yk arya - foundation of human behaviour

8/8/2019 Yk Arya - Foundation of Human Behaviour

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INDIVIDUAL DIFFERNCE

-PERSONALITY

Ashok Kumar Murmu

mpmir 1st sem.

Roll no. 10


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CONTENTS

Nature of Individual difference

Factors causing individual differences

Concept of personality

Personality theories

Determinants of personality


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IndividualDifferencePlato (aclassicalGreek

philosopher,mathematician) statedmore

than2000 years ago:\ No two persons arebornexactlylike, but

each differs from theotherinnatural

endowments, onebeing suitedforone

occupationand theotherforanother.[


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Factorscausingindividual

differenceIndividualVariables

PhysiologicalVariables

Age

Sex

Physicalfeatures

Socio-psychological

Variables

Personality

Perception

Attitudesandvalues

SituationalVariables

OrganizationalVariables

Organizationstructure

Organizationalprocess

Organizationalclimate

Job Variables

Natureofjob

Workenvironment


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Personality

\Personalityisthesupremerealization

oftheinnate

idiosyncrasyofa

living thing.[

\Personalityrefersto

aperson'suniqueand relativelystable

patternofthoughts,

feelingsand

actions.[


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contd..

Personalitycomes from the Greekword\persona[ means \mask[

\I[ is for personality

\The word I is whatdefines you as an

individual, as a personseparate from all

others[ - schultz andschultz, 1994

Allport - Personality as adynamic

organizationwithinthe individual ofthose

psychological systems thatdetermine his

unique adjustmentto his environment.


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PersonalityTheories

Personalitytraittheory

Psychoanalytic theory

Theid

TheegoThesuperego

Socio-psychologicaltheory

Humanistic theory

Self-imageIdeal-self

Looking glass-self

Real-self


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Thebigfivepersonalityfactors

Openness: appreciationto art,emotion,

adventure, unusualideas,imagination.

Conscientiousness: controlofimpulse,atendency

to showself-discipline,actdutifullyand aim for

achievement,planned ratherthanspontaneous

behaviour

Extroversion: energy,positiveemotions,the

tendencyto seeksimulationand thecompanyof

others.Agreeableness: atendencyto becompassionate

and cooperativeratherthansuspiciousand

antagonistictowardsother.

Neutrocim : thetendencyto experienceunpleasant

emotion,suchasanger,anxiety, depression


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PsychoanalyticTheory

Itisdevised byFreud,attemptsto explain

personalityonthebasisof unconscious

mental forcesand rationalthought.

This frameworkcontainsthreeaspects:

Theid : operatesaccording onthe\pleasure

principle[Theego : operatesaccording onthe\reality

principle[

Thesuperego : contains valuesand ideals


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Socio-psychologicalTheory

Socialvariablesaremost important

determinants than thebiologicalinstinctsin shapingpersonality.

Behaviouralmotivation isconscious, man

knowshisneedsand wants,and hisbehaviourisdirected to meet theseneeds.


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HumanisticTheory

Humanistictheoriesvieweachpersonas

good and thatpeoplearestriving forself-

fulfilment.

Humanstictheoryarguesthatpeoplecarryaperceptionofthemselvesand theofthe

world.

Thegoal ofthehumanististo promotea

positiveself-concept.Maslow,Herzberg, Lewin,etc.


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contd..Four factors of self-concept :

Self-image : it is the way one seesoneself.

Ideal-self: it denotes the ideal position

as perceived by him.

Looking glass-self: it is a perception ofothers perception about him.

Real-self: it indicates what one really

exists.


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Determinantsofpersonality

Biological factors Family and social factors

Cultural factors Situational factors

Individual personality

B iolog ical factors Fam ily and soc ia l fac tors

C u ltu ra l fac to rs S itu a tio n a l fac to rs

Ind iv idu al pe rson al ity


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Biologicalfactors

Heredity: itisthe transmission ofthe

qualitiesfrom ancestorto descendant.

through amechanism lyingprimarilyin thechromosomesofthe germ cells.

Brain : the structure ofthe brain is

supposed to platrole in shaping

personality.

Physicalfeatures : itisthe individual's

externalappearance and isan important

determinantofpersonality.


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Familyandsocialfactors

Home environment : the type of

environmentthatisgeneratedforthe child

athome.Familymembers : parentandfamily

membershave astrong influence onthe

personalitydevelopmentofthe child.

Socialgroups : the agenciesoutside the

home arising fromthe socialplacementof

the family.


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Cultural factorsCulture is the underlying determinant which

expects and trains its members to behave in

the ways that are acceptable to the group and

it defines the range of experiences and

situations he is likely to encounter and the

values and personality characteristics that will

be reinforced and hence learned.

Situational factorsAsituation exerts an important press on theindividual, it is not so much the kind of person

a man is, as the kind of situation in which he

is placed, that determines his actions.


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