your digestive and urinary systems chapter 18. digestive function digestion: a mechanical and...

Your Digestive and Your Digestive and Urinary SystemsUrinary Systems

Chapter 18Chapter 18

Digestive Digestive FunctionFunction Digestion: A mechanical and Digestion: A mechanical and

chemical breakdown of foods for chemical breakdown of foods for use by the body’s cells.use by the body’s cells.

Absorption: The passage of Absorption: The passage of digested food from the digestive digested food from the digestive tract into the circulatory system.tract into the circulatory system.

Elimination: The expulsion of Elimination: The expulsion of undigested food or body wastes.undigested food or body wastes.

The Digestive The Digestive StructureStructure

Ingestion: The taking of food into Ingestion: The taking of food into the body.the body.

Mastication: The process of Mastication: The process of chewing.chewing.

Digestion begins in the mouth with Digestion begins in the mouth with the salivary glands. These glands the salivary glands. These glands contain enzymes used to begin the contain enzymes used to begin the process of breaking down food.process of breaking down food.

The Digestive The Digestive StructureStructure Your tongue will automatically ball food Your tongue will automatically ball food

up into a shape suitable for swallowing. up into a shape suitable for swallowing. The food first enters the pharynx , The food first enters the pharynx ,

followed by the esophagus on its path followed by the esophagus on its path to your stomach.to your stomach.

Epiglottis: The small flap that covers Epiglottis: The small flap that covers your trachea to prevent food from your trachea to prevent food from entering.entering.


Talking while eating will Talking while eating will prevent complete closure of prevent complete closure of the epiglottis, causing a natural the epiglottis, causing a natural reflex reaction and choking to reflex reaction and choking to remove remnants of food from remove remnants of food from the trachea (your windpipe).the trachea (your windpipe).


Peristalsis: A series of Peristalsis: A series of involuntary smooth muscle involuntary smooth muscle contractions moving food contractions moving food through your esophagus.through your esophagus.

A sphincter muscle, circular in A sphincter muscle, circular in shape, opens and closes letting shape, opens and closes letting food into the stomach.food into the stomach.


The sphincter muscles The sphincter muscles throughout the digestive throughout the digestive tract prevent stomach acid tract prevent stomach acid from entering the from entering the esophagus and food from esophagus and food from backing up through the backing up through the digestion system.digestion system.

The Digestive The Digestive StructureStructure The stomach is a hollow organ The stomach is a hollow organ

which consists of a three which consists of a three layered, muscular wall, designed layered, muscular wall, designed to expand when it becomes to expand when it becomes filled.filled.

The stomach serves four main The stomach serves four main purposes in the digestive purposes in the digestive processprocess


Continuing the breakdown of foodContinuing the breakdown of food A storage facility for food waiting to enter A storage facility for food waiting to enter

the small intestines.the small intestines. Mixes food together with Pepsin (an Mixes food together with Pepsin (an

enzyme) and hydrochloric acid. The pepsin enzyme) and hydrochloric acid. The pepsin breaks down proteins. Hydrochloric acid breaks down proteins. Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria taken in from the food and kills bacteria taken in from the food and creates a better digestive environment.creates a better digestive environment.

The Digestive The Digestive StructureStructure A mucus lining is found in the A mucus lining is found in the

stomach to prevent the stomach’s stomach to prevent the stomach’s acids from digesting itself. These acids from digesting itself. These cells are replaced every three days.cells are replaced every three days.

And finally, the stomach controls And finally, the stomach controls the rate at which food enters the the rate at which food enters the small intestines.small intestines.

Check p. 415 for stomach facts.Check p. 415 for stomach facts.

The Digestive The Digestive StructureStructure When the stomach churns When the stomach churns

food it produces what is food it produces what is known as chyme, a mixture known as chyme, a mixture of gastric acids and liquefied of gastric acids and liquefied food. This production causes food. This production causes peristalsis.peristalsis.

The Digestive StructureThe Digestive Structure The small intestine is where the majority of The small intestine is where the majority of

digestion and absorption takes place.digestion and absorption takes place. It is approximately 20-23 feet in length and one It is approximately 20-23 feet in length and one

inch in diameter.inch in diameter. The small intestine absorbs the chyme through The small intestine absorbs the chyme through

the the villivilli, tiny fingerlike substances that have , tiny fingerlike substances that have capillaries in them to absorb food into the blood.capillaries in them to absorb food into the blood.

Complete chemical breakdown of food, including Complete chemical breakdown of food, including proteins, fats and carbohydrates, takes place in proteins, fats and carbohydrates, takes place in the small intestines.the small intestines.

The Digestive StructureThe Digestive Structure Intestinal juices and secretions from the Intestinal juices and secretions from the

liver and pancreas finish the chemical liver and pancreas finish the chemical breakdown process of food in the small breakdown process of food in the small intestine.intestine.

The large intestine, or colon, is about 5-6 The large intestine, or colon, is about 5-6 feet long and 2 ½ inches in diameter.feet long and 2 ½ inches in diameter.

The primary function of the large intestine The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water, vitamins and is to absorb water, vitamins and electrolytes and evacuate any unused electrolytes and evacuate any unused waste products.waste products.

The bacteria in the large intestine change The bacteria in the large intestine change food stuffs into a semi solid waste product.food stuffs into a semi solid waste product.

The Digestive The Digestive StructureStructure The Liver: second largest organ in The Liver: second largest organ in

your body, primary purpose is to your body, primary purpose is to regulate the chemicals in your regulate the chemicals in your blood.blood.

The Gallbladder: a small organ The Gallbladder: a small organ underneath the liver that stores underneath the liver that stores bile produced by the liver, to later bile produced by the liver, to later be released into the small be released into the small intestines to break down fats.intestines to break down fats.


Pancreas: A unique organ Pancreas: A unique organ that is part of the digestive that is part of the digestive and endocrine systems. It and endocrine systems. It releases insulin to control releases insulin to control blood sugar and trypsin, blood sugar and trypsin, amylase and lipase to digest amylase and lipase to digest proteins, carbs and fats.proteins, carbs and fats.

Digestive CareDigestive Care

It is important to have a diet with high It is important to have a diet with high amounts of fiber. amounts of fiber.

Soluble fiber will dissolve in water and Soluble fiber will dissolve in water and can lower your bad cholesterol.can lower your bad cholesterol.

Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water, making it a a good protector water, making it a a good protector from bowel problems and possibly even from bowel problems and possibly even colon cancer.colon cancer.

Digestive ProblemsDigestive Problems

Indigestion: a burning discomfort Indigestion: a burning discomfort in the upper abdomen.in the upper abdomen.

Causes:Causes:– Eating too muchEating too much– Eating too quickly Eating too quickly – Eating certain foodsEating certain foods– Stomach disordersStomach disorders– StressStress

Digestive ProblemsDigestive Problems Heartburn (A.K.A.- Acid Reflux): A Heartburn (A.K.A.- Acid Reflux): A

burning sensation in the middle burning sensation in the middle to upper part of the chest.to upper part of the chest.

The primary cause is a backflow The primary cause is a backflow of stomach acid up into the of stomach acid up into the esophagus, specifically caused esophagus, specifically caused by an incomplete closure of the by an incomplete closure of the sphincter found between the sphincter found between the esophagus and stomach.esophagus and stomach.

Digestive ProblemsDigestive Problems Hiatal Hernia: A condition in which Hiatal Hernia: A condition in which

part of the stomach pushes through part of the stomach pushes through an opening in the diaphragm. This an opening in the diaphragm. This may also cause heartburn.may also cause heartburn.

Gas: Certain foods produced greater Gas: Certain foods produced greater amounts of gas in the stomach and amounts of gas in the stomach and intestines, making it uncomfortable.intestines, making it uncomfortable.


Nausea: A feeling of distress Nausea: A feeling of distress or weakness that often or weakness that often precedes vomiting.precedes vomiting.

Nausea can be produced by Nausea can be produced by motion, pathogens, motion, pathogens, medicines, drugs or other medicines, drugs or other substances in the stomach.substances in the stomach.

Digestive ProblemsDigestive Problems Diarrhea: A condition where the Diarrhea: A condition where the

feces are watery and expelled feces are watery and expelled frequently.frequently.

Diarrhea can be caused by poor Diarrhea can be caused by poor diet, or viral or bacterial infections.diet, or viral or bacterial infections.

Constipation: The feces become Constipation: The feces become dry and hard making bowel dry and hard making bowel movements difficult.movements difficult.


Constipation: A condition Constipation: A condition where the feces become dry where the feces become dry and hard, making bowel and hard, making bowel movements difficult.movements difficult.–Not enough fiber in your Not enough fiber in your diet can result in diet can result in constipation.constipation.

Structural Digestive Structural Digestive ProblemsProblems

Gallstones: small crystals which form Gallstones: small crystals which form in your bladder as a result of chemical in your bladder as a result of chemical disruption in the bile.disruption in the bile.–Can be treated with medicine to Can be treated with medicine to dissolve them or ultrasonic shock dissolve them or ultrasonic shock waves to destroy them.waves to destroy them.

–Surgery is only if they cannot be Surgery is only if they cannot be destroyed.destroyed.

Structural Digestive Structural Digestive ProblemsProblems Appendicitis: An inflammation of the Appendicitis: An inflammation of the

appendix, a 3-4 inch extension at one end appendix, a 3-4 inch extension at one end of the large intestine. The condition is of the large intestine. The condition is caused by a backup of bacteria in one caused by a backup of bacteria in one end of the organ.end of the organ.–Symptoms might be: lower adominal Symptoms might be: lower adominal pain, cramping, fever, nausea, vomiting, pain, cramping, fever, nausea, vomiting, the feeling of constipation and gas.the feeling of constipation and gas.

Structural Digestive Structural Digestive ProblemsProblems Gastritis: An inflammation of the Gastritis: An inflammation of the

mucus membrane which lines the mucus membrane which lines the stomach.stomach.

Caused by poor diet, smoking, Caused by poor diet, smoking, alcohol or bacteria. alcohol or bacteria.

Symptoms include abdominal Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting.pain, nausea or vomiting.

Structural Digestive Structural Digestive ProblemsProblems Lactose Intolerance: The inability to Lactose Intolerance: The inability to

digest lactose, a sugar found in milk.digest lactose, a sugar found in milk. People who are lactose intolerant People who are lactose intolerant

lack or are deficient of the enzyme lack or are deficient of the enzyme lactase, which helps break down lactase, which helps break down lactose in the small intestine.lactose in the small intestine.

Symptoms include cramps, bloating, Symptoms include cramps, bloating, gas and diarrhea.gas and diarrhea.

Structural Digestive Structural Digestive ProblemsProblems Peptic Ulcer: A sore in the lining Peptic Ulcer: A sore in the lining

of the digestive tract. It can of the digestive tract. It can occur in the esophagus, occur in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum.stomach or duodenum.

Ulcers occur when the protective Ulcers occur when the protective lining is damaged allowing the lining is damaged allowing the acids to eat away at it.acids to eat away at it.

Structural Digestive Structural Digestive ProblemsProblems Increased risk caused by aspirin, Increased risk caused by aspirin,

ibuprofen, smoking and a ibuprofen, smoking and a bacterial infection (H. Pylori).bacterial infection (H. Pylori).

Structural Digestive Structural Digestive ProblemsProblems Colitis: An inflammation of the colon, Colitis: An inflammation of the colon,

often caused by a virus, bacteria or often caused by a virus, bacteria or an amoeba.an amoeba.

Hemorrhoids: Swollen veins in the Hemorrhoids: Swollen veins in the lower rectum or anus region. lower rectum or anus region. Constipation, sitting a lot, pregnancy Constipation, sitting a lot, pregnancy and giving birth are common causes.and giving birth are common causes.

Tooth Decay: Health teeth lead to a Tooth Decay: Health teeth lead to a healthy diet.healthy diet.

The Urinary SystemThe Urinary System

Urine: Liquid waste containing Urine: Liquid waste containing nitrogen and unused nutrients, nitrogen and unused nutrients, vitamins and minerals.vitamins and minerals.

The Kidneys: Located on each The Kidneys: Located on each side of your back, these fist sized side of your back, these fist sized organs continually filter your organs continually filter your blood.blood.– 50 gallons filtered each day50 gallons filtered each day

The KidneysThe Kidneys

Nephrons: These are the functional Nephrons: These are the functional part of the kidney. Each one part of the kidney. Each one contains a tubule with a series of contains a tubule with a series of capillaries, called a glomerulus, that capillaries, called a glomerulus, that functions as the filtering funnel.functions as the filtering funnel.

The kidneys filter wasted from your The kidneys filter wasted from your blood and regulate the amount of blood and regulate the amount of salt and water excreted into the salt and water excreted into the urine.urine.

The KidneysThe Kidneys

Ureters: Tubes that connect to the Ureters: Tubes that connect to the kidneys to your bladder. kidneys to your bladder.

Bladder: A hollow reservoir (storage Bladder: A hollow reservoir (storage tank) for urine. The average size of a tank) for urine. The average size of a male bladder is larger than a female male bladder is larger than a female bladder.bladder.

Urethra: The tube that leads from the Urethra: The tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body.bladder to the outside of the body.

Care for Urinary Care for Urinary SystemSystem The best way to naturally care for The best way to naturally care for

your urinary system is to eat your urinary system is to eat healthy, non-toxic foods, and to healthy, non-toxic foods, and to drink plenty of water (about 6-8 drink plenty of water (about 6-8 glasses of water per day, which glasses of water per day, which included foods that contain included foods that contain water).water).

Kidney ProblemsKidney Problems

Cystitis: A bacterial infection of Cystitis: A bacterial infection of the bladder, most common in the bladder, most common in females.females.

Urethritis: An inflammation of the Urethritis: An inflammation of the urethra.urethra.

Incontinence: The inability to hold Incontinence: The inability to hold in your urine.in your urine.


Nephritis: An inflammation of the Nephritis: An inflammation of the nephrons.nephrons.

Kidney Stones: Hard crystals formed Kidney Stones: Hard crystals formed from substances in the urine. from substances in the urine.

If the stone can not be passed If the stone can not be passed through the urine naturally, then a through the urine naturally, then a procedure known as lithotripsy is procedure known as lithotripsy is used to break the stones apart with used to break the stones apart with high intensity sound waves.high intensity sound waves.


Uremia: When the kidneys are Uremia: When the kidneys are unable to rid waste from the unable to rid waste from the body, poisonous substances being body, poisonous substances being to build.to build.

Kidney Failure: Any disease that Kidney Failure: Any disease that can damage your kidneys can can damage your kidneys can cause failure. cause failure.


Three ways to help with kidney Three ways to help with kidney failurefailure– Hemodialysis: the use of an artificial Hemodialysis: the use of an artificial

machine to filter the blood.machine to filter the blood.– Peritoneal Dialysis: Inserting a tube Peritoneal Dialysis: Inserting a tube

into the peritoneal cavity, which acts into the peritoneal cavity, which acts as a blood filtering organ.as a blood filtering organ.

– Kidney Transplant: A very successful Kidney Transplant: A very successful transplant procedure, over 80%.transplant procedure, over 80%.

your digestive and urinary systems chapter 18. digestive function digestion: a mechanical and...

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