your logo here unit 2 renaissance/ exploration/ reformation reformation
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Reformation
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CausesChurch abuses
–Avignon Papacy–Struggles between the pope and councils
–Clergy's worldliness and lack of education
–Simony–Nepotism–Pluralism
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CausesPower and wealth of RCC
– People/Governments hated Church’s wealth
– Local governments did not like clergy’s immunities
People concerned about salvation– Traveling preachers became
popular
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Christian humanism, especially in northern:–University towns–Courts
Printing press helped spread new ideas
Causes
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Church BlindsidedChurch put down problems in
14th century–John Wycliffe in England–John Huss in Bohemia
16th century movements too powerful
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Growth of ProtestantismReligious
–Spiritual satisfaction–Correct Church abuses
Political and economic –Leaders took control of religious institutions
–Acquired Church's wealth
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Ferdinand and Isabella Marriage unified Spain (1469) Religious unity
– Conquered Moors (1492)– Promoted Catholicism
Built a colonial empire Arranged political marriages for
their 3 daughters – One, Catherine of Aragon, to Henry
VIII of England
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Charles VGrandson of F & IBecame HR Emperor (1520)Fought:
–French–Moslem Turks–Protestant
Germans
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Lutheranism
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Martin Luther Educated son of German miner From childhood concerned over
his soul He attempted monastic
life No answers in physical
absolution
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Luther’s Answer
Found answer in Romans– "the just shall live by faith"– Taught at Un. of Wittenberg– Didn't see his ideas as threat to
Catholic doctrine
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95 Theses-1517 John Tetzel sold
indulgences (payment for sins)– Originally for penance– Became money-maker
Luther posted 95 theses- Proposed public debate
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Luther and the princes
Urged German princes to:–Seize Church’s property –Make themselves heads of Christian Church in Germany
Pope excommunicated him–He burned papal bull
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Luther and Charles V Charles V called Luther before Diet
of Worms – Refused to recant– Was outlawed
Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony protected him– Schmalkaldic League defended
Lutheranism
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German Religious TurmoilAnabaptists taught radical
doctrines in Luther's name–Luther repudiated them
Erasmus –First saw Luther as kindred spirit
–Found him conservative»Uncompromising as RCC
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German Social TurmoilPeasants revolted in Luther’s name
– Felt he hated all oppressive authorityLuther again was conservative
– Rejected their attack on authority– Urged princes to stop revolt
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RamificationsHRE divided as princes foughtCharles V too busy with French
and Turks1555—Peace of Augsburg
– Schmalkaldic War treaty – 300+ German princes could choose
Catholicism or Lutheranism
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Luther’s Teachings Bible—sole source of doctrine
– All should be able to read it Priesthood of the believer Simplify ritual of worship 2 sacraments
–Baptism–Communion
Rejected transubstantiation
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Calvinism
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John CalvinBorn in FranceTrained in theology and lawConverted to Protestant
Christianity–Read Luther's writings–Personal religious experience
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Calvin in Switzerland
Angered French Catholics, so fled to Switzerland
Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion–Made Calvin famous
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Made Geneva a city of God on earth
He became politically powerful–Placed town council under religious authority
–Set up strict system of blue laws
Calvin in Switzerland (cont’d.)
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Calvin’s Teachings
Predestination is logicalRitual was simpler than Luther’s
2 sacraments–Baptism –Communion
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Calvinism’s AppealVigorous evangelismSystematic theologyWell-organizedDignified hard work
–“Elect” to Heaven–Protestant Work Ethic
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Calvinism’s InfluencePresbyterianPuritansHuguenotsCongregationalistsBaptists
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Anglicanism
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FoundationsLollardy
–1400-1500s–Religious & social dissent
William Tyndale –Printed English translation of Bible
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Henry VIII The King’s Great Matter
Catherine of Aragon bore no sonHenry wanted a divorcePope would not grant it
– Her nephew, Emperor Charles VNew archbishop, Cranmer,
arranged an annulmentPope excommunicated Henry
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Act of Supremacy—1534
Parliament passed it– King led Church in England
Parliament passed 6 Articles – Reaffirmed Catholic doctrine (except
supremacy of Pope)
Henry VIII and
Cranmer
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Henry’s ChildrenEdward VI
–Anglican Church became Protestant
–Calvinist slantMary
–Devout Roman Catholic–Not popular with British people
»Married Philip II of Spain»Burned 300 Protestants at the stake
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Elizabeth I– Church of England definitely
became Protestant– 2 groups opposed Anglican
Church»Puritans»Roman Catholic minority
Henry’s Children (cont’d.)
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Anabaptism
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BackgroundSome disagreement about its
beginnings– Generally believed to have begun
in Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands
Believed that Luther, Calvin and others had not gone far enough
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Beliefs True Christian born
again and baptized as adult
Priesthood of all believers
Bible—sole source of doctrine
Pacifism
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Beliefs (cont’d.) Refused to:
– Recognize titles– Take oaths of allegiance– Recognize or participate in civil
government– Serve in armed forces
Strongly disagreed with:– Calvinism’s predestination– Luther’s salvation by faith alone
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Sects
AmishMennonites
–Menno Simons
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Counter Reformation
Look carefully!!
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2 Schools of ThoughtCompromiseReform
–Reform corrupt practices –No change in dogma
Reformer became Pope –Called the Council at Trent
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Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Dogmatic–Reaffirmed traditional doctrines
Reformatory–Ended corrupt practices–Banned heretical
literature
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The Society of JesusFounded by Ignatius Loyola
–Soldier –Not a scholar or theologian
Required absolute obedience Jesuits served as teachers and
diplomats
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