Ancient RomeWhy Study Rome?

“The founders hoped that, in America, we would see these virtues of ancient Rome, and they knew that under such a constitution the United States would grow into an empire. They already spoke of a rising empire of America. They hoped that Rome of the republic would be our enduring model, but they feared, and rightly so, that one day, perhaps today, our model would be Rome of the Caesars, Rome of the first and second centuries A.D. For Rome of the Caesars and the United States today are the only two absolute superpowers that have existed in history.”

J. Rufus Fears University of OklahomaPh.D., Harvard University

The American / Roman Comparison

Parallels

Historical Development

Rome• Colonization – Greeks/Phoenicians/Etruscans/Latins • Etruscan domination• 509 BCE Defeat of the Etruscans – Tarquin the Proud, establishment of the

Republic• 450 BCE 12 Tables Law established• 295 BCE Rome conquers the Etrurians, Po Valley• 265 – 146 BCE Challenge to power – the Punic Wars I,II,III• 82 BCE - Consolidation of power – Social War, Sulla wins, Empire begins• 59 BCE - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, elected consul• 44 BCE Caesar assassinated• 30 - 180 CE – expansion of Empire – Pax Romana• 180 CE – Death of Marcus Aurelius• 305 CE – Death of Diocletian and the beginning of the Decline• 306 CE – Constantine establishes new capital at Byzantium – empire splits• 337 CE – Conversion of Constantine• 390 CE – first sack of Rome - Celts• 410 CE – second sack of Rome – Goths• 480 CE – last western Roman emperor dies

USA• 1607 – establishment of first colonial town at Jamestown Virginia• 1759 – End of French-Indian Wars – Britain wins colonial competition• 1776 – Declaration of Independance• 1865 – Challenge to domination – Civil War• 1896 – Spanish American War – Monroe Doctrine• 1929 – 1st Great Depression• 1963 – Assassination of JFK• 2009 – Fear of the 2nd Great Depression• 2012 – What’s next? Decline?

Roman Empire• Centered at the ___________ of Rome• Language – ___________ – still the official language of many ___________ and of

___________

Destiny• Imperially ruled by a ___________

dictator. Governed ___________ and shared power with popularly ___________ representatives as senators.

• Came to dominate ___________ extending north and west into Europe as far as ___________ and ___________ and east to ___________

• Roman society and law became the ___________ for all civilization to come including most ___________ structures of modern society in N. America and Europe

Geography• Rome centered on the Italian ___________ in the center of the Mediterranean Sea or

“Mare Nostrum”. Highly productive and fertile ___________ – huge ___________ and ___________ land available.

• Ostia – Rome’s ___________ city• Tiber – river ________ Rome is centered in• Via Salaria – the key ______ from Ostia to Rome, a major salt route

Rome is founded• 753 BCE – city of Rome is founded in the region of seven hills where the Tiber is

easily bridged:• Capitoline• Aventine• Palatine• Caelian• Oppian• Quirinal• Viminal

Neighbours• the ___________ that dominate the Po

River Valley at the foot of the Alps, originally covered most of Europe, they are now ___________ to Briton and western France – dense population in N. Italy

• the Magna Graeca – ___________ colonies covered most of S. Italy and spoke Greek, there were many such colonies by 800 BCE

• Etruscans – ___________ peoples North of Rome. They held great power over Rome in its early days.

Origins• Originally, Rome was a small hill ___________ surrounded by many different

___________; This taught them a kind of people ___________ that served them well later on.

• At the outset – Rome was a ___________• There were 7 ___________ according to early Roman history, the last king was

Tarquin the Proud, he was ___________ in 507 BCE and the ___________ was established in 509.

Republic• Republic – “res publica” – “__________ ____________”• ___________ - rule by the citizenry

• The Republic begins a long period of slow ___________ to engulf the plain of Latium.• Eventually, the Republic began to run up against the _________ in the Po River

Valley.

Conflicts• 390 BCE – the Celts move in and ________ Rome, they take all the hills of the city

with the exception of the Capitoline. • 280 BCE – Rome begins to run up against the ___________ colonies. The Greeks

appealed to ___________ Greece for aid against the Romans. Phyrrus agrees to help and sends a fleet. Though they are ___________ it is a very expensive win and the Romans have established themselves as a ___________ in the western Mediterranean.

Early Roman Expansion• 753-280 BCE is the 1st stage in Roman expansion – ___________ and ___________.• In this period, Rome takes on its defining character: ___________, ___________,

___________, ___________.• Huge ___________• Romans expanded through their ___________ treatment of ___________ people:

1) ___________ – a degree of ___________ would be offered to conquered people2) ___________ – even with defeated people. They are allowed to maintain a degree of ___________.

Romans• Understanding Rome means understanding a ___________ first.

Ex: Quintus Fabius Maximus Cuncator

• The first name is the given name or “___________” – there were only ___ different names in Rome and only about ____ were used.

• The second name is the “___________” or the clan – known as the “Gens” of the family, initially, ___ Gens rose to power in Rome and formed the _______ of the patrician class.

• The third name is the “___________” – it identifies the ___________ branch of the clan this was the most ___________ part of the name as it would identify the person as a patrician or a plebeian.

• The final name was the “___________” – it was like a ___________ and would be added later in life to commemorate an important event or victory.

Religion• Each family and clan would have its own religious ___________ with a set of

___________ and ancestral ___________ – these were known as Lares et Penates• Rome was intensely ___________ and each clan would have a father who ruled

___________ over the rest of the family.

Patrician vs. Plebian• Early ___________ Rome was rigidly divided into 2 groups:

• ___________ – 93% of the population• ___________ – 7 % of the population

• This was a very ___________ like system with intermarriage rare if not impossible

Land Ownership This class division was ___________ in the ownership of land. Since the Senate would

have to approve major works like swamp drainage, the Senate would usually use this power to ___________ own the land drained. This land would then be ___________ to other less wealthy farmers to rent. This formed a ___________ between common families and their patrician ___________.

Patron/Client• This relationship became known as

___________ -___________. It was the essential element that held early Roman society ___________.

• Clientage – the ___________ occurring between plebeian families pledging ___________ to patrician families in exchange for ___________. A naturally occurring unwritten rule of voluntary ___________.

Patricians• Only patricians could hold ___________ or ___________ office. ___________ was denied

to plebeians and the patricians dominated the ___________ system. • They were formed from the ___________ 100 families that first helped Romulus

found Rome.

Senate Formed• When supreme ___________ was taken from the kings it was given to 2 ___________:

– 2 ___________– ___________

• Members were ___________ for only one year and they were not ___________ to return to ___________ until ___ years had passed.

Democracy• The richest patricians always voted ___________ and voted ___________ – this created

a ___________ effect and the initial leader usually won.• The senate worked with the consuls and an ___________ – the senate had the most

___________ and ran more if everyday life. They decided what would be voted on by the assembly

SPQR• S.P.Q.R. – Senatus Populus Que Romanus – the ___________ standard of the Roman

army, it asserts that these lands have been won on behalf of the ___________ of Rome.

• This shows how the ___________ senator class dominates everything in Rome and that ___________ would soon grow from other non-citizens.

Plebian Political Bodies• To ___________ the influence of the patricians in the senate, the plebeians formed

their own ___________ structure.

• The plebeians formed a plebeian only political body called the ___________. This body would elect an advocate called a ___________ who would act on their behalf and represent their concerns.

• The term for a tribune was ___ year.

Plebeians Grow in Power• Through the tribune/concillium system, the plebeians gained some significant

___________ from the senate.• 451 BCE the ___________ are enacted – ___________ in the central square of Roman

towns, these public laws formed the ___________ of ___________ for plebeians.• 366 BCE – a plebeian becomes ___________• 300 BCE – plebeians gain access to ___________ castes.• 287 BCE – the patricians give the

concillium official ___________, renaming it the concillium tribunus

The Concillium• Anything ___________ in the concilluim

would now become law. These ___________ were called ___________.

• Most of these concessions to the plebeians were merely ___________, they were meant to ___________ the people.

• It was not until 187 BCE that both consuls were ___________.

• 218 to 152 BCE – only ___ plebiscites passed.

Republican Expansion – Italy• Though the ___________ had won

important ___________ from the ___________ (12 Tables, Tribunes, religious office, consuls, etc.) the Conflict of Orders still ___________ the republic.

• The ___________ discovered that the one thing that would ___________ plebs and patricians was external ___________.

• Rome began to ___________ it’s influence North and South

Italy Comes Under Control• ___________ comes under Roman control with the destruction of the city of Veii in

396 BCE• An invasion of the ___________ in 390 BCE had resulted in the ___________ of most of

the city but also the destruction of the ___________ cities to the north. The way was now clear for Roman ___________

• 338 BCE – ___________ are crushed• 295 BCE – Po Valley conquered from the ___________

Rome vs. Greeks• Rome then turns south to the ___________ colonies of the Magna Graeca

• A series of ___________ vs. Greek King Pyrrhus that are lost but the Greeks lose 2/3rds of their troops – Greeks ___________ to Sicily

• 265 BCE – Rome controls all ___________ ___________

Consolidation• The Peninsula Victories ___________ the Romans in several ways:

• New land was opened up for ___________ by the ___________ – more ___________ ___________ for the army.

• Conquered people were granted ___________ – ___________ living standard.• 295 – 91 BCE – few conflicts on the peninsula

Punic Wars• The Roman ___________ brought them into ___________ with the ___________ Empire

of the Western ___________.• They had been ___________ earlier against the ___________. Now with no Greeks,

they became ___________. • 265 BCE – Roman ___________ attack and seize Messina – ask the ___________ for aid

against the Greeks• The Greeks in turn, ask the ___________ for help against the ___________ – the First

Punic War begins.

1st Punic War• 265 – 241 BCE• ___________ power – Carthage vs.

___________ power – Rome• Rome begins by ___________ and

concluding a ___________ with Syracuse – 263 BCE. This makes the war a _______ conflict.

• Romans have no ___________, but rapidly construct their own from a ___________ Carthaginian trireme

Roman Navy• Romans made ____ fast ships -200

rowers each – made for ___________• ______ other large ships equipped with a

___________ called a corvus – troops could cross and turn a sea fight into an ___________ engagement.

• These ___________ win some initial ___________ but not a war.

Hamilcar Barca• Rome did not win through ___________

but eventually the Carthaginian General, Hamilcar Barca, had to ___________ in 241 BCE

• Carthage could not keep up with Roman naval ___________.• Carthage had to pay a huge ___________• Sicily must be ___________ to Rome• Annual tribute of ___________ of their crops• Rome gains ___________ as well• ___________ and his son swear ___________ on Rome

Carthage Rebuilds

• Carthage immediately begins to found a new -____________ in Spain.

• Rome and Carthage actually _________ with each other ___________ at this time.

• Both sides knew ___________ would be ___________.

Second Punic War• The 2nd Punic War broke out in 218 BCE• Carthage was led by ___________ son ___________

and his son-in-law ___________.• Hannibal leads 38000 ___________ and 37 war

___________ over land to invade Italy from the ___________.

• The trip is ___________ and Hannibal loses almost ___________ his numbers.

Hannibal victorious• Hannibal proves to be a better ___________ than the

Romans had ___________.• ________ troops and ________ elephants ___________

the journey to ___________ the Romans at Trebia to seize the Po Valley. – Romans lost _______________ men

• Lake Trasimene – 217 BCE – Roman General is replaced by ___________ ___________ ___________ “___________”

• Cannae – 216 BCE – Varro is ___________, Maximus’ ___________ (Carthage).

3 Things Save the Republic1. Colonies remained ___________ to Rome – Hannibal had no local ___________2. Strong ___________ bond between ___________ and ___________ – patron/client bond

took over3. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus – Roman general launches a ___________ into

Spain and ___________ Cathago Nova in 210 BCE – intercepts Hannibal’s ___________ and destroys them.

Hannibal is Defeated at Zama in 202 BCE

• Carthage must ___________ all colonial ___________• Forced to pay huge ___________• Navy had to be ___________

Yet Carthage is Allowed to Survive…

Benefits Drawbacks

Delenda est Carthago• Eventually, ___________ builds to ___________ Carthage once and for all. Roman

censor Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Elder) would end every ___________ in the senate with “___________ must be ___________”

Trumped up reasons were given for Rome’s re-invasion of Carthage• The 50 year peace treaty had ___________• The ___________ had been paid off• Carthage was forced to obtain Roman ___________ for all border ___________ –

Numidia had been raiding into Carthage and it ___________ without Roman ___________ approval.

Third Punic War• 149 BCE – 146 BCE – the war was a one-sided ___________. Roman General Scipio

Aemilianus (grandson of Scipio Africanus) • Carthage is utterly ___________• Harbour is ___________• People sold into ___________• Salt sown into the surrounding fields – ___________ the soil

The Victory Over Carthage is Followed by Several Other Key Victories• ___________ is destroyed• Philip V of ___________ is defeated• Seleucid Kingdom in ___________ is overthrown• In each case the leadership is ___________ by ___________ favoured by Rome –

___________ by locals• Rome now ___________ all of the Mediterranean.

The Punic Wars Have a Huge Impact on Roman Society• ___________ begins to decline – power becomes ___________ in the imperium• Rome is now a ___________ power• New treatment of ___________ peoples – no ___________, huge ___________, no

___________• Landholders ___________ in the Italian Peninsula by ___________ landowning class.• Huge ___________ increase in Rome – ___________, ___________, more ___________• A huge rise in the ___________ and ___________ of the army

Imperium – Crisis Government• Imperium – supreme ___________ to command (___________ laws, ___________

punishment)• This power was shared by the 2 ___________ but in times of ___________, consuls

could name a temporary ___________ – 6 month term

Other Offices Were Created• ___________ – exercised ___________ in the city in the absence of the consuls• ___________ – controlled ___________ of the city and the army• ___________ – assigned individuals to their ___________ in society and determined

their ___________, filled vacancies in the ___________, granted public works ___________

• ___________ would rise through ___________ higher offices to the position of ___________ – cursus honorum

The Roman Army• To grasp the ___________ from ___________ to ___________ initiated by the Punic Wars,

it is essential to understand the Roman Army.

Republican Army• The early republican Army of Rome was a ___________ ___________ army. To be a

citizen meant to ___________ in the military. Wealth therefore ___________ the tools of ___________ and along with that came ___________.

• Wealthy soldiers would supply their own ___________ and ___________ and would command from the ___________.

• Ordinary ___________ farmers would be used as ___________ – front line forces.

Marius’ Reforms of the Army• The army would no longer be open only to those who were ___________ and owned

land – any ___________ could join.• Soldiers are no longer divided by ___________ and ___________ – ___________• ___________ structure established• ___________ and ___________ of older soldiers• Generals could now ___________ their own new solders from ___________ lands

Roman units• ___________ – 8 men – tent group• ___________ – 10 contuberniums – 80 to 100 men – commanded by 2 ___________• ___________ – 6 centuries• ___________ – 10 cohorts• ___________ would be used to protect the ___________ but the center of the

formation was the ___________.

Tactics• The primary ___________ in the Roman army was ___________. • ___________, ___________, improvised ___________, supply ___________, treatment of

___________ – most important – ___________ works• Specialists called ___________ were exempt from combat to perform these

___________

• Superior ___________ meant that Rome could ___________ more men and ___________ in better

___________ than their opponents. • The legion could move over _______ miles per day over rough ground and construct

___________ camps nightly.• ___________ and ___________ of battleground was essential – ___________ ground

improved ___________, ___________. ___________ should always be behind you• After Marius, cohorts would be ___________ in two to three lines of various

___________, the ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, etc.• Cavalry protected the ___________ until the enemy ___________ and ran, then they

would run them down• When front troops ___________, they could ___________ and ___________ while troops

in the rear ___________ them. • ___________ or ___________ was always ___________ to open battle. A ___________

enemy would fight to the death.• ___________ was all important; Romans developed numerous types of battle

___________ for siege warfare but they were too ___________ to use in pitched battle.

Onager Ballista

Tower Scorpio

The Ideal Soldier• The ideal of

the ___________ -___________ was glorified, but as war became a constant in Roman life, men began to not return to the ___________ after the

battles ended. • War became a better source of ___________ through ___________ and __________.

• After the ___________ of the ___________ surrounding Rome during the Punic Wars, rich citizens take them over and form massive ___________ worked by ___________ - latifundia

Imperial Army• Soldiers become ___________ and through war a new social ___________ becomes

available.• After the battle of Cannae, Rome suspends the ___________ and allows ___________

to rule for a ___________ or ___________ term. The office is quickly dominated by ___________ commanders.

• Soldiers now swear ___________ to the ___________ or _________ rather than the ___________ and the ________

• ___________ soldiers become less and less ___________ as ___________ and ___________ troops are needed against exotic ___________ fighters.

• 212 CE - ___________ is extended to all peoples in ___________ provinces, no longer a ___________ to be in the army.

• Legions created from ___________ fighters • The ___________ of the army, the farmer-soldier, rapidly ___________ - after long

___________ their farms back home were ___________ from under them.

Power of Military• ___________ and ___________ of newly ___________ lands gives

way to direct ___________ from Rome. • New ___________ are treated as ___________ and the military

commanders can sell the ___________ to ___________ the region to rich ___________ of citizens who are then allowed to tax at their own ___________ with the ___________ of the army. – tax farming

Praetorian Guard• By the time of Augustus, there were _____ legions. This grew to ______ as the

empire expanded.• The most ___________ of these were the 9 ___________ Guard cohorts. • Paid ___________ times more than regular troops, these ___________ soldiers were

the personal ___________ of the emperor and acted like the ___________ ___________ of the imperial domus – expanded to ______ cohorts by Caligula

• These soldiers became a source of ___________ power themselves, at times naming the ___________ for a hefty fee.

Standards• The standard was the ___________ representation of each ___________ and was

used to gather and communicate ___________ during the chaos of battle. • Pole topped with the ___________ and ___________ of the legion as well as various

___________ representing significant ___________ and ___________ the legion had been in.

• The position of standard bearer – aquilifer - was of high ___________ and the soldier was marked by wearing a ___________ skin over his armour. To lose the standard in battle was considered one of the highest ___________.

• Recovering the silver eagle - aquila - from the ___________ standard was often the focus of entire ___________.

• Standards - revered as ___________ objects. They had their own ___________ in the center of ___________ and were used in religious ___________.

• The importance of standards shows the ___________ each legion had to its ___________. This loyalty to ___________ became essential in the formation of ___________ that would form after Augustus.

Decline of the Roman Empire• ___________ – many bloody ___________ over ___________.

___________ war common, ___________ control, ___________.• ___________ – running the vast ___________ was too ___________.

___________ the middle classes and ___________ currency.• ___________ – as ___________ decreases, concern over

___________ increases; Huns, Visigoths, Alemanni, Vandals.

Roman Religion• Roman ___________ was modelled on ___________ and

___________ predecessors• Specific gods would ___________ every aspect of daily life – ___________ and

___________

Roman Gods• Jupiter – ___________ of the gods, main god of the Romans, held ___________ in his

hands• Juno – wife of Jupiter, goddess of ___________ and ___________• Mars – God of ___________• Venus – Goddess of ___________ and ___________• Minerva – goddess of ___________, ___________, and ___________ – symbol was the

owl• Neptune – god of the ___________• Vulcan – ___________ of the gods, commanded ___________• Bacchus – god of ___________ and ___________• Vesta – goddess of the ___________ – most ___________ temple

in Rome

Household Spirits• Each house had its own ___________ spirits:• Lares – ___________ of the family• Penates – kind spirits who ___________ the ___________

Roman Gods• Romans believed that their gods were all ___________ but not

___________ – they would exhibit ___________, ___________, and ___________.

• When the empire came into ___________ with other ___________, often their gods were ___________ without difficulty – appeared more attractive.

Augustus’ Religious Reform• In 17 BCE he celebrated 3 days of new ___________ marking a “___________”• He assumed the ___________ of pontifex maximus – chief ___________ of Rome• ___________ temples and ___________ cults that had died out during the Civil Wars• Promoted religious ___________ by all ___________• Named new festival dates• Restored the ___________ of paterfamilias – traditional family ___________

Goals were twofold

1. Restoring Roman ___________, ___________, sacred ___________, and ___________ after the ___________ and ___________ of the Civil Wars

2. Promotion of his own cult – Augustus modelled his cult after a state religion, throughout the empire, worship of Augustus was worshipping Rome itself.

• These stabilizing reforms resulted in a 150 year period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana

Pax Romana’• This period saw the ___________ of Roman ___________,

___________ and ___________ throughout the empire. • Augustus used ___________ lands to ___________ 32 of

his 60 legions leaving 28 at a full time ___________ army - ___________ throughout the empire.

• This also had the effect of ___________ other non-Roman ___________ ideas

Non – Roman Deities• By the 1st century CE several ___________

gain ___________:• Anatolian Cybele – ___________ -

___________ cult imported from ___________

• Isis – ___________ goddess of ___________ and ___________

• Mithras – ___________ god of ___________ and ___________, popular among soldiers

• Rome ___________ the existence of these cults - could ___________ with the state gods and the worship of the emperor.

Judea• Jews had always ___________ ___________ polytheistic ___________. Pompey had

conquered Judea in 63 BCE but carefully did not ___________ in Jewish religious life. • Judea was left as a ___________ kingdom and was allowed to continue its ___________

religious worship

2 religious groups in Judea• Sadducees – ___________ with Rome as long as they were ___________ to ___________

at the temple• Hasidism – ___________ all ___________ with Rome, most prominent sect was the

Pharisees – practised ___________ dietary and custom rules to distinguish themselves from non-Jews – they led ___________ lives awaiting the prophesied ___________ who would deliver them from Roman rule

6 BCE – birth of Joshua ben Joseph – also called Jesus of Nazareth• Born in Galilee – a stronghold of ___________• Preached love of ___________, ___________, and ___________• Imagery of ___________ of ___________ for an anticipated ___________

state• ___________ rewards for pious behaviour in the ___________• Similar to many Jewish religious thinkers of the time but Jesus was

___________ and made claims to be the ___________

Text based religion• All that is known about Jesus and his early followers comes from early ___________

texts 100 – 200 CE• Accounts of Jesus’ life and words – ___________• Letters to religious communities – ___________• Historical ___________ and ___________ writings

The Bible• 4 of the 50 total gospels along with 21 epistles, an account of

the early community (Acts), and 1 book of revelations gradually came to be ___________ as the ___________ text of the faith

• Combined with the Jewish ___________ – these books formed the ___________.

• Emphasised the story of ___________ as fulfilling Jewish ___________

Death of Jesus• Jesus ___________ for 3 years in ___________• Drew large ___________ and excited some to demand ___________ from Rome• Some ___________ his teachings as ___________ and saw him as a ___________ to the

religious ___________• His preachings became a focal point for ___________ and ___________• Jesus was ordered ___________ by ___________ by the Roman procurator Pontius

Pilate in 30 CE in order to preserve ___________

Christ to Christianity• Soon after his ___________, his followers had claimed he had ___________ from the

dead and formed another sect of Judaism – ___________• ___________ rite of ___________ – ___________ in flowing ___________• Ritual ___________ – ___________ and ___________

Repression and Growth• Judaism – not ___________ for Rome –

non ___________, ___________ religion, not ___________

• Christianity – ___________ and ___________, based on new conversions, could not ___________ polytheistic state religion.

• Christianity experiences extreme ___________ – those who would not ___________ to the _________ on demand were _________. 

• ___________ serves to spread new religion more ___________ – more ___________ the repression, more the religion ___________.

The Church• As the __________ of Christians increased, the ___________ of the sect grew –

___________ structure develops• Leaders of Christians in each major city became ___________ assisted by

___________, ___________ and ___________.

Religious Schism• Once the Church ___________, it is challenged by ___________ ideas and influences• ___________ develops:

• ___________ – Christians should be ___________ and ___________ until the ___________ Second Coming

• ___________ – Christ was a ___________ being in ___________ form who imparted secret ___________ to the people

• ___________ – Jesus was ___________ but ___________ - humanOne True Faith• ___________ – responsible for ___________ the faith from these schisms – ___________

of the communities directly ___________ by the apostles became leaders among ___________ – patriarchates • ___________ • ___________ • ___________ • ___________

Council of Nicaea• The ___________ period of the Christian Church comes to an ___________ with the

Council of Nicaea – complete ___________ of all bishops.• They ___________ the One True Faith and all others are ___________• ___________ and ___________ the Nicene Creed

How would this conflict with Roman religious customs?

• The Nicene Creed (CE 381)• I believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all

things visible and invisible.• And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father

before all worlds; God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God; begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father, by whom all things were made.

• Who, for us men and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the virgin Mary, and was made man; and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered and was buried; and the third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures; and ascended into heaven, and sits on the right hand of the Father; and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end.

• And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from the Father and the Son; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the prophets.

• And I believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

The Fall of Rome• After Marcus Aurelius – Rome ___________• Early Rome – ___________ – rule through the

___________• Late Rome – ___________ – rule through ___________

___________• ___________ was huge – bribery • “3 Fortune Rule”

• 1 to pay the ___________• 1 to pay the ___________ that investigates it• 1 to ___________

• ___________ army – a great ___________, advancement through ___________ and ___________, ___________ guarantees ___________

• ___________ army – peasant ___________, ___________ Roman cities, no ________• Leads to numerous barbarian ___________ – 211 – 284 CE• Decline of ___________• 2nd C – 80 years – ___ emperors• 3rd C – 73 years – ___ emperors, ____ assassinated, ___ captured• Empire ___________ – East ___________, west ___________ – fending off ___________

raids• ___________ tribes move into ___________, pushed by the ___________• ___________ – sack Rome from Spain• ___________ /___________ – invade over the North Sea• ___________ – move into Northern Italy – led by Theodoric c 500CE• ___________ – move into southern France c 600 CE• ___________ – 450 CE, North of Rhine, Merovingian Kings, first established by Clovis

c 450 CE

The Last Emperor• Rolumus Augustus• ___________ by Germanic Barbarians in 476 CE• Only a ___________• Odoacer, leader of a ___________ of ___________

settlers in the Italian peninsula – becomes “___________” of Rome

• ___________ half of the empire would last until ________ CE!!