Z¡{VH$ gm_m{OH$ Midit~Ôb S>m°. bmo{h`m§Zm AmXa hmoVm; nU _. Jm§YtÀ`m _`m©Xmhr Ë`m§Zm _m{hV hmoË`m.H$mb© _mŠg©Mm n[adV©ZdmXr d g_Vm{Y{ð>V {dMma Ë`m§Zm _hÎdmMm dmQ>V hmoVm; nU _mŠg©Mm g§nyU© ñdrH$ma

Ë`m§Zm _mÝ` ZìhVm. àË`oH$ {dMma H$mimMo AnË` AgVmo d Ë`m Ë`m n[apñWVrV Ë`mMo {dMma amñV ñdê$nmMo

AgVmV, _mÌ Vo H$m`_ñdê$nr `mo½` R>aVrb `mMr ImÌr XoVm oV Zmhr, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. S>m°. bmo{h`m Ë`m§À`mg_mOdmXr {dMmamV ì`ŠVrbm {dH$mgmMo gmÜ` d ì`ŠVrbmM n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ _mZV hmoVo. Ho$di Am{W©H$

g_Vm V`ma H$aUo, ho Ë`m§À`m g_mOdmXmMo C{Ôï> ZìhVo. Va nyd©-n{ü_ dmX H$mim-Jmoam dU© oX, ñÌr-nwéfg_mZVm, Jar~-lr_§V {df_Vm d Om{V` {df_Vm Xya Ho$br VaM Iam g_mOdmX oB©b, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo.

`mgmR>r g_mOmZo g_mOmgmR>r H$m © H$amdo, Ago Vo åhUV. g_Vm, Jm§YrdmX, gË`, Aqhgm, gÎmoMo {dH|$X«rH$aU

d bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX d g_J« {dH$mg `mg§X^m©V Ë`m§Zr _hmZ Ago H$m_ Ho$bo. eoVH$ar, H$ï>H$ar Midir,B§J«Orbm {damoY d qhXr amï´>^mfobm àmYmÝ`, OmVrVmoS>mo Am§XmobZ, AmXe© n§Mm`V ì`dñWm d Mm¡I§~m `moOZm

Aem AZoH$ ì`mgnrR>m§da Vo gVV H$m_ H$arV am{hbo. ^maVmV Ë`m§Mm g_mOdmX Img "bmo{h`mdmX' `m ZmdmZoAmoiIbm OmVmo. Á`mV {ZdS>UyH$m, gÎmmn[adV©Z, Mm¡I§~m n§Mm`V ì`dñWm VgoM Jm§YrdmXr gË`mJ«h d n[adV©Z

Am{U aMZmË_H$ H¥$Vr{ebVm `m§Zm Ë`m§Zr àmYmÝ` {Xbo. "_mŠg©, Jm§Yr A±S> gmoe°{bP_', "X H$mñQ> {gñQ>_',"AñnoŠQ> Am°\$ gmoe°{bñQ> nm°{bgr' `m Ë`m§À`m H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m nwñVH$m§VyZ Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmX, _mŠg©, Jm§Yr,

Om{Vì`dñWm d {df_Vm `mda gImob Ago {dMma _m§S>bo.

S>m°. bmo{h`m§Mo bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXm~ÔbMo {dMma :

^maVr` g_mOdmXr {dMma d MidirVrb EH$ _hÎdmMo {dMmad§V d gwYmaH$ ZoVo åhUOo S>m°. bmo{h`mhmo . Ë`m§Zr Ho$di maVr` g_mOdmXmMm g¡Ym§{VH$ Aä`mg Ho$bm Zmhr Va g_H$mbrZ ñdmV§Í` Midi, Jm§YrdmXr

gË`mJ«h d bmoH$bT>m, maVr` m{fH$ OmVr` {d{dYVm, maVmVrb n§Mm`V ì`dñWm d IoS>çm§Mo _hÎd, Añn¥í`Vm

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d H$m±J«ogr ZoV¥Îd `mMm ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg Ho$bm. `m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {df_Vm Xya H$ê$Z gd©ì`mnr ì`ŠVrH|$Ðr

Varhr g_mOerb g_mOdmX Ë`m§Zm V`ma H$amd`mMm hmoVm. _mŠg©À`m _Vo, Am{W©H$ n[adV©Z Pmbo H$s, g_mOdmX

d g_Vm oD$ eH$Vo. `mda S>m°. bmo{h`m Ago åhUVmV H$s, ""^maVmV n{hë`m§Xm gm_m{OH$ g_Vm V`ma H$amdrbmJob Va Z§Va g_mOdmX oD$ eHo$b.'' gm_m{OH$ g_Vo{edm` Am{W©_ g_Vm ^maVmV oUma Zmhr, Ago Ë`m§Mo

_V hmoVo. S>m°. bmo{h`m§À`m _Vo, maVmV _mŠg©dmXmMo d m§S>dbemhr {gÕm§V bmJy hmoV ZmhrV. H$_mbrMo Xm[aÐç,Om{V` {df_Vm d A{V[aŠV bmoH$g§»`m AgUmè`m d¡{dÜ`nyU© XoemV {Zìdi _mŠg©dmXmEodOr bmoH$emhr

g_mOdmXM ì`dhm © R>aVmo. gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ g_Vm, Aqhgm, {dH|$ÐrH$aU d bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX `m à_wInmM VÎdmVyZ ^maVmVrb O{Q>b nma§n[aH$ àý gwQy> eH$Vrb, Agm Ë`m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm. EdT>oM Zìho Va hm

g_mOdmX {dœg_mOdmX ~Zob, Agmhr AmemdmX Ë`m§À`mH$S>o hmoVm. {deofV: ^maVmgma»`m XoemV wdH$m§Zr

Oa amoO EH$ Vmg l_XmZ Ho$bo Va g_mOdmXmMr dmQ>Mmb gmonr hmoB©b, Ago Vo åhUV. `mgmR>r "EH$ K§Q>m XoeHo${bE' hr KmofUm Ë`m§Zr Ho$br. Ë`m§À`m `m {dMmamV l_mMo _hÎd hmoVo. wdmeŠVrMo `moJXmZ hmoVoo. amï´>~m§YUrMm

ÑT> g§H$ën hmoVm. Jm§YrdmXr {dMma hmoVo d _mŠg©Mo n[adV©Z hmoVo. O`àH$me Zmam`U m§À`mà_mUoM S>m°. bmo{h`m§Zr_. Jm§Yr d _mŠg©Mo {dMma EH$Ì H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. O`àH$me Zmam`U nwT>o gdm}X`mH$S>o dibo Va bmo{h`m

^mfm àý, B{VhmgmMm _mJmodm KoV Mm¡I§~m ì`dñWoH$S>o dibo.

S>m°. bmo{h`m ñdV§Ì {dMmagaUrMo à`moJerb d dmñVddmXr {dMmad§V d ZoVo hmoVo. maVr` g_mOg§ñH¥$Vrbm

H$moUVo VÎdkmZ d Midir Cn`moJmÀ`m d nyaH$ AmhoV `mMo ^mZ Ë`m§À`mH$S>o hmoVo. H$mb© _mŠg©À`m {dMmamVrbemñÌr` _m§S>Ur d H«$m§Vr Ë`m§Zm _hÎdmMr dmQ>V hmoVr. VgoM _. Jm§YtÀ`m {dMmamVrb g{dZ` à{VH$ma d gË`,

AqhgmXr Z¡{VH$ _mZdVmdmXr CXma VÎdkmZhr Ë`m§Zm _hÎdmMo dmQ>V hmoVo. `m XmoÝhtMm gËdm§e ñdrH$mê$Z Ë`m§Zr^maVr` g_mOdmXmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br.

g_mOdmXmMr OJmVrb {d{dY {dMmad§Vm§Zr _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm ^m§S>dbemhr Q>ßß`mVrb CËH«$m§Vr~Ôb Ago

{dMma _m§S>bo H$s, ^m§S>dbemhrMm {dH$mg hmoVmZm ^m§S>dbemhrMo H|${ÐH$aU hmoVo Va XwgarH$S>o CËnmXZg§~§YmMo

EH$ÌrH$aU hmoD$Z àM§S> gm_m{OH$ D$Om© V`ma hmoVo. Zdo CËnmXZ g§~§Y d OwZo g§~§Y `mVrb g§Kfm©VyZ g_mOdmXV`ma hmoVmo. S>m°. bmo{h`m§Zm g_mOdmXmMr hr _m§S>Ur Anwar dmQ>br. Vo åhUVmV, m§S>dbemhrZo Amnë`m CËH«$m§VrÀ`m

àma§{^H$ OJmMr XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJUr Ho$br, Amho `mV -

1) H$mhtÀ`m dmQ>çmbm ^m§S>dbemhrVrb H«$m§{VH$maH$ §Ì{dkmZmMo \$m`Xo Ambo Va

2) H$mhtÀ`m dmQ>çmbm ^m§S>dbemhrVrb Xm[aÐç, ~oH$mar, Xw:I d `mVZm Amë`m.

S>m°. bmo{h`m§À`m _Vo, ^m§S>dbemhrZo EH$m dJm©bm àJVrMr Zdr gmYZo {Xbr. `m dJm©Mm {dH$mghr Pmbm;nU Xwgè`m OJmMo, dJm©Mo H$m`? `m Jar~, X[aÐr dJm©Mo Oo ZwH$gmZ Pmbo d Ë`m§À`m dmQ>çmbm Oo Xw:I Pmbo

Ë`m§Mo H$m`? S>m°. bmo{h`m§Zr ^m§S>dbàYmZ {dH$mgdmXmVrb EH$m§Jr {dH$mgmda Zo_Ho$nUmZo ~moQ> R>odbo. Á`mXoemV _wimVM CËnmXZeŠVrM {dH${gV Amho VoWo dJ©g§Kf©M Zìho Va ^m§S>dbemhrM Z{OH$À`m H$mimV ~§X

nS>Vo. _J Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmVrb àJVrÀ`m Q>ßß`m§Mo H$m`? Agm _yb yV àý Vo {dMmaVmV. _mŠg©dmÚm§Zr

82

nmümË` g_mOì`dñWm S>moù`mg_moa R>oD$Z dJ©aMZm, dJ©g§Kf©, H«$m§Vr d g_mOdmX Aer H«$_aMZm Ho$br Amho;

nU ^maVmV dJ©aMZm Va Añnï> AmhoM nU oWo Om{VY_© aMZoV bmooH$ AS>H$bo AmhoV. dJmªÀ`m Om{Udm§nojm

^maVmV Om{VY_m©À`m Vm{Udm Vrd« AmhoV. nmümË` XoemV d§e g§Kf© Amho. H$mim {déÕ Jmoam g§Kf© Amho.^maVmV gd©U {déÕ Añn¥í` _mJmg Agm g§Kf© Amho. `mMm {dga _mŠg©dmÚm§Zm nS>bm Amho, Ago S>m°. bmo{h`m

`m§Mo _V hmoVo. _mŠg©dmX loð> n[adV©ZdmXr Agbm Var ^maVmV Vmo OgmÀ`m Vgm KoUo eŠ` Zmhr, ho Ë`m§À`mbjmV Ambo hmoVo. S>m°. E_. EZ. am° `m§À`mà_mUo Ë`m§Zr _mŠg©dmXmÀ`m _`m©Xm XmIdyZ {Xë`m hmoË`m.

S>m°. bmo{h`m§Zr g_mOdmXmMr à^mdr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. Amnë`mH$S>o Oo OmXm Amho Vo Xwgè`mbm XoUo åhUOo

g_mOdmX Aer A{Ve` gw~moY ì`m»`m Vo H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zr _mŠg©dmXmbm {damoY Ho$bm Zmhr; nU _mŠg©dmXmVrb

H$mhr nÕVt~Ôb e§H$m ì`ŠV Ho$ë`m. ^m§S>dbemhr Zï> ìhmdr. dJ©g§Kf© ìhmdm, `m~Ôb Ë`m§Mo Xw_V ZìhVo; nUJm§YrdmXr {dMmamÀ`m gm{ZÜ`mV am{hë`mZo AmYr _mŠg©dmÚm§Zr g§Kfm©Mo _mJ© d nÕVr {ZpíMV H$amì`mV Agm Vo

gëbm XoVmV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, qhgH$ dJ©g§Kfm©VyZ H$YrM g_mOdmX oUma Zmhr. S>m°. bmo{h`m§Zr _mŠg©dmXr {dMmamMogd© Q>ßno Vnmgbo hmoVo. Vo Ago åhUVmV H$s, gdm©V _moR>r ^m§S>dbemhr A_o[aHo$V, _Ü` wamo{n`Z amï´>mV Amho.

VoWo H$m_Jmam§À`mhr g§KQ>Zm AmhoV. _J {VWo gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr H$m hmoV Zmhr? `m {R>H$mUr _mŠg©Mo ^m{H$V IaoR>abo Zmhr. {dH$gZerb amï´>mV dmT>Vr ~oamoOJmar d _mJgbonUm_wio Xm[aÐç dmT>bo. S>m°. bmo{h`m `m§Mo Ago _V

hmoVo H$s, H$mhr amï´>m§V ^m§S>dbemhr d AmYw{ZH$ {dH$mg Pmbm Va H$mhr amï´>mV Ho$di Xm[aÐç d _mJmgbonU

gmMbo. hr OJmMr {d^mJUr _mŠg©dmXmÀ`m H$moUË`m {gÕm§VmV ~gVo? S>m°. bmo{h`m§À`m _Vo, _mŠg©dmXmMo AmVmZì`m g§X^m©V _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo nm{hOo. ^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V Vo Ago åhUVmV H$s, ^maVmV dñVw{Z{_©Vr d CËnmXZ ho

l_mVyZ hmoVo Va wamon_Ü o Vo §ÌmÛmao hmoVo. §ÌmMm dmT>Vm dmna dJ©g§Kfm©bm H$maUr yV R>aVmo, Vgo l_mMo ZmhråhUyZ l_mda MmbUmar amï´>o _mŠg©dmXmH$S>o PwH$Uma ZmhrV. H$maU {VWo _yimV CËnmXZ Amho; nU dJ© ZmhrV,

nU OmVr oX _mÌ AmhoV, hr {~Ja Am{W©H$ d {~Ja Vm§{ÌH$ {df_Vm Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mOdmX hm Cnm` Amho,

Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. _mÌ Ë`m§Zr _mŠg©dmXr g_mOdmX Z ñdrH$maVm Jm§YrdmXr g_mOdmX ñdrH$mabm d Ë`mÀ`mam~dUyH$sgmR>r AWH$ à`ËZ Ho$bo. H$ï>H$ar, eoVH$ar, H$m_Jmam§À`m àíZm§VBVHo$M ñÌr-nwéf g_Vm, ^m{fH$

EH$dmŠ`Vm, OmVr oX {Z_y©bZ d Jm§YrdmXr Z¡{VH$Vo_YyZ Ë`m§Zr bmo{h`mdmXr g_mOdmX ì`dhmamV AmUÊ`mMmà`ËZ Ho$bm.

^maVr` Xm[aÐç d {df_Vo~ÔbMo Sm°. bmo{h`m§Mo {dMma :

^maVr` {df_Vm Xya H$ê$Z gdmªMr àJVr H$aUo ho Ë`m§À`m g_mOdmXr MidirMo à_wI Ü o hmoVo. S>m°.bmo{h`m§À`m _Vo, maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb, _mJmg amï´>mV H$_mbrMo Xm[aÐç Amho. _mÌ Vo wamonmV \$mago Zmhr.

ho Xm[aÐç H$m Amho Va ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm EH$Va ~o ademÀ`m eoVrda AmYm[aV Amho d eoVr Zoh_r XwîH$mi,

gmdH$mar, ImoVr `m Xwï>MH«$mV AS>H$bobr AgyZ BWbm eoVH$ar \$ŠV àM§S> H$îQ> H$aVmo. hmM àH$ma H$m_Jmam§À`m~m~VrVhr bmJy hmoVmo. eoVH$ar eoVmV Va H$m_Jma H$maImÝ`mV \$ŠV H$ï>M H$aVmo. Ho$di H$ï>mVyZ Xm[aÐç Xya

hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZ à_mU~Õ m§{ÌH$Vm S>m°. bmo{h`m§Zm _hÎdmMr dmQ>Vo. _moR>_moR>çm §Ìm§Zr d A{VaoH$s Vm§{ÌH$Vo_wio

83

~oH$mar d Xm[aÐç dmT>Vo; nU à_m{UV m§{ÌH$sH$aUmZo CËnmXZmMm doJ dmT>Vmo d XOm© gwYmaVmo. Ë`m_wio H$m_Jmam§Zm

amoOJma {_iVmo. CËnÞmV dmT> hmoVo d Xm[aÐç Xya H$aVm oVo. S>m°. bmo{h`m§Zr N>moQ>çm §Ìm§Zm nmqR>~m {Xbm hmoVm.

Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Xm[aÐç d {df_Vm ho XmoÝhr àý EH$_oH$m§V AS>H$bobo d nañnanyaH$ AgVmV. X[aÐr XoemVM

A{YH$ g§Kf©, dmX d {df_Vm AgVo Va lr_§V XoemV gdmªÀ`mM JaOm ~è`mn¡H$s nyU© Pmboë`m Agë`mZo dmXg§Kf© \$mago AgV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio _mZd{Z{_©V {df_Vm Aem gYZ amï´>mV {XgV Zmhr. S>m°. bmo{h`m Ago åhUVmV

H$s, ^m§S>dbr amï´>mV H$m_JmagwÕm Vgm gYZ d ñdmdb§~r AgVmo, `mCbQ> _mJmg amï´>mV _yR>â ^m§S>dbXma _mÌH$ï>H$ar H$m_Jmam§Mo OmñV emofU H$aVmV. S>m°. bmo{h`m§À`m _Vo, gYZ XoemVrb H$m_Jma d _mJmg amï´>mVrb

H$m_Jma `m _yimVM {^ÝZ g§H$ënZm AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo emofUmMo à_mUhr {^ÝZ ñdê$nmMo Amho. åhUyZM

n{hë`m§Xm {df_Vm Xya Ho$br nm{hOo, VaM Xm[aÐç d Xw:I Xya H$aVm oB©b, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo.

`mgmR>r g_mOdmXmMm Zì`mZo {dMma H$amdm bmJob Ago Vo åhUVmV. {deofV: ~S>çm lr_§V amï´>m§Zrhrg_mOdmXmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm nm{hOo. A{VaoH$s emofUmEodOr Oo A{V[aŠV Amho Vo _ZmnmgyZ BVam§Zm {Xbo Va

H«$m§Vr Q>miVm oB©b. g_mO EH$g§Y ~Zob d Vmo nañna ghH$m`m©VyZ gdmªMm {dH$mg H$ê$ eHo$b, Ago Ë`m§Mo _VhmoVo. S>m°. bmo{h`m§Mm g_mOdmX ~amM ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Vmo EH$m ~mOybm bmoH$emhrbm Va Xwgè`m

~mOybm Jm§YrdmX d n§Mm`V ì`dñWo~amo~a gd© àH$maÀ`m g_Vm MiditZm OdiMm hmoVm. ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`m~aom~a

g_J« {dH$mg ho Ë`m§Mo Ü o hmoVo. bmoH$m§Zm gdm}Îm_ OrdZ_mZmgmR>r gdm}Îm_ gmYZgw{dYm d gmo r nwadUo, Am¡Úmo{JH$d H¥$fr V§ÌkmZmMm g_`mo{MV dmna H$aUo. bmoH$m§Zm nwaogo AÝZ, dñÌ, {Zdmam, {ejU d Amamo½`mgmR>r Amamo½`godm

CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. bmoH$m§Zm ì`mnH$ _yb yV A{YH$ma XoUo. lr_§V d Jar~mVrb {df_VoMr Xar H$_r H$aUo.XoemVrb gdmªZr XoemgmR>r Amnbr l_eŠVr IM© H$aUo, eoVr, bKwì`dgm`, newnmbZmda â XoUo. AmYw{ZH$

eoVrda â XoUo. àË oH$ y{_{hZmbm Ë`mÀ`m JaOonwaVr O_rZ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. gmdH$mar ~§X H$aUo BË`mXrAZoH$ H$m`©H«$_m§Zr d CnH«$_m§Zr S>m°. bmo{h`m§Mm g_mOdmX {dH$mg nmdbm hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m H$m`©H«$_mV gyú_

AW©emñÌmVrb ~maH$mdo hmoVo VgoM Ë`m§Mm H$m ©H«$_ Jm§YrdmXr gdm}X`mH$S>o OmUmamhr hmoVm. S>m°. bmo{h`m§À`m

_Vo, g_mOdmX hm à`moJerb {dMma AgyZ Vmo _mZdr _wŠVr d H$ë`mUmgmR>r gVV Zm{dÊ`mMm doY KoVmo. Ë`m§À`m_Vo, g_mOdmX hr Iwbr nÕVr AgyZ Vr _mZdr g_VogmR>r à`ËZ H$aVo. Ë`mMdoir Vr \°${gñQ>, gZmVZ, g§Hw${MV,

XheVdmXr, gm_«mÁ`dmXr emofUmda AmYm[aV gd© àH$maÀ`m {dMmaYmam§Zm {damoY H$aVo. g_mOdmX hm n[adV©ZdmXr{dMma Agë`mZo Vmo H«$m§Vrbm _hÎd XoVmo. S>m°. bmo{h`m O`àH$me ZmamÙ `m§À`mà_mUo doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m

{df_Vm KmbdÊ`mgmR>r gmV àH$maÀ`m H«$m§Ë`m H$amì`mV, Ago åhUVmV. O`àH$meOtZr _mÌ EH$M g_J« H«$m§Vr

gm§{JVbr homVr. S>m°. bmo{h`m§À`m _Vo -

1. ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVogmR>r Am§XmobZ

2. dU©ì`dñWoda AmYm[aV gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ {df_Vo{déÕMo Am§XmobZ

3. Om{V` {df_Vm Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§XmobZ

4. amOH$s` Jwbm_{Jar, gm_«mÁ`dmX d dgmhVdmXm{damoYr Am§XmobZ

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5. ImJOr g§nÎmr, Z\o$~mOr, gmR>m d Am{W©H$ {df_Vo{damoYr Am§XmobZ

6. ImOJr OrdZmV AÝ`m`nyd©H$ emgH$s` hñVjon {damoYr Am§XmobZ

7. eñÌmñÌ{déÕ Am§XmobZ.

gmYmaUV: `m gmV H«$m§Ë`m åhUOo EH$ÌrV g_J« H«$m§Vr hmoVr. ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVogmR>rMo Am§XmobZ ñÌr`m§Zm

ñdmV§Í` d gd© joÌmV g_mZ gh^mJmgmR>r hmoVo. gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` g_VogmR>r Am§XmobZ ho bmoH$emhrÀ`m

A§JmZo OmUmao hmoVo. Om{V` {df_Vm Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo Am§XmobZ gm_m{OH$ g_VogmR>rMo Am§XmobZ hmoVo d Vo _.\w$bo, S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a, amOfu emhÿ, _hfu qeXo `m§À`m gwYmaUmdmXmbm, Añn¥í`Vm {Z_w©bZmbm nwT>o ZoUmao hmoVo.

S>m°. bmo{h`m `m§Zr AZoH$ doim S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§er MMm© H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ g_VoMo à`ËZ Mmbdbo hmoVo. amOH$s`Jwbm_{Jar, gm_«mÁ`dmXm{damoYrMo Ë`m§Mo Am§XmobZ ho amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`, ^maVr` amï´>dmX `m§Zm OdiMo hmoVo. S>m°.

bmo{h`m§Mo Am{W©H$ g_VogmR>rMo Am§XmobZ g_mOdmXr ñdê$nmMo hmoVo Va emgH$s` hñVjonm{déÕMo Am§XmobZ hoì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`dmXr Va hmoVoM nU Vo Jm§YtÀ`m g{dZ` à{VH$mamMo à{VH$ hmoVo. S>m°. bmo{h`m§Mo eodQ>Mo Am§XmobZ

eñÌmñÌm{déÕMo hmoVo. AWm©VM Vo em§VVmdmXr, Z¡{VH$, AqhgH$ d _mZdVmdmXr hmoVo. {dgmì`m eVH$mVrb

OdiOdi gd© AmXe©dmXr, ì`ŠVrdmXr d g_VmdmXr VÎdm§Zm H$m¡eë`mZo EH$Ì ~m§YÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bmhmoVm. EdT>oM Zìho Va g_mOdmXmbm nyaH$ AgUmar n§Mm`V amÁ` g§H$ënZobm nwT>o ZoUmar Mm¡I§~m g§H$ënZm Ë §mZr

_m§S>br hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr qhXr amï´>^mfoMm AmJ«h Yabm. Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaUmMo H$m_ Ho$bo. ñÌrñdmV§Í`mgmR>r H$m_Ho$bo. Jm§YrdmX d gmå`dmXmMr {M{H$Ëgm Ho$br d g_mOdmXmbm A{YH$ g_mOerb, g{H«$`, à`moJerb,

ñdmV§Í`dmXr ~ZdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

3.3 gmam§e :

n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$, O`àH$me Zmam`U d S>m°. am__Zmoha bmo{h`m m§Zr g_mOdmXr VÎdkmZ d g_mOdmXr

^maVr` Midir Amnmnë`m n[aZo A{YH$ g_mOerb, ì`mdhm[aH$, bmoH$gÎmmH$ ~ZdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

n§. Zohê§$da B§½b§S>_Yrb bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMm VgoM \o${~`Z g_mOdmXmMm à^md hmoVm. a{e`Z

gmå`dmXr H«$m§VrZ§Va n§. Zohê§$da a{e`Z gmå`dmXmMm H$mhr H$mi à^md nS>bm hmoVm; nU nwT>o _hmË_m Jm§YrÀ`mgm{ZÜ`mV a{e`Z gmå`dmXmVrb gdªH$fdmX d ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mMr JiMonr Ë`m§Zm YmoH$mXm`H$ dmQ>br. 1929

_Ü o nyU© ñdmV§Í`mMr KmofUm H$aVmZm bmhmoa H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmV Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmXmMm {dMma _m§S>bm. ^maVr`ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` g§gXr` bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMm {dMma _m§S>bm. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVr`

g§gXr` bmoH$emhr emgZmMo ZoV¥Îd Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Ambo. Ë`m_wio YmoaUo R>adVmZm Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmXmMm {dMma

Ho$bm. g§{_l AW©ì`dñWm, {Z`moOZ _§S>i d n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm_YyZ Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmXmH$S>o dmQ>Mmb Ho$br.n§{S>V Zohê§$À`m _Vo, g_mOdmXmVrb ì`mnH$ g_Vm ì`ŠVr{dH$mgmbm Oer Cn`moJmMr AgVo VgoM bmoH$emhrVrb

ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`hr ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$ë`mUmbm àoaH$ AgVo åhUyZ gwÅ>r bmoH$emhr d {Zìdi g_mOdmX ñdrH$maÊ`mEodOrË`m§Zr ^maVmV bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMo à`moJ Ho$bo d Ë`mbm Jm§YrdmXr Z¡{VH$ {dMmam§Mo A{Yð>mZ {Xbo.

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O`àH$me ZmamÙ ho g_mOdmXr MidirVrb à^mdr ZoVo d qMVZerb {dMmad§V hmoVo. ^maVm_Üò

g_mOdmXr njmMr Ë`m§Zr ñWmnZm Ho$br. gÎmoÀ`m amOH$maUmnmgyZ Xya amhÿZ Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmXr Midi dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r

gVV à`moJ Ho$bo. _mŠg©, bo{ZZ, ñQ>°{bZ, am° m§À`m gmå`dmXr {dMmam§Mo narjU H$ê$Z g_mOerb g_mOdmXmMm

nmR>nwamdm Ho$bm. g_mOdmX hr bmoH$emhrà_mUo EH$ OrdZàUmbr AgyZ Vr Ho$di g¡Ym§{VH$ ZgyZ

ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`dmXr d {dH$mgerb Amho, Ago Vo åhUV. ^maVmV g_mOdmX V`ma H$aVmZm O`àH$meOtZr

g_mOdmXmbm Jm§YrdmXr Z¡{VH$Vm d gdm}X`mMo ì`mnH$ A{Yð>mZ {Xbo. gdm}X` hr g_mOdmXrM Zìho Va _mZ{gH$

n[adV©ZdmXr bmoH$Midi Amho, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. g_mOdmX bmoH$m§n ªV nmohmoMbm Omdm `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr

1975 À`m AmUr~mUrZ§Va OZVm njmMr ~m§YUr Ho$br d _mM© 1977 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV H$m±J«ogMm nam^d

H$ê$Z H$m±J«ogÀ`m EH$m{YH$maemhrbm eh {Xbm. _mÌ gÎmm~Xb Pmbm H$s, g_mOdmX d bmoH$emhr bJoM oB©b,

Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>bo Zmhr åhUyZ Vo bmoH$bT>çmH$S>o dibo. bmoH$m§À`m CËñ\y$V© nmqR>ã`m{edm` g_mOdmX Iè`m

AWm©Zo ^maVmV éOUma Zmhr, `mMo ^mZ Ë`m§À`mH$S>o hmoVo. åhUyZ gdm}X`m~amo~a Ë`m§Zr wdH$m§À`m g§KQ>Zm ~m§YyZ

g_J« H«$m§VrMr KmofUm Ho$br. `m g_J« H«$m§VrZo ^maVmV bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmÀ`m Zì`m OmUrdm V`ma Pmë`m. _.

Jm§YtÀ`m ñdmV§Í` bT>çmVrb bmoH$bT>çmZ§Va g§nyU© ^maVmV nwÝhm EH$Xm _yb yV ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm d àJVrgmR>r

bmoH$bT>m C^maUmao O`àH$me ZmamÙ EH$_od A{Û{V` g_mOdmXr ZoVo hmoVo.

S>m°. am__Zmoha bmo{h`m ho ^maVmVrb à`moJerb g_mOdmXr ZoVo d _mŠg©dmX VWm Jm§YrdmXmMo {M{H$ËgH$

Aä`mgH$ hmoVo. S>m°. bmo{h`m _mŠg©dmX d Jm§Yr {dMmam§Mo {damoYH$ ZìhVo; nU `m XmoÝhr {dMmam§À`m _`m©Xm Ë`m§Zm

_m{hV hmoË`m. Ë`m§À`mda _XZ_mohZ _mbdr`, O_Zmbmb ~OmO, _mŠg©, _. Jm§Yr d n§. Zohê§$Mm à^md hmoVm.

H$m±J«ogA§VJ©V g_mOdmXr JQ>mV Ë`m§Zr H$m_ Ho$bo. VgoM H$m±J«og gmoe°{bñQ> gmßVm{hH$mVyZ g_mOdmXr {dMma

à^mdrnUo _m§S>bo. gm_«mÁ`dmX, wÕ, XS>nemhrbm Ë`m§Mm {damoY hmoVm. Amnë`m naIS> d Q>rH$mË_H$ {dMma d

^mfUm§_wio Ë`m§Zm AZoH$doim Vwé§Jdmg ghZ H$amdm bmJbm. H$m±J«og nj hm g_mOdmXr {dMmam§Mr am~dUyH$

ì`dpñWV H$arV Zmhr, Ago dmQ>ë`mZo Ë`m§Zr H$m±J«ogMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z ñdV§Ì g_mOdmXr nj V`ma Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr

g§gX gXñ` åhUyZ 1963 Vo 1967 n ªV Aä`mgy g§gXnQy> åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. eoVH$ar, H$m_Jma Midi, qhXr

^mfoMm AmJ«h, Añn¥í`Vm {Z_y©bZ, gm_m{OH$ g_Vm, ñÌr`m§Zm ñdmV§Í`, n§Mm`V Mm¡I§~m ì`dñWm `m {d{dY

ì`mgnrR>m§da H$m_ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr _m§S>boë`m g_mOdmXmbm bmo{h`mdmX åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. {ZdS>UyH$sVyZ

n[adV©Z, gË`mJ«h d aMZmË_H$ H$m ©H«$_ `mbm Ë`m§Zr bmo{h`mdmXr g_mOdmXmV ñWmZ {Xbo. {df_Vm d Xm[aÐç

ho _mZgmMo eÌy AmhoV, Ago Vo åhUV. `mgmR>r N>moQ>çm §Ìm§Zm CÚmoJì`dgm`mV ñWmZ, Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ, {dH|${ÐH$aU,

Ý`m`, bmoH$m§Mm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Cnm`, ~oH$ma^Îmm, AmYw{ZH$ eoVr, àËòH$mbm Amdí`H$ VodT>r eoVr,

gmdH$marbm {damoY, l_mbm _hÎd, n§Mm`V ì`dñWm Ago H$m ©H«$_ Ë`m§Zr am~dbo. ho gd© n[adV©ZdmXr {dMma

ì`dhmamV ZoÊ`mg Ë`m§Zr ñÌr-nwéf g_Vm Am§XmobZ, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` {df_Vo{déÕ Am§XmobZ,

Om{V` g_VogmR>r Am§XmobZ, gm_«mÁ`dmX d Jwbm_{Jar{damoYr Am§XmobZ, Am{W©H$ g_VogmR>r Am§XmobZ, emgH$s`

AZmdí`H$ hñVjonm{déÕ Am§XmobZ d eñÌmñÌm{damoYr Am§XmobZmMr JaO Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbr. "EH$ K§Q>m Xoe Ho$

86

{bE' hm l_XmZmda AmYm[aV H$m ©H«$_ bmoH$m§Zm XoD$Z Ë`m§Zr g_mOdmXr bmoH$emhr àdmh _O~yV H$aÊ`mMmà`ËZ Ho$bm.

3.4 _hÎdmÀ`m nm[a^m{fH$ g§H$ënZm :

1) g_mOdmX = gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` g_Voda AmYm[aV {dMma. nmümË` XoemVAm{W©H$ g_Vm åhUOo g_mOdmX _mZVmV.

2) gdm}X` = Jm§YrdmXr, CXma {dMma. gdmªMm {dH$mg. _. Jm§YtZr apñH$ZÀ`m "AZ Qy>Yrg bmñQ>' `m nwñVH$mMo gdm}X` ho ^mfm§Va Ho$bo.

3) AamÁ`dmXr = amÁ` ZH$mo, Ago _. Jm§Yr, Wmoamo, Q>m°bñQ>m° ho {dMmad§V åhUVmV. H$maUamÁ` åhUOo ~§YZo d `m {dMmad§Vm§Zm OmñV ñdmV§Í` hdo. amÁ`, nmobrg,Vwé§J ho _mJmgbonU Amho Ago Vo _mZVmV.

4) Mm¡I§~m = hm S>m°. bmo{h`m§Mm {dMma hmoVm. `mV {dH|${ÐH$aUdmXr n§Mm`V ì`dñWmhmoVr d `m n§Mm`V amÁ`mMo Mma ^mJ hmoVo. `mV H|$Ð, amÁ`, {Oëhm d J«m_hr {dH$mg H|$Ðo hmoVr.

5) g§{_l AW©ì`dñWm = n§. Zohê§$Zr nyU© ImOJrH$aU d CÚmoJY§Úm§Mo nyU© amï´>r`H$aU Z H$aVm g§{_lAW©ì`dñWm ñdrH$mabr. Or g_mOdmXmbm OdiMr _mZVmV.

2.5 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ d Ë`m§Mr CÎmao :

àíZ : -

1) à_wI AamÁ`dmXr {dMmad§Vm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.

2) "boPo \o$ao' åhUOo H$m`?

3) g_mOdmXmMo H$mhr n«H$ma gm§Jm.

4) S>mdm d COdm {dMma åhUOo H$m`?

5) \°${gñQ> {dMmamMm AmYma H$moUVm?

6) OZg§K njmMo gÜ`mMo Zmd H$moUVo?

7) Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ åhUOo H$m`?

8) n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm åhUOo H$m`?

9) gmo{dEQ> a{e`m åhUOo H$m`?

10) aMZmË_H$ H$m ©H«$_ åhUOo H$m`?

CÎmao : -

1) AamÁ`dmXr åhUOo "amÁ` ZH$mo' Ago åhUUmao {dMmad§V nwT>rbà_mUo - _. Jm§Yr, Q>m°bñQ>m° , apñH$Z,

87

àm°D$YZ, Wmoamo, ~mHw${ZZ, àwYm± d H«$monmoQ>H$sZ.

2) boPo \o$ao (Laissez Faire) hm b°{Q>Z eãX AgyZ Vmo _wŠV AW©ì`dñWoMo g_W©Z H$aVmo. A°S>_ pñ_WZoVmo dmnabm hmoVm.

3) \o${~`Z g_mOdmX, {JëS> g_mOdmX, Jm§YrdmXr g_mOdmX, a{e`Z g_mOdmX, bmo{h`mdmX B.

4) S>mdm {dMma åhUOo nwamoJm_r AmYw{ZH$, Zdm {dMma

COdm {dMma åhUOo à{VJm_r, gZmVZ, g§Hw${MV d H$_©R> {dMma.

5) \°${gñQ> {dMma wÕ, _ybVËddmX, AmH«$_H$Vm, qhgm d XheVrda C^m AgVmo.

6) OZg§KmMo gÜ`mMo Zmd ^maVr` OZVm nj hmo .

7) Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ åhUOo KaJwVr N>moQ>o ì`dgm`, Hw$ŠHw$Q>nmbU, newnmbZ B.

8) nmM dfm©Mo {dH$mgmMo {Z`moOZ åhUOo n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm, n§. Zohê§$Zr Ë`m gwê$ Ho$ë`m.

9) gmo{dEQ> a{e`m åhUOo àOmgÎmmH$ a{e`m.

10) aMZmË_H$ H$m ©H«$_ åhUOo {dYm`H$ H$m ©H«$_ Á`mV n§Mm`V ì`dñWm, l_XmZ, {ejU, añVo, Amamo½`,eoVr Ago bmoH${hVmW© CnH«$_ AgVmV.

WmoS>Š`mV Q>rn {bhm.

1) n§. Zohê$ d g§{_l AW©ì`dñWm

2) Jm§YrdmXr g_mOdmXmMr d¡{eï>ço

3) gdm}X`mMr n«_wI VÎdo d yXmZ

4) S>m°. bmo{h`m§Mr Mm¡I§~m ì`dñWm

5) O`àH$me Zmam`U `m§Mr g_J« H«$m§Vr

3.7 gg§X © J«§W :

1) ^mñH$a bú_U ^moio : AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmVrb amOH$s` {dMma

2) nmQ>rb ~r. ~r. d : ^maVr` amOH$s` {dMma

àm. C{_©bm MìhmU

3) gmZo JwéOr : ^maVmMm emoY

4) B§Xw_Vr Ho$iH$a : am__Zmoha bmo{h`m (M[aÌ)

5) lrnmX Ho$iH$a d : g_mOdmX S>m°. bmo{h`m

B§Xw_Vr Ho$iH$a²²²

88

KQ>H$ 4

^maVr` gmå`dmXr {dMma

4.0 C{Ôï>ço

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 gmå`dmXr g§H$ënZm

4.2.2 nmíMmË` gmå`dmX

4.2.3 ^maVr` gmå`dmX

4.2.4 ^maVr` gmå`dmXr {dMma

4.2.5 _yë`_mnZ

4.3 gmam§e

4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

4.5 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao



4.0 C{Ôï>ço :

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg -

1) gmå`dmXr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

2) ^maVm_Yrb gmå`dmXr {dMmam§Mr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

3) ^maVr` gmå`dmXr {dMmad§Vm§À`m {dMmam§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm oB©b.

89

4.1 àmñVm{dH$ :

gmå`dmX hm g_mOdmXmMmM EH$ àH$ma g_Obm OmVmo. nU AmO gmå`dmX EH$ {Zamir d ñdV§Ì{dMmagaUr `m ñdê$nmV AmoiIbr OmVo. gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ {df_Vm d ^m§S>dbemhr g_mOaMZm `m§Zm

{damoY H$aÊ`m~m~V gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUr AJ«oga Amho. hm {damoY H$aÊ`mMm _mJ©hr gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrMm

Ohmb ñdê$nmMm Amho. qhgm d H«$m§VrÀ`m _mJm©Zo àñWm{nV ^m§S>dbemhr g_mOaMZm _moSy>Z H$mTy>Z Ë`m {R>H$mUrdJ©{d{hZ g_mOaMZm àñWm{nV H$aUo ho gmå`dmXmMo Ü o Amho. m AZwf§JmZo maVr` g_mOì`dñWo_Ü o ñdmV§Í`nyd©

d ñdmV§Í`moÎma Aem XmoÝhr H$mbI§S>m_Ü o gmå`dmXr {dMmaàdmh doJù`m nÕVrZo éObm Jobm. nU Vmo {VVŠ`mVmH$XrZo à^m{dV Pmbm Zmhr. ^maVr` g_mOì`dñWm, d¡Mm[aH$ _V oX Aem {d{dY H$maUmñVd Vmo _`m©{XV

am{hbm, nU ^maVm_Ü o Á`m nÕVrZo hr {dMmagaUr nwT>o Ambr d ApñVËdmV am{hbr {VMm Aä`mg H$aUo JaOoMoR>aVo.

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

4.2.1 : gmå`dmXr g§H$ënZm

4.2.2 : nmíMmË` gmå`dmX

4.2.3 : ^maVr` gmå`dmX

4.2.4 : ^maVr` gmå`dmXr {dMmaàdmh

4.2.5 : _yë`_mnZ

4.2.1 gmå`dmXr g§H$ënZm :

gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrZo OJmV EH$ \$ma _moR>r eŠVr {Z_m©U Ho$br Amho. gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUr d àMmaAg{hîUy d AmË §{VH$ A{^Ýdof (Fanatism) `m ñdê$nmMm Amho. amÁ` ho {nidUyH$sMo gmYZ Amho, Ago

gmå`dmXr {dMmad§VmMo _V Amho. gmå`dmX dJ©g§Kfm©da {dídmg R>odVmo. hm dJ©g§Kf© AJXr qhgoÀ`m _mJm©Zohr Vmo

ñdrH$maVmo. Aem nÕVrZo dJ©g§Kfm©Ûmao ^m§S>dbemhr g_mO aMZm _moSy>Z H$mT>Uo d dJ©{d{hZ Am{U amÁ`{d{hZg_mOì`dñWm ApñVËdmV AmUUo Aer y{_H$m gmå`dmXr {dMmam§Mr Agë`mMo AmnUmg§ {XgVo.

Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, emofU d {nidUyH$ `m ^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWoÀ`m A§J^yV Xmofm§nmgyZ g_mOmVrb

_mZdmMr _wŠVVm H$aUo Aem nÕVrMr à{Vð>m `m {dMmagaUrg bm^br hmoVr. gd© ñÌr-nwéfm§V g_mZVmñWmnZ H$aUo, CËnmXZmMr gmYZo g_mOmÀ`m _mbH$sMr H$ê$Z Ë`mMo Ý`m`{dVaU H$aUo. {dVaUmMo gyÌ àË`oH$mg

Ë`mÀ`m H$m_mà_mUo Am{U Hw$dVrà_mUo Xm_ XoUo, g_mOmVrb CËnmXH$ eŠVrMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo

Am{U Ë`mÛmam _mZdr {dH$mgmg Zì`m nmVirda ZoUmam dJ©{d{hZ d amÁ`{d{hZ g_O ñWmnZ H$aUo VgoM{nidUyH$ d Jwbm_{Jar m§Zm Aem g_mOì`dñWoV ñWmZ Z XoUo Aem gd© {dMmaàdmh gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrV

AmT>iVmo.

90

ñd § AÜ``Z àíZ - 1

[aH$må`m OmJm ^am.

1) .............. {dMmagaUrZo OJmV \$ma _moR>r eŠVr {Z_m©U Ho$br Amho.

(A) CXma_VdmXr (~) ^m§S>dbemhr (H$) gmå`dmXr (S>) hþHy$_emhr

2) ................ ho {nidUyH$sMo gmYZ Amho.

(A) amÁ` (~) ì`ŠVr (H$) g_mO (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

3) gmå`dmX ................ _mJm©Zo dJ©g§Kf© ñdrH$maVmo.

(A) Aqhgm (~) qhgm (H$) ghH$m © (S>) `wÕ

4) dJ©{d{hZ d amÁ`{d{hZ g_mOì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo Aer y{_H$m ................ {dMmam§Mr Amho.

(A) bmoH$emhr (~) hþHy$_emhr (H$) gmå`dmXr (S>) ^m§S>dbemhr

5) Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, emofU d {nidUyH$ ho Xmof ................ ì`dñWo_Ü o AmT>iVmV.

(A) ^m§S>dbemhr (~) gmå`dmXr (H$) hþHy$_emhr (S>) amOoemhr

4.2.2 nmíMmË` gmå`dmX :

H$mb© _mŠg© Am{U \«o$S>[aH$ E§Jëg `m§Mo boIZ hr gmå`dmXr {dMmaàdmhmMr J§JmoÌr Amho. OmJ{VH$

gmå`dmXr H«$m§VrMm nwañH$Vm©, g{H«$` H«$m§{VH$maH$ emñÌr` g_mOdmXr {dMmam§Mm àdV©H$, _hmZ g_mOemñÌkAer H$mb© _mŠg©Mr AmoiI OmJ{VH$ ñVamda Amho. 1867 gmbr _mŠg©Mm "Xmg H°${nQ>b' (Das Capital) `m

{demb J«§WmMm n{hbm ^mJ à{gÕ Pmbm. Ë`mM E§OëgZo à{gÕ Ho$bm. VËnydu B. g. 1848 _Ü o _mŠg© Am{UE§OëgZo g§ wŠV arVrZo "H$å w{ZñQ> _°{Z\o$ñQ>mo' (Communist Manifesto) hm J«§W {b{hbm. `mbmM "gmå`dmXr

njmMm Om{haZm_m' Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo.

_mŠg©nydu ßboQ>mo, hoJob `m§Zr AmXe© amÁ`mMr y{_H$m _m§S>br. nU hr y{_H$m dñVw{Zð> ñdê$nmMr ZìhVr.

na§Vw _mŠg©Zo _mÌ emñÌr` g_mOdmXr {dMma dñVw{Zï> nÕVrZo _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. H$mb© _mŠg© d E§Oëg`m§À`m g_mOdmXmbm gmå`dmX åhUVmV. _mŠg©À`m gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrVrb B{VhmgmMr ^m¡{VH$ _r_m§gm,

Û§ÛmË_H$ m¡{VH$dmX, A{V[aŠV _yë`mMm {gÕm§V, dJ©g§Kf©, H$m_JmadJm©Mr hþHy$_emhr, amÁ`mMm bmon d gmå`dmXrg_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr hr VÎdo AmnUm§g Aä`mgmdr bmJVmV.

^m¡{VH$dmXmMm _Zwî`mÀ`m ~wÕrda d à{Vð>oda {dídmg Amho. _mŠg©À`m _Vo, gd© Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm Am{W©H$

H$maUm_wioM KS>boë`m AgVmV. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo g_mOmMr AJXr gwédmVrMr AdñWm gmå`dmXr ñdê$nmMr hmoVr.

Z§VaÀ`m _mZdmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m Q>ßß`mda Xmg d Jwbm_, gm_§V d eoV_Oya, m§S>dbXma d l_Ordr H$m_Jma AgoemgH$ d emo{fV XmoZ dJ© {Z_m©U hmoD$Z g_mOmV Am{W©H$ {df_Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr. m m§S>dbemhr g_mOì`dñWoV

^m§S>dbXma hm dmX, _Oya dJ© hm n«{VdmX AgVmo. `m XmoZ dJmªÀ`m g§Kfm©VyZ Zdr gmå`dmXr g_mOaMZm Agm

91

gwg§dmX {Z_m©U hmoVmo. {damoYmVyZ, g§Kfm©VyZ {dH$mg hmoVmo, Ago {damoY{dbmgdmXmMo VÎd _mŠg©Zo gm§{JVbo.

hoJobMm Û§ÛdmX S>moŠ`mda C^m hmoVmo, Vmo _r nm`mda C^m Ho$bm, Ago _mŠg© åhUVmo. emgH$ d emo{fV `m§Mm

dJ©g§Kf© åhUOoM ^m§S>dbemhr Zm{her H$aUo d H$m_Jmam§Mo {hV gmYUo AJXr {h§goÀ`m _mJm©Zo hm dJ©g§Kf© Vrd«H$ê$Z ^m§S>dbemhrMm Zm`ZmQ> H$aUo d àË oH$mg Hw$dVrà_mUo H$m_ d JaOoZwgma Xm_ Aem nÕVrMr l_mMr

_m§S>Ur H$ê$Z H$m_Jmam§À`m H«$m§VrÛmao Zdr gmå`dmXr g_mOì`dñWm AmUUo Ago {dMma _mŠg© _m§S>Vmo.

gmå`dmXr AdñWoV _mUgm§_Yrb A{Zð> l_{d^mJUr g§nyZ Ë`mg Iè`m ñdmV§Í`mMm àË`` {_iob.~m¡{ÕH$ l_ d emar[aH$ l_, J«m_rU-ehar Ago oX b`mg OmdyZ eoVH$ar, H$m_Jma Am{U ~w{ÕOrdr ho gmao

Zì`m g_mOmMo KQ>H$ åhUyZ dmdaVrb. gmå`dmXr g_mO Iè`m AWm©Zo EH${OZgr Agob. Ë`mVrb ñÌr-nwéfm§Mm

XOm© d à{Vð>m g_mZ Agob. àË oH$mbm JaOoZwgma gd© Jmoï>r {_imë`m Am{U gdmªÀ`mM JaOm§Mr n[anyV©Vm PmbrH$s _J JaOm§Mo d _mZdr dV©Zm§Mo {Z §ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ðr` gÎmm / amÁ`g§ñWm ApñVËdmV AgÊ`mMr JaO

Zmhr. gmå`dmXr H$m`Xo nmiÊ`mMr H$moUmdaM gŠVr H$aUma Zmhr. H$maU n«Ë oH$OU Ë`m§Mo ñdV:Mo AmZ§XmZonmbZ H$arb. àË oH$ ì`ŠVr Amnmnë`m O~m~Xmè`m ñd §àoaUoZo nma nmS>rb. CËnmXH$ Am{U Cn^moŠVm `m XmoÝhr

AWmªZr gmå`dmXr g_mO _mZdmÀ`m {d{dYm§Jr JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aVmo. _mZdr ñdmV§Í`mMo gdm©oƒ {eIa Agbobmgmå`dmXr g_mO Aem eãXm§V gmå`dmXr {dMma d ì`dñWoMo dU©Z _mŠg© H$aVmo. H$mb© _mŠg© hr gmå`dmXr

{dMmagaUr gd© _mŠg©dmXr bmoH$m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$br. _mŠg©Z§Va bo{ZZ `mZo gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrV AmUIr â

KmVbr.

Xwgè`m _hm wÕmÀ`m AJmoXa a{e`m hm EH$M Xoe gmå`dmXr åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmV Ago. _mÌ Xwgè`m_hm wÕmZ§Va nyd© wamonmVrb BVa XoemV gmå`dmXmMm àgma hmoD$Z Ë`m{R>H$mUr gmå`dmXr amOdQ>r àñWm{nV

Pmboë`m AmhoV. AWm©V {Za{Zamù`m gmå`dmXr XoemV gmå`dmXmMo {Za{Zamio ñdê$n {ZXe©Zmg Ambo Amho.n[aUm_r OmJ{VH$ ñVamda EH$ g_mZ gmå`dmXr Midi AmO nmhmd`mg {_iV Zmhr.


[aH$må`m OmJm âm.

1) "Xmg H°${nQ>b' hm J«§W .............. `m§Zr {b{hbm.

(A) H$mb© _mŠg© (~) hoJob (H$) bo{ZZ (S>) ßboQ>mo

2) "H$å w{ZñQ> _°{Z\o$ñQ>mo' hm J§«W _mŠg© Am{U E§OëgZo .............. gmbr {b{hbm.

(A) 1948 (~) 1845 (H$) 1848 (S>) 1935

3) _mŠg©À`m _Vo, g_OmMr AJXr gwédmVrMr AdñWm .............. ñdê$nmMr hmoVr.

(A) bmoH$emhr (~) amOoemhr (H$) hþHy$_emhr (S>) gmå`dmXr

4) _mŠg©Z§Va .............. `m§Zr gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrV AmUIr â KmVbr.

(A) bo{ZZ (~) ñQ>°{bZ (H$) E§Oëg (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

92

5) Xwgè`m _hm wÕmÀ`m AJmoXa .............. hm EH$M Xoe gmå`dmXr åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmV Ago.

(A) A_o[aH$m (~) MrZ (H$) a{e`m (S>) ^maV

4.2.3 ^maVr` gmå`dmX :

{~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`gÎmoMo ^maVr` OZOrdZmda KS>V Agbobo n[aUm_ _mŠg©Zo Aä`mgbo hmoVo. _mŠg©À`m

boIZmV ^maVmMm CëboI AZoH$Xm Ambm Amho. ^maVmMm {dMma _mŠg©Zo g§nyU© Am{e`m`r g_mOmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo

Ho$bm hmoVm. J«rH$, amo_Z g_mOmV Jwbm_{JarÀ`m àWoZo Oer l_{d^mJUr Ho$br hmoVr Ver ^maVmV Om{VàWoZoHo$br ho Iao Agbo Var {VH$S>o Jwbm_{Jar g§nyZ g_mOmV dJ©ì`dñWm Ambr Ver ^maVmV Ambr Zmhr. _mŠg©H¥$V

ho {ddoMZ ^maVmVrb gmå`dmXr MiditgmR>r AË §V Cn wŠV hmoVo.

wamonmV _mŠg©dmXr {dMma, nj d bT>ogwÕm 1848 _Ü oM gwê$ Pmbo AgVmZm ^maVmV ho {dMma _wirMAmbo ZmhrV. 1864 gmbr _mŠg©Zo Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m_Jma g§KmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë`m§À`m YVuda ~§JmbMo

~«m÷mog_mOr e{enmX ~°ZOu `m§Zr "B§{S>`Z d{Hª$J_Ýg' Agmo{gEeZ H$mT>br. H$mhr ^maVr` H«$m§{VH$maH$m§Mm

g§nH©$ goH§$S> B§Q>aZ°eZbÀ`m (1889) ZoË`m§er hmoVm. Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s AZoH$OU _mŠg©dmXmZo AmH${f©V hmoD$Z H$å w{ZñQ>Pmbo. {dîUw~wdm {MniwUH$a \w$bo, AmJaH$a `m§À`m {dMmam§_Ü o H$mhr n«_mUmV gmå`dmXr {dMmam§Mm à^md

OmUdVmo. {Q>iH$m§À`mhr "_amR>m' d "Ho$gar'À`m A§H$mV gmå`dmXr {dMmam§Mm à^md WmoS>m\$ma OmUdVmo. {Q>iH$m§Zmbo{ZZ{df`r AmH$f©U hmoVo. _mŠg©bm "g_mOgÎmoMm nwañH$Vm©' Ago Vo g§~moYVmV.

`mdê$Z ^maVm_Ü`o _mŠg©dmXr - gmå`dmXr {dMma Á`m à^mdmZo d àdmhmZo ào[aV hmoD$Z nwT>o `m`bm hdo

hmoVo Vo {VVŠ`m VmH$XrZo Ambo ZmhrV. _mÌ ^maVmV gmå`dmXr Am§XmobZ VWm {dMma Zmoìh|~a 1917 _Yrb

a{e`Z H«$m§VrZ§Va nwT>o Ambo. OmJ{VH$ ñVamda gd© Jwbm_ XoemVrb ñdmV§Í` bT>çm§Zm _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§MràoaUm {_imbr. EHy$UM OmJ{VH$ nmVirda _moR>çm à_mUmV _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Zm, gmå`dmXr {dMmam§Zm _mÝ`Vm

{_imbr. gmå`dmXr {dMmam§Mr Midi Omoa Yê$ bmJbr.

_mZd|ÐZmW am° ho maVm_Ü o gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrMo à_wI àdV©H$ _mZbo OmVmV. Ë`m§Zr {Vgè`m H$å w{ZñQ>B§Q>aZ°eZbÀ`m n[afXoV _opŠgH$Z H$å w{ZñQ> njmMo à{V{Z{YËd Ho$bo. `mdoir AdZr _wIOu ^maVmMo à{V{ZYr

åhUyZ CnpñWV hmoVo. maVmV _mZd|ÐZmW am° d Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr H$m°{_ÝQ>Z©À`m nyd© {d^mJ H${_Q>rV\}$ gmå`dmX

àgmamMo H$m © Ho$bo. {~«{Q>em§À`m XS>nemhrbm Z Ow_mZVm H«$m§VrH$mar gmå`dmXr {dMma XoemÀ`m H$mZmH$monè`mVnmohMy bmJbo hmoVo. lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo `m§Zr "Jm§Yr{déÕ bo{ZZ' ho nwñVH$ àH$m{eV H$ê$Z Jm§YrÀ`m MidirMo

_mŠg©dmXr _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo. S>m§JoZr 1922 gmbr gwê$ Ho$boë`m "gmoem{bñQ>' øm B§J«Or gmßVm{hH$mVyZ a{e`Z H«$m§Vr{df`rd VoWrb Zdg_mO {Z{_©VrÀ`m à`moJm{df`rMr _m{hVr, _mŠg© d bo{ZZÀ`m VÎdkmZmMm n[aM` d ^maVr` bT>çmMo

g_mbmoMZ {Xbo OmV Ago. lr. A. S>m§Jo `m§Mo 'Socialist' ho ^maVmVrb n{hbo H$å w{ZñQ> {Z`VH$m{bH$ hmoVo.

^maVr` gmå`dmXr njmMr ñWmnZm :

XoemÀ`m H$mhr mJmV gmå`dmXr {Zð>m Agboë`m _§S>itZm H$mZnyaMo nÌH$ma gË`^ŠV m§Zr {S>g|~a 1925

93

_Ü o EH${ÌV AmUbo. Mo{Å>à `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr Pmboë`m ~¡R>H$sV gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m ñWmnZoMm {ZU©

KoVbm Jobm. VgoM _mŠg© d bo{ZZÀ`m VÎdkmZmda A{Y{ð>V Agm njmÀ`m H$m ©H«$_mMm AmamIS>mhr V`ma

H$aÊ`mV Ambm. gmYmaU Imbrbà_mUo `m njmZo Amnbr Ü o {ZYm©[aV Ho$br hmoVr.

1) emofH$ gm_«mÁ`dmXr {~«{Q>e gÎmm Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZoQ>mZo g§Kf© H$ê$Z amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` d gm_m{OH$Am{U Am{W©H$ g_mZVoÀ`m VÎdmda AmYm[aV Zdg_mO {Z{_©VrMo H$m © H$aUo.

2) ga§Om_emhr d H$m_Jmam§Mo emofU H$aUmar ^m§S>dbemhr Zï> H$ê$Z g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Zm g§nyU©

bmoH$emhr A{YH$ma {_imdoV.

3) àm¡T> gmd©{ÌH$ _VXmZmÀ`m AmYmao KQ>Zm g{_Vr {Zdm©{MV H$ê$Z JUamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm ìhmdr.

AWm©V, ho gd© H«$m§VrÀ`m _mJm©ZoM KS>yZ oUma Agë`mZo `m H«$m§VrgmR>r bmoH$_V V`ma H$amdo d Aem

H«$m§VrH$m`m©V An[ahm © AgUmam Ë`mJ H$m_Jma d eoVH$ar dJ©M H$ê$ eH$VmV. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm g_mOdmXmMr{eH$dU Úmdr Aer `m njmMr YmaUm hmoVr. `m Ñï>rZo njmZo Amnë`m H$m`m©bm Omo_mZo àma§ Ho$bm. `mM

à{H«$ oV _w§~B©Mm {JaUr H$m_Jma g§K S>m§Jo m§À`m H$m`m©_wio ~bembr ~Zbm. 1927-29 À`m Xaå`mZ Am¡Úmo{JH$

^mJmVyZ H$m_Jmam§À`m g§nm§Zm àmßV Pmbobo ê$n nmhVm {~«{Q>e AñdñW Pmbo hmoVo. 1929-30 _Ü o njmda{~«{Q>e emgZmZo {Z~ªY KmVbo. Ë`m_wio H$m±J«ogm§VJ©V àñWm{nV Pmboë`m g_mOdmXr JQ>mMo ghH$m © KoD$Z H$m±J«ogÀ`m

ì`mgnrR>mdê$Z gmå`dmXr VÎdàUmbrMm àgma H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbm. 1939 gmbr Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmÀ`màma§ mZ§Va nmM df} gmå`dmXr njmda ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV Ambr. ^maVr`m§Zr ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r Vrd« Am§XmobZ H$amdo

Agm àMma H$ê$Z njmZo amï´>ì`mnr Am§XmobZmMhr KmofUm Ho$ë`mZo njmda ~§Xr Ambr. 1942 gmbÀ`m gmå`dmXrnjmÀ`m {~«{Q>emZwHy$b YmoaUm_wio njmdarb ~§Xr CR>br. 1943 gmbr njmZo àW_M Amnbo amï´>r` A{YdoeZ

Am`mo{OV Ho$bo.

^maVr` ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV ñdmV§Í`bT>çmÀ`m ~m~VrV Amnbr YmaUm ñnï> H$aV ^maVr` H$å w{ZñQ>

njmZo H$m © Ho$bo. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va _mÌ `m njmÀ`m g_ñ`m Vrd« Pmë`m. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV AgUmao _V oX hoñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mV A{YH$ Vrd« Pmbo. Amnë`m njmMm H$m`©H«$_ d H¥$Vr Kmo{fV H$ê$Z 1952 gmbr

gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$sV CVabm d H$mhr à_mUmV è g§nmXZ Ho$bo. nwT>o 1957 À`m {ZdS>UwH$sVhr è àmßVHo$bo. Aem àH$mao gmå`dmXr nj maVr` amOH$maUmV gH«$s` Pmbm. nwT>o gmå`dmXr njmV MrZÀ`m AmH«$_UmÀ`m

g§X^m©V _V oX {Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`mnwdr©hr åhUOoM ^maVr` H$å w{ZñQ> njmÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ njmV Ohmb Am{U

Zo_ñV JQ> hmoVo. Ohmb JQ> hm AmH«$_H$, g§KQ>Z MVwa Am{U A{VaoH$s YmoaUm§Mm nwañH$ma H$aUmam hmoVm. Zo_ñVJQ> hm OZVoÀ`m Midir MmbdyZ, amï´>r` MidirMm ^mJ åhUyZ eoVH$ar H$m_Jma nj C^mê$Z H$å w{ZñQ> nj

~m§YÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV hmoVm. AWm©V, m XmoÝhr JQ>m§Zm a{e`mdmXr JQ> d MrZdmXr JQ> m ZmdmZohr Z§Va AmoiIboOmD$ bmJbo. MrZZo ^maVmda AmH«$_U Ho$bo. `m~m~V gmå`dmXr njmZo H$moUVr y{_H$m ¿`md`mMr `m g§X^m©V

_V oX {dH$monmbm Jobo Am{U Ë`mVyZM 1964 gmbr gmå`dmXr njmMo {dKQ>Z hmoD$Z ^maVr` H$å w{ZñQ> nj d

94

_mŠg©dmXr H$å w{ZñQ> nj Ago XmoZ nj CX`mbm Ambo. gmå`dmXr njmV Omo a{e`mdmXr JQ> hmoVm Vmo ^maVr`

H$å w{ZñQ> nj åhUyZ ñWmnZ Pmbm. Ë`mb COdm H$å w{ZñQ> nj Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. ^maVr` H$å w{ZñQ> njmMo

lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo, amoPm Xoenm§S>o, nr. gr. Omoer, _mohZ Hw$_ma _§Jb_, wnoe JwßVm, Eg. Or. gaXogmB© `m§Zr

ZoV¥Îd Ho$bo. `m {dKQ>ZmVyZ MrZdmXr JQ>mZo _mŠg©dmXr H$å w{ZñQ> nj ZmdmMm ñdV§Ì nj ñWmnZ Ho$bm. `m

_mŠg©dmXr S>mì`m gmå`dmXr njmMo ZoV¥Îd Z§~wÐrnmX, Á`moVr ~gy, JmonmbZ, nr. gw§Xaæ`m, ~r. Q>r. aU{Xdo, haoH¥$îU

H$moZma, nr. XmgJwßVm, ha{H$eZ gwa{OV, A{hë`m~mB© am§JUoH$a B. ZoË`m§H$S>o hmoVo. Aem àH$mao maVr` gmå`dmXr

njmMo {dKQ>Z hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mo ê$nm§Va XmoZ doJdoJù`m njmV Pmbobo {XgVo.

ñWyb_mZmZo _mŠg©Mm Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmMm {gÕm§V Am{U B{VhmgmMo ^m¡{VH$dmXr {Zd©MZ hr XmoÝhr gyÌo

gmå`dmXr njmZo _mÝ` Ho$ë`m_wio XoemMr gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmQ>Mmb VgoM gd© àH$maMo àíZ

`m§À`mH$S>o dJ©g§Kfm©À`m Ñï>rZo nmhÿZ COì`m H$å w{ZñQ> (^maVr` H$å w{ZñQ> nj) njmZo Amnbr d¡Mm[aH$ y{_Ho$Mr

_m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. VgoM S>mì`m H$å w{ZñQ> njmZo (_mŠg©dmXr H$å w{ZñQ> nj) ê$T> MmH$moè`m gmoSy>Z amOH$s`

ì`dhmamV ñdV:À`m nm`mda C o amhÊ`mMm Am{U ñdV§Ì VÎdd¡Mm[aH$ _mJ© emoYÊ`mMm H$gyZ à`ËZ Ho$bm. MrZ

d a{e`m `m Xmohm|nmgyZ g_mZm§Vamda amhÿZ A{YH$M _moH$ù`m _ZmZo amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` n[apñWVrMo dñVw{Zð>

{díbofU hm nj Amnë`m dm{f©H$ A{YdoeZm§_YyZ Ë`m_wioM H$ê$ eH$bm. gmå`dmXr d¡Mm[aH$ àdmhmda AmO

`m njmMr gmd©{YH$ N>mn Amho hr dñVwpñWVr Amho. n§. ~§Jmb_Ü o `m njmZo Amnbr ~rOo Mm§Jbr éO{dbr

AmhoV.


[aH$må`m OmJm ^am.

1) _mŠg©Zo Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m_Jma g§KmMr ñWmnZm .............. gmbr Ho$br.

(A) 1864 (~) 1964 (H$) 1917 (S>) 1947

2) .............. ho ^maVm_Ü o gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrMo à_wI àdV©H$ hmoVo.

(A) n§. Zohê$ (~) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a (H$) _. Jm§Yr (S>) E_. EZ. am°

3) Socialist ho n{hbo H$å w{ZñQ> {Z`VH$m{bH$ .............. `m§Mo hmoVo.

(A) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a (~) E_. EZ. am° (H$) lr. A. S>m§Jo (S>) n§. Zohê$

4) gmå`dmXr njmMr ñWmnZm ^maVmV .............. gmbr Pmbr.

(A) 1909 (~) 1925 (H$) 1935 (S>) 1945

5) .............. gmbr ^maVr` gmå`dmXr njmMo {dKQ>Z Pmbo.

(A) 1964 (~) 1950 (H$) 1947 (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

95

4.2.4 ^maVr` gmå`dmXr {dMmaàdmh :

gmYmaUV: gmå`dmXmMm ñdmV§Í`nyd© d ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mVrb àdmg Aä`mgVm maVmVrb gm_m{OH$,amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm d amï´>r` Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda amOH$maUmMm hmoUmam n[aUm_ `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm

AgUmam EH$_oH$m§er g§~§Y `m_wio ^maVr` gmå`dmXmMr ~¡R>H$ hr doJù`m nÕVrZo Aä`mgUo JaOoMo R>aVo.

E_. EZ. am° :

_mŠg©dmXmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ maVr` B{VhmgmMo nÕVeranUo {Zd©MZ H$aUmao am° ho n{hboM maVr` {dMmad§VhmoVo. ^maVr` gmå`dmXr MidirMo Vo EH$ _w»` àdV©H$ R>aVmV. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>, amï´>r` MidirMm {dH$mg,

Zì`m dJm©Mm CX`, Jm§Yr {dMmaàUmbr, m§S>dbXmamMr y{_H$m BË`mXr _wÔçm§Mm am° Zr _mŠg©dmXr A§JmZo D$hmnmohHo$bm. ñdmV§Í` bT>çm_mJrb Am{W©H$ àoaUm§Mm emoY KoVbm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, naH$s` gm_«mÁ`mImbrb ^maVmMm

Am{W©H$ {dH$mg {dH¥$VàH$mao Pmë`m_wio nmpíM_mË` Xoem§Mo AZw d oWo J¡abmJy R>aVmV.

{dgmì`m eVH$mVrb nydm©Y© hm E_. EZ. am° m§À`m OrdZH$m`m©Mm H$mbI§S> hmo . m H$mimV _. Jm§YrOtÀ`m

ZoV¥ÎdmImbr ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZ hiyhiy àIa ~ZV Mmbbobo hmoVo. `mM H$mimV gmopìhEQ> a{e`m_Ü o gmå`dmXrH«$m§Vr hmoD$Z OJmVrb n{hbo gmå`dmXr emgZ CX`mbm Ambo hmoVo. `m H«$m§VrZo à^m{dV hmoD$Z OJmVrb AZoH$

XoemV gmå`dmXr Midi gwê$ Pmbobr hmoVr. ^maVmVhr gmå`dmXr njmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr hmoVr. Jm§YrdmX qH$dmgmå`dmX `m XmoÝhr {dMmaàUmbr~m~V g_mYmZr ZìhVo. Ë`mMà_mUo nmíMmË` XoemVrb CXma_VdmXr bmoH$emhr

àUmbrgwÕm Ë`m§Zm g_mYmZH$maH$ dmQ>V ZìhVr. `mÑï>rZo `m gd© {dMmaàUmbrhÿZ doJir Aer ñdV:Mr{dMmaàUmbr _m§S>Ê`mg am° àd¥Îm Pmbo hmoVo.

Aënn[aM` :

E_. EZ. am° `m§Mm OÝ_ npíM_ ~§Jmb_Ü o 1887 _Ü o Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo _yi Zmd Za|ÐZmW ^Å>mMm ©.

_hm{dÚmb`rZ OrdZmVM y{_JV H«$m§{VH$mar MiditÀ`m g§nH$m©V oD$Z amï´>dmXmZo mabo Jobo. H«$m§{VH$maH$m§À`mMidirV gm_rb Agë`mÀ`m Amamonmdê$Z Ë`m§Zm {ejm {Xbr nU maVmVyZ {ZgQy>Z MrZ, OnmZ_mJ} Vo A_o[aHo$V

Jobo. A_o[aHo$Vrb dmñVì`mV E_. EZ. am° ho Zmd Ë`m§Zr YmaU Ho$bo. A_o[aHo$Vrb dmñVì`mZ§Va Vo _opŠgH$mobmJobo. {VWo Ë`m§À`m gmå`dmXr MidirVrb ZoË`m§er g§~§Y Ambm. _mŠg©À`m {dMmam§Zr à^m{dV hmoD$Z Vo H$Å>a

_mŠg©dmXr Pmbo. H$å w{ZñQ> B§Q>aZ°eZb m Am§Vaamï´>r` gmå`dmXr g§KQ>ZoMo Vo EH$ g§ñWmnH$ gXñ` hmoVo. gmopìhEQ>

a{e`mV 1919 gmbr Vo gmå`dmXr emgZ Agboë`m bo{ZZÀ`m gm{ZÜ`mV Ambo. H$å w{ZñQ> B§Q>aZ°eZb V\}$ nwT>oË`m§Zm MrZ_Ü o nmR>{dÊ`mV Ambo. ZwH$Ë`mM CX`mg Amboë`m gmå`dmXr njmMo à_wI gëbmJma åhUyZ H$mhr

H$mi Ë`m§Zr MrZ_Ü o H$m © Ho$bo.>

am° `m§Mo bo{ZZ Am{U BVa a{e`Z gmå`dmXr ZoË`m§er H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m àíZm§~m~VV _V oX Pmbo. ho_V oX A{YH$ Vrd« Pmë`mZo H$å w{ZñQ> B§Q>aZ°eZb _YyZ Ë`m§Zm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambo. 1930 _Ü o E_. EZ.

am° ^maVmV naVbo. 1931 gmbr Ë`m§Zm AQ>H$ H$ê$Z H$mamdmgmMr {ejm XoÊ`mV Ambr. ghm dfmªZr Ë`m§Mr

96

H$mamdmgmVyZ gwQ>H$m Pmbr. "B§{S>noS>§Q> B§{S>`m' `m ZmdmZo gmßVm{hH$ am° `m§Zr H$mT>bo. nwT>o Ë`mMo Zmd "a°{S>H$b

øw_°{ZñQ>' Ago R>odbo. 1940 _Ü o H$m±J«ogMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z "a°{S>H$b S>o_m°H«°${Q>H$ nj' ñWmnZ Ho$bm. na§Vw 1946

À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$sV Ë`mg `e àmßV Pmbo Zmhr. g_mOmMo gm§ñH¥${VH$ à~moYZ Pmë`m{edm` d d¡Mm[aH$H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Amë`m{edm` _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrÀ`m VÎdkmZmbm OZVoMm nmqR>~m {_iUma Zmhr ho AmoiIyZ am°

`m§Zr g{H«$` amOH$maUmVyZ {Zd¥Îmr KoVbr d "a°{S>H$b S>o_m°H«°${Q>H$ njmMo' Ë`m§Zr {dgO©Z Ho$bo. nwT>rb H$mimVË`m§Zr Amnbo gd© bj Zd_mZdVmdmXr {dMmam§Mm àMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©da H|${ÐV Ho$bo. 1945 gmbr Am§Vaamï´>r`

H$sVu {_imboë`m `m Wmoa {dMmad§Vm§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo.

B§{S>`m BZ Q´>mpÝPeZ, X â wMa Am°\$ B§{S>`Z nm°{b{Q>Šg, a°{S>H$b øy_°{ZP_, nm°{b{Q>Šg nm°da A°ÊS> {X

nmQ>uO, Ý y {~`m±S> H$å w{ZP_ hr Ë`m§Mr nwñVHo$ {deof bjUr` AmhoV. OJmV _moR>çm à_mUmda n[a «_U Am{UOmJ{VH$ Midir_Ybm àË`j gh^mJ `m_wio am° `m§À`m {dMmam§Zm EH$ doJionUm d àJë^Vm Ambobr {XgyZ

oVo. am° `m§À`m amOH$s` {dMmam§À`m {dH$mgmMr {d^mJUr VrZ R>iH$ Q>ßß`mV H$aVm oVo. n{hbm 1902 Vo1915 hm amï´>dmXr {dMmamMm Q>ßnm, Xwgam 1915 Vo 1946 hm _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Mm Qßnm Am{U 1946 nmgyZ

Am wî`mÀ`m AIoarn ªV {Q>H$bobm a°{S>H$b øy{_{ZP_Mm (_ybJm_r _mZdVmdmX) Q>ßnm.

am°` Am{U _mŠg©dmX :

amï´>dmXr AdñWoV AgVmZm am° Oar glÕ Agbo Am{U Abm¡{H$H$ - A{V_mZdr eŠVtda {dídmg

~miJV Agbo Var Y_m©Mm {dMma ~w{Õàm_mÊ`mÀ`m A§JmZo Ho$bm Omdm Am{U B©ída g§H$ënZm emñÌr` n[a^mfoV

_m§S>br Omdr Aer Ë`m§Mr Ë`mdoir hr YmaUm hmoVr. Ë`m_wioM nwT>o Ë`m§Mo _mŠg©dmXmH$S>Mo g§H«$_U gwb^ Pmbo._mŠg©dmXmÀ`m _mZdVmdmXr, Zr{VàYmZ d ñdmV§Í`mZwHy$b MoVZm§Zr Ë`m§Zm AmH${f©V Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr _mŠg©dmXmMm

gImob Aä`mg Ho$bm. _mŠg©À`m {dMmam§Zr à^m{dV hmoD$Z Vo H$Å>a _mŠg©dmXr ~Zbo. ""H$å w{ZñQ> B§Q>aZ°eZb''`m Am§Vaamï´>r` g§KQ>ZoMo Vo g§ñWmnH$ gXñ` ~Zbo. gmå`dmXr {dMmam§Mm ^maVmV àMma H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ

Ho$bm.

_mŠg©dmXmg§~§Yr am°` `m§Zm AmH$f©U dmQ>Ê`mMo à_wI H$maU _mŠg©Zo Amnbo {dMma _m§S>V AgVmZm

ñdrH$mabobm emñÌr` Ñ{ï>H$moZ hmo . Ë`mMà_mUo ^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWoV l_Ordr dJmªMo ^m§S>dbXma dJm©H$Sy>ZOo emofU hmoVo Vo Zm{hgo H$ê$Z emofU_wŠV g_mO {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo _mŠg©Mo C{Ôï> am° `m§Zm _hÎdmMo dmQ>V hmoVo.

ì`ŠVrMo ñdmV§Í` Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_Vm hr am° `m§À`m Ñï>rZo gdm}ƒ _yë o hmoVr. _mŠg©dmX Ë`m_wio Ë`m§ZmOdiMm dmQ>V hmoVm.

gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$Ñï>çm VËH$mbrZ ^maVmMr n[apñWVr H«$m§Vrnyd© a{e`mà_mUo Amho, Ago dmQ>ë`mdê$Za{e`Z H«$m§VrMr VÎdo Ë`m§Zm Oer g_Obr Ver, ^maVmbm bmJy H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ am° Zr Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo.

eoVH$ar d H$m_Jma ho am° m§À`m _Vo, maVmVrb gdm©{YH$ H«$m§{VH$maH$ dJ© R>aVrb. Vo m bT>çmV gd© e{ŠV{ZernS>Vrb. H$maU Ë`m§À`mOdi J_dÊ`mgmaIo H$mhr Zmhr. eoVH$ar dJ© _mJmg Agë`mZo Vmo amOH$s` H¥$Vr H$ê$

eH$V Zmhr. Oo H«$m§Vr gwê$ H$aVrb Ë`m§À`mer hm dJ© \$ŠV ghH$m © H$ê$ eHo$b. åhUOoM \$ŠV H$m_JmadJ© hmM

97

ñd §_od H«$m§VrMr Ywam dmQ>Ê`mg g_W© AgVmo, Ago am° åhUVmV. Ë`m§À`m `m {dMmam§_Ü o _mŠg©dmXmMm à^md

hmoVm. `mÑï>rZo H$mhr H$mi H$m±J«og `m Ñï>rZo H$m © H$aUmam KQ>H$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr nm{hbo nU Ë`m§Mm «_{Zame Pmbm.

_mŠg©dmXmnmgyZ Xwamdm :

am° ho nmoWr{ZîQ> {dMmad§V ZìhVo. Vo EH$ ~w{Õ{Zð> ñdV§Ì {dMmamMo {dMmad§V hmoVo. _mŠg©dmXr VÎdkmZ hoMEH$_od Am{U A§{V_ VÎdkmZ Amho, Ë`mV H$moUVmhr ~Xb H$aUo _mŠg©dmXmer àVmaUm Amho hm gmå`dmXr

bmoH$m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ am° `m§Zm _mÝ` ZìhVm. am° `m§Mo bo{ZZ d BVa a{e`Z gmå`dmXr ZoË`m§er H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`màíZm§~m~V _V oX hmoVo. _mŠg©dmXmMo àYmZ C{Ôï> ì`ŠVrbm ñdmV§Í` àmßV H$ê$Z XoUo ho Amho, Ago am° `m§Mo _V

hmoVo. Va BVa gmå`dmXr ZoVo dJ©g§Kfm©À`m d l{_H$dJm©À`m hþHy$_emhrÀ`m VÎdmda ^a XoV hmoVo. 1928 Z§Va ho_V oX A{YH$ Vrd« ~Zbo Am{U H$å w{ZñQ> B§Q>aZ°eZb_YyZ Ë`m§Zm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bo. 1940 `m gw_mamg am° `m§Zr

_mŠg©dmXmH$S>o {M{H$ËgH$ Ñï>rZo nmhÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.

_mŠg©À`m dJ©g§Kfm©À`m ~m~VrV emofH$ d emo{fV Agm dJ© gm§JyZ Am{W©H$ gÎmm AgUmam emofH$ KQ>H$ d

l_Ordr AgUmam emo{fV KQ>H$ Ago XmoZ dJ© ñnï> Ho$bo d Ago ho emofH$ d emo{fV dJm©Mr H$ënZm ì`ŠVrH$S>oH$moUË`mVar EH$m dJm©Mm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ åhUyZ nmhVo. Vr ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñdV§Ì ApñVËdmH$S>o d H$m`m©H$S>o Xwb©j

H$aVo. g_Vm d ñdmV§Í` ho ì`ŠVrMo _yë` _mZUmè`m am° `m§Zm ho {dMma _mÝ` Pmbo ZmhrV.

_mŠg©dmXm_Yrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ m¡{VH$dmXmMr g§H$ënZm am° ZmH$maVmV. am° m§À`m _Vo, _mŠg©À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$

_r_m§go_Ü o Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§MmM {dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Vmo EH$m§Jr Amho. _mŠg©À`m {dMmamV AW©ì`dñWm,CËnmXZ gmYZo `m Jmoï>tZm àmYmÝ` {Xë`mZo _mUgmÀ`m H$V¥©Ëdmg ZmH$mabo Jobo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m g¥OZerbVog àYmÝ`

{Xbo Jobo Zmhr Or g_mOì`dñWm ~XbÊ`mg H$maUr yV R>ê$ eH$Vo. nU _mŠg©À`m {dMmamV Vr AmT>iV Zmhr.

_mŠg©dmXmda am°` `m§Mm Agm Amjon hmoVm H$s, _mŠg©dmXmV Z¡{VH$ {Z`_, _mZdr ghO àd¥Îmr `m§Zm ñWmZZìhVo. _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m CËH«$m§VrV Z¡{VH$ eŠVrÀ`m à^mdmMr XIb _mŠg©Zo KoVbr Or Zmhr Or g_mOmÀ`m

àJVr_Ü o _hÎdnyU© R>aVo.

am° `m§Zr _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Zm nmoWr{Zð> d g§Hw${MV {dMmagaUr Z ~ZdVm ~XbË`m n[apñWVrZwgma Ë`mV

`mo½` Ë`m gwYmaUm H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb VÎdm§Zm Zdm Ame` d AW© àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`m{df`r gwYmaUmË_H$ {dMma_m§S>bo. naXoer amhÿZ 1930 nydu Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` n[apñWVrMo Oo {MÌ _Zmer aoImQ>bo hmoVo Ë`mhÿZ Ë`m§Zm àË`jmV

{Zamim AZw d Ambm. oWrb H$m_Jma dJm©V Ag§Vmof ApñVËdmV oD$ bmJbm hmoVm nU dJ©g§K©fm©Mr Vrd«OmUrd Ë`mbm ZìhVr. gm_m{OH$Ñï>çm Vmo An[anŠd d amOH$s` Ñï>çm _mJmg AdñWoV hmoVm. am° `m§Mr gJir

_mŠg©dmXr J¥{hVo maVr` n[apñWVrZo ImoQ>r R>adbr hmoVr. dJ©g§H$ënZoEodOr Ë`m§À`m {dMmamV _mZdVm g§H$ënZobm

àmYmÝ` {_iy bmJbo. _mZdr ApñVËd g§Kfm©BVHo$M ghH$m © ghOrdZmda C o AgVo, _mZdmMr Z¡{VH$ eŠVr hr_hÎdmMr R>aVo. `mMo AmH$bZ _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§À`m n{bH$S>o OmD$Z am°` `m§Zm hmoD$ bmJbo hmoVo. {ÛVr`

_hm wÕmÀ`m AZw dmZo Ë`m§À`m `m {dMmam§Zm ~iH$Q>r {_imbr d `mVyZM Ë`m§À`m Zd_mZdVmdmXmMm OÝ_Pmbm.

98

am° `m§Mm Zd_mZdVmdmX :

am° `m§À`m Zd_mZdVmdmXr VÎdkmZmÀ`m Aä`mgmMm H|$Ðq~Xy _mUyg Amho. `m Zì`m VÎdkmZmV am° Zrà~moYZOÝ` _mZdVmdmXmMrM \o$a_m§S>Ur Ho$bobr AmT>iVo. ì`{ŠVdmX, emoYd¥Îmr, ~w{Õàm_mÊ` ñdmV§Í`, Ý yZV_

amÁ`gÎmm hr à~moYZmMr R>iH$ d¡{eï>ço am° Amnë`m _ybJmhr _mZdVmdmXmV _m§S>VmV. Ë`m§À`m `m {dMmamVrb

R>iH$ VÎdo Imbrbà_mUo -

1) _mUyg hmM gd© _mZdVOmVrMo _yi Amho. H$moUVrhr X¡dreŠVr H$mhr KS>dV ZgyZ _mZdr OrdZ ho_ybV: ñd §nyU© Amho. amÁ` d g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr _mZdmZo Amnë`m JaOoVyZ Ho$br Amho. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVr loð> Amho.

2) _Zwî` hmM gd© Jmoï>tMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mMm _mnX§S> _mZbm nm{hOo. _mZdmMo m¡{VH$ OrdZ hmM _mZdVmdmXr

{dMmam§Mm {df` AgyZ B©ída qH$dm H$moUË`mhr AmÜ`mpË_H$ eŠVtMm Ë`mV {dMma Zmhr.

3) _Zwî` ~w{Õ{Zð> àmUr Amho. {ZgJ©V: H$maUmdmMyZ H$mhr KS>V Zmhr. _mZd H$m ©H$maUÑï>rZo àË oH$

Jmoï> Vnmgy eH$Vmo d `mVyZM {ddoH$s AWdm ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmXr hmoVmo. åhUyZM _mZdmbm Amnë`m gwßV eŠVrA{dîH¥$V H$aVm `mì`mV Ë`mda OmMH$ {Z~ªY Agy Z oV hr y{_H$m am° KoVmV. Ë`m_wioM am° ñdmV§Í`mbm Ho$di

amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ g§X © XoV ZgyZ _mUgmÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$ d BVa gwßV eŠVrMm gdmª{JU {dH$mg Ë`mVyZ A{^àoVH$aVmV.

4) g_mOmnojm ì`ŠVr loð> Amho. g_mO hr _mUgmMr {Z{_©Vr Amho. CXma_VdmX Agmo H$s ^m§S>dbemhrg_mOmVrb lr_§V dJ© Amnbm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUy eH$Vmo. nU _moR>çm g§» oZo AgUmam l_Ordr dJ© _mÌ

{dH$mgmnmgyZ d§{MV amhVmo d åhUyZM am°` åhUVmV H$s, gm_m{OH$ dm gm_y{hH$ H$ë`mUmÀ`m H$maUmdê$Zì`ŠVtÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mda {Z~ªY oVm H$m_m Z o Vgo Pmë`mg g_mO{Z{_©Vr_mJrb hoVyM Zï> hmoB©b.

5) _Zwî` hm ñd^mdV:M Zr{V_mZ àmUr Amho. Vmo Ogm ~w{Õ{Zð> Amho Vgm Vmo Zr{V_mZhr Amho. Z¡{VH$

AmMaU ho _mUgmÀ`m A§V:àoaUoZo Pmbo nm{hOo. Zd_mZdVmdmXmZo Zr{V_VoMr Y_m©er gm§JS> Z KmbVm Z¡{VH$

AmMaUmMo ñdê$n Y_©{Zano ~Z{dUo Zd_mZdVmdmXmMo EH$ _ybVÎd am° ñnîQ> H$aVmV.

_mUgmÀ`m H$V¥©Ëdmda Am{U ~w{Õ{Zð>Voda XmI{dbobm {dídmg, ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í`mda ì`ŠV Ho$bobr {Zð>m,Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mr nwZñWm©nUogmR>rMm AmJ«h Am{U {dkmZ{Zð> Ñ{ï>H$moZ ho am° `m§À`m {dMmaàUmbrMo _hÎdnyU©

`moJXmZ Amho.

_ybJ«mhr bmoH$emhr qH$dm gwg§K{Q>V bmoH$emhr :

{~«Q>Z, \«$mÝg, A_o[aH$m `m Xoem§Vrb CXma_VdmXr bmoH$emhr ì`dñWm d gmopìhEQ> a{e`mVrb gmå`dmXr

ì`dñWm `m XmoÝhr ì`dñWm ì`ŠVrbm Iao ñdmV§Í` XoÊ`mg An`er R>aë`m Aer am° Q>rH$m H$aVmV.

CXma_VdmXr bmoH$emhrV àË`j gÎmm _yR>^a bmoH$m§À`m hmVr AgVo. OZVm Iè`m AWm©Zo amOH$s` gÎmoV

gh^mJr hmoV Zmhr. VgoM m bmoH$emhrV _wŠV AW©ì`dñWoMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo Agë`mZo m§S>dbXma dJ© CX`mbm

99

oD$Z emofH$ d emo{fV Agm dJ© {Z_m©U hmoVmo. ~imMm d gŠVrMm dmna hmoVmo Ë`m_wio Iè`m AWm©Zo gd© OZVm

g_Vm, ñdmV§Í` d àË`j amOH$s` gh^mJ AZw dy eH$V Zmhr.

ZdrZ ApñVËdmV Ambobr gå`dmXr emgZ nÕVr_Ü o ì`ŠVrMm ñdV§ÌnUo {dMma Z hmoVm "Amhoao' qH$dm

"Zmhrao' dJm©Mm EH$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ {dMma hmoVmo. g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñdm`Îm ñWmZmMm {dMma `m ì`dñWoVZmhr. gmopìhEQ> a{e`m_Ü o gmå`dmXr H«$m§VrZ§Va gdªH$f emgZ {Z_m©U Pmbo Am{U bmoH$m§Mo ñdmV§Í` {hamdyZ

KoÊ`mV Ambo. `mMm Aä`mg am° `m§Zr Ho$bm hmoVm.

{ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gÎmogmR>r ñnYm© H$aUmè`m amOH$s` njmÀ`m amOH$maUmnmgyZ bmoH$emhr dmMdm`Mr

Agob Va bmoH$m§Zm amOH$s` à{H«$ oV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMr A{YH$m{YH$ g§Yr {_imbr nm{hOo d ho gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>rZdr Or g§ñWmË_H$ aMZm am° `m§Zr gwM{dbr Amho {VMm _yb yV KQ>H$ ì`ŠVr ZgyZ bmoH$g{_Vr hm Amho.

ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Mo ho Agë`m_wio Ë`mda AmYmaboë`m bmoH$emhrbm Vo ""g§K{Q>V bmoH$emhr'' Ago Zmd XoVmV.nj{dahrV bmoH$emhr d amOH$s` {ZU© à{H«$ oV bmoH$m§Mm A{YH$ gh^mJ `m CÔoemZo bmoH$g{_Vr H$m © H$aob.

gmd© m¡_ bmoH$emhr gÎmoMm A{dîH$ma `mÛmao hmoV am{hb. `m bmoH$g{_Ë`m EH$m ~mOyZo ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmåhUyZ H$m_ H$aVrb d Ë`mMdoir Xwgè`m ~mOyZo amÁ`g§ñWoda {Z §ÌU R>odyZ {Vbm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVrb. doJdoJù`m

_VXma g§KmVrb bmoH$g{_Ë`m Amnbo à{V{ZYr {ZdSy>Z darb nmVirdarb g{_Vr {Z_m©U H$aVrb. `m g{_VrMo

ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$ g{_Ë`m§da H$mhr à_mUmV {Z §ÌU amhrb. `m _mJm©Zo n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU hmoD$eHo$b.

amOH$s` bmoH$emhr d Am{W©H$ bmoH$emhr `m Xmohm|Mr nañnam§Zm gmaIrM {ZH$S> AgVo. ghH$mar

AW©ì`dñWoÛmao Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm C^r am{hb. ñWm{ZH$ d àmXo{eH$ ñVam§daÀ`m ghH$mar g§ñWmH$S>rb {ebH$sVyZAm¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r bmJUmao AW©~i C o am{hb. ImOJr _mbH$sMo CÚmoJ ApñVËdmV AgVrb. H$mbm§VamZo

Ooìhm g§nyU© g_mOmV ghH$mar à`ËZm§VyZ Z\$m{dahrV AW©ì`dñWm C^r am{hb Voìhm ImOJr CÚmoJm§Zm Ë`mV

{Q>Hy$Z ahmUo AeŠ` hmoB©b Ago am° åhUVmV.

Aem nÕVrZo am°` `m§Zr _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br Amho. ì`ŠVtZr Ë`m§À`m Am§V[aH${ddoH$~wÕrMr dm ñdmV§Í` D$_uMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUo AË`mdí`H$ AgyZ Vo {ejUmÛmaoM KSy> eH$Vo. _mÌ `m

{ejUmMo ñdê$n Ago hdo H$s Á`m_wio Amnë`mnwT>rb g_ñ`m§Mm {ddoH$s Ñï>rZo d {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma H$aUo ì`ŠVrbmeŠ` ìhmdo. {VÀ`mV AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U ìhmdm Aem {ejUnÕVrMm Vo ñdrH$ma H$aVmV. Ago AmË_{dídmñV

bmoH$M Iar bmoH$emhr d Zdg_mO {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$VmV Ago am° `m§Mo _V Amho.

am° `m§À`m _ybJm_r bmoH$emhr g§H$ënZoda Q>rH$mH$ma Q>rH$m H$aVmZm åhUVmV H$s, bmoH$g{_Ë`m§Ûmao Or

bmoH$emhr ApñVËdmV oB©b Vr gwÕm g§nyU© OZVoMr bmoH$emhr AgUma Zmhr. hr bmoH$emhr njnÕVrÀ`m Xmofm§nmgyZnyU© _wŠV am{hb Ago dmQ>V Zmhr. nj{dhrZ amOH$maUmVyZ AamOH$Vm oB©b Ago Q>rH$mH$mam§Mo _V Amho. ""{ejU''

`m g§koMm g§{X½Y dmna am° Zr Ho$bm Amho. Aerhr Q>rH$m am° `m§À`mda Ho$br OmVo.

100

Aem nÕVrZo Q>rH$m hmoV Agbr Var EH$ doJir g_mOì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r am° `m§Mr g§K{Q>V /

_ybJm_r bmoH$emhr {df`H$ {dMma _hÎdmMo R>aVmV.

am° Am{U Jm§YrdmX :

am° ho Jm§YrdmXmMo {damoYH$ Agbo Var _. Jm§YrOtMo amï´>r` MidirV _hÎdnyU© moJXmZ Amho Ë`m§Zm _mÝ`

hmoVo.

_. Jm§YrOr OZVobm Or AqhgoMr, Ë`mJmMr gmÜ`m amhUrMr {eH$dU XoV hmoVo Vr Oa bmoH$m§Zr ñdrH$mabr

Va gÎmmYre d lr_§V dJ© gwa{jV am{hb Ago am° åhUVmV. Aqhg VÎdmMm bmoH$m§Zr ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Va XS>nemhr

H$aUmè`m gÎmm{Yem§Zm Vo \$m`Xoera R>aob Aer Q>rH$m am° Jm§YrÀ`m Aqhgm VÎdm~m~V H$aVmZm {XgVmV.

Jm§YrOtÀ`m Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV Ma»`mdarb a, Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmbm {damoY d _mZdr JaOm _`m©{XV R>odÊ`mMm

AmJ«h `m Jmoï>tZm am° {damoY H$aVmV. `m Jmoï>r amï´>mÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb ñd §_od AS>Wim AmhoV Ago

Q>rH$m H$aVmZm am° åhUVmV.

am° `m§Zr _. Jm§YtÀ`m Midirda Á`mdoir Amjon KoVbm Ë`mdoir Vo {Zð>mdmZ _mŠg©dmXr hmoVo. am° `m§Zr

_m§S>boë`m Zd_mZdVmdmXr {dMmam§V Z§Va _mÌ Jm§YrdmXmer d gdm}X`dmXmer {_iVrOwiVr ~arM VÎdo g_m{dï>

Agbobr nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. _. Jm§Ytà_mUo am° amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMm AmJ«h H$aVmZm {XgVmV.

Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mm AmJ«h H$aVmV.

4.2.4 ^maVr` gmå`dmXr {dMma :

H$m°. lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo :

^maVr` H$å`w{ZñQ> Midirda Odi Odi 50 df} lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo `m§Mm à^md hmoVm. H$gbobo

H$m_Jma, nwT>mar, Aìdb XOm©Mo {dMmad§V d _mŠg©dmXr VÎdkmZmMo JmT>o Aä`mgH$ hmoVo. S>m§Jo `m§Mm ^maVr`

gm{hË`, B{Vhmg, VÎdkmZ Am{U ñdmV§Í` Midi `mMm Xm§S>Jm Aä`mg hmoVm.

1899 _Ü o OÝ_bobo lrnmX S>m§Jo `m§Zr 1920 À`m _. Jm§YtZr gwê$ Ho$boë`m AghH$ma MidirÀ`m

H$mimV Amnë`m gmd©O{ZH$ H$m`m©bm gwédmV Ho$br. H$m°boOmVyZ ~mhoa nS>bo Ë`m H$mirM VéU S>m§Jo ho g_mOdmXr

{dMmagaUrH$S>o AmH${f©V Pmbo hmoVo. ^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` H«$m§Vr{df`r {dMma_§WZ H$m°. S>m§Jo `m§Zr

Amnë`m "Jm§Yr {déÕ bo{ZZ' `m nwñVH$mV _m§S>bo. 1922 gmbr "gmoe°{bñQ>' `m ZmdmZo EH$ B§J«Or gmßVm{hH$

_w§~B©hÿZ à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV gwédmV Ho$br. H$m_Jma joÌmVrb Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mr gwédmV Aem arVrZo gwê$ Pmbr. H$m°.

S>m§Jo `mMr OS>UKS>U {dgmì`m eVH$mVrb n{hë`m VrZ XeH$m§_Ü o Pmbr. `m H$mimV ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` Midi

OmñV AmH«$_H$ Pmbr hmoVr. "Jm§Yr {déÕ bo{ZZ' ho nwñVH$ S>m§½`m§Zr ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m g§X^m©V {b{hbo Amho.

Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda KS>Umè`m KS>m_moS>r {deofV: _mŠg©dmXmer, H$å w{ZñQ {dMmam§er KS>Uè`m {H«$`m-à{H«$`m§Mm

n[aUm_, m gdmªMm maVr` g_mO, ñdmV§Í`bT>çmer {ZJS>rV Am§Vag§~§Y m gdmªMm n[aUm_ Ë`mÀ`m {bImZm_Ü o

101

Ambm Amho. _mŠg©dmXr-bo{ZZ dmXmMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo maVmMm B{Vhmg d gÚH$mbrZ n[apñWVr

OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bm.

S>m§Jo> m§Zr Am wî`â H$å w{ZñQ> njmMo H«$m§{VH$maH$ amOH$maU Ho$bo. maVr` H$å w{ZñQ> MidirnwT>o maVmV

H«$m§Vr H$moUË`m _mJm©Zo AmUmd`mMm hm àíZ hmoVmo. S>m§½`m§À`m _Vo, amï´>r` bmoH$emhr H«$m§Vr hm g_mOdmXr H«$m§VrMm

n{hbm Q>ßnm Amho Am{U g_mOdmXr H«$m§Vr hm bmoH$emhr H«$m§VrZ§VaMm Xwgam Q>ßnm Amho. `m bmoH$emhr H«$m§VrMm

_mJ© hm g§gXr` _mJ© AgyZ nwamoJm_r gm_m{OH$ eŠVtMo _moR>çm à_mUmV g§KQ>Z H$ê$Z, Ë`m§Zm amOH$s`Ñï>çm

OmJéH$ H$ê$Zhr Jmoï> AmnUm§g gmÜ` H$aVm òB©b. Aem nÕVrMr _m§S>Ur S>m§Jo `m§Zr H$ê$Z gmå`dmXr

{dMmaàdmhmMr ^maVr` amOH$s` ì`dñWo_Yrb y{_H$m ñnï> Ho$br hmoVr. H$m°. S>m§Jo d Ë`mMo ghH$mar ho _mŠg©-

bo{ZZdmXmÀ`m H«$m§{VH$maH$ {eH$dUwH$sZo CËñ\y$V© Pmbo hmoVo. amOH$s` g§J«m_mV H$m_Jma dJm©Mr y{_H$m nwT>mH$mamMr

amhUma hm Ë`mMm {dídmg hmoVm. åhUyZ IwÔ Q´>oS> w{Z`Z Midi ~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoMr d

bT>çmMr gmYZo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mda Ë`m§Zr àW_ â {Xbm. Ë`m_Ü o Am wî`â ñdV:bm dmhÿZ KoVbo. H$å w{ZñQ>

njmÀ`m _mŠg©-bo{ZZdmXr P§oS>çmImbr EH${Zð>nUo amhÿZ Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` H$m_Jma dJm©Mr EH$g§KVm {Z_m©U

H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mV amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ Om{Ud {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§Zm h¸$ àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Hoo$bo.

1920 Vo 1980 `m H$mimVrb ^maVr` amOH$maUmÀ`m, H$m_Jma bT>çmÀ`m ~m~VrV _mŠg©-bo{ZZ

A{Yð>rV d¡Mm[aH$ _m§S>Ur d H$m°. S>m§Jo `m§Zr Ë`mg AZwgê$Z Ho$bobo H$m © _hÎdmMo R>aVo. ^maVr` H$å w{ZñQ>

njmMo EH$ AmÚ g§ñWmnH$ åhUyZ H$m°. lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo `m§MoH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo.


[aH$må`m OmJm âm.

1) E_. EZ. am° `m§Mm OÝ_ .............. _Ü o Pmbm.

(A) 1887 (~) 1850 (H$) 1857 (S>) 1890

2) "B§{S>n|S>§Q> B§{S>`m' `m ZmdmZo .............. `m§Zr gmßVm{hH$ gwê$ Ho$bo.

(A) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a (~) _. Jm§Yr (H$) E_. EZ. am° (S>) n§. Zohê$

3) E_. EZ. am° `m§Zr .............. njmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.

(A) H$m±J«og (~) gmå`dmXr (H$) a°{S>H$b S>o_m°H«°${Q>H$ (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

4) am° `m§À`m Zd_mZdVmdmXr VÎdkmZmÀ`m Aä`mgmMm H|$Ðq~Xy .............. Amho.

(A) _mUyg (~) g_mO (H$) emgZ (S>) gÎmm

5) E_. EZ. am° `m§Zr .............. bmoH$emhrMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br.

(A) g_mOdmXr (~) CXma_VdmXr (H$) _ybJm_r (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

102

4.2.5 _yë`_mnZ :

E_. EZ. am° m§Zr _m§S>boë`m Zd_mZdVmdmX Am{U _ybJm_r qH$dm g§K{Q>V bmoH$emhr m{df`r _m§S>boë`m{dMmam§_Ü o H$mhr Q>rH$mH$ma Q>rH$m H$aVmV.

B Zd_mZdVmdmX {gÕmV am° m§À`m {dMmam§_Ü o _hÎdmMm Amho. ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í` m _yë`mV am° _hÎd XoVAgbo Var Ë`m§Zr _m§S>boë`m EHy$U Zd_mZVmdmXr VÎdkmZmV ñdmV§Í`mMr g§H$ënZm gwñnï> d n[anyU© Zmhr.

amÁ`g§ñWm Xw~ir H$ê$Z ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í`mMo ajU hmoUma Zmhr.

B ì`ŠVr g_mOmnojm loð> Amho H$maU {VM g_mO KS>dVo. ì`ŠVrbm loð>Ëd XoUo qH$dm ì`ŠVr Am{Ug_mO `mn¡H$s H$moUmbmhr loð>Ëd AWdm H${Zð> R>a{dUo MwH$sMo R>aVo H$maU ì`ŠVr g_yh{à` àmUr Amho. g_mO

ì`ŠVrÀ`m JaOoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVr d g_mO nañnanyaH$ AmhoV.

B bmoH$g{_Ë`m, nj{dahrV amOH$s` gÎmm `m g§H$ënZm am° `m§Zr g§K{Q>V qH$dm _ybJm_r bmoH$emhr_Ü o

_m§S>ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m H$mën{ZH$ d EH$m§Jr dmQ>VmV. bmoH$g{_Ë`m§_Ü o Ë`m-Ë`m ^mJmVrb EHy$U _VXmag§» oÀ`mEH$ nÝZmgm§e gXñ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoUma åhUOoM àmW{_H$ nmVirdahr 98% bmoH$ _ybJm_r bmoH$emhrV

gh^mJr hmoUma ZmhrV. VgoM amOH$s` njm§Zm ZmH$mabo Va Ë`m H$moUË`mhr àíZm§Mm amï´>ì`mnr d XrK©H$mbrZÑ{ï>H$moUmVyZ {dMma H$ê$ eH$VmV. Vgm {dMma ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$g{_Ë`m H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr Ago Q>rH$mH$mam§Mo _V

Amho.

^maVr` g_mOaMZoMr d¡{eï>ço nmhVm ^maVr` g_mO Ë`mÀ`m A§J^yV g§ñWm, _yë`o Am{U _mUgm§Zm

OmoS>Ê`mÀ`m oWrb Img arVr `mH$S>o S>mì`m njmMo H$Yr bj Jobo Zmhr. n{hbm gmå`dmXr nj XoemV ñWmnZhmoD$Z ZìdX df} CbQy>Z Joë`mda Am{U ^m§S>dbr gÎmoMm AñV _wirM Ñ{ï>jonmV ZgyZhr àË oH$ H$å w{ZñQ> nj

ñdV:bm l{_H$m§Mm à{V{ZYr åhUdVmo. H$å w{ZñQ> MidirMr ^maVmV Pmbr VodT>r \$mQ>m\y$Q> OJmV Hw$R>o PmbrZgob hr dñVwpñWVr Amho. AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§er {ZJS>rV àíZ g_mOmg_moa C o AgVmZm `m~m~V S>mì`m

njm§H$Sy>Z VodT>çm VmH$XrZo _m§S>Ur hmoVmZm qH$dm g§K{Q>V bT>m XoVmZm AWdm Am§XmobZmMo ZoV¥Îd à^mdrnUo

H$aVmZm {XgV Zmhr. BWë`m g_m{OH$ n«íZm§Mo AmH$bZ {VMr dmñV{dH$ ^y{_Ho$VyZ ~m¡{ÕH$ Aä`mg H$ê$ZHo$bobr _m§S>Ur d {Xbobm bT>m `m S>mì`m njmÀ`m ~m~VrV VwbZoZo \$ma H$_r {XgVmo.

4.3 gmam§e :

^maVr` g_mOì`dñWoV ñdmV§Í`nyd© d ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mV maVr` gmå`dmXr nj Á`m nÕVrZo H$m ©aVhmoVm Ë`mMr C{Ôï>o doJdoJir hmoVr. ñdmV§Í` nyd© H$mbI§S>mV ñdmV§Í`àmßVr ho _moR>o C{Ôï> hmoVo d gmå`dmXr {dMma

BWo éO{dUo hr y{_H$m Vrd« hmoVr. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mZ§Va ^m§S>dbr àd¥Îmrg {damoY H$aUo, gÎmmàmßVr hr

y{_H$m Agbr Var A§VJ©V njr` amOH$maU, VmpÎdH$ _V oX `m Jmoï>r njmÀ`m à{V_og ~mYm AmUUmè`m R>aVAmhoV.

^maVr` {dMmad§VmV E_. EZ. am° `m§Zr gmå`dmXr {dMmamg§X^m©V ^maVm_Ü o Vo éO{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo

103

Ho$bobo à`ËZ gwédmVrg ñdrH$mabobm _mŠg©dmX d ~w{Õ{Zð>VoÀ`m AmYmamda _mŠg©dmXmÀ`m n{bH$S>o OmD$Z

_m§S>bobm {dMma, Zd_mZVmdmX, _ybJm_r qH$dm g§K{Q>V bmoH$emhr `m ì`dñWo{df`r _m§S>bobo {dMma ^maVr`

gmå`dmXr {dMmam§_Ü o AJ«JÊ` R>aVo. ^maVr` ~w{ÕOrdr dJm©bm amOH$maUmVyZ CMbyZ VÎdkmZmÀ`m CƒVanmVirdê$Z {dMma H$am`bm am° `m§À`m à~moYZ MidirZo bmdbo, Ago åhUm`bm haH$V Zmhr.


1) {damoY {dH$mgdmX (Û§ÛdmX) = {damoYmVyZ qH$dm g§Kfm©VyZ {dH$g KSy>Z oVmo Ago _mZUmam Ñ{ï>H$moZ

2) ^m§S>dbemhr = Iwbr AW©ì`dñWm, ImOJr _mb_ÎmoMm hŠH$ _mÝ` H$aUmar ì`dñWm

3) gmå`dmXr = amï´>mMr gd© g§nÎmr gm_wXm{`H$ _mbH$sMr AgUmar ì`dñWm

4) Amho ao = lr_§V dJ© - ^m§S>dbXma, O{_ZrXma

5) Zmhr ao = Jar~ dJ© - H$m_Jma, eoV_Oya dJ©

6) dJ©{d{hZ = Jar~-lr_§V, Cƒ-ZrM Zgbobm g_mO

7) amÁ`{d{hZ = amÁ`M Zgbobm, amÁ`{da{hV g_mO

8) ^m¡{VH$dmX = Á`m§Mo ApñVËd OmUdVo qH$dm Oo S>moù`m§Zr àË`j {XgVo Vo gË` _mZUmam Ñ{ï>H$moZ

4.5 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :


1) gmå`dmXr 2) amÁ` 3) qhgm

4) gmå`dmXr 5) ^m§S>dbemhr


1) H$mb© _mŠg© 2) 1848 3) gmå`dmXr

4) bo{ZZ 5) a{e`m


1) 1864 2) E_. EZ. am° 3) lr. A. S>m§Jo

4) 1925 5) 1964


1) 1887 2) E_. EZ. am° 3) a°{S>H$b S>o_m°H«°${Q>H$

4) _mUyg 5) _ybJm_r

104


(A) XrKmo©Îmar àíZ.

1) gmå`dmXr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

2) ^maVr` gmå`dmXmda ^mî` H$am.3) H$mb© _mŠg© `m§Mr gmå`dmXr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

4) am° `m§À`m gmå`dmXr {dMmam§da MMm© H$am.

(~) Q>rnm {bhm.

1) ^maVr` gmå`dmXr njmMr ñWmnZm2) am°` Am{U Jm§YrdmX

3) Zd_mZdVmdmX4) _ybJm_r AWdm g§K{Q>V bmoH$emhr

4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X ©J«§W :

1) ^moio ^mñH$a bú_U : ^maVr` Am{U nmpíM_mË` amOH$s` {dMma,

qnnimnwao A°ÊS> H§$. npãbeg©, ZmJnya. (1989)

2) Mm¡gmiH$a AemoH$ : H$m°. lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo, H$m°. JmoqdX nmZgao A_¥V _hmoËgdr

g{_Vr, H$moëhmnya (_o 2011)

3) Mm¡gmiH$a AemoH$ : _mŠg©dmX-CÎma _mŠg©dmX, à{V_m àH$meZ, nwUo (2010)

4) JJ} g. _m. : ^maVr` g_mO{dkmZ H$moe I§S> - 5, gmå`dmXr Midi Vo

kmZmMo g_mOemñÌ, _ohVm npãbqeJ hmD$g, nwUo (2007)

5) JX} {X. H$m. : nmíMmË` amOH$s` {dMmaàdmh, _hmamï´> amÁ` J«§W{Z{_©Vr

_§S>imgmR>r, Jmo. `. amUo àH$meZ, nwUo.

6) H${U©H$ d. ^. : _mZd|ÐZmW am° , Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ> B§{S>`m. (1996)

7) d_m© {dídZmW àgmX : AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ qMVZ, bú_r Zmam`U AJ«dmb,

AmJam, nwZ:_w{ÐV (2006)

8) d¡Ú gw_Z, H$moR>oH$a em§Vm : ñdV§Ì ^maVmMm B{Vhmg, lr gmB©ZmW àH$meZ,ZmJnya (1947-1986)

9) {VOmao am. A§. : AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s` {díbofU, lr _§Joe àH$meZ,nm§T>arnm§S>o n. lr., noedo d._m. ZmJnya (1981)

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xya {eju h|$Ð. a. i sem... · 2018-01-29 · àñvmdzm gz 2007-08 nmgyz {edmor {dÚmnrr>mzo...

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