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Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Yemenwww.carnegieendowment.org/arabpoliticalsystemswww.fride.org/eng/Publications/Publication.aspx?Item=787

YEMEN

UPDATES AND FORTHCOMING EVENTS ......................................................................................3

UPDATES AND FORTHCOMING EVENTS ......................................................................................3

YEMENI AUTHORITIES HAVE BLOCKED ACCESS TO THE INDEPENDENT NEWS

WEBSITE YEMEN-PORTAL SINCE JANUARY 19, 2!, ACCUSING IT OF

"JEOPARDI#ING NATIONAL UNITY$ AND "INCITING SECESSION.$ OTHER BLOCKED

NEWS WEBSITES IN YEMEN INCLUDE YEMEN HURR, HOUR NEWS TODAY , HDRMUT,

AL-TEEF, AL-YEMEN, ADEN PRESS, AND SOUT AL-GNOUB. CLICK HERE FOR MORE

INFORMATION........................................................................................................................................3

YEMENI AUTHORITIES HAVE BLOCKED ACCESS TO THE INDEPENDENT NEWS

WEBSITE YEMEN-PORTAL SINCE JANUARY 19, 2!, ACCUSING IT OF

"JEOPARDI#ING NATIONAL UNITY$ AND "INCITING SECESSION.$ OTHER BLOCKED

NEWS WEBSITES IN YEMEN INCLUDE YEMEN HURR, HOUR NEWS TODAY , HDRMUT,AL-TEEF, AL-YEMEN, ADEN PRESS, AND SOUT AL-GNOUB. CLICK HERE FOR MORE

INFORMATION........................................................................................................................................3

STATE INSTITUTIONS% SEPARATION OF POWERS.....................................................................&

STATE INSTITUTIONS% SEPARATION OF POWERS.....................................................................&

!"#$I%&'()"*...............................................................................................................................+,-I,($I%&'()"*.............................................................................................................................0#1I"I('Y...............................................................................................................................................2,3"(,-3%')4)$.............................................................................................................................8

RIGHTS ...................................................................................................................................................1

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace51779 Massachusetts Ave. NWWashington .C. !""#$%!1"#www.carnegieendowment.org

&undaci'n (ara las )elaciones Internacionales * eli+logo E,terior-C &eli(e I/- 9 % 10 dcha. !"12 Madrid.www.fride.org

At A Glance

Population5 0uly 62 est. 665659

-1P Per "apita :PPP;5 62 est. elopment Index 'an5 #)1P5 62 9 :out of 977 countries;

@reedom *ouse 'ating5 62 Partly @ree

Political 'igAts

"i>il ,iberties

@reedom of tAe Press 'an5 @reedom *ouse5 62 97+ :out of 9+ countries;

"orruption Index 'an5 $ransparency International5 67 99 :out of 98 countries;

-ender mpowerment 'an5 #)1P5 6+ 78 :out of 78 countries;
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Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Yemen

RIGHTS ...................................................................................................................................................1

P'3)(,,I&'$I.............................................................................................................................9,-I,($I3)'-#,($I)-$*!'"I3@'I-*$..........................................................................9'")$-3%')4)$I)I$I($I%(@@"$I)-'I-*$.....................................................................9

POLITICAL FORCES............................................................................................................................1'

POLITICAL FORCES............................................................................................................................1'

P3,I$I"(,P('$I...............................................................................................................................97"I%I,3"I$Y.......................................................................................................................................9

ELECTION RESULTS...........................................................................................................................21

ELECTION RESULTS...........................................................................................................................21

CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION..........................................................................................................23

CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION..........................................................................................................23

CORRUPTION........................................................................................................................................2&

CORRUPTION........................................................................................................................................2&

RATIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS.............................................................2(

RATIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS.............................................................2(

Carnegie Endowment for International Peacewww.carnegieendowment.org

&undaci'n (ara las )elaciones Internacionales * eli+logo E,teriorwww.fride.org

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Updates and Forthcoming Events

Yemeni autAorities Aa>e bloced access to tAe independent news website Y)*)+-

P/0since 0anuary 95 685 accusing it of BCeopardiDing national unityE and

Binciting secession.E 3tAer bloced news websites in Yemen include Y)*)+H5H N) T4/55 H4*5 /0-T))65 /0-Y)*)+5A4)+ P)5 and S/0-G+7. "lic8))for more information.


http://www.yemenportal.net/http://www.yemenportal.net/http://www.yamenhurr.net/http://www.yamenhurr.net/http://www.hnto.net/http://www.hnto.net/http://www.hdrmut.net/http://www.al-teef.com/http://www.al-yemen.org/http://www.al-yemen.org/http://www.adenpress.com/http://www.soutalgnoub.com/http://www.soutalgnoub.com/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/90216/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/90216/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/90216/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/http://www.fride.org/http://www.yemenportal.net/http://www.yemenportal.net/http://www.yamenhurr.net/http://www.yamenhurr.net/http://www.hnto.net/http://www.hdrmut.net/http://www.al-teef.com/http://www.al-yemen.org/http://www.adenpress.com/http://www.soutalgnoub.com/http://www.soutalgnoub.com/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/90216/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/http://www.fride.org/

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State Institutions/ Separation of Poers

$Ae 'epublic of Yemen was establisAed on 4ay 665 95 witA tAe merger of tAe

Yemen (rab 'epublic :Y('; in )ortA Yemen and tAe PeopleFs 1emocratic'epublic of Yemen :P1'Y; in outA Yemen.

$Ae constitution unifying )ortA and outA Yemen was appro>ed by popular

referendum on 4ay 925 99 :nglisA $ext; and was substantially amended in9+:nglisA $ext5(rabic $ext;5 and 69 :nglisA $ext;.

E!ecutive "ranch

$Ae):4)+is tAe Aead of state. *eG

H (ppoints tAe prime minister and tAe consultati>e council.

H "an dissol>e tAe parliament but must con>oe new elections witAin sixty days.$Ae parliament cannot be dissol>ed twice for tAe same reason.H "annot rule by decree wAen tAe parliament is dissol>ed5 following tAe

enactment of a constitutional amendment in 69.H igns treaties wAicA Aa>e to be ratified by parliament.H 3rders elections and referendums.H "an ser>e a maximum of two se>enHyear terms since a 69 amendment. $Ais

amendment allows President aleA5 in power since 95 to remain in officesubCect to reelection until 69.

$Ae presidential elections of eptember 65 9 were tAe first in wAicA

tAe president was elected by popular >ote. "andidates for tAe presidency mustrecei>e tAe nomination of at least fi>e percent of tAe legislature to compete in tAeelection. $Ae legislature must appro>e at least two candidates before presentingtAe candidates to tAe people for election. If no candidate recei>es a maCority of tAe>otes in tAe election5 a second round is Aeld in wAicA tAe two candidates recei>ingtAe two AigAest >ote sAares compete again. &efore 95 tAe legislati>e brancAselected a fi>eHmember presidential council wAicA tAen elected its cAairman.

A0: A74/00/8 S/0)8 Aas been President since 4ay 665 9. *e was

tAe former president of )ortA Yemen. $Ae unification agreement signed in anaain (pril 9 pro>ided for a fi>eHmember presidential council :tAree nortAerners5

two soutAerners;5 cAaired by aleA.

President aleA controls and uses tAe military and security ser>ices in a

way tAat enables Aim to circum>ent tAe countrys formal institutional bodies. #ntilrecently5 tAe absence of a defense ministry greatly enAanced Ais control.

$Ae :*) *:+:)G

H Is appointed by tAe president.H elects tAe cabinet in consultation witA tAe president.



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(bdul Jadir (bdul 'aAman &aCammal became prime minister in (pril

69.

$Ae"ouncil of 4inistersG

H Is appointed by tAe prime minister in consultation witA tAe president.H "onsists of 6 ministers.H Initiates and drafts legislation and submits it to tAe parliament for

consideration.

4inisters are freKuently called to Parliament to defend actions5 policies5

or proposed legislations5 altAougA tAey sometimes refuse to appear. 4inisters Aa>e generally been cAosen on tAe strengtA of tAeir

BtecAnocraticE Kualifications or political utility assets :for example5 to maintain aregional balance;. $Ae current cabinet was appointed on @ebruary 995 62. (ll 6cabinet members belong to tAe ruling -eneral Peoples "ongress. "lic 8))for acabinet list. @or many years5 tAere was no minister of defense because tAe president

also ser>ed as minister of defense

$Ae go>ernments ability to control tribes remains >ery limited. $Ae

central go>ernment Aas yet to exert full control o>er tribes in remote areas andparts of tAe population continue to resist stronger go>ernment autAority. (lso5basic go>ernment ser>ices are not a>ailable in many parts of tAe country.

1isputes witAin tribes5 between tribes5 and between tribes and tAecentral go>ernment5 remain a central cAaracteristic of Yemeni politics. "lic 8))to read a detailed International "risis -roup report on tAis pAenomenon. President aleA rules in close alliance witA Ais own *asAid tribal

confederation and witA tAe nortAern Laydi tribes generally5 but pri>ileges sometribes at tAe expense of otAers. *e Aas been unable to control tAe tribes resulting inidnappings5 tribal conflicts and rebellion against tAe central go>ernment.

#egislative "ranch

$Ae 69 constitution created a bicameral legislatureG

$Ae 999Hmember C+0/:;) C+es primarily in an ad>isory capacity but was gi>en some legislati>e powers

by tAe 69 constitutional amendments. $Aese include participating witA tAe*ouse of 'epresentati>es in Coint meetings to ratify legislation5 treaties5 andagreements relating to defense or any matters wAicA tAe president presents totAe Coint meeting.

H Mas most recently appointed in (pril 69.


http://www.yemenembassy.org/explore/who/index.htmhttp://www.yemenembassy.org/explore/who/index.htmhttp://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1675&l=1http://www.shoora.gov.ye/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/http://www.fride.org/http://www.yemenembassy.org/explore/who/index.htmhttp://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1675&l=1http://www.shoora.gov.ye/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/http://www.fride.org/

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$Ae 9Hmember H) 6 R)))+/:;):4aClis alH)uwwab;G

H Is elected for sixHyear terms by maCority >ote in singleHmember districtsH "an initiate legislation. *owe>er5 to date it Aas not done so.H 3>ersees tAe acti>ities of tAe executi>e brancA and discusses5 ratifies5 reCects5

and amends legislation.

H "an begin a process to impeacA tAe president if a maCority of tAe membersagree.

H "an refer tAe president to trial by tAe upreme "ourt tArougA a twoHtAirdparliamentary maCority.

H 4ust grant tAe council of ministers a >ote of confidence.

$Ae first multiHparty parliamentary elections were conducted in (pril

9.$Ae most recent legislati>e elections were Aeld on 68 (pril5 6.

$Ae two Aouses meet in Coint session to >ote on legislation pertaining to

national defense. &ills must recei>e an absolute maCority of all members present to

pass. $Ae president can also call for a Coint session wAene>er Ae deems itappropriate.

$Ae parliament Aolds two annual sessions. xtraordinary sessions may

be con>ened by presidential decree5 by a reKuest from one tAird of tAe members5 orby tAe Presiding &oard of tAe Parliament :composed of tAe speaer and tAreeofficials elected from among tAe 4Ps;.

$Ae parliament is not an effecti>e counterweigAt to executi>e autAority5

altAougA it increasingly demonstrates independence from tAe go>ernment.

(ltAougA tAe ruling party5 tAe -eneral Peoples "ongress5 enCoys an absolutemaCority5 tAe parliament Aas reCected or delayed action on maCor legislationintroduced by tAe go>ernment5 and Aas forced significant modifications. omegroups witAin parliament Aa>e also criticiDed tAe treatment of detainees5corruption5 and aspects of its counter terrorism campaign.

$udiciar%

Yemens legal system is a mixture of Islamic legal principles5 old gyptian laws5

and )apoleonic codes. Islamic legal principles are applied in all courts ratAer tAanCust in separate Aaria courts5 as is most often tAe case in (rab countries.

Yemen Aas no separate personal status courts. Personal status issues are Aandled by

tAe courts of general Curisdiction :sometimes in specialiDed cAambers;.

(rticle 9+7 of tAe 9+ "onstitution guarantees tAe independence of tAe Cudiciary.

In practice5 Aowe>er5 tAe Cudiciary is wea and se>erely Aampered by corruptionand executi>e brancA interference. $Ae executi>e brancA appoints Cudges andremo>es tAem at its discretion. $Aere are reports tAat some Cudges are Aarassed5reassigned5 or remo>ed from office following rulings against tAe go>ernment.

-o>ernment autAorities do not enforce Cudicial rulings issued against prominent

tribal or political leaders.



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In areas controlled by tribes5 members of tAe Cudiciary are at times tAreatened and

Aarassed.

J4:e types of courtsG criminalN ci>il and personal statusNcommercialN and courtHmartial.

H In recent years5 otAer limited Curisdiction courts Aa>e been establisAedunder tAe executi>e autAority sucA as Cu>enile and public funds courts.

H $Ae Cudicial system is organiDed in a tAreeHtiered court structureG

C 6 F: I+/+isions for criminal5 military5 ci>il5

and family issues. acA di>ision is composed of tAree Cudges.

S)*) C



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H $Ae upreme "ourt is empowered to settle Curisdictional disputesbetween different courts5 Aear cases brougAt against AigA go>ernment officials5determine tAe constitutionality of laws5 and ser>e as tAe final court of appealfor all lower court decisions.H It Aas eigAt separate di>isionsG constitutionalN appeals scrutiny5

criminal5 military5 ci>il5 family5 commercial5 and administrati>e. acA di>isionis composed of fi>e Cudges except for tAe constitutional5 wAicA is composed ofse>en Cudges including tAe "Aief 0ustice.

S)e specialiDed cAambers to deal witA some matters :sucA aspublic funds5 Cu>eniles5 or tAe military;. $Aere is no system of special courts:administrati>e5 personal status5 constitutional5 security5 etc.; lie tAose tAatAa>e emerged in many (rab countries. $Ae constitution proAibits tAe

establisAment of exceptional courts.

H In addition to regular courts tAere is a system of tribal adCudication fornoncriminal issues. In practice5 Aowe>er5 tribal Cudges often adCudicatecriminal cases as well. $Ae results carry tAe same if not greater weigAt as court

Cudgments. Persons Cailed under tAe tribal system usually are not cAargedformally witA a crime5 but stand publicly accused of tAeir transgression.

H ( special court exists to try persons cAarged witA idnapping5carCacing5 attacing oil pipelines5 and otAer acts considered to be of BpublicdangerE sucA as banditry and sabotage.

H $Aere are no military or security tribunals tAat try ci>ilians.

R)6* U+4) D:e Aim as Aead of tAe upreme 0udicial "ouncil. #nlie some otAer (rabstates5 Yemen Aas no constitutional stipulations for tAe membersAip of tAe"ouncil5 meaning tAat sucA a reform could be accomplisAed by ordinary

legislation.

#ocal Government

$Ae local go>ernment consists of 6 pro>inces5 wAicA are di>ided into 62 districts

(fter protracted and Aeated public debates parliament passed ,aw +/6 on ,ocal

(utAority in @ebruary 6. $Ae lawG



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H 1ecentraliDes autAority by establisAing locally elected district andpro>incial councils. *owe>er5 tAe go>ernment appoints tAe go>ernors and tAecAairpersons of tAe district councils.H 'estructures tAe distribution of budgetary resources between tAe localand central go>ernment. &efore 95 fiscal allocations were tigAtly controlled

by tAe central go>ernment5 delaying local go>ernment proCects. 4ost localre>enues raised tArougA taxes and fees were transferred to tAe capital5 witA>irtually all of local budgets coming from fund transfers from tAe nationalgo>ernment. $Ae new law allows local autAorities to eep re>enues collectedat tAe local le>el. $Ae central go>ernment also distributes funds to localautAorities based on population siDe.H "onsolidates local autAority for planning5 de>elopment5 andadministration into one elected bodyG tAe local council.H Pro>ides for an annual national conference con>ened by tAe primeminister to re>iew tAe status of decentraliDation.

$Ae first elections for tAe councils were Aeld in 69.

Implementation of tAe ,ocal (utAority ,aw Aas been slow due to political

opposition and tecAnical difficulty in demarcating new municipal districts. ( fewlocal councils are still not constituted and many continue to lac sufficientresources.

In some pro>inces5 tribal leaders exercise considerable discretion in tAe

interpretation and enforcement of tAe law.

3bser>ers criticiDe tAe law for not extending popular elections to tAe positions of

go>ernors or council cAairpersons wAo wield most of tAe decisionHmaingautAority. 3n 3ctober 25 62 President aleA announced tAat go>ernors andAeads of districts5 wAo are currently appointed5 may be elected to tAeir posts bycouncil members.



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&ights

Personal li"erties

$Ae constitution pro>ides for freedom of speecA BwitAin tAe limits of tAe law.E

$Ae constitution pro>ides for freedom of assembly but tAe go>ernment limits tAis

rigAt by banning and disrupting some demonstrations.

$Ae constitution pro>ides for freedom of religion but tAe go>ernment limits tAis

rigAt in some cases. $Ae constitution declares tAat Islam is tAe state religion. $Aego>ernment proAibits nonH4uslims from Aolding elected office.

$Ae constitution proAibits arbitrary arrest and detention. Indi>iduals cannot be

arrested unless caugAt in tAe act or ser>ed witA a summons. 1etainees must bearraigned witAin 6+ Aours of arrest or be released. $Ae Cudge or prosecutingattorney must inform tAe accused on tAe basis for tAe arrest and decide wAetAerdetention is reKuired. ( detainee may not be Aeld longer tAan se>en days witAout acourt order. *owe>er5 arbitrary arrest and prolonged detention witAout cAargeremain common practices.

4embers of tAe Political ecurity 3rganiDation5 tAe primary state security and

intelligence gatAering apparatus5 and of tAe 4inistry of Interior police forcescommit serious Auman rigAts abuses5 including police beatings5 arbitrary arrests5and detentions witAout cAarge. 1espite constitutional constraints5 police officers

routinely monitor citiDens acti>ities5 searcA tAeir Aomes5 and mistreat detainees.

$Ae )ew YorHbased organiDation *uman 'igAts MatcA pro>ides a compreAensi>e

o>er>iewof Auman rigAts de>elopments in Yemen.

#egislation regulating the e!ercise of rights

P0::ity was banned in botA parts of Yemen prior tounification. )egotiations o>er unification pa>ed tAe way for tAe appearance ofpolitical pluralism. 3n 0anuary 95 9 tAe "ommittee for a #nified Political'egime5 wAicA was entrusted witA defining tAe form of tAe unified statessystem5 decided to retain tAe -eneral Peoples "ongress and tAe Yemeniocialist Party :tAe ruling single parties of )ortA and outA Yemen; asindependent organiDations wAile allowing otAer parties tAe rigAt to engage in

political acti>ity. $Ais decision was reflected in (rticle of tAe 99"onstitution and consolidated in (rticle of tAe 9+ and 69 amendments.

H $Ae Political Parties ,aw )o. 22 of 99 :nglisA $ext; sets tAe conditions for

tAe establisAment of political parties. Parties cannotG



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H "ontra>ene Islamic >alues5 tAe so>ereignty and unity of tAe nation5 tAerepublican system and its constitution5 tAe basic rigAts and freedoms andtAe #ni>ersal 1eclaration of *uman 'igAts5 or Yemeni societys national5(rab and Islamic affiliations.

H &e based on regional5 tribal5 sectarian5 professional5 class5 or any otAer

form of discrimination among citiDens on tAe basis of tAeir sex or race.

H In order to recei>e a license from tAe ministry of interior5 parties must presentan application signed by 7 founding members and >erified in a court of law5 aswell as guarantee tAat it Aas at least 65 members distributed across Yemen.$Ais was done to a>oid tAe de>elopment o specifically nortAern or soutAern

parties.

H 'egistration is super>ised by tAe "ommittee for tAe (ffairs of Parties andPolitical 3rganiDations5 wAicA is composed of tAe minister of state for

parliamentary affairs :as cAairman;5 tAe interior minister5 tAe Custice minister5

and four independent retired Cudges or lawyers. $Ae law does not specifygrounds for refusing tAe registration of a party5 but states tAat parties could bedissol>ed or Aa>e tAeir acti>ities suspended by court for illegal acti>ities. $Aecommittee must decide on tAe reKuest witAin fifteen days5 and tAe party Aas tAerigAt to appeal to tAe upreme "ourt5 wAicA must issue its final decision witAinninety days.

H -o>ernment funding for political parties is a>ailable5 witA 6 percent of tAetotal to be sAared eKually by all parties represented in parliament and tAeremaining 7 percent di>ided in proportion to tAe sAare of >otes obtained in ageneral election by all parties recei>ing o>er fi>e percent of tAe total >otes.

H (rticle 9 of tAe law states tAat parties may not accept Bgifts or ser>ices fromnonHYemeni indi>iduals or parties.E $Aey must pro>ide a detailed record oftAeir financial affairsN including notifying tAe go>ernment of any singledonation o>er Y' 95 :about

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H $Ae Yemeni -eneral lections and 'eferendums ,aw of 69 extends tAispro>ision to local elections :nglisA $ext5 (rabic $ext;.

H #ni>ersal suffrage5 98 years and older.

H $Ae maCoritarian :firstHpastHtAeHpost; system used for local councilelections5 witA eitAer singleH or multiHmember constituencies5 mean tAat tAedistribution of seats on local councils do not reflect tAe sAare of >otes won by

political parties. @or example5 for tAe anaa "ity "ouncil5 all 6 council seatswere won by tAe ruling -eneral People "ongress during tAe eptember 62elections and opposition parties were unrepresented despite tAeir candidatesAa>ing won o>er 66 per cent of tAe total >ote in tAe city.

H (ccording to tAe pro>isions of tAe Yemeni -eneral lections and'eferendums ,aw of 69 :nglisA $ext5 (rabic $ext;5 tAe upreme lection"ommittee for lections and 'eferendums :"'; is cAarged witA o>erseeing

elections. $Ae tass of tAis independent body include drawing constituencyboundaries5 engaging in >oter education and registration measures5 andensuring tAat elections proceed according to tAe law. $Ae "' is composedof se>en members appointed by tAe president from a list of 9 candidatesnominated by tAe *ouse of 'epresentati>es. "andidates must recei>enominations from at least twoHtAirds of parliamentarians. 4embers ser>e a sixHyear mandate and are eligible for nomination for a second and final term.

H (t tAe local le>el5 a super>isory committee in eacA pro>ince isresponsible for o>erseeing tAe elections and a committee in eacA district isresponsible for preparing >oter lists. ( central permanent administrati>eapparatus is responsible for o>erseeing all administrati>e aspects of tAeelectoral process. $Aese committees are subordinate to tAe "'.

H $Ae maCority of tAe members in tAe "' and tAe administrati>ecommission belong to tAe ruling -P" party.

H (ll electoral disputes are settled by tAe upreme "ourt.

R)6* U+4) D:

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H ,aw )o.9 of 69 on (ssociations and @oundations5 ,aw )o. 22 for 995 tAe1raft ,aw on 3rganiDed 1emonstrations of 95 and tAe 1raft ,aw regulatingocial and "ultural (ssociations5 @ederations5 @orums5 Professional #nions5and "Aaritable ocieties of 97 regulate associati>e life in Yemen.

H Yemeni nonHgo>ernmental organiDations may not be in>ol>ed in politicalacti>ities.

H ,aw )o.9 of 69 on (ssociations and @oundationsG

H Placed associations under tAe o>ersigAt of tAe 4inistry of ,abor andocial (ffairs. 'egistration is considered >alid by default if tAe ministryfails to process an application witAin one montA.

H Potential associations must Aa>e at least 69 members at tAe time ofapplication and +9 members at tAe constituent meeting.

H )-3s are allowed to recei>e foreign funds upon notification of tAe

ministry5 and foreignHfunded acti>ities needed explicit appro>al.H (ssociations are exempt from taxes and tariffs5 and recei>e a percent

reduction in electricity and water costs.H Penalties for >iolating any of tAe lawFs pro>isions entailed prison

sentences of up to one year and penalties up to Y' 95 :# ersions of tAe law proAibited foreign funding and reKuired tAe

creation of a single umbrella organiDation to subsume all )-3s5 but>igorous opposition led to tAe elimination of tAese pro>isions in tAe

parliamentary debate.

H $Ae go>ernment respects tAe rigAt to form and Coin trade unions5 but somecritics claim tAat tAe go>ernment and ruling party elements Aa>e stepped upefforts to control tAe affairs of tAese organiDation.

H $Aere Aa>e been reports of tAe -P" ruling party attempting to controlprofessional associations and )-3s by influencing internal elections.

M)4:/ L/

H $Ae Press and Publications ,aw )o. 6 for 9 :nglisA $ext;5 wAicA is

implemented by tAe 4inistry of Information5 regulates tAe Yemeni media. $AelawGH -i>es tAe rigAt to any Yemeni citiDen5 institution5 political party or group to

publisA newspapers and magaDines. &ut tAe law stipulates tAat tAesepublications must ne>er be funded by foreign sources5 and tAat tAey sAouldeep clear and accurate financial statements.

H (llows Cournalists access to official reports and information :(rt.92;. $AisBfreedom of informationE clause is >ery unusual in tAe region.

H ntitles Cournalists to protect tAe identity of tAeir sources :(rt. 9+;.H ProAibits publication of material tAat mayG preCudice IslamN CeopardiDe

national interestsN cause tribal5 sectarian5 racial5 or regional discrimination

and spread a spirit of dissent and di>ision among tAe peopleN disseminate



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ideas contrary to tAe principles of tAe Yemeni 'e>olutionN Aarm nationalunityN and distort tAe image of tAe Yemeni5 (rab5 or Islamic Aeritage.

H Indi>iduals can be fined up to Y' 95 :# iolations against Cournalists in tAecountry o>er tAe past four years. "lic Aerefor details.

H (ccording to tAe annualMorldwide Press @reedom Indexby 'eporters witAout

&orders5 Yemen rans 9+ of 92 countries. $Ae index runs from 9 :mostpress freedom; to 92 :least press freedom;.

R)6* U+4) D:ernment presented a draft amendment to tAe Press andPublications ,aw to tAe Aura "ouncil in 4ay 6. $Ae re>ision to tAe 9law was set in motion in 6+ wAen President aleA called for tAe abolition of

prison sentences for Cournalists. $Ae Yemen 0ournalists yndicate opposes tAedraft law on tAe grounds tAat it is e>en more restricti>e tAan tAe existing bill.MAile it eliminates imprisonment of Cournalists5 it still allows Cournalists to be

prosecuted under tAe penal code5 wAicA sanctions prison terms for libelingYemenFs president or foreign leaders. It also allows courts to sentence



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Cournalists to deatA. "lic Aerefor a detailed commentary on tAe draft law bytAe media ad>ocacy group ('$I", 9.

P)+/0 S/ L/

H (ltAougA women enCoy tAe same Bgeneral rigAts and obligationsE as men undertAe constitution5 tAey face discrimination in national legislation.

H #nder ,aw 6/96 on Personal tatus5 as amended in 98 and 95 womenare reKuired to sue for di>orce altAougA men can di>orce at will;5 and di>orcedmotAers5 unlie fatAers5 lose custody of tAeir cAildren upon remarriage.

H Momen face legal discrimination in matters sucA as tAe rigAt to obtain apassport.

H ( woman does not Aa>e tAe rigAt to confer citiDensAip on Aer foreignHbornspouse. 3btaining Yemeni citiDensAip for a cAild of a Yemeni motAer and aforeignHborn fatAer is in practice more difficult tAan obtaining citiDensAip for acAild born of a Yemeni fatAer and a foreignHborn motAer.

H $Ae Penal "ode allows leniency for persons guilty of committing a Bcrimeagainst Aonor.E

H Penal legislation forbids tAe testimony of women in criminal matters andcompensation to be paid for assault or murder of a woman is Aalf tAat of a man.

H In 95 tAe minimum marriage age of fifteen for women5 rarely enforced5 wasabolisAedN tAe onset of puberty5 interpreted by conser>ati>es to be at tAe age ofnine5 was set as a reKuirement for consummation of marriage. In 3ctober695 tAe cabinet referred to tAe parliament an amendment to tAe personalstatus law proposed by tAe go>ernmental MomenFs )ational "ommittee tointroduce a minimum ageOeigAteen yearsOfor marriage. *owe>er tAe

proposal was not passed by tAe parliament.

&ecent Government Initiatives Affecting &ights

H In 65 tAe 4inistry of *uman 'igAts was establisAed to raise awareness ofAuman rigAts >ia public information campaigns5 training of Auman rigAts acti>ists5and participation in >arious conferences. $ArougA a newly establisAed complaintmecAanism5 tAe 4inistry resol>ed an unnown number of Auman rigAts cases5

primarily tArougA coordination witA otAer ministries and Auman rigAts )-3s.

H e>eral go>ernmentHsponsored initiati>es5 particularly tAose promoted by tAe4inistry of *uman 'igAts5 were aimed at furtAering cooperation witA )-3s.

H Parliament Aas an acti>e committee on Auman rigAts but 4Ps complain tAat tAe

committee does not operate independently.



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H In 0anuary 6+5 Yemen Aosted a AigAHprofile conference on democracy5 AumanrigAts and tAe role of tAe international criminal court5 attended by more tAan 8officials from 6 countries. "onference participants signed tAe Banaa1eclaration5E committing tAeir respecti>e countries to upAold democratic

processes5 institutions and >alues.



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Political Forces

Political parties

$Ae cAaracter of political parties is sAaped by Aistory as mucA as by tAe pro>isions

of tAe law. (fter unification in 95 Yemens burgeoning pluralism rested on afoundation of Barmed pluralismEG tAe two former ruling parties of tAe )ortA andtAe outA retained tAeir military forces. $Ais situation facilitated a politicaleKuilibrium but it also increased tAe possibility of >iolent conflict. e>ere tensions

between nortAern and soutAern political forces disturbed tAis fragile balance. In95 tAe -eneral Peoples "ongress spearAeaded an initiati>e to amend tAe"onstitution and abolisA tAe principle of collecti>e leadersAip wAereby power Aad

been eKually sAared between nortAern and soutAern leaders. In 4ay 9+5 a brief

but decisi>e ci>il war erupted in wAicA tAe )ortA defeated tAe outA. $Ae -eneralPeoples "ongress emerged as tAe uncAallenged ruling party.

MAen tAe "ommittee on Political Parties (ffairs became acti>e in 95 tAe

licensing criteria tAat were enforced effecti>ely eliminated most of tAe + politicalparties tAat Aad been formed since 9. y the time of the !pril 199" election, 1"parties had been licensed, and in #$$%, ## had received the committee&s approval.

$Ae main parties do not Aa>e a clear ideology or program. 4ost parties Aa>e been

cAaracteriDed by a lac of leadersAip turno>er5 internal scAisms5 and a lac oftransparency.

In 4ay 95 after tAe first multiHparty elections5 a coalition go>ernment was

formed by tAe tAree parties tAat continue to dominate tAe political scene to tAis dayGtAe Yemen ocialist Party5 tAe -eneral Peoples "ongress5 and IslaA.

'uling PartyG $Ae -eneral Peoples "ongress :-P"; :4utamar alHAabi alH(m;

H Mas tAe former ruling party of tAe Y(' in )ortA Yemen.H Mas originally an umbrella grouping of many parties.H *as been tAe dominant political party since unification. (t present5 itcontrols 68 seats in parliament.

3tAer political parties represented in parliamentG

H Yemeni -atAering for 'eform :alH$aCammu alHYamani lil IslaA;H nown as tAe IslaA Party.H Mas founded in 9 by forces in tAe Y(' tAat reCected tAe notion tAat

unification sAould mean adopting elements of tAe P1'Y in tAe outA.$Aey feared doing so would undermine tAe traditional structures of tAeirsociety and politics.

H *as been led by Yemens most influential tribal figure5 AeiA (bdullaA*usain alH(Amar. *e was reelected on @ebruary 675 67 for tAe fourtAtime since 9. #nder IslaAFs internal law5 tAe presidency of tAe party is



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restricted to tAree terms5 but tAe partyFs central committee made anexception.

H Is tAe only otAer significant party along witA tAe -P" witA +2 seats.H Mas in a coalition witA tAe -P" until 9.H 1espite certain ideological affinities witA extremist Islamist elements in

Yemen5 IslaA Aas not led tAe Islamist confrontation witA tAe state. Instead5it Aas played a mediating role between tAe state and tAe countrys moreconser>ati>e religious elements.

H MitA a membersAip consisting of social conser>ati>es and incorporating tAe4uslim &rotAerAood and otAer Islamists of different sAades5 tAe IslaA PartyAas e>ol>ed into a broadHbased moderate Islamist party.

H Yemen ocialist Party :YP; :alH*iDb alHIsAtirai alHYemeni;H Mas tAe former ruling party of tAe P1'Y in tAe outA.H Mas initially tAe new republics second largest party5 but Aas been eclipsed

by tAe tribal and religiouslyHoriented IslaA party.

H *as been largely ineffecti>e since tAe end of tAe 9+ ci>il war.H &oycotted tAe 97 elections in wAicA tAe -eneralPeoples "ongress won

an absolute maCority.

H Popular )asserite #nionist 3rganiDation :alH$antAeem alHMaAdawi walAabi alH)asiri;

H (rab ocialist &aatA Party :*iDb alH&aatA a alH(rabi alHIsAtirai;

3tAer partiesG

H 1emocratic )asserite Party :alH*iDb alH1imuKrati alH)asiri;H ,eague of tAe ons of Yemen :'abitat (bna alHYaman;H )ational 1emocratic @ront :alH0abAa alHMataniya alH1imuKratiyya;H ,iberation @ront :*iDb 0abAat alH$aArir;H )asserite Popular "orrectional 4o>ement :alH$asAiA alHAabi alH)asiri;H $rutA Party :*iDb alH*aKK;H )ationalist ocialist &aatA Party :*iDb a alH&aatA alHIsAtirai alHJawmi;H #nion of Popular @orces :IttiAad alHJiwa alHAabiyya;H Yemeni ,eague :(l 'abita alHYamaniyya alHAariyya;

H ocial )ationalist Party :*iDb alHJawmi alHICtimai;H Popular #nionist ,iberation Party :*iDb alH$aArir alHAabi alHMaAdawi;H Popular #nity Party :*iDb alHMaAda alHAabiyya;H 1emocratic Peoples Party :*iDb alHAab alH1imuKrati;H eptembrist 4o>ement :alH$anDim alHebtembri;H Yemeni #nionist -atAering :alH$aCammu alHMaAdawi alHYamani;H ocial -reen Party :*iDb alHAudr alHICtimai;H 1emocratic #nion :alHIttiAad alH1imuKrati;

Islamist mo>ements/organiDations tAat are not political partiesG

H Yemens Islamist mo>ements began to emerge in tAe 97s in nortAernYemen. $Aey were supported by an increasingly insecure go>ernment5 as



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President aleA sougAt to strengtAen Ais position in tAe 98s by impro>ingties to tAem. (fter unification in 95 tAe Islamist influence grew more

pronounced.H $Ae IslaA party Aas ser>ed as a mecAanism witA wAicA to integrate and

control many Islamists wAo otAerwise migAt Aa>e de>eloped militant extraH

parliamentary mo>ements.H Yemens Islamists seem to Aa>e gone in two directionsG members of IslaA

wAo participate in tAe system5 and tAe radical groups tAat oppose tAeYemeni state as well as tAe Mest.

H 'adical Yemeni Islamists wAo reCect IslaAs policies and tAe orientation oftAe Yemeni state as a wAole5 establisAed a number of independent militantorganiDations. $Ae most prominent organiDations are tAe (denH(byanIslamic (rmy and tAe Islamic 0iAad 4o>ement5 wAicA were able to recruitfrom among Yemenis returning from tAe (fgAan Mar of tAe 98s. omeformer leading figures of tAe Islamic 0iAad 4o>ement Coined tAe two bigconser>ati>e parties5 tAe -eneral Peoples "ongress and IslaA. 4ore

recently5 organiDational and financial relations between tAese organiDationsand (l Jaeda Aa>e been alleged.

'ivil societ%

$Ae ,aw for (ssociations and @oundations regulates tAe formation and acti>ities of

nongo>ernmental organiDations :)-3s;.

$Aere are 25 registered )-3s. 4any of tAese )-3s are inacti>e5 many confine

tAeir acti>ities to social welfare programs5 otAers turn out to be go>ernmental nongo>ernmental organiDations on closer inspection5 and still otAers are profitHorientedoneHperson enterprises.

)e>ertAeless5 Aundreds of )-3s are engaged in serious ci>il society wor5 sucA as

Auman rigAts training5 election obser>ation5 women and youtA empowermentprograms5 and critical academic studies.

&otA local and foreign Auman rigAts organiDations operate witAout serious

impediment. *uman rigAts )-3s include tAe *uman 'igAts Information and$raining "enter5 tAe )ational 3rganiDation for 1efending 'igAts and @reedoms5tAe isters (rab @orum5 and tAe "i>il 1emocratic @orum.

3tAer important organiDations include tAe @orum for a "i>il ociety5 tAe Yemen

Institute for 1emocracy 1e>elopment5 and tAe Momens (ffairs upport "enter.

"itiDens Aa>e tAe rigAt to form and Coin trade unions.

$Ae law permits trade unions to be establisAed only if tAey are federated witA tAe

-eneral @ederation of $rade #nions of Yemen :-@M$#Y;5 tAe sole nationalumbrella organiDation. $Ae -@M$#Y claims 5 members in 9+ unions.3nly tAe -eneral (ssembly of tAe -@M$#Y may dissol>e unions.



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$Ae go>ernment sees to place its own personnel in positions of influence in

unions and in tAe trade union federation.

$Ae labor law pro>ides worers witA tAe rigAt to organiDe and bargain collecti>ely.

It applies to all worers except public ser>ants5 foreign worers5 day laborers5 and

domestic ser>ants. $Ae 4inistry of ,abor Aas >eto power o>er collecti>ebargaining agreements5 a practice criticiDed by tAe International ,abor3rganiDation. $Ae law pro>ides for tAe rigAt to strie only if prior attempts atnegotiation and arbitration fail. $Ae proposal to strie must be submitted to at least2 percent of all concerned worers5 of wAom 6 percent must >ote in fa>or.Permission to strie must also be obtained from tAe -@M$#Y. tries for explicitBpolitical purposesE are proAibited.

yndicatesG

- 0ournalist yndicate

#mbrella organiDationsG

H $Ae -eneral @ederation of $rade #nions in YemenG includes 9+ unions.H $Ae @ederation of "Aambers of "ommerce.H $Ae (den "Aamber of "ommerce.



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Election &esults

'esults of presidential elections on eptember 65 62G

H (li (bdullaA aleAG 77.97 Q of >otes.H @aisal &in AamlanG 69.86 Q of >otes.

H (fter tAreatening to encourage its supporters to stage street protests5 Yemensopposition parties stated tAey would accept results of tAe presidential electionBfor tAe sae of peace and stability.E $Ae opposition coalition nown as tAe0oint 4eeting Parties tAat fielded former oil executi>e @aisal &in Aamlaninitially reCected election commission results5 claiming tAat tAe go>ernment AadseiDed polling stations and stolen ballot boxes in tAe presidential election.

H President aleA acnowledged BmistaesE in elections and pledged to rectify

tAem in tAe next one5 but stood by Ais >ictory and tAaned tAe opposition forgi>ing Aim Ais first real cAallenge in 68 years in power. $Ae presidentialelections of 9 were tAe first in wAicA tAe president was elected by popular>ote. )o potential independent or candidate from anotAer party could win tAereKuired support of 9 members of parliament to Kualify for tAe ballot. IslaA

baced aleAs candidacy. aleAs only opponent was a member witAin tAeruling party5 tAe -eneral Peoples "ongress5 and son of outA Yemens first

president.

H In itsreporttAe uropean #nion lection 3bser>ation 4ission described tAeelections as Ban open and genuine political contestE but cited sAortcomings

including underage >oting5 >oter intimidation5 arrest of opposition candidates5and tAe o>erwAelming use of state resources by tAe ruling party during tAeelection campaign. ( reportby tAe (rabic )etwor for *uman 'igAtsInformation AigAligAts restrictions imposed on freedom of tAe press.

'esults of elections for *ouse of 'epresentati>es on (pril 685 6G

- -eneral Peoples "onferenceG 68 seats

- Yemeni "ongregation for 'eform :IslaA;G +2 seats

- Yemeni ocialist PartyG 8 seats

-)asserite #nionist PartyG seats

- &aatA PartyG 6 seats.

- Independent candidatesG + seats

- 3nly one independent woman candidate was able to capture a seat inparliament.

- %oter $urnoutG 28Q of 8 million eligible >oters.

International election obser>ers noted tAat Yemen Aad made substantial

impro>ements in electoral management and administration5 but tAat significantproblems remained. $Aey cited tAe atmospAere of anxiety in tAe runHup to tAe

elections caused by persistent >iolence5 Aea>yHAanded and coerci>e measures onlection 1ay by elements of tAe ruling -eneral Peoples "onference in polling



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centers5 and incidents of underage >oting. "lic 8))for a statement by tAe)ational 1emocratic Institute.

3pposition parties accused tAe ruling party of electoral fraud and tAreatened to

boycott tAe sessions of tAe new parliament in protest.

$Ae next legislati>e elections are to be Aeld in (pril 6.

'esults of tAe first local council elections Aeld on eptember 65 62G

- $Ae results strengtAened tAe position of tAe ruling -eneral People"ongress in its control of tAe local go>ernmental structures in comparison witAtAe results of tAe 69 local elections. $Ae -P" won o>er 8 percent of tAeseats in tAe pro>incial councils and 7 percent in district councils.

H (llegations of fraud and electionHrelated >iolence5 including tAe deatAs ofcandidates and election officials5 stalled tAeannouncement of results by tAelection "ommission.

H (pproximately 2 percent of tAe .6 million registered >oters cast ballots.



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'onstitutional &evision

( constitution was adopted in 99.

$Ae president and twoHtAirds of tAe *ouse of 'epresentati>es Aa>e tAe rigAt to

reKuest tAe amendment of tAe constitution. If tAe proponents of tAe amendment failto get tAe support of twoHtAirds of tAe *ouse of 'epresentati>es5 a new reKuest fortAe amendment of tAe same articles may not be submitted until a year later. If tAereKuest is appro>ed5 tAe amendment must tAen be >oted on by tAreeHfourtAs of tAe*ouse of 'epresentati>es. @inally5 it is submitted to a general referendum5 wAicAmust appro>e it by simple maCority.

$Ae "onstitution was amended on eptember 65 9+ :E+=0:8 T)>5 A/7:;5 and @ebruary 69.

In 9+5following tAe ci>il war5 6 articles were amended and 6 articles were

added. $Ae most important amendments includeG

- Aaria :Islamic law; was declared to be tAe sole source of legislation5 ratAertAan tAe maCor source as in tAe 99 constitution.

- $Ae fi>eHmember Presidential "ouncil was abolisAed and replaced by apresident elected by uni>ersal suffrage for no more tAan two fi>eHyear terms.

$Ae 69 amendments includeG

- $Ae presidents rigAt to rule by decree wAen parliament is dissol>ed wasabolisAed. *owe>er5 otAer amendments enAanced tAe powers of tAe presidency

>isHRH>is tAe parliament.- $Ae term of office of tAe president was increased from fi>e to se>en years5 witA

tAe two term limit remaining and tAat of tAe )ational (ssembly from four tosix years.

- $Ae "onsultati>e "ouncil5 a body formed to pro>ide ad>ice to tAe president andwAose members Ae appoints5 was granted functions typical of an uppercAamber in a bicameral parliamentary system.



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'orruption

"orruption is an endemic problem at all le>els of go>ernment and society. It is

particularly serious in tAe Cudicial brancA.

$Ae weaness of tAe central go>ernment means tAat tAe signing and execution of

go>ernment contracts often in>ol>es Aefty payments to officials and di>ersion offunds and proceeds to pri>ate Aands. 1ue to tAe go>ernments inability to pro>ideadeKuate salaries to its employees5 most interactions witA go>ernment officesreKuire an underHtAeHtable payment.

$Ae go>ernment Aas stepped up efforts to figAt corruption and institute a ci>il

ser>ice reform program. *owe>er5 cAief auditing and in>estigati>e bodies cAargedwitA figAting corruption are not sufficiently independence of tAe executi>e

autAorities.

1uring 6+5 tAe parliament became more acti>e in areas of economic reform and

corruption5 winning a maCor >ictory by >oting to cancel a suspect oil deal arrangedby tAe 4inistry of 3il5 and calling ministers to account for tAeir actions.Parliament continues to call on tAe executi>e brancA to reform tAe administrationof go>ernment5 including decentraliDation of finances5 figAting corruption5 and

pro>iding clear and transparent processes for go>ernment contracts.

Yemens parliament is debating an antiHcorruption draft law wAicA5 if passed5 will

establisA a )ational (utAority for @igAting "orruption to in>estigate corruption in

state institutions. (ccording to tAe draft law5 Yemens elected lower Aouse ofparliament would elect 99 members from a list of candidates :including ci>ilsociety representati>es5 pri>ate sector representati>es5 and women; submitted bytAe appointed upper Aouse of parliament. $Ae law also stipulates tAat tAosecon>icted of in>ol>ement in corruption will face prison sentences of at least fi>eyears and a fine of no more tAan Y' million :#

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&atification of International 'onventions

International "o>enant on "i>il and Political 'igAts :""P'; on @ebruary 5 987.

International "o>enant on conomic5 ocial and "ultural

'igAts :""'; on @ebruary 5 987.

$Ae "on>ention on tAe limination of (ll @orms of $orture and 3tAer "ruel5InAuman or 1egrading $reatment or PunisAment :"($; on )o>ember 5 99.

$Ae International "on>ention on tAe limination of (ll @orms of 'acial

1iscrimination :"'1; on 3ctober 985 976.

$Ae "on>ention of on tAe limination of (ll @orms of 1iscrimination against

Momen :"1(M; on 4ay 5 98+.

$Ae "on>ention on tAe 'igAts of tAe "Aild :"'"; on 4ay 95 99.

Carnegie Endowment for International Peacewww carnegieendowment org

&undaci'n (ara las )elaciones Internacionales * eli+logo E,terior

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http://www.carnegieendowment.org/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/

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