Years to Remember 1607: Jamestown settlement is established (first permanent English settlement in North America); tobacco 1620: Pilgrims establish Plymouth Colony and sign the Mayflower Compact (self government). 1776: Declaration of Independence is written. : American Revolutionary War. 1787: U.S. Constitution is written in Philadelphia. British Motivations for Establishing the 13 Colonies PoliticalEconomicSocial To keep up with Spain and other European rivals (compete). To make sure that other countries didnt get too much power. Mercantilism- favorable balance of trade for England. Some hoped to find riches like gold. To spread Christian religion to new people. It provided opportunities for unemployed or unhappy English people. Allowed many to escape religious persecution. PowerWealt h Opportunity Quakers William Penn Pennsylvania Middle Colonies Cereal Grains (oats) in Middle Colonies. Tolerant, pacifists Maryland Founded for Religious reasons Safe Haven for persecuted Catholics Worship Freely Significant Individuals OF COLONIZATION ERA: Roger Williams (and Anne Hutchinson)- established Rhode Island with the guarantee of religious freedom after disagreement with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. Government separate from the church leadership. New England Cold, long winters. Poor, rocky soil. Subsistence Farming Shipbuilding, fishing, whaling, timber/lumber (wood) Middle Colonies Seasonal/Moderate (not as cold as N. England, not as hot as South). Fertile Soil Agriculture = cereal grains. Southern Colonies Warm climate with rich soil; suitable for farming. Most fertile soil. Agriculture = plantation economy (slave labor) Colonial Regions New England Settled by those seeking religious freedom Pilgrims (Plymouth), Puritans. Anne Hutchinson & Roger Williams kicked out of Puritan Massachusetts bay and establish Rhode Island. Middle Colonies William Penn was a Quaker, a tolerant, pacifist religion. He established Pennsylvania for the Quakers. Southern Colonies Georgia was established as a safe haven for debtors and a buffer zone between the colonies and Spanish Florida. Mercantilism The rulers and merchants of Europe wanted to use the natural resources in America to get rich. They had a plan for getting rich known as mercantilism. First, countries set up colonies. Next, they sent people to look for gold and silver. Then, they sent people to live and work in their colonies. Mercantilism [CONTINUED] Triangular Trade The exchange of goods over three trade routes across the Atlantic. The Middle Passage, in which African slaves crossed the Atlantic to the Americas, was a crucial part of this trade system. Slave Economy Middle Passage Slavery was an important part of the plantation economy in the Southern colonies. Plantation owners in the South used captured African slaves to work on their plantation. These slaves travelled a long, enduring voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, known as the Middle Passage. The slave trade was part of mercantilism. During the colonial period (before the enactment of various taxes/acts which started the American Revolution) there was an unwritten policy called Salutary Neglect. Salutary neglect was a hands-off policy, meaning the English didnt really enforce laws over the colonies. During this time the colonies were free to trade (free enterprise) with other countries and govern themselves (self government). sALUTARY NEGLECT Salutary Neglect led to Self Government in the colonies. Free Enterprise Economy in the colonies. Ended in 1763 after French & Indian War when the British imposed new laws/taxes on colonies. SALUTARY NEGLECT [CONTINUED] Economic Systems: Free Enterprise Based on private ownership, individual wealth (profit), and limited government intervention. The First Great Awakening The First Great Awakening was religious movement of spiritual renewal that swept the colonies during the 1700s. The First Great Awakening challenged the religious authority (the Church of England) which inspired the colonists to challenge the authority of the King. Many people joined new churches resulting in the growth of new denominations Albany Plan of Union Ben Franklin tried to unite (form a union) the colonies under one government to support the British during the French and Indian War. French & Indian War Before the French & Indian War After the French & Indian War Proclamation of 1763 Forbade colonists from settling west of Appalachian Mts. Angered colonists. Kept them out of fur trade and away from new land. "No Taxation Without Representation!!!" The colonists felt that they were being unfairly taxed (taxation) by the British, and they wanted to govern themselves (self government/representation) Taxation- Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Intolerable Acts, Townshend Acts Representation- KG3 got rid of colonial legislatures. Colonists wanted the opportunity to elect their own representatves. Sugar Act vs. Stamp Act Sugar Act Only affected merchants & wealthy who could afford sugar and expensive goods. Stamp Act Affected all colonists because the goods taxed were used by most colonists The Stamp Act put more people against British taxes because it affected more people. Boston Massacre An incident in which British Army soldiers killed five men, including Crispus Attucks, a former slave. Paul Revere created the following drawing as propaganda to depict the British as cruel or mean. Boston Massacre (continued) Boston Tea Party On December 16, 1773, the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Native Americans, protested the Tea Act by boarding ships and dumping 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor. Britain responded by passing the Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) which forced the colonists to pay for the damaged tea, and closed Boston Harbor. Boston Tea Party (consequences = Intolerable Acts) Colonists up and down the Thirteen Colonies in turn responded to the Intolerable Acts with additional acts of protest, and by convening the First Continental Congress, which petitioned the British monarch for repeal of the acts and coordinated colonial resistance to them. The crisis escalated, and the Revolutionary War began near Boston in 1775 with the battles of Lexington & Concord. Causes of American Revolution Proclamation of 1763 MercantilismBritish economic policies following the French & Indian War Lack of representation in Parliament Intolerable Acts Angered colonists because it forbade them from crossing the Appalachian Mountains Favorable balance of trade which forced colonists to send raw materials to Britain and only buy British goods. After the French & Indian War, the British ended salutary neglect and forced the colonists to pay taxes in order to satisfy war debt The British eliminated colonial legislatures like the House of Burgesses and denied colonies the right to representation in Parliament. Series of laws passed as punishment for the Boston Tea Party. It required colonists to repay for damaged tea, closed Port of Boston and got rid of their legislature. All of these started because of the French & Indian War!!! Causes of American Revolution Timeline Declaration of Independence BostonTea Party Dec.- Boston Tea Party Boston Massacre 1770 Stamp Act 1765 Sugar Act 1764 French & Indian War (Proclamati on Act of 1763) Major Battles of Revolutionary War L exington & Concord (1775) S aratoga (1777) Y orktown (1781) T reaty of Paris (1783) *First battles* *Turning Point* *Convinced France to join* *Last major battle* *Ended War ; Colonies get new land* Loosers Can Suck Your Toes Valley Forge Valley Forge = Very Frigid!!! Valley Forge [continued] Washington and his troops camped at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania during the winter of They endured harsh conditions including extreme cold and disease while lacking proper supplies and equipment. VALLEY FORGE = VERY FRIGID Leaders of the Revolutionary War Abigal Adams- wife of John Adams; Womens rights activist during the Revolution. John Adams-lawyer; outspoken member of Continental Congress. Samuel Adams- leader of the Sons of Liberty. Benjamin Franklin- influenced by the Enlightenment; convinced France to help. Crispus Attucks- first African American shot in Revolution at the Boston Massacre. King George III- Tyrant king of Britain. Patrick Henry- said Give me liberty or give me death before the House of Burgesses. Thomas Paine- author of anti-British pamphlet, Common Sense. George Washington- General of the Continental army. Thomas Jefferson- wrote the Declaration of Independence Paul Revere- created the famous engraving of the Boston Massacre; warned colonists, The British are coming Leaders of the Revolutionary War Marquis de Lafayette- French military officer who fought for the US James Armistead- African American who spied for Marquis de Lafayette Haym Solomon- Jewish man who helped finance the US during Revolution Mercy Otis Warren- protested the British by writing plays and poems. Wentworth Cheswell- African American archaeologist of the Revolutionary War; New Hampshire landowner; fought in battle of Saratoga; elected official in New Hampshire. John Paul Jones- Congressional Gold Medal in honor of his valor and brilliant services during the RevolutionaryWar for his victories at sea The Declaration of Independence was written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson (First Continental Congress). It served three purposes: 1.To formally declare the colonies independent (free) from British rule. 2.To list the colonies grievances (complaints) about King George III. 3.To express/describe the kind of government the colonists wanted (democracy) ABOUT THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Remember!!! King George III is a tyrant (a cruel, unfair leader). Unalienable Rights: The right to Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness Shows Jeffersons influence by John Locke, the Enlightenment philosopher (life, liberty, and property). ROOTS OF REPRESENTATIVE Government House of Burgesses- A legislative assembly in Virginia. It was the first form of representative government in the colonies ROOTS OF REPRESENTATIVE Government Mayflower Compact An agreement established by the men who sailed to America on the Mayflower, which called for laws for the good of the colony and set forth the idea of self government. Majority rule Social Contract Self government Magna Carta (1215)- Granted rights to English Noblemen. Limited power of the king. Trial by jury (Amendments 6 & 7). Individual Rights Limited Government ROOTS OF REPRESENTATIVE Government Parliament- Englands chief lawmaking body. It would become the model for our legislative branch (Congress). ROOTS OF REPRESENTATIVE Government Zenger Trial John Zenger criticized the royal governor of New York. At the time, it was illegal to criticize the royal leaders. The case was ruled in his favor, giving way to the idea of freedom of the press. ROOTS OF REPRESENTATIVE Government Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) Extended voting rights to non- members of the church. First Constitution. ROOTS OF REPRESENTATIVE Government English Bill of Rights (1689)- Granted rights to ALL Englishmen (not just noblemen). Model for our Bill of Rights. ROOTS OF REPRESENTATIVE Government The Enlightenment An 18th Century philosophical movement that challenged traditional authority (monarchies/kings). ROOTS OF REPRESENTATIVE Government Life, liberty, and property. Separation of Powers; Checks & Balances Charles Montesquieu John Locke The Enlightenment (continued) ROOTS OF REPRESENTATIVE Government -Advocated for self defense (Second Amendment Rights) -Advocated religious tolerance. -Puritan Leader who created the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut which gave voting rights to non-Puritans. Thomas Hooker William Blackstone Articles of Confederation First National Government Americas first attempt to create a national government but it was too weak! Strengths (2)Weaknesses (6) Kept states together (as a loose confederation or league of friendly states) No Army Created new states (Northwest Ordinance) No President No Tax System No Court System No Trade / Common Currency (money) Amending the Articles required unanimous (all) vote NORTHWEST TERRITORY NORTHWEST ORDINANCE Northwest Ordinance Described how the Northwest Territory was to be governed and set conditions for settlement and settlers rights. Land Ordinance of 1785 Law that outlined how land would be divided in the Northwest Territory SHAYS REBELLION Who: Daniel Shays & angry farmers. What: Led an uprising. Where: Massachusetts When: Why: Farmers were angry over high taxes. The rebellion proved that the Articles of Confederation were too weak. Constitutional Era Constitution Federalist Papers Bill of Rights US Constitution (Philadelphia, 1787) Article 1 Legislative Branch All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in congress... [Congress - makes laws] Article 2 Executive Branch The executive power shall be vested in a president... [President - executes / enforces laws] Article 3 Judicial Branch The Judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court [Supreme Court - interprets laws] REMEMBER: Lucy Eats Jell-o 7 Principles US Constitution 1. Popular Sovereignty- People Rule; Consent of governed. 2. Limited Government- Everyone must obey law; rule of law. 3. Federalism- Shared power between nation & state governments 4. Republicanism- people vote to elect representatives. 5. Separation of Powers- 3 Branches of gov. 6. Individual Rights- Civil Rights (as in Amendments 1-8 of the Bill of Rights); unalienable rights 7. Checks & Balances- 3 branches checking each other so no branch gets too powerful (veto, override, judicial review) Grievances in Declaration of Independence Addressed in US Constitution Grievance in Declaration of Independence Addressed (put into) the US Constitution & Bill of Rights Giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us [Based on Quartering Act] 3 rd Amendment makes it so that the government can no longer force people to house troops. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. [Under British rule the king had too much influence in the court system.] Article 3, Section 1 of the US Constitution created the Supreme Court For depriving us, in many Cases, of the Benefits of Trial by Jury 6th and 7 th Amendments Trial by Jury. About the US Constitution: Federalists vs. Antifederalists Federalists Favored/For a strong central government / weaker state governments. Supported ratification of the US Constitution. Antifederalists Against/opposed strong central government. Wanted more power to the states and citizens. Their call for citizens rights (individual rights) led to the addition of the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) to the US Constitution. Federalist Wrote Essays called the Federalist Papers Published anonymously Argued for strong central government Advocated ratification About the US Constitution: Federalists vs. Antifederalists FederalistsAnti-Federalists Alexander Hamilton James Madison (wrote Constitution) George Mason Patrick Henry Give me Liberty, or give me Death!!! Great Compromise The Great Compromise was as an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of Large states (Virginia Plan) and small states (New Jersey Plan) compromised, creating a bicameral (2- house) legislature in Congress. continued Three-Fifths Compromise The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia convention of Under the compromise, three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for: 1.representation in the House of Representatives and 2.The distribution of taxes. Three-Fifths Compromise (continued) Southern States: Wanted slaves counted to determine representation in the House of Representatives. Opposed counting of slaves for the purpose of determining taxation. Northern States: Opposed counting slave population for representation in the House of Representatives. Favored counting of slaves for the purpose of determining taxation. Three-Fifths Compromise: 3/5 of slaves counted as population for determining representation in House of Representatives. 3/5 of slaves would be counted for the purpose of determining taxation Bill of Rights [1st Ten Amendments Antifederalists wanted them for ratification.] 1.R.A.P.P.S.- Freedom of Religion, Assembly, Petition, Press, Speech. 2.Right to bear Arms. 3.No quartering of troops. 4.Proper search & seizure. 5.Rights of Accused Persons (Miranda Rights) 6.Right to Trial by Jury 7.Trial by jury in civil cases. 8.No cruel/excessive punishments. 9.Rights of People 10.Power of states. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS STATES/PEOPLES RIGHTS