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TOPIC

TITLE

NO.

OFWEEKS

13 The Periodic Table 2

14 Energy From Chemicals 3

15 Electrolysis 4

16 Speed of Reactions 4

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16 Speed of Reactions 4

Topic / Sub-topic Lesson ObjectivesNo. ofWeek

sSuggested Activities Resources

CHEMISTRY SPN 21 SCHEME OF WORK

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TOPIC 13The Periodic Table

Periodic trends

Group I

Group VII

Students should be able to:

(a) Describe the Periodic Table as anarrangement of the elements in theorder of increasing proton (atomic)number.

(b) Describe how the position of anelement in the Periodic Table is relatedto proton number and electronicstructure.

(c) Describe the relationship betweenGroup number and the ionic charge ofan element.

(d)Explain the similarities between theelements in the same Group of thePeriodic Table in terms of theirelectronic structure.

(e) Describe the change from metallic tonon-metallic character from left to rightacross a period in the Periodic Table.

(f) Describe the relationship betweenGroup number, number of valencyelectrons and metallic/non-metalliccharacter.

(g)Predict the properties of elements inGroup I, VII and the transition elementsusing the Periodic Table.

(h) Describe lithium, sodium and potassiumin Group I (the alkali metals) as acollection of relatively soft, low densitymetal showing a trend in melting pointand in their reaction with water.

(i) Describe chlorine, bromine and iodine

2Activity 13.1Experiment: To show thereactivity of group I metalswith water.

http://www.chemistry.co.nz/mandeleev.htm

http://www.periodictable.com/pages/AAE_History.ht

ml http://www.upei.c

a/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page2.html

http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/foldedtable.html

http://webelements.com

www.chemicalelements.com http://pearl1.lanl.

gov/periodic http://www.wou.e

du/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htm

http://upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page4.html

http://chemicalel

ements.com/groups/alkali.html


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http://www.chemistry.co.nz/mandeleev.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/mandeleev.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/mandeleev.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/mandeleev.htmhttp://www.periodictable.com/pages/AAE_History.htmlhttp://www.periodictable.com/pages/AAE_History.htmlhttp://www.periodictable.com/pages/AAE_History.htmlhttp://www.periodictable.com/pages/AAE_History.htmlhttp://www.upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page2.htmlhttp://www.upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page2.htmlhttp://www.upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page2.htmlhttp://www.upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page2.htmlhttp://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/foldedtable.htmlhttp://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/foldedtable.htmlhttp://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/foldedtable.htmlhttp://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/foldedtable.htmlhttp://webelements.com/http://webelements.com/http://www.chemicalelements.com/http://www.chemicalelements.com/http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodichttp://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodichttp://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodichttp://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htmhttp://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htmhttp://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htmhttp://upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page4.htmlhttp://upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page4.htmlhttp://upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page4.htmlhttp://upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page4.htmlhttp://chemicalelements.com/groups/alkali.htmlhttp://chemicalelements.com/groups/alkali.htmlhttp://chemicalelements.com/groups/alkali.htmlhttp://chemicalelements.com/groups/alkali.htmlhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/mandeleev.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/mandeleev.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/mandeleev.htmhttp://www.periodictable.com/pages/AAE_History.htmlhttp://www.periodictable.com/pages/AAE_History.htmlhttp://www.periodictable.com/pages/AAE_History.htmlhttp://www.upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page2.htmlhttp://www.upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page2.htmlhttp://www.upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page2.htmlhttp://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/foldedtable.htmlhttp://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/foldedtable.htmlhttp://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/foldedtable.htmlhttp://webelements.com/http://webelements.com/http://www.chemicalelements.com/http://www.chemicalelements.com/http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodichttp://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodichttp://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htmhttp://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htmhttp://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htmhttp://upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page4.htmlhttp://upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page4.htmlhttp://upei.ca/~physics/p221/pro00/periodicTble/page4.htmlhttp://chemicalelements.com/groups/alkali.htmlhttp://chemicalelements.com/groups/alkali.htmlhttp://chemicalelements.com/groups/alkali.html

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in Group VII (the halogens) as acollection of diatomic non-metalshowing a trend in colour, state andtheir displacement reaction withsolution of other halide ions.




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Group O Noblegases

Transitionelements

(j) Describe the elements in Group 0 (thenoble gases) as a collection ofmonatomic elements that arechemically unreactive and henceimportant in providing an inertatmosphere, e.g. argon and neon in

light bulb, helium in balloons; argon inthe manufacture of steel.

(k) Describe the lack of reactivity of thenoble gases in term of their electronicstructure.

(l) Describe the central block of elements(transition metals) are metal havinghigh melting points, high density,variable oxidation state and formingcoloured compounds.

(m) State the use of these elements and/or their compounds as catalyst, e.g.iron in the Haber process; vanadium(V)oxide in the Contact process; nickel inthe hydrogenation of alkenes, and howcatalyst are used in industry to lowerenergy demands and hence areeconomically advantageous and help toconserve energy sources.

Activity 13.3Demonstration: To showcoloured solution of transitionmetals.

http://www.chemicalelements.com/groups/halogens.html

http://www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1

.html http://barney.gon

zaga.edu/~bpiermat/poem/DulceetDecorumEst.html

TOPIC 14Energy From

Chemicals Exothermic

reaction

Endothermicreaction

Energy profilediagram


(a) Describe the meaning of enthalpychange in term of exothermic ( Hnegative) and endothermic ( Hpositive) reactions.

(b)Represent energy changes by energyprofile diagrams, including reactionenthalpy changes and activation

3Activity 14.1Practical: To find H using

0.1M HCl and 0.1M NaOHsolutions.

Activity 14.2Demonstration: Toinvestigate heat of solution ofsalts.


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http://www.chemicalelements.com/groups/halogens.htmlhttp://www.chemicalelements.com/groups/halogens.htmlhttp://www.chemicalelements.com/groups/halogens.htmlhttp://www.chemicalelements.com/groups/halogens.htmlhttp://www.chemicalelements.com/groups/halogens.htmlhttp://www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.htmlhttp://www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.htmlhttp://www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.htmlhttp://barney.gonzaga.edu/~bpiermat/poem/DulceetDecorumEst.htmlhttp://barney.gonzaga.edu/~bpiermat/poem/DulceetDecorumEst.htmlhttp://barney.gonzaga.edu/~bpiermat/poem/DulceetDecorumEst.htmlhttp://barney.gonzaga.edu/~bpiermat/poem/DulceetDecorumEst.htmlhttp://barney.gonzaga.edu/~bpiermat/poem/DulceetDecorumEst.htmlhttp://www.chemicalelements.com/groups/halogens.htmlhttp://www.chemicalelements.com/groups/halogens.htmlhttp://www.chemicalelements.com/groups/halogens.htmlhttp://www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.htmlhttp://www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.htmlhttp://www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.htmlhttp://barney.gonzaga.edu/~bpiermat/poem/DulceetDecorumEst.htmlhttp://barney.gonzaga.edu/~bpiermat/poem/DulceetDecorumEst.htmlhttp://barney.gonzaga.edu/~bpiermat/poem/DulceetDecorumEst.html

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Bond energy

Enthalpy change

energies.

(c) Describe bond breaking as anendothermic process and bon makingas an exothermic process.

(d) Explain overall enthalpy changes in

term of the energy changes associatedwith the breaking and making covalentbonds.

Activity 14.3Experiment: To set up Danielcell.

Topic / Sub-topic Lesson ObjectivesNo. ofWeeks

Suggested Activities Resources

Simple cell

(e) Describe combustion of fuels asexothermic, e.g. wood; coal; oil; naturalgas; hydrogen.

(f) Describe hydrogen, derived from wateror hydrocarbons, as a potential fuel for

use in future, reacting with oxygen togenerate electricity directly in a fuelcell (details of the construction andoperation of a fuel cell are notrequired) and discuss the advantagesand disadvantages of this.

(g)Name natural gas, mainly methane,and petroleum as a sources of energy.

(i) Describe photosynthesis asthe reaction between carbon dioxideand water in the presence of

chlorophyll, using sunlight (energy) toproduce glucose and explain how thiscan provide a renewable energysource.Describe the production ofelectrical energy from simple cell (i.e.two electrodes in an electrolyte) linkedto the reactivity series.


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TOPIC 15Electrolysis

Introduction toelectrolysis

Electrolysis ofmoltenelectrolytes


(a) Describe electrolysis as the conductionof electricity by an ionic compound (anelectrolyte, when molten or dissolved inwater, leading to the decomposition of

the electrolyte.(b)Describe electrolysis as evidence for

the existence of ions which are held ina lattice when solid but which are freeto move when molten or in solution.

(c) Describe the mobility of ions presentand the electrode products, theelectrolysis of molten lead bromide,using inert electrodes.

(d) Predict the likely product of the

electrolysis of a molten binarycompound.

4

Activity 15.1Demonstration onelectrolysis of molten lead(II)bromide.

Activity 15.2

Demonstration onelectrolysis of dilute sodiumchloride solution.

Activity 15.3Demonstration onelectrolysis of concentratedsodium chloride solution.

http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrowinning/Copper.htm

http://www.chs.e

du.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/Electrolysis/reactive_electrodes.htm

http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,1155265,00.asp

http://www.ce.org/Press/CEA_Pubs/942.asp

http://.www.energizer.com/learning/historyofbatteries.asp




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http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrowinning/Copper.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrowinning/Copper.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrowinning/Copper.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrowinning/Copper.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrowinning/Copper.htmhttp://www.chs.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/Electrolysis/reactive_electrodes.htmhttp://www.chs.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/Electrolysis/reactive_electrodes.htmhttp://www.chs.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/Electrolysis/reactive_electrodes.htmhttp://www.chs.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/Electrolysis/reactive_electrodes.htmhttp://www.chs.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/Electrolysis/reactive_electrodes.htmhttp://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,1155265,00.asphttp://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,1155265,00.asphttp://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,1155265,00.asphttp://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,1155265,00.asphttp://www.ce.org/Press/CEA_Pubs/942.asphttp://www.ce.org/Press/CEA_Pubs/942.asphttp://www.ce.org/Press/CEA_Pubs/942.asphttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrowinning/Copper.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrowinning/Copper.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Electrowinning/Copper.htmhttp://www.chs.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/Electrolysis/reactive_electrodes.htmhttp://www.chs.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/Electrolysis/reactive_electrodes.htmhttp://www.chs.edu.sg/~limth/lessons/2002/Electrolysis/reactive_electrodes.htmhttp://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,1155265,00.asphttp://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,1155265,00.asphttp://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,1155265,00.asphttp://www.ce.org/Press/CEA_Pubs/942.asphttp://www.ce.org/Press/CEA_Pubs/942.asphttp://www.ce.org/Press/CEA_Pubs/942.asp

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Electrolysisof aqueouselectrolytes

(e) Apply idea of selective discharge(linked to the reactivity series forcations) to deduce the electrolysis ofconcentrated aqueous sodium chloride,aqueous copper(II) sulphate and dilutesulphuric acid using inert electrodes.

(f) Predict the likely products of theelectrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte,given relevant information.

(g) Construct ionic equations for thereactions occurring at the electrodesduring the electrolysis of thesubstances mentioned in the syllabus.

http://www.buchmann.ca/chap1-page3.asp

http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biogr

pahies/VoltaBio.htm

http://www.howstuffworks.com/battery2.htm

Electrolysis inindustry

(h)Describe the electrolysis of aqueouscopper(II) sulphate with copper

electrodes as means of purifyingcopper.

(i) Describe the electroplating of metals,e.g. copper plating, and recall one useof electroplating.

(j) Describe the electrolysis of purifiedaluminium oxide dissolved in moltencryolite as the method of extraction ofaluminium (starting materials andessential conditions, including identityof electrodes should be given togetherwith equation for the electrodereactions but no technical details ordiagrams are required).

(k) Explain the apparent lack of reactivityof aluminium.

Activity 15.4Demonstration on

electrolysis of copper(II)sulphate using carbonelectrodes.

Activity 15.5Demonstration onelectrolysis of copper(II)sulphate using copperelectrodes.

Activity 15.6Demonstration onelectroplating of spatula withcopper.


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http://www.buchmann.ca/chap1-page3.asphttp://www.buchmann.ca/chap1-page3.asphttp://www.buchmann.ca/chap1-page3.asphttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biogrpahies/VoltaBio.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biogrpahies/VoltaBio.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biogrpahies/VoltaBio.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biogrpahies/VoltaBio.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biogrpahies/VoltaBio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/battery2.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/battery2.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/battery2.htmhttp://www.buchmann.ca/chap1-page3.asphttp://www.buchmann.ca/chap1-page3.asphttp://www.buchmann.ca/chap1-page3.asphttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biogrpahies/VoltaBio.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biogrpahies/VoltaBio.htmhttp://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Biogrpahies/VoltaBio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/battery2.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/battery2.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/battery2.htm

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(l) State the uses of aluminium and relatethe uses to the properties of this metaland its alloys, e.g. the manufacture ofaircraft; food containers; electricalcables.



TOPIC 16Speed of Reactions


(a) Describe the effect of concentration,pressure, particle size and temperatureon the speeds of reactions and explainthe effect in term of collisions betweenreacting particles.

(b) Define the term catalyst and describethe effect of catalyst (includingenzymes) on the speeds of reactions.

(c) Explain hoe pathways with loweractivation energies account for theincrease in speeds of reactions.

(d) State that transition elements and theircompounds act as catalyst in a range ofindustrial processes and that enzymesare biological catalyst.

(e) Suggest suitable method forinvestigating the effect of a givenvariable on the speed of a reaction.

(f) Interpret data obtained from

4Activity 16.1Experiment: To show theeffect of concentration on thespeed of reaction.

Activity 16.2Experiment: To show the

effect of temperature on thespeed of reaction.

Activity 16.3Experiment: To show theeffect of particle size usingcalcium carbonate (lump andpowder) with hydrochloricacid.

Activity 16.4Experiment: To show thedecomposition of hydrogenperoxide using manganese(IV)oxide.

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_rates.html

http://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.php

http://youth.net/nsrc/sci/sci035.html#anchor1124013


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http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_rates.htmlhttp://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_rates.htmlhttp://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_rates.htmlhttp://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.phphttp://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.phphttp://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.phphttp://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.phphttp://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.phphttp://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.phphttp://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.phphttp://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.phphttp://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.phphttp://youth.net/nsrc/sci/sci035.html#anchor1124013http://youth.net/nsrc/sci/sci035.html#anchor1124013http://youth.net/nsrc/sci/sci035.html#anchor1124013http://youth.net/nsrc/sci/sci035.html#anchor1124013http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_rates.htmlhttp://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_rates.htmlhttp://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_rates.htmlhttp://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.phphttp://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.phphttp://www.sci-journal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=46&htm=reports/vol1no1/v1n1k44.htm&link=reports/home.phphttp://youth.net/nsrc/sci/sci035.html#anchor1124013http://youth.net/nsrc/sci/sci035.html#anchor1124013http://youth.net/nsrc/sci/sci035.html#anchor1124013

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experiments concerned with speed ofreaction

TOPIC 17Reversible Reaction

Le Chateliersprinciple


(a) State that some chemical reactions arereversible.

(b) Understand Le Chateliers principle.

(c) Describe the idea that some chemicalreactions can be reversed by changingthe reaction conditions.

(d) Describe the idea that some reversiblereactions can reach dynamicequilibrium and predict the effect of

3Activity 17.1Practical: To show reversiblereactions.


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changing the conditions.


s


Haber process (e) Describe the use of nitrogen, from air,and hydrogen, from cracking oil, in themanufacture of ammonia.

(f) Describe the essentialconditions for the manufacture ofammonia by the Haber process.

(g) Describe the use of nitrogenous fertilisers in promotingplant growth and crop yield.

(h) Compare nitrogen content of salts used for fertilisers by calculatingpercentage masses.

(i) Describe eutrophication andwater pollution problems caused bynitrates leaching from farm land andexplain why the high solubility ofnitrates increases these problems.

(j) Describe the displacement of ammonia from its salts and explain why

adding calcium hydroxide to soil cancause the loss of nitrogen from addednitrogenous fertiliser.

Contact process(k) Describe the manufacture of

sulphuric acid from the raw materialsulphur, air and water in the Contactprocess.

Activity 17.2Experiment: To preparefertiliser using nitric acid (the


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(l) State the use of sulphurdioxide as a bleach, in the manufactureof wood pulp for paper and as a foodpreservative (by killing bacteria)

(m) State the use of sulphuric acidin the manufacture of detergents andfertilisers; and as a battery acid.

manufacture of fertilizer fromammonia).



TOPIC 18Redox


(a) Define oxidation and reduction(redox) in terms of oxygen/hydrogen gain/loss.

(b) Define redox in term of electrontransfer and changes in oxidationstates.

(c) Identify redox reactions in terms ofoxygen/hydrogen, and/or electron,

gain/loss, and/or changes inoxidation state.

(d) Describe the use of aqueouspotassium iodide, and acidifiedpotassium manganate(VII) andacidified potassium dichromate(VI)in testing for oxidising and reducing

4 Activity 18.1Demonstration: To show thecolour changes in oxidisingagents acidified potassiummanganate(VII) and acidifiedpotassium dichromate.

Activity 18.2Demonstration: To show thecolour change of iodide ion inredox reaction.

http://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_oxi_aa.htm

http://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_test.htm


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http://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_oxi_aa.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_oxi_aa.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_oxi_aa.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_oxi_aa.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_test.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_test.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_test.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_test.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_oxi_aa.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_oxi_aa.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_oxi_aa.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_test.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_test.htmhttp://www.chemistry.co.nz/redox_test.htm

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agents from the resulting colourchanges.

TOPIC 19

Atmosphere andEnvironment

Air


(a) Describe the volume composition ofgases present in dry air as 79%nitrogen, 20% oxygen and theremainder being noble gases (withargon as the main constituent) andcarbon dioxide.

(b) Describe the separation of oxygen,nitrogen and the noble gases fromliquid air by fractional distillation.

(c) State the use of oxygen (e.g.

making steel; oxygen tents inhospitals; together with acetylene,in welding).

(d) Name common atmosphericpollutants (e.g. carbon monoxide;methane nitrogen oxides (NO and

2NO ); ozone; sulphur dioxide;

unburned hydrocarbons).

2

Activity 19.1

Students research andpresentation.

http://www.sci-

jounal.org/index.php?template_type=report&id=28&htm=reprts/vol3no1/v3n1k43.html&link=reports/home.php

http://youth.net/nsrc/sci/sc047.html#anchor1415078

http://www.nea.gov.sg/psi/

http://epa.gov/acodrain/index.html

http://www.geocities.com/whatsacidrain/

http://www.angelfire.com/ks/boredwalk/

Topic / Sub-topic Lesson Objectives No. ofWeeks


(e) State the source of these pollutantsas:(i) Carbon monoxide from the

incomplete combustion of

http://www.scienceshorts.com/articles/acid%20Rain.htm


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carbon-containing substances.

(ii) Methane from bacterial decayof vegetable matter.

(iii) Nitrogen oxides from lightningactivity and internalcombustion engines.

(iv) Ozone from photochemicalreactions responsible for theformation of photochemicalsmog.

(v) Sulphur dioxide from volcanoesand combustion of fossil fuels.

(vi) Unburned hydrocarbons frominternal combustion engines.

http://www.madison.k12.wi.us/stugeon/acfacts.htm

http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming



(f) Describe the reaction used inpossible solutions to the problemsarising from some of the pollutantsnamed in (d).(i) The redox reactions in catalytic

converters to removecombustion pollutants.

(ii) The use of calcium carbonateto reduce the effect of acidrain and flu gasdesulphurisation.

(g) Discuss some of the effects of thesepollutants on health and on theenvironment.(i) The poisonous nature of carbon

monoxide.

(ii) The role of nitrogen dioxide


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and sulphur dioxide in theformation of acid rain and itseffect of respiration andbuilding.



(h) Discuss the importance of theozone layer and the probleminvolved with the depletion of ozoneby reaction with chlorine containingcompounds, chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs).

(i) Describe the carbon cycle in simpleterms, to include:(i) The processes of combustion,

respiration and photosynthesis.

(ii) How carbon cycle regulate theamount of carbon dioxide inthe atmosphere.

(j) State that carbon dioxide andmethane are greenhouse gases andmay contribute to global warming,give the sources of these gases anddiscuss the possible consequencesof an increase in global warming.

Water(k) State that water from natural

sources contains a variety ofdissolved substances.(i) Naturally occurring (mineral

salts; oxygen; organic matter).

(ii) Pollutant (metal compounds;sewage; nitrate from fertilisers;

Activity 19.2Demonstration: To showtest for water using blue cobaltchloride paper and anhydrouscopper(II) sulphate.

Activity 19.3Demonstration on water


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phosphates from fertilisers anddetergents; harmful microbes)

(l) Discuss the environmental effect ofthe dissolved substances named in(a)(i) Beneficial, e.g. oxygen and

mineral salts for aquatic life.(ii) Pollutant, e.g. hazard to health;

eutrophication.

treatment using alum (pondwater)

Activity 19.4Enrichment visit to watertreatment plant.



(m) Outline the purification of watersupply in term of:(i) Filtration to remove solids.

(ii) Use of carbon to remove tasteand odours.

(iii) Chlorination to disinfect thewater.

n. State that seawatercan be converted into drinkablewater by desalination.

TOPIC 20Organic Chemistry

Introduction

Hydrocarbon

Petroleum

Students should be able to:(a) Describe petroleum as a mixture of

hydrocarbons and its separationinto useful fraction by fractionaldistillation.

(b)Name the following fractions and

1


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state their uses:(i) Petrol (gasoline) as fuel in cars

(ii) Naphtha as feedstock forchemical industry

(iii) Paraffin (kerosene) as a fuel forheating and cooking and foraircraft engines.

(iv) Diesel as a fuel for dieselengines

(v) Lubricating oils as lubricantsand as a source of polishes andwaxes.

(vi) Bitumen for making roadsurfaces.

(c) State that the naphtha fraction fromcrude oil is the main source ofhydrocarbons used as feedstock forthe production of a wide range oforganic compounds.

(d) Describe the issues relating to thecompeting uses of oil as an energysource and as chemical feedstock.



Alkanes Students should be able to:

(a) Describe a homologous series as agroup of compound with a generalformula, similar chemical propertiesand showing a gradation in physicalproperties as a result of increase in

Activity 20.1Demonstration: To showincomplete combustion ofhydrocarbon.

Activity 20.2Constructing molecules of

http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html

http://www.kcpc.usyd.edu.au/discovery/9.2.1/index


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the size and mass of the molecules,e.g. melting and boiling points,viscosity; flammability.

(b) Describe the alkanes as anhomologous series of saturatedhydrocarbons with the general

formula 2n2nHC + .

(c) Draw the structures of branchedand unbranched alkanes, C1 to C4and name the unbranched alkanes,methane to butane.

(d) Define isomerism and identifyisomers

(e) Describe the properties of alkanes(exemplified by methane) asgenerally unreactive except in

terms burning and substitution bychlorine.

organic compounds usingmodels.

.html http://www.pafko

.com/history//h_petro.html

http://www.pafko.com/history//h_refine.html

http://www.howstuffworks.com/news-item10.htm

http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa090299.htm

Alkenes Students should be able to:

(a) Describe the alkenes as ahomologous series of unsaturatedhydrocarbons with the general

formula n2nHC .

(b) Draw the structure of branched andunbranched alkenes, C2 to C4 and

name the unbranched alkenes,ethene to butane.

(c) Describe the manufactureof alkenes and hydrogen bycracking hydrocarbons andrecognise that cracking is essentialto match the demand for fractions

1Activity 20.3Demonstration: To test foralkenes with bromine.

http://www.automotive-technology.com/projects/p2000/index,html#p20001

http://energy.saving.nu/biomass/ca

rsbiofuel.shtml http://www.nesea

.org/greecarclub/factsheets_ethanol.pdf


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containing smaller molecules fromthe refinery process.


s


(d) Describe the properties of alkenes in terms of combustion,polymerisation and their additionreactions with bromine, steam andhydrogen.

(e) Describe the differencebetween saturated and unsaturatedhydrocarbons from their molecularformula and by using aqueousbromine.

(f) Describe the meaning ofpolyunsaturated when applied tofood product.

(g) Describe the manufactureof margarine by the addition ofhydrogen to unsaturated vegetableoils to form a solid product.

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/chemistry/conductive_polymers/index.html

Alcohols Students should be able to:

(a) Describe the alcohols as ahomologous series containing the

OH group.

(b) Draw the structures of alcohols, C1to C4 and name the unbranchedalcohols, methanol to butanol.

1Activity 20.4Demonstration: To compare

the flammability and thecolour of the flames producedby different alcohols and toshow the variation of physicalproperties of the first fourmembers of alcohol.


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http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/chemistry/conductive_polymers/index.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/educational_games/chemistry/conductive_polymers/index.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/educational_games/chemistry/conductive_polymers/index.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/educational_games/chemistry/conductive_polymers/index.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/educational_games/chemistry/conductive_polymers/index.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/educational_games/chemistry/conductive_polymers/index.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/educational_games/chemistry/conductive_polymers/index.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/educational_games/chemistry/conductive_polymers/index.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/educational_games/chemistry/conductive_polymers/index.html

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(c) Describe the properties of alcoholsin terms of combustion andoxidation to carboxylic acids.

(d)Describe the formation of ethanolby the catalysed addition of steamto ethene and by fermentation of

glucose.(e) State some uses of ethanol, e.g. as

a solvent, as a renewable fuel; as aconstituent of alcoholic beverages.

Activity 20.5Demonstration: To comparefluidity of the alcohols.



Carboxylic AcidsStudents should be able to:

(a) Describe the carboxylic acids as ahomologous series containing

HCO2 group.

(b)Draw the structures of carboxylicacids, C1 to C4 and name theunbranched acids, methanoic tobutanoic acids.

(c) Describe the carboxylic acids asweak acids, reacting with

carbonates, bases and somemetals.

(d) Describe the formation of ethanoicacid by oxidation of ethanol byatmospheric oxygen or acidifiedpotassium dichromate(VI).

1Activity 20.6Demonstration: To showoxidation of ethanol toethanoic acid.

Activity 20.7Demonstration: To show theacidic properties of carboxylicacid.


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(e) Describe the reaction of ethanoicacid with ethanol to form ester,ethyl ethanoate.

(f) State some commercial uses ofester, e.g. perfumes; flavouring;solvents.

Macromolecules -polymers


(a) Describe macromoleculesas a large molecules built up fromsmall unit, differentmacromolecules having differentunit and/or different linkages.

(b) Describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example ofaddition polymerisation of etheneas monomer.

(c) State some uses of poly(ethene) asa typical plastic, e.g. plastic bags,cling film.

(d) Deduce the structure of the polymerproduct from a given monomer andvice versa.

2




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(e) Describe nylon, a polyamide, and Terylene, a polyester, ascondensation polymers (refersyllabus for the partial structures ofnylon and Terylene).

(f) State some

typical uses of man-made fibressuch as nylon and Terylene, e.g.clothing, curtain materials; fishingline; parachutes; sleeping bags.

(g) Describe thepollution problems caused by thedisposal of non-biodegradableplastics.

(h) Identifycarbohydrates, proteins and fats as

natural macromolecules.(i) Describeproteins as possessing the sameamide linkages as nylon butdifferent monomer units.

(j) Describe fatas esters possessing the samelinkages as Terylene but withdifferent monomer units.

(k) Describe

hydrolysis of proteins to aminoacids and carbohydrates (e.g.starch) to simple sugars


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year 10 - 2 years

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