you believe in magic of you believe in math the changing economics and regulation of health care
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You Believe in Magic of you Believe in Math The Changing Economics and Regulation of Health Care. R. Lawrence Van Horn, Ph.D , MPH, MBA Executive Director for Health Affairs Associate Professor of Economics and Management Associate Professor of Health Policy Associate Professor of Law. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
YOU BELIEVE IN MAGIC OF YOU BELIEVE IN MATH
THE CHANGING ECONOMICS AND REGULATION OF HEALTH CARE
R. Lawrence Van Horn, Ph.D, MPH, MBAExecutive Director for Health Affairs
Associate Professor of Economics and ManagementAssociate Professor of Health Policy
Associate Professor of Law
Disclaimer
• The opinions expressed forthwith are my own and do not reflect the views of – My employer– The logically and mathematically
challenged.• Economics is focused on the
equilibrium – Not so good at timing and path to
the equilibrium.
Roadmap
• The macro math challenge – big picture
• Take-aways from health care reform– Macro business implications– Impact on economic growth
• What does the future look like?• What should you do about it?
A 45 YEAR PERSPECTIVE
A 45 years ago…..(the good ol’ days)Economic Tension existed.
1. When I was a kid my parents paid for my visits to the pediatrician out of pocket.
2. We had major medical which reimbursed my parents for 80% of the cost of hospital care.
3. Elderly lived with their families.4. As a population we were thinner.5. People took few prescription
drugs.
25 Years Ago( the great undoing)
1. Growing health care cost inflation
2. Growth of HMOs ruined price sensitivity
1. Comprehensive health benefit
2. Low cost sharing – copays
3. Acknowledgement that health care costs were a problem for individuals and companies.
Larry before he began Worrying about health care
Today• I spend less out of pocket to take
my kids to the pediatrician than my parents did 40 years ago.
• My grandma lives in a nursing home a state responsibility rather than my family
• I am a balding middle aged fat man with a BMI of 30.– I take 6 prescription drugs a day.– I struggle to make good decisions
Today - sadly
• I engage in health care transactions daily which are value destroying.
• I have little ownership over my health.
• My employer offers me $240 to fill out a health risk assessment hoping I will change my behavior.
ECONOMIC PICTURE
The financial picture of the Jones Family (husband / wife and 2 kids)
• Income $28,220 • Expenses $35,520
»Shortfall $7,300• Credit Card Balance
$175,400
• Needed for Retirement$540,000
But wait there is more ……
The financial picture of the Jones Family (husband / wife and 2 kids)
• Income $28,220 • Expenses $35,520
»Shortfall $7,300• Credit Card Balance
$175,400
• Needed for Retirement$540,000
But wait there is more ……
Now multiply by $100 million and you have our Federal Budget.
The Current Sad State of Affairs
2011
Why Debt Matters
• Debt beyond 90%-100% depresses economic growth (Reinhardt & Rogoff)
• All debt is not equal– Debt which results in future growth
– may be good– Debt to fund current consumption –
bad• We will hit a “bang point”
– Lenders stop lending– Financial manipulation won’t work
anymore
Problem with Interest
• Current debt is 37% higher than pre-crisis average.
• When the economy recovers and the government debt rolls over, that additional debt is going to increase government net interest payments by about 1.85 percent of GDP
• How much is 1.85% of GDP
1.85% of GDP is a LOT! (approx. $325B)
• Equivalent to spending this year on all military personnel (uniformed + civilian) + all science, space, and technology research + all spending on the environment, conservation, national parks, and natural resources + all spending on highways, airports, bridges, and all other transportation infrastructure.
Source: New York Times January 2012
Entitlement Program Participation 2013• 1.2M HUD households• 47.8M on SNAP (food stamps)
which increased by 1M last year.• 5.6M receiving unemployment
insurance for 99 weeks• 58M on Medicaid, 72.5M on
Medicaid at least 1 month• 50M on Medicare• 11-12M on permanent disability
Size of US military 1.5M
Source: New York Times January 2012
Nearly Half of All Americans Don’t Pay Income Taxes
The 20% impossibility proposition
You can’t get more than 20% of GDP through current tax system
Medicare Facts
• When Medicare was first established, we were told that it would cost about $12 billion a year by the time 1990 rolled around. Instead, the federal government ended up spending $110 billion on the program in 1990, and the federal government spent approximately $600 billion on the program in 2013.
MEDICARE is everything!
• The Medicare trustees report states that we are currently 37 TRILLION dollars short on our current obligations.– Since 2001 Benefits have increased
by 23.5%• Add Medicaid and other
entitlements and we end up 54 TRILLION dollars short.
• To put this in perspective the US GDP is around 17 trillion.
Philosopher David Hume 1752• It must, indeed, be one of these two
events; either the nation must destroy public credit, or public credit will destroy the nation.
• It is certain, that national debts cause a mighty confluence of people and riches to the capital, making the head too large for the body.
Money flowing to the greater DC area
Median Income
County Rank
Median Income
County Rank
% Change
Arlington County Virginia 137,216$ 1 74,924$ 8 83%Loudoun County Virginia 127,192$ 2 80,648$ 3 58%Howard County Maryland 108,844$ 3 74,167$ 10 47%Fairfax County Virginia 107,096$ 4 81,050$ 2 32%
Williamson County Tennessee 90,759$ 16 69,104$ 20 31%
source: American county survey prepared by US Census Bureau
2012 2000Wealthiest Counties in the United States
• 30 former staffers have moved to K street• Former Rep. Earl Pomeroy (D-N.D.) joined Alston & Bird in
2011 after dealing with healthcare and tax issues as a member of the House Ways and Means Committee.
Former senior counsel to HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius Dora Hughes became a senior policy adviser at the law firm Sidley Austin last year.
The Disconnect
The biggest problem - Cultural
• We feel comfortable consuming healthcare and miraculously having “insurance” [other people’s money] pay for it.
• We don’t value much of what we consume in excess of the cost.– Consider the well child visit.
• We don’t feel comfortable making cost part of the conversation around tradeoffs.– If we increase quality cost will
magically drop.
How much did you pay in Medicare?• Assume somebody turns 65 and
becomes eligible for Medicare this year.– Started paying in 1969.
• Based on a median wage earner contributing for 42 years:– Only Payroll Tax $55,428– With Income Tax $118,705
• If invested? $224,955– Expected benefit $259,174
$140,469 Unfunded
$1.4B / day
$511B / year
Number needed to pay– my dear mom
• Knee Replacement
• Cost $20,000• Aetna Medicare
Advantage Cost to mom = $0, $45/ visit
Number of Median worker’s total Medicare payroll deductions required to pay for my mom’s knee? PRICELESS? NO – 20 Median working American’s entire Medicare payroll tax deduction necessary to fund.
Summary• Public Payors will not be able to
sustain current level of expenditures.– Short-run - Pay less for services– Longer term: Buy different set of
services• Society wide economic
headwinds are significant and likely will persist for decades.– It will be difficult / impossible to
grow our way out of this imbalance.
HEALTH CARE REFORM
The Problem – the Uninsured
• About 45 – 47 million uninsured– 11 million have income below the
poverty line.– 12 million have incomes in excess of
300% of the FPL ($66,000).– 5 million have incomes in excess of
500% of the FPL ( $110,000)– 10 million are not US citizens.– 25% are eligible for Medicaid but
haven’t signed up.Source: http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/Reports/05/uninsured-cps/index.htm
High level – Health Reform
• Juices the demand side– Expected 32M more customers
• Currently looking like 11M– Enhanced expectations – free prevention– Subsidized insurance through exchange for up to
65% of population (400% FPL)• Relies on silver bullets on supply side for fix
– ACOs– Value Based Payment– Bundled Payment– Patient Centered Medical Homes (PCMH)
Feb 2, 2014• "At the beginning of this year, we noted that as part of this new day in health care, Americans would no longer be trapped in a job just to provide coverage for their families, and would have the opportunity to pursue their dreams," he said. "This CBO report bears that out, and the Republican plan to repeal the ACA would strip those hard-working Americans of that opportunity."
American Action Forum – Doug Holtz Eakin Feb 2014
Expectation: 2.7M / 39%
WE NEED TO DO BUSINESS DIFFERENTLY – THE HOPE!
An innovation example – Arvind Eye
• Arvind physician performs 2000 surgeries per year compared with US surgeon of 400.
• Production line approach• Lenses were an input cost
problem at $150 a piece. Arvind created Aurolab and manufactured themselves at a cost of $2-$4 a piece.
THE ANSWER WILL BE DRIVEN BY THE CUSTOMER.
Demand Side evolution
• We cannot continue to have patients / citizenry with unrealistic expectations, no price sensitivity, and no ownership.– Unlimited demand in the face of
constrained supply.• We will continue to see shift (to
the extent legal) toward defined contribution and higher patient cost sharing. Having significant impact on the demand for health care services
MY CRYSTAL BALL
Medium term (1-3 years)
• Continued shift towards greater patient cost sharing (CDHP).
• Provider top line revenue will continue to come under pressure.
• Provider bad debt shifts from uncompensated care to insured but patients won’t pay.
• Patients with increased out of pocket expense will pull back on demand and look for cheaper alternatives.
Longer term (4-10 years)• Delivery system recognizes it can’t make
people be healthy who don’t care.– Individual underwriting becomes standard.
• Employer health benefits become defined contribution (like retirement) rather than defined benefit.
• ACA collapses unwinds under its own economic weight
• Your adult children move back in with you.
End Game• Public safety net gov’t insurer
covers limited scope of services that can be supplied with available tax funding.
• Delivery system reorganizes around public and private providers.
• The US delivery and financing system looks like all other developed countries.
• Your children care for you in your old age.
Recap1. Hanging with Larry makes us sad.2. Hospital source of bad debt shifts3. Continued shift to hospital employed physicians4. Focus has to be on taking down the cost structure5. Service quality will be key6. We need an order of magnitude improvement in
productivity.7. Increased patient financial responsibility will
change locus of care– Innovation in how to deliver care will be rewarded.
Upheaval and change creates opportunities