yaqoub almatouq, ministry of social affair & labor

Eng. Yaqoub AlmatouqRefrigeration Expert

Kuwait National Ozone Unit

25 – 26 January 2011 - Kuwait

DISTRICT COOLINGENVIRONMENTALLY STRATEGIC OPTION

Outline

Environmental viewpoint Potential role of district cooling Implementation related concerns

2District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011

Outline



District Cooling: Environmentally Strategic Option 4

Current Environmental Challenges

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion• Addressed by the Montreal Protocol, 1987 (196

countries)− Mandatory phase-out of ODSs (CFCs, HCFCs,… etc.)

Global Climate Change• Addressed by Kyoto Protocol, 1997 (150 countries)

− Control greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, SF6, PFC)

Kuwait District Cooling Summit 2011


Montreal Protocol Adjustment



Highest HCFC Consuming Parties (above 5,000 MT)

# Country 2006 2007 20081 China 289,395 321,462 276,9702 USA 111,688 113,071 101,7383 India 10,665 22,779 36,1424 Republic of Korea 29,790 35,030 35,1255 Brazil 15,739 27,814 32,5876 Mexico 23,128 25,645 21,8667 Saudi Arabia 13,244 16,142 21,1558 Russia 15,210 18,509 20,4059 Thailand 15,653 15,714 16,209

10 Japan 13,198 12,998 14,16411 Turkey 15,293 16,612 13,72712 UAE 7,137 7,668 9,05213 Canada 9,916 9,652 8,81814 Malaysia 6,907 7,447 6,90315 Kuwait 5,153 6,478 6,75916 Argentina 4,477 6,165 6,42417 Egypt 4,608 7,798 6,34318 Indonesia 5,398 5,162 5,39819 Nigeria 644 1,728 5,332


Options For HVAC Refrigerants

Fluorocarbons “Natural” Refrigerants

Class 1High ODP CFC’s

Non- Ozone Depleters(Kyoto Protocol)

Ozone Depleters(Montreal Protocol)

Class 2Low ODP HCFC’s

Higher GWP Lower GWP

R-11R-12R113R-500

R-22R-123

R-134aR-410AR-407C

R-32R-152a

PropaneButaneCO2

Ammonia

-Toxicity Concerns-Efficiency Concerns-Cost Concerns

-ODP Concerns-GWP Concerns- Flammable

GWP

ODP

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ODP

ODP

GWP

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GWPGWP

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TEAP 2010 Progress Report The report “scoping study on alternative to HCFCs refrigerant under high

ambient temperature conditions” was published by UNEP Technology and economic assessment panel.

The TEAP report stated that the current known replacement refrigerants for the HCFC-22 are blends of refrigerants some of which have low critical point temperature, such as R-407C and R-410A.

From thermodynamic viewpoint, the capacity and efficiency of the AC decline rapidly as the condensing temperature approaches the critical temperature of the refrigerant.

According to TEAP report, R-410A degrades 10% compared to R-22 at 65 C condensing temperature (i.e., approximately 55 C ambient temperature)



Capacity Relative to HCFC-22 (% of HCFC-22)



Outline




Why DC is an Option Maturity of the technology Renewable energy can be easily employed (variety of refrigeration

cycles, such as VCRC and ARC). Sound technology for utilizing:

• toxic refrigerants.

• flammable refrigerants.

Higher potential for optimization of:• Energy efficiency (e.g., network diversity, chillers operating at optimal

conditions, and thermal storage)

• System performance. (e.g., availability of prompt and large thermal capacity)



Outline




Implementation Related Concerns

Cost (initial and running cost) Durability: longevity of district cooling components

compared to conventional AC systems. Reliability: capability to provide the required cooling capacity

at sever condition. Serviceability: the repair period in case of malfunctions. Expandability: cost of more cooling due to building

expansion, and the ease of system (e.g. plant and piping network) capacity improvement.



More Concerns

Technical support: the professionalism of the DC operators and technicians.

Validity of design: sizing, selection, integration of the DC components with the buildings they will serve.

Monopoly of DC service.• can the end user select/change between different

providers of DC.

• How and who will control the cost of DC service.


“ The only way you can predict the future is to build it “ - Alan Kay

Eng. Yaqoub Almatouq

[email protected]


yaqoub almatouq, ministry of social affair & labor

Documents

mtdistrict cooling

pfcdistrict cooling

required cooling capacity

dc components

dc operators

differentproviders of

monopoly of dc

c condensing temperature