young athlete presentation

8/8/2019 Young Athlete Presentation

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PRESENTED BY : NURUL AIN BT MOHD AZMI


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y To have fun

y To improve their skills

y To learn new skills

y To be with their friendsy To make new friends

y To succeed or win

y To become physically fit


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Kids usually get the benefits they seek from sports andmore.

Kids need attention and respect (in that order), butthey have few ways to get them.

What is unique about sports is that they offer kids anarena where they can earn attention and respect byexerting their natural abilities.

Kids are good at sports because sports are essentially

about speed, strength, coordination, vision, creativity,and responsiveness-the necessary physical attributesare the attributes of youth.


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yAccording to researchers at the Institute for the Studyof Youth Sports at Michigan State University, kids whoparticipate in organized sports do better in school,have better interpersonal skills, are more team

oriented, and are generally healthier.

y Participation in sports provides opportunities forleadership and socialization, as well as the

development of skills for handling success and failure.


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y Moreover, when playing games, children learn how

rules work. They see how groups need rules to keep order, that the

individual must accept the rules for the good of thegroup, that rules entail a consideration of the rights of

others. The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports

reports many developmental benefits of participatingin youth sports for girls, including increased self-

esteem and self-confidence, healthier body image,significant experiences of competency and success, as

well as reduced risk of chronic disease.


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y Furthermore, female athletes "do better academicallyand have lower school dropout rates than theirnonathletic counterparts.

y The Women's Sports Foundation lists many ways thatsports specifically benefit female athletes.

y These include their being less likely to become

pregnant as teenagers, less likely to begin smoking,more likely to quit smoking, more likely to do well inscience, and more likely to graduate from high schooland college than female nonathletes.


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Contemporary performance demands are so high intrack and field that athletes with average ability are notgoing to succeed, even if the best training methods areemployed.

This stresses the importance of correct selectionprocedures for a particular event.

Unfortunately the procedures are not always efficientin our sports schools, reflected in a high drop-out rateand studies showing that 50% of those accepted fail toachieve the expected results.


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y In order to succeed it is important that all youngathletes train for an event they are best suited for.

yThis is achieved only when the performance capacitiesand potential can be accurately determined, based onthe recently developed so called modelcharacteristics.


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The model characteristics are divided into threecategories:

y General to all sporting events.

y General to a particular group of events.

y Specific to a particular event.


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y General to all sporting events is the morphologicalmodel, as physique, height and weight are importantfactors in several activities, particularly at recordbreaking levels.

y The height of an athlete is often an important factor inthe selection. However, coaches frequently prefer

shorter athletes because they are usually bettercoordinated, learn the techniques faster and producebetter short term results than their tall counterparts.


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yAnalysis of the physical development of young athletes

has shown that a particular physique depends, besidesmorphological characteristics, also on the activitiesperformed during the developmental years.

y Body proportions can often be decisive in establishingthe work capacity of an athlete.

y

The relative upper body and leg length, for example, isimportant in running events. Runners shouldtherefore have a short trunk and long legs.


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yAn exact selection criterion must be applied to eventsthat require predominantly inherited physique andfunctional characteristics.

y

Training brings here only limited improvementbecause the changes to the genetic structure areextremely restricted.

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Talent for these events should be found from a largemass, attempting to discover young athletes who havea suitable genetic structure for a particular event.


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y The variety of track and field events sets differentdemands to participants.

y

The tallest are the throwers, followed by the hurdlers,high and long jumpers, sprinters and middle distancerunners.

y

Long distance runners are the shortest. Particularlyimportant is to observe the development of height andweight.


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yAs far as the physique is concerned, lean and longlegged youngsters are best suited to middle distancerunning, high and long jumping.

y Tall, broad shouldered and muscular youngsters havethe makings of throwers and multiple eventexponents.


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y The second model, applicable to all events, is thephysical performance capacities model.

yWe discovered that the level of several physical

performance capacities stabilizes at a certain age.

y This age was 13 years for speed and power and 14 yearsfor absolute strength, endurance and f lexibility.

y The use of both methods obviously produces the mostreliable results.


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y

Several specialists believe that the rate of improvementis particularly important to predict the performancepotential of young athletes.

y

This has been confirmed by experimental studies,showing that youngsters who made fast progressduring the first 18 months of training were mostsuccessful also later.


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y

Athletes, whose initial performance levels were onlyaverage but who improved at a rapid rate, often passedthose with excellent initial levels.

y

It is generally considered that the improvement rate inspeed and power events is good when it reaches 10.5 to12.5% at the end of 18 months.


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y Stature (height) and body mass (weight) are the two

body dimensions most commonly used to monitorgrowth.

Growth rates

y The fastest rate of growth occurs in the first two yearswhen children grow about 5 inches (13 cm).

y Growth then continues at a steady rate of 2.5 inches (6cm) per year until about the age of 11 in girls and 13 in

boys, when the pubertal growth spurt begins.


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y The pubertal growth spurt lasts about 2 years and is

accompanied by sexual development (growth of pubichair, development of sex organs, deepening of the

voice in boys, and beginning of menstruation in girls).

y Normal growth stops when the growing ends of thebones fuse.

y

This usually occurs between the ages of 13 and 15 forgirls, and 14 and 17 for boys.


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B

one developmenty Bones develop from a cartilage growth plate, called

epiphysial plates, at each end of the bone shaft.

y These growth plates divide the calcified head of thebone (epiphysis) and the calcified shaft (diaphysis).

y The bone lengthens as cartilage is calcified into bone

on the diaphysial border, thus lengthening the shaft.


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yAt the same time, cartilage continues to grow on theepiphysial border, so the epiphysial plates retain aconstant width of cartilage throughout.

y

Growth ends when the plate eventually calcifies.

Muscles

y Muscle mass increases steadily until puberty, at which

point boys show faster muscle growth.


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Fat

The hormonal changes at puberty also affect bodycomposition in terms of fat.

At birth, both boys and girls have around 10 to 12%body fat.

Pre-puberty, both girls and boys still have a similar 16-18% body fat.

Post-puberty, girls have around 25% body fat due tohigh serum oestrogen, which causes the hips to widen

and extra fat to be stored in the same area. Post-puberty, boys have 12 to 14% body fat.


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y Most athletic females, post-puberty, tend to keep body

fat at around 18% (Wilmore & Costill, 1994).

yAny lower than 12% body fat for females can beconsidered unhealthy in terms of maintaining bonedensity and disrupting hormone levels, which mayincrease the risk of stress fractures.


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y Coaches need to make female athletes aware that untilthey are 19, they will steadily gain in muscle and so willnaturally be gaining weight and that by eating theright kinds of foods is the way to avoid unwanted

weight gain.


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Potential growth related injuries

y The change in female body shape during the growthspurt has its particular injury risks.

y The hips widen, placing the femur at a greater inwardangle.

y During running or walking, this increased femur angleleads to greater inward rotation at the knee and foot.


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y

This rotation can result in an injury calledchrondomalacia patella, which occurs when the knee-cap does not run smoothly over the knee joint andpain is caused at the front of the knee.

Exercise

y Exercise will neither stunt nor promote growth interms of height but it does thicken the bones by

increasing mineral deposits (Wilmore & Costill, 1994).


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yA large number of young athletes train for competitive

sport before puberty.

yA modern female can begin to exhibit the physicalchanges associated with puberty as ages as young as

eight years old, or as old as 13.

y The modern age for the onset of male puberty rangesfrom 10 years of age to 14 years.


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y Puberty is a genetically determined process for every

individual; it is the period when the body grows fasterthan at any other time in a person's life, other thanduring infancy.

y

Puberty may last between 18 months and four years ormore.


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During puberty, as the bones grow, the stresses on

both the bone structure and the connective tissue inthe related joints can become significant. The longbones of the body, particularly the tibia and fibula(lower leg), femur (thigh), and the humerus (upper

arm), have growth plates located at the epiphysis, asegment located near the end of each of these bones.

The growth plate is fundamental to the healthy and

orderly growth of the bone to maturity


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y Strength training for young people must be

approached with caution.

y For children who have not yet reached puberty, anyform of weight training is dangerous to the child's

long-term musculoskeletal health.

y Focused stretching and f lexibility exercises will benefitall active persons of any age; the introduction of

resistance and weight training is of little benefit to achild.


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y Training to develop maximum strength is a dangerous

process for a pubescent athlete.

y Overload resistance training, plyometrics jumpprograms, intense resistance running, or any repetitive

weight-bearing training activity carries with itsignificant structural risks.


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FemaleGymnasts


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y On average, young female athletes in most sports are

taller than individuals in the non-athletic population.

y For example, female basketball players, volleyballplayers, tennis players, rowers, and swimmers are taller

than average, from the 10th year of life onwards.


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y However, female figure skaters, ballet dancers, andgymnasts are usually shorter than the average femaleduring childhood and early adolescence.

y In addition, todays female gymnasts are actuallyshorter, compared with the fabled gymnasts of 20

years ago.


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y Thus, female gymnasts are not underweight for theirheights, but they are unusually small in stature,compared with both other athletes and the generalpopulation.

y

Does the diminutive size of gymnasts increase theirrisk of injury?

y Does their reduced size mean that their skeletal

systems are also less well-developed, compared withfemale athletes in other sports?


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y For example, researchers from Deakin University in

Australia and Western Washington University in theUnited States.

y This group found that adolescent-female-gymnasts

skeletal systems matured at decreased rates duringperiods of regular gymnastics training, but then beganto catch up during periods of reduced training or elseretirement, suggesting that something about

gymnastics training was affecting growth andmaturation.


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y The Deakin-Washington researchers found that the

greater the number of years of gymnastic training, thegreater the reduction in growth; they also found thatgymnasts tended to have more problems with theirspinal growth, compared with elongation of the bones

in the arms and legs.


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Sports are for fun, but they alsooffer benefits and lessons that carry

over into all aspects of life.


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Thats all from me

thank you for listeningand your attention..


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Reference The Young Athlete: A Sports Doctor's CompleteGuide forParents, By Jordan D. Metzl, M.D., CarolShookhoff, Ph.D.

Strength Training for Young AthletesBy William J. Kraemer, Ph.D. & Steven J. Fleck, Ph.D.

Endurance in young athletes: it can be trained, A

D G Baxter-Jones, N Maffulli. SELECTIONOF YOUNG ATHLETES, By Rein Aule,

Jaan Loko.

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