yanomami social change
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Yanomami Social Change. Culture Comparisons. Picchi: Bakair í as a “demographic success story” Is this “success” generalized among indigenous groups across the Amazon? Yanomami & Kayapó examples. 10,000 Yanomami live in scattered villages. Yanomami Shabono. Slash & Burn Horticulture. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Yanomami Yanomami Social ChangeSocial Change
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Culture ComparisonsCulture Comparisons Picchi: BakairPicchi: Bakairí as a í as a
““demographic success story”demographic success story” Is this “success” generalized among Is this “success” generalized among
indigenous groups across the Amazon?indigenous groups across the Amazon? Yanomami & Kayapó examplesYanomami & Kayapó examples
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10,000 10,000 YanomamiYanomamilive in live in scattered scattered villagesvillages
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Yanomami ShabonoYanomami Shabono
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Slash & Burn HorticultureSlash & Burn Horticulture
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1973: Transamazon Highway1973: Transamazon HighwayOnchoceriasis (African River Blindness)Onchoceriasis (African River Blindness) Carried by black fliesCarried by black flies Causes fibrous tumors Causes fibrous tumors
on skin & eyeson skin & eyes
Colonization ProjectColonization Project ““Land without people for Land without people for
people without land”people without land”
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1975: Uranium Discovered1975: Uranium DiscoveredGold Mining, mercury Gold Mining, mercury
poisoningpoisoning
1982 Polornoroeste Development 1982 Polornoroeste Development Project (World Bank)Project (World Bank)
1000s of Poor Landless People Arrive1000s of Poor Landless People Arrive Measles, Flue, VD, MalariaMeasles, Flue, VD, Malaria 1988 – ¼ Yanomami had died1988 – ¼ Yanomami had died
FUNAI – Bureau of Indian AffairsFUNAI – Bureau of Indian Affairs
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AAA Lobbied for a AAA Lobbied for a Yanomami ParkYanomami Park
1991 – Brazilian Government 1991 – Brazilian Government established a Yanomami established a Yanomami Reserve Reserve
Yet their lands continue to be Yet their lands continue to be invadedinvaded
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““PROGRESS”PROGRESS”““AN AREA AS RICH AS THIS—WITH AN AREA AS RICH AS THIS—WITH
GOLD AND URANIUM, CAN NOT GOLD AND URANIUM, CAN NOT AFFORD THE LUXURY OF AFFORD THE LUXURY OF
CONSERVING HALF A DOZEN INDIAN CONSERVING HALF A DOZEN INDIAN TRIBES WHO ARE HOLDING BACK TRIBES WHO ARE HOLDING BACK THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRAZIL”THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRAZIL”
Policy of Integration & AssimilationPolicy of Integration & Assimilation Yanomami as “primitives” & an obstacle Yanomami as “primitives” & an obstacle
to “progress”to “progress”
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Napoleon Chagnon & Napoleon Chagnon & “The Fierce People”“The Fierce People”
1968
800,000 Copies
35 Years of Fieldwork
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Chagnon’s SociobiologyChagnon’s Sociobiology Wife-beatings, club
fights, axe fights, raids, perpetual warfare
Men who kill more enemies have more wives, more children
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Influence on government policyInfluence on government policy 1989 Deprived the Yanomami of land1989 Deprived the Yanomami of land Venezuela created 19 islands, Venezuela created 19 islands,
““To keep them from killing each other”To keep them from killing each other” 1999 “Venezuela bans U.S. 1999 “Venezuela bans U.S.
Anthropologist: Government accuses Anthropologist: Government accuses him of exaggerating violence in Stone him of exaggerating violence in Stone Age Native villages”Age Native villages”
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January 1999
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Darkness in El DoradoDarkness in El Dorado 2000 Terry Turner, 2000 Terry Turner,
Leslie Sponsel Leslie Sponsel email: “The email: “The impending scandal impending scandal is ‘unparalleled in is ‘unparalleled in the history of the history of anthropology’”anthropology’”
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Tierney’s Claims:Tierney’s Claims: Chagnon’s study organized by human Chagnon’s study organized by human
geneticist James Neelgeneticist James Neel Neel’s eugenics theory: dominant genes Neel’s eugenics theory: dominant genes
for “leadership” would have a selective for “leadership” would have a selective advantage; males would gain more advantage; males would gain more access to females & reproduce their own access to females & reproduce their own superior genes more frequentlysuperior genes more frequently
Chagnon’s research provided support for Chagnon’s research provided support for Neel’s theoryNeel’s theory
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The Measles Epidemic:The Measles Epidemic: Tierney: The researchers contributed to Tierney: The researchers contributed to
the deaths of Yanomami by administering the deaths of Yanomami by administering Edmonson BEdmonson B measles vaccine to measles vaccine to previously unexposed populationspreviously unexposed populations
This was part of an experiment to test This was part of an experiment to test Neel’s theoryNeel’s theory
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AAA 2000 Annual AAA 2000 Annual MeetingMeeting
Reactions of panel, audienceReactions of panel, audience Edmonson B RevisitedEdmonson B Revisited
Neel obtained 2000 doses of vaccine as a Neel obtained 2000 doses of vaccine as a humane act to prevent measleshumane act to prevent measles
Dr. Samuel Katz: Edmonson B Dr. Samuel Katz: Edmonson B cannot cause measlescannot cause measles
The epidemic began before the The epidemic began before the researchers arrived, brought by researchers arrived, brought by missionaries’ 2 year old child missionaries’ 2 year old child --17 Yanomami died--17 Yanomami died
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Tierney’s Book:Tierney’s Book: AAA Task force found the book “full of AAA Task force found the book “full of
false & misleading information, half-false & misleading information, half-truths, deception, and omissiontruths, deception, and omission
Unethical journalismUnethical journalism
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2003 AAA El Dorado Task 2003 AAA El Dorado Task Force:Force:
The American Anthropological The American Anthropological Association repudiates the accusations Association repudiates the accusations or insinuations of starting or abetting a or insinuations of starting or abetting a lethal measles epidemic by vaccination lethal measles epidemic by vaccination among the Yanomami made against the among the Yanomami made against the late James Neel and Napoleon Chagnon, late James Neel and Napoleon Chagnon, and recognizes the harmfulness of false and recognizes the harmfulness of false accusations regarding vaccine safety. accusations regarding vaccine safety.
2020
Anthropology on Trial (again)Anthropology on Trial (again)
Chagnon has been targeted for his Chagnon has been targeted for his theoretical viewstheoretical views
Yet clearly engaged in unethical behaviorYet clearly engaged in unethical behavior Medical testing without informed consentMedical testing without informed consent Name taboos in collecting genealogiesName taboos in collecting genealogies
He made his career on the Yanomami, He made his career on the Yanomami, yet remained insensitiveyet remained insensitive
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““Darkness in El Dorado was Darkness in El Dorado was produced by 100s of Years produced by 100s of Years of Colonialism and Abuse”of Colonialism and Abuse” ““The fierceness of the Yanomamo is The fierceness of the Yanomamo is
nothing compared to the terrible & nothing compared to the terrible & powerful violence being done to them by powerful violence being done to them by the outside world”the outside world”