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Youth Pork Quality Assurance® Plus Handbook

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Youth Handbook - 2 - Introduction

Youth Pork Quality Assurance® Plus (Youth PQA Plus®) - Building a

Stronger Industry

Lesson Objectives • Understandeachsegment’sroleinthefoodsupply. • Identifybiological,chemicalandphysicalrisks. • Introducethe10GoodProductionPractices(GPP).

Key Terms

Biological riskPhysical riskChemical riskGood Production Practices (GPPs)Food safetyAnimal well-beingEnvironmental protectionWorker safetyFood supply continuum

We Caresm: Making Our Industry StrongerRegardlessofthebusiness,trustandtransparencyareessentialtomaintainingcustomerappeal.Thishasneverbeenmorechallengingornecessaryfortheporkindustry,asthegeneralpublicandporkcustomerswanttoknowhowtheirfoodisproduced.

TheWeCareinitiativeaddressestheseconcernsandcommunicatesthattheporkindustryisresponsibleandawareofwhatcustomersandpigsneed.TheWeCareinitiativeencouragesconstantimprovementintheporkindustry’sproductionpracticesandpromotesastrongrecordofresponsiblefarmingtothoseoutsidetheindustry.Theinitiativeshowshoweveryindividualthroughouttheporksupplychain,includingyouth,hasaroletoplayinbuildingandmaintainingtrustintheindustry.YouthPQAPlusisonepartoftheWeCareinitiativeandisaclearrepresentationoftheindustry’sandyouth’scommitmenttoresponsiblefarmingandcontinuousimprovement.

Introduction


Attheheartofthecommitmentisastrongcodeofethics,whichaskseachandeveryporkproducertomakethefollowingcommitments: • Producesafefood. • Protectandpromoteanimalwell-being. • Ensureproductionpracticestoprotectpublichealth. • Safeguardnaturalresourcesinallofourpractices. • Provideaworkenvironmentthatissafeandconsistentwith ourotherethicalprinciples. • Contributetoabetterqualityoflifeinourcommunities.

WhiletheWeCaresminitiativepromotesasetofprincipleswhichprovidesguidancetoporkproducers,thePorkQualityAssurancePlusandYouthPorkQualityAssurancePlusprogramsencourageproducerstousescientific-basedbestpractices,orGoodProductionPractices(GPPs),basedontheoverarchingprinciplesoftheWeCareinitiative.Theprogramhasfourkeyelements:

•Food Safety –Referstothegoodproductionpracticesthateliminatephysical,chemicalorbiologicalhazardstoensureconsumerscanhaveconfidenceinthesafetyofourproduct.

•Animal Well-Being –Encompassesproducerresponsibilities forallaspectsofanimalwell-being,includingproperhousing,management, nutrition,diseasepreventionandtreatment,responsiblecare,humanehandling and,whennecessary,humaneandtimelyeuthanasia.

•Environmental Protection–Concernspracticesporkproducers cantaketosafeguardournaturalresources,suchaseffectivemanagementofgroundwater, surfacewater,airquality,manuredisposal,landandsoilqualityandlanduse.

•Worker Safety–Describesaproducer’sresponsibilitytoprovideasafeworkenvironmentforallcaretakers.


Youth PQA Plus®: What’s in it for me?

TheYouthPorkQualityAssurancePlus(YouthPQAPlus)programcomprisestwomainelements–foodsafetyandanimalwell-being.

1. Food Safety–Thepracticesthatminimizephysical,chemicaland biologicalhazardsthatmightbeinjurioustoconsumers.

2. Animal Well-Being –Producerresponsibilitiesforallaspectsofanimalcare;includingproperhousing,management,nutrition,diseasepreventionandtreatment,responsiblecare,humanehandling,andwhennecessary,humaneandtimelyeuthanasia.

Foodsafetyandanimalwell-beinghavebecomeconcernsforconsumers,bothdomesticandinternational.TheYouthPQAPlusprogramprovidesbenefitstotheyouthporkproducerinrelationtotheseconcerns.FollowingtheGoodProductionPracticesmayhelptoimproveswinecareandmanagementpractices.Followinggoodhealth,nutritionandmanagementprocedurescanhelppigsperformefficiently,andprovideasafewholesomeproductforconsumers.

YouthPQAPlusprovidesawayto:

•Educateproducersandhelppreventdrugresidues.

•Helpensurethewholesomenessofporkandporkproducts.

•Promoteconsumerconfidenceinpigwell-being.

Educatingproducersofallagesaboutwithdrawaltimes,properinjectiontechniquesandavoidanceofviolativeresiduesfrommedicationsandotheranimalhealthproductshasworked!Today’sporkhasthelowestresiduelevelsever.

YouthPQAPlusisalsoawaytodemonstratetoconsumersthatyouthproducersareproperlycaringfortheirpigs.

•ManypackersrequireyouthproducerstheypurchasepigsfromtohaveYouthPQAPluscertification.

•Countyfairs,statefairsandotherlivestockshowsmayalsorequireYouthPQAPluscertification.

Stockshowsandcountyandstatefairsarealwayssearchingforpackersthatwillpurchaseexhibitor’sshowpigs.Packersandconsumershaveexpressedconcernsaboutthesafetyandwholesomenessoftheproductsfromshowpigs.Ifyouaren’tYouthPQAPluscertified,whereareyougoingtomarketyourpigs?Howcanyouensuretoyourpackerthatyouryouthswineprojectwillyieldqualityporkproductsthataresafefortheconsumer?


10 Good Production Practices of PQA Plus® and Youth PQA Plus®: Keys to Industry Success

ThePQAPlus®andYouthPQAPlus®programsuse10GoodProductionPractices(GPPs).Whenimplemented,GPPswillhelpensureporkisfreefromchemicalandphysicalhazards;thatpigsareraisedinacaring,humanemanner;thatournaturalresourcesareprotectedbyporkproducers;andthatallproducersworkinasafeenvironment.These10GPP’sarebasedon:

•HazardAnalysisandCriticalControlPoint(HACCP)principles.HACCPprinciplesarethestandardforcontrollinghazardsinfoodsproducedandprocessedintheUnitedStatesandmanyforeigncountries.

•TheFoodandDrugAdministration’sCompliancePolicyGuide(CPG)7125.37– “ProperDrugUseandResidueAvoidancebyNon-veterinarians.”

•TheAnimalMedicinalDrugUseClarificationAct(AMDUCA)of1994

•Science-basedanimalcareandwell-beingguidelines

Producers and Food Safety

Farmproductionisthefirstofmanystepsinthefood-supplycontinuum.Therefore,producersofallagesplayavitalroleinensuringfoodsafety.Valuemaybereducedorlostiftheproductbecomescontaminatedduringanystageofthefood-supplycontinuumsoeachparticipantintheprocesshastotakeresponsibilityforsafeguardingagainsthazards.Thismeansthesensibleapproachtofoodsafety,onethatusestheGoodProductionPractices,isdesignedtoprevent,notdetect,problems.

Inthefood-supplycontinuum,everyoneisresponsibleforthesafetyoftheproduct.Eachsegment,orrole,reliesonallothersegmentstomakesuretheproductremainssafeasitcyclesthroughthecontinuum.


•Producers–Startthecyclebyraisingpigsthatarefreefromviolativeresiduelevelsandother potentialhazardsbycorrectlyusinganimalhealthproducts,medicatedfeedsandprovidingpigstheproperenvironment.•Transportation & Marketing –Itisimportanttoproperlytransportandcareforpigsuntiltheyreachmarket.•Harvesting–Atthepackingplant,thepackerharveststheanimalsandpreparesthecarcassesforprocessing.•Processing–Carcassesarebrokenintopiecesforretailpackagingasfreshpork,frozenporkorfurtherprocessedready-to-eatproducts.•Retail & Distribution–Porkproductsenterthefoodsupplychainthroughretailanddistributioncompanies,mainlygrocerystoresandotherdistributionpointswheremeatissolddirectlytothe customer.•Food Services–Porkproductsarealsodistributedthroughthefoodserviceindustry,wherefoodis servedtothepublic.Examplesincludeschoolsandrestaurants.•Consumers–Theconsumer’sroleinvolvesproperlystoringandcookingporkproducts.Forexample,hamlunchmeatneedstobekeptatthepropertemperatureintherefrigeratortokeepit properlychilledandsafe.Ifconsumersbuyaproducttocook,suchasporkloin,theyshouldfollow correctcookingproceduresfortemperatureandtime.

Asthecyclecontinues,consumersultimatelyaffectproducersbydemandingahighqualityproduct,anditistheresponsibilityofeveryoneonthefood-supplycontinuumtogivetheconsumertheporkproducttheydesire.

Producers Transportation Marketing

Retail & Distrubution

Harvesting

Food Services

Processing

Consumers

Harvest

Postharvest

Preharvest

Food Supply Continuum

Food Supply Continuum


Producers and Animal Well-Being

Porkproducershavearesponsibilitytoprovideappropriateconditionssothatthepigsintheircaremaintaingoodhealthandphysicalconditions.Producersalsorepresenttheporkindustryandhaveadutytomaintainandpromotethetraditionofresponsibleanimalcarethroughtheapplicationofscientificallysoundanimalcarepractices.Nowmorethaneverbefore,theactionsofindividualproducerscanhelporharmtheindustryasawhole.

Producers and Natural Resources

Protectingourenvironmentcomesnaturallytoporkproducers;ourlivelihoodisconnectedtotheland,sowefeelaninherentresponsibilitytoprotectit.Porkproducersmusttakeproactiveactionstosafeguardournaturalresourcesthroughresponsibleenvironmentalmanagementonthefarm.Thisincludestheeffectivemanagementofgroundwater,surfacewater,airquality,animalandmanuredisposal,landandsoilquality,landuse,andprotectionagainstbiological,chemicalandphysicalrisks.

Biological RiskThepresenceofavirus,bacteria,protozoa,moldorparasitethatcouldcause afoodborneillness.

Chemical RiskViolativeresiduesinporkfromtheuseofanimalhealthproducts,suchas antibiotics,orotherchemicalsincludingpesticides.

Physical RiskAnyforeignobjectormatterinafooditemthatmaycauseillnessorinjurytoa personconsumingtheproduct.Anexampleisabrokenneedleinacarcass.

Iftheserisksorhazardsarefoundinpork,consumersmaybeafraidtopurchaseporkandporkproducts.Itisuptoallproducerstoberesponsiblewiththeproductsusedduringproduction.

Producers and Caretaker Safety

Responsibleporkproducersunderstandtheimportanceofhealthandsafetyofyouthproducers,anyonewhohelpscarefortheirpigs,andtheirroleinmaintainpublichealthisvitaltotheircommunityandlong-termbusinessdevelopment.Partofthatresponsibilityincludesprovidingappropriateconditionssothatallcaretakershavesafeandcleaningworkingconditions.Thisinvolvesworkingwith,andtraining,caretakerstoreduceaccidentsandinjuries.


Humane, Ethical Practices – Benefiting Your Industry

Thereisincreasingcustomerandconsumerinterestinthewayfoodanimalsareraised.Porkproducersofallagesrecognizethattheyshareadutytodemonstrateresponsibleproductionpracticesintheareasoffoodsafety,animalcare,environmentalprotection,andcaretakersafety.ParticipationintheYouthPQAPlus®Programiscriticalinbuildingtrustandmaintainingtheintegrityoftheporkindustry.

WithproperimplementationoftheGPPs,YouthPQAPluscanbenefityoungproducersinmanywaysandencourageapositiveperceptionoftheentireUnitedStatesporkindustry.Porkqualitystartswiththeproducer,anditisourresponsibilitytomeetorexceedthequalityexpectationsofconsumers.ByparticipatingintheYouthPQAPlusProgram,youwillbetakingthefirststepindoingtherightthingforyour4-HorFFAprojectandyourindustry.


G

P

P

What does GPP stand for?

We Caresm

The 10 Good Production Practices (GPPs) are based on four key elements of the We Care initiative.

Food Safety

Animal Well-Being

Environmental Protection

Worker Safety

The Youth Pork Quality Assurance® Plus (Youth PQA Plus) program comprises two main elements - ___________ safety and animal ________________________.

Youth PQA Plus®

Youth PQA Plus provides a way to:•

•

•


Restaurants & FoodName two things a restaurant can do to help ensure the food you eat is safe.1.

2.

Food Safety As a consumer you need to be sure that you properly store, handle and prepare food at home.

Hazard Labeling

If the listed items were found in or on pork products, what type of hazard would they be? Label each hazard with the correct category by writing the first letter in the blank.

BiologicalPhysicalChemical

Salmonellabacteria

Pesticideresidue violations

Brokenneedle

Pieceofglass

E.colibacteria

Listeriabacteria

Oilorgreaseresidue

Razorblade

Drugresidue violations

Pieceofplastic

You & FoodName two things you can do to help ensure that the food you eat is safe.1.

2.


Food Safety Each role in the food supply continuum can affect the demand for pork products.

Food Supply DemandRead each story. Color the top of the arrow if the result of the story is an increase in demand, or color in the bottom of the arrow if the result is a decrease in demand.

Arestaurantchaindoesnotcookitsmeatthoroughlyforseveralorders.Severalpeoplegetsick.Willthispotentiallyincreaseordecreasethedemandforpork?

Itisreportedinthenewsthatporkisnowoneoftheleanestmeats.Itwasannouncedthattoday’sporkis31percentleanerthanitwasjusttenyearsago.Ithas14percentfewercaloriesand10percentlesscholesterol.Willthispotentiallyincreaseordecreasethedemandforpork?

Aconsumeratthestatefairpurchasesagrilledporkchopforlunch.Hetakesalargebiteandfindsabrokenneedleinthechop.Hereportsittothelocalhealthofficials.Willthisincreaseordecreasethedemandforpork?

Thestatefairisgoingon.Thepubliclovestowalkthroughtheanimalbuildings.Manyoftheindividualspassingthroughthepigbuildingcommentonhowcleanandwellkeptthepigsare.Willthisincreaseordecreasethedemandforpork?


Food Safety You must identify a potential hazard before you can prevent it.

HazardsIdentify three hazards that may be on a pork production operation or farm.

What is the hazard type? (Biological, Chemical, Physical)

How could you prevent the hazard?


Review

1. GPP stands for:

2. T/F – There are 8 GPPs. (If false, make the statement true.)

3. Identify three roles in the food supply continuum.

4. How can you, as a producer, assist in a safe food supply?

5. Identify the three main types of risks and give an example of each:

Risk Example

Youth Handbook - 14

1.GoodProductionPractices

2.F–Thereare10GPPs.

3.Anythreeofthefollowing:Producer,Transportation,Marketing,Harvesting, Processing,Retail/Distribution,FoodService,Consumer

4.Raisepigsthatarefreefromhighresiduelevels;Correctlyuseanimalhealthproducts, medicatedfeedsandprovidingpigstheproperenvironment

5.BiologicalRisk–Salmonellabacteria,E.colibacteria,etc.ChemicalRisk–Drugresidueviolations,pesticideresidueviolations,etc.PhysicalRisk–Pieceofplastic,brokenneedle,pieceofglass,etc.

Top Five Takeaways Use the space below to list five things you took away from this section.

Answer Key

Youth Handbook - 15 - GPP #1

Lesson 1 • GPP #1Use an Appropriate Veterinarian/

Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR) as the Basis for Medication Decision-Making.

Lesson Objectives• IdentifytherequirementsofanappropriateVCPR.• Explainandunderstandtheuseofapprovedanimaldrugs.• UnderstandtheFoodandDrugAdministration’s(FDA)requirementthat

prohibitsextra-labeluseofdrugsinmedicatedfeeds.

Key Terms

Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship

Aworkingrelationshipwithyourveterinarianwhereheorshe advisesandguidesyouindeterminingwhichmedicationsare appropriateandwhentousethemaspartofyourpigproject.Youas theproducer,aretheclient,andyourpigisthepatient.

What does having a VCPR mean for you?

Themedicaldecisionsforyourswineprojectshouldbeinthecontroloftheveterinarianandthecaretaker.Ifaveterinarianhasagreedtoevaluateand/ormedicateananimal,anyinstructionsfortreatmentmustbefollowedbythecaretakeriftheVCPRistoremainvalid.

Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)Extra-label useFood and Drug Administration (FDA)Over-The-Counter (OTC)Prescription (Rx)Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD)Drug compounding

GPP #1


In a VCPR, the veterinarian must:

•Accepttheresponsibilityfortheadministrationofadrugormedication.

•Providecontinuedcarefollowingtheadministrationofadrugormedication,ifneeded.

•Bereadilyavailableforconsultationandreevaluationoftreatmentresults.

•Haveworkingknowledgeoftheanimaland/oroperation.

Working Together in the VCPR

1. Iftheveterinarianisconsultedforonlyaportionofthehealthprogram,itisimpossiblefortheveterinariantoknowthetruescopeofthediseasechallengesandtheresponsetotreatmentsgiven.UnderstandingtheentirebreadthofissuescanleadtomoretimelyandaccuratediagnosisandfacilitatetheproperuseoftheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)approveddrugs.Involvingtheprimaryveterinariancanalsoincreasethetreatmentoptionsavailable.

2. Theavailabilityandnumberofdrugsforuseinfoodanimalmedicinehashistoricallybeenlimited.AllowanceshavebeenmadebywhichFDA-approveddrugscouldbelegallyusedinfood-producinganimalsinawayotherthanasdirectedonthelabel.TheFederalAnimalMedicinalDrugUseClarificationAct(AMDUCA)extentstheprivilegeofextra-labeluseofdrugsonlytoveterinariansandonlywhen“thehealthofananimalisthreatenedorwhensufferinganddeathmayresultfromfailuretotreattheanimal.”Extra-labeluse,asdefinedbytheFDA,meansactualuseorintendeduseofadruginananimalinamannerthatisnotinaccordancewiththeapprovedlabeling.OnlyaveterinarianwithaVCPRforyouranimalcandirectextra-labeldrugusage.

3. Veterinariansweregiventheprivilegeofextra-labeldrugusebecauseoftheiradvancedtraining,accesstoscientificliteratureandtheirabilitytodrawconclusionsfromtheirinformationresources.Asarule,thereisnostandardwithdrawaltimeinformationforextra-labeldruguse;AMDUCArequiresthattheveterinariandirectingextra-labeldruguseestablishanextendedwithdrawaltimesothatnoresidueviolationsoccur.Thisinvolvestheveterinarianreviewingtheliteratureandconsultingotherinformationresourcespriortouseaswellasprovidingtheproducerawrittenplanforwithdrawalpriortomarketingthetreatedanimal.


4. Detailsofthetreatmentofanyfood-producinganimalmustberecorded.Becauseextra-labeltreatmentregimenshavenotundergoneextensivetrialsnecessarytohavealabelapprovedforspecificuse,theriskofadversereactionsorviolativeresiduesisincreasedcomparedtoon-labeluse.Therefore,extra-labeldruguseisaccompaniedbygreaterresponsibilityfordocumentation.Theproducershouldhaverecordsshowingtheinstructionsfromtheveterinariandirectingtheextra-labeldruguseandwithdrawalpriortomarketingaswellasthetreatmentrecordsthatresultfromtheapplicationoftheseinstructions.Treatmentrecordsserveasimportantdocumentationofwhen,howandwithwhatdrugtheproducertreatedhis/heranimal.Itisrecommendedthattreatmentrecordsbemaintainedforatleast12monthsafterananimalistreated.

Requirement of producers for extra-label use of medications

•EstablishedVCPR.•Recordsshowingtheinstructionsfromtheveterinariandirectingtheextra-labeldruguse.•Showdocumentationofthetreatmentrecordsthatresultfromtheapplicationoftheseinstructions.

What is considered “extra-label” use of a drug?

•Increasingthedosage.•Changingthefrequencyand/orrouteofadministration.•Changingdurationofthetreatment.•Treatingadiseaseorconditionnotstatedonthelabel.•Changingthespeciesorlifestagetobetreated.


Distribution and Use of Approved Animal Drugs

Over-The-Counter(OTC)*Prescription(Rx)*VeterinaryFeedDirective(VFD)

Over-The-Counter (OTC)Over-The-Countermedicationscanbepurchasedbyanyonefromplacessuchasfarmsupplystores,animalhealthsalespersons,catalogs,andveterinaryclinics.Themarginofsafetyfortheanimal(especiallyifanaccidentaloverdoseoccurs),thedifficultyincorrectlydiagnosingthediseaseandthesafetyofthepersonadministeringthemedicationsareallfactorsthattheFDAconsiderswhendeterminingifthedrugcanbemarketedasanOTCproduct.EventhoughVCPRsarenotrequiredifusingOTCmedicationsinamannerapprovedonthelabel,aVCPRshouldbethebasisforallmedicationdecisions.TheproducermustuseOTCdrugsonlyasspecifiedonthelabelunlessdirectedforanextra-labelusebyaveterinarian.Forexample,usingpenicillinpurchasedOTCatahigherdosethanwrittenonthemanufacturer’slabelrequiresaveterinarian’sdirection.

Prescription (Rx)PrescriptiondrugsarethoseforwhichtheFDArequiresprofessionaloversightforlabeledusagesbecauseoftheirdangertoeitherhumansoranimals.Thesedrugsareavailableonlythroughveterinarians,pharmacistsanddistributorsontheorderofaveterinarian.Themanufacturer’slabelwillhavethestatement,“CAUTION:Federal(USA)lawrestrictsthisdrugtousebyorontheorderofalicensedveterinarian,”identifyingthisdrugasaprescriptionproduct.Theveterinarianwillsupplyinformationabouttheidentityofthetreatedanimal,dose,route,frequencyofadministrationandthewithdrawaltimealongwithhis/hercontactname,address,andphonenumber.

Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD)Aveterinaryfeeddirectivedrugisanantimicrobialintendedforusein,oron,animalfeed.FeedscontainingaVFDproductcanonlybeusedwithveterinaryoversightbyalicensedveterinarianissuingaVFD.

Oncetheveterinarianhasthebasisformakingadiagnosis,he/shecanissueaVFDorder.TheveterinarianprovidestheoriginalVFDtotheclientforusetoobtainfeedfromadistributor,orprovidesitdirectlytothedistributor,whileprovidingtheclientwithacopyoftheVFDorder.ThisdocumentallowstheproducertobuymedicatedfeedcontainingtheVFDdrug.AccordingtoFDA

regulationstheveterinarian,produceranddistributoroftheVFDfeedallarerequiredtokeeptheVFDorder.Anyextra-labeluseofmedicationinfeeds,includingVFDfeeds,isillegal.


UsingacommonlyavailableOTCantibioticpreparation,ProcainePenicillinG(300,000IUperml)asanexample,let’slookatsomecommonsituationswhereaveterinarianmustbeinvolvedbeforeusingitinanywayotherthanwhatisonthemanufacturer’slabel:

1. Increasing Dosage

ThelabeldosageforProcainePenicillinGis3000InternationalUnits(IU)perpoundofbodyweight.Thismeansthelabeldoseforthe200-poundhogis2mldailywhenusingtheusualpenicillinproduct(300,000IU/ml).Ifyouusethispenicillininyourhogs,areyoufollowingthelabeldirection,orhasyourveterinariandirectedyoutouseadifferentdosageforthisapplication?Ifyouarenotfollowinglabeldirections,thisadministrationisanillegalaction.

2. Changing the Frequency of the Route of Administration

PenicillinGProcaineislabeledonlyforintramuscularuseinswine.Givingitbyanotherroute,suchassubcutaneously,requiresaVCPRandextra-labeluseandwithdrawalinstructionsfromtheveterinarian.

*Note: Research shows that giving more than 10 ml of penicillin in any one injection site may result in an even further extended withdrawal time, even though the total dosage of penicillin was given as directed.

3. Changing the Duration of Treatment

ThelabeldirectionforProcainePenicillinGaretotreatswinefortwodaysafterthesymptomsaregonebutnomorethansevendays.Doyourtreatmentprotocolsmatchthelabeledorextra-labeldirectionsforeachproducttobeused?Ifnot,itwouldonlybelegalifaveterinariandirecteditbeusedthisway.

4. Treating a Disease or Condition Not on the Label

TheonlylabeleduseofProcainePenicillinGinswineisfortreatmentofErysipelasinfections.UsingittotreatanythingotherthanErysipelasisillegal.

5. Changing the Species of Life Stage to Be Treated

IftheProcainePenicillinGifapprovedforpigletsonly,usingitatalaterlifestage,forexampleingrow-finishhogs,isanillegaluseunlessdirectedbyaveterinarian,becauseitisusingthedruginadifferentlifestagethanwhatisindicatedonthelabel.


When an OTC product is used in an extra-label manner, the requirements are:

•AVCPRexists.•Adequateinstructionshavebeengivenbytheveterinarianandarefollowedbythecaretaker.•Awithdrawaltimehasbeenassignedbytheveterinariansotheextra-labeldrugusedoesnotresult inaresidueviolation.•Identityofthetreatedanimalismaintained.•Thetreatmentisrecorded,andtherecordsaremaintainedbytheproducerforatleastoneyearafter theanimalistreated.Theveterinarianmustkeeptheserecordsfortwoyears.

UnderAMDUCA,theFDAhastheauthoritytoprohibittheuseofcertaindrugsinfood-producinganimals.TherearealsosomedrugsthatarenotlabeledforuseinswineandarespecificallyforbiddenbytheFDAfrombeingusedinanextra-labelmannerinporkproduction.

Compounding of Animal Drugs

DrugcompoundingisthemixingoftwoormoreFDA-approveddrugstomakeadifferentmedicationfortheneedsofaparticularpatient.Themixingoftwoinjectabledrugstogetherinabottleorsyringeiscompounding.Becausetheinteractionsofthedifferentcomponentsmayleadtotheformationofnewcompoundsorcasedestructionand/orprecipitationofactiveorinactiveingredients,settingawithdrawaltimeisextremelydifficult.Theuseofcompoundeddrugsmayresultinadversereactionsordeathsofanimals.

UnderAMDUCA,aveterinarianwithaVCPRmaybepermittedtocompoundFDA-approveddrugsfollowingrulesverymuchlikethoseforextra-labeldruguse.Theveterinarianisthenresponsibleforthesafety,efficiencyandwithdrawaltimeofthecompoundeddrug.Compoundingbyproducersordistributorsofanimalhealthproductsisillegal.

Remember:• Using a drug in a manner other than what is on the manufacturer’s label is legal only if it is done by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

• Extra-label use of feed medications is not allowed, not even by a veterinarian.


Residue Testing

Residue avoidance starts with the identification and documentation of all treated animals including: •Thedate(s)oftreatment •Theproductadministered •Dosagegiven •Withdrawaltime

MoreinformationwillbefoundinGPP#6.However,animalssometimesloseeartags,getoutofpensandhaveaccidentalaccesstomedicatedfeeds,orsometimestreatmentsrecordsarelostordestroyed.Whenquestionsariseabouttheresiduestatusofananimal,testingofliveanimalsisnecessary.Therisktoyourreputationaswellasthatoftheindustryfarexceedsthecostofhavingtheanimaltestedbeforemarket.Youthproducersshouldhaveaplanofwhattodobeforearesiduetestisneededaswellascontactinformationofthosethatcanassistwitharesiduetest.Whenthereisanydoubtabouttheresiduestatusofananimal,testthemratherthanguessing.

Summary

TheuseofanappropriateVCPRasthebasisformedicationdecision-makingisessentialtogoodproductionpractices.

•AVCPRmeansthataveterinarianhasassumedresponsibilityformakingmedicaljudgments regardingthehealthoftheanimal(s)andtheneedformedicaltreatment,andtheclient(the owneroftheanimal(s)orothercaretaker)hasagreedtofollowtheinstructionsoftheveterinarian.

•Sucharelationshipcanexistonlywhentheveterinarianhasadequateknowledgeoftheanimal(s)to makeaninitialdiagnosisandispersonallyfamiliarwiththekeepingandcareoftheanimal(s) byvirtueofexaminationoftheanimal(s)and/orthemedicallyappropriateandtimelyvisitstothe premiseswheretheanimal(s)arekept.

•Underaveterinarian’sdirection,FDA-approveddrugscanlegallybeusedinfood-producing animalsinawayotherthanexpresslydirectedonthelabel,butonlywhenaVCPRexists.

•AVCPRdetailstheveterinaryoversightofapprovedanimaldrugsusedinanoperation.

•Approvedanimaldrugsareclassifiedbycategory;eitherover-the-counter(OTC), prescription(Rx)orveterinaryfeeddirection(VFD).

•Anyextra-labeluseofmedicationinfeeds,includingVFDmedications,byaproduceror veterinarianisillegal.


With a VCPR, your veterinarian can help you make medical judgments, assist you with withdrawal times and your recordkeeping system, and can provide extra-label drug use under special circumstances.

VCPRWhat does VCPR stand for?

V

C

P

R

BenefitsList three benefits of having a VCPR.1.

2.

3.

Responsibility

You should always maintain your part of the VCPR. What are your responsibilities in a VCPR?

Fill in the BlankFill in the blanks with the proper term.

A VCPR is when you, as a producer, have a _________________ relationship with your

__________________ where he or she advises and guides you in determining which

____________________ are appropriate and when to use them as part of your pig

project. You, as the ____________________, are the __________________,

and your pig is the ________________________.


How is your veterinarian vital to the medication decision-making process?

Describe the three categories of approved drug distribution.

Over-The-Counter(OTC)_______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Prescription(Rx)______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

VeterinaryFeedDirective(VFD)__________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Prescription____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

VeterinaryFeedDirective_________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Extra-LabelPut a checkmark beside the phrases that are extra-label use.

Yourveterinariantellsyoutogiveyourpigmoremedicinethanthelabelstates.

Yourveterinariantellsyoutofollowtheinstructionsprovidedonthelabel.

Yourveterinariantellsyoutogiveyourpigmedicinemorefrequentlythanthelabelstates.

Yourveterinariantellsyoutocontinuegivingthemedicationpastthetreatmentperiodstatedonthelabel.

Yourveterinarianprescribesamedicationtotreatadiseaseotherthanstatedonthelabel.

Yourveterinarianprescribesadrugforyourpigthatisnotlabeledforuseinpigs.


VCPRFill in the information for your veterinarian and keep in a convenient place.

Name:_____________________________________________________________________

Address:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

OfficePhone:_______________________________________________________________

CellPhone:_________________________________________________________________

Email:_____________________________________________________________________

Howoftendoesyourveterinarianlookatyouranimals?______________________________

Extra-Label and Label UseLabel each situation as extra-label or label:

Thebottleofmedicationsaystogiveyourpig10ccofmedication2timesaday.Youdecidetogiveit10ccat8a.m.and8p.m.

Abottleofmedicationstatesthatitistobeusedforbeef.Youthinkitwillmakeyourpigfeelbetter.Yourveterinarianagreesandgivesyouwrittenpermissiontousethemedicationforyoursickpig.Yougive5ccofmedicationasyourveterinariandirected.

Yourpigisveryill.Youcallyourveterinarianforhelp.Hesaysthatyoushouldgiveyourpig8ccofmedicationwhenthebottlestatesthatyoushouldgive4cc.

Duringaherdcheckyourveterinariannoticedthatyoursickpigwasnotgettinganybetter.Herecommendedgiving8ccofmedicationthreetimesadaywhenthebottlestatedtogiveittwotimesaday.

Extra-label drug use can be defined as________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


Drug CompoundingWhatisdrugcompounding?

Whataretherisksofdrugcompounding?

Compoundingbyproducersordistributorsofanimalhealthproductsis___________________.

Residueavoidancestartswiththeidentificationanddocumentationofalltreatedanimalsincluding:

•_____________________________________________________________________

•_____________________________________________________________________

•_____________________________________________________________________

•_____________________________________________________________________

Identify3residueavoidancepractices

1._____________________________________________________________________

2._____________________________________________________________________

3._____________________________________________________________________


ReviewCorrect each false statement to make it true.

1.T/F–Medicaldecisionsforyourpigsshouldbemadebythefeedsalesman,equipmentdealeror neighbor.

2.T/F–OnebenefitofaVCPRisthatyourveterinarianwillbeabletoassistyouwithwithdrawal timesandrecordkeeping.

3.T/F–Schedulingregularherdcheckswiththesameveterinarianisonepartof establishingaVCPR.

4.T/F–Extra-labeldrugusecanberecommendedbyanyone.

5.T/F–Adrugmaybeconsideredasbeingusedinanextra-labelmannerifyourveterinariantells youtogiveyourpigmedicinemorefrequentlythanthelabelstates.

6.T/F–Itisokaytoincreaseadrugdoseonyourown.

7.T/F–Drugcompoundingmayresultinanewmedicationthatactsinadifferent mannerthaneitheroneoftheindividualcomponents.

8.T/F–Aveterinariancanprovideextra-labelinstructionsformedicatedfeeds.

9.T/F–Withdrawaltimeisthetimeafterthelastfeeding/treatmentrequiredforadrugtoclearthe pig’ssystem,ortoberenderedinactiveandresiduelevelstobereducedtonon-violativelevels.

10.T/F–Ifyourpigeatsallofthemedicatedfeedprovided,youdonotneedtocleanthefeederout beforeusingitforanotherpig.

11.T/F–Over-the-countermedicationissafeforanyhumanoranimal.

12.T/F–Dose,routeofadministrationandwithdrawaltimecanbefoundonamedicationlabel.

13.T/F–Whenyouareunsureofawithdrawaltime,theanimalshouldbetestedtoseeifthereisa violativemedicationresidueleftpriortotheanimalbeingsoldorharvested.

Youth Handbook - 27

1.False–Suchdecisionsshouldbemadebyyouandyourveterinarian.

2.True

3.True

4.False–Extra-labeldrugusecanonlyberecommendedbyveterinarians.

5.True

6.False–Aveterinarianmustauthorizeanincreaseddose.

7.True

8.False–Extra-labeluseoffeedmedicationisillegal.Aveterinariancannotprovide extra-labeldirectionsformedicatedfeed.

9.True

10.False–Youshouldalwayscleanequipmentafterusewithmedicatedfeed.

11.False–Youmustreadthemedicationlabeltoseeifthemedicationisappropriatefor youranimal.

12.True

13.True


Answer Key


Lesson 2 • GPP #2Establish and Implement an Efficient and

Effective Health Management Plan.

Lesson Objectives • Describethecomponentsofherdhealthplan. • Nameanddescribeappropriateinternalbiosecurityprocedures. • Nameanddescribeappropriateexternalbiosecurityprocedures. • Understandtherelationshipbetweenhuman,animalanddiseases.

Herd HealthHerdhealthisakeytofoodsafety.Healthieranimalsgrowmorequicklyandefficiently.Healthieranimalsgenerallyrequirelessmedicalcare,reducingriskofresiduesandcostsassociatedwiththetreatmentofsickanimals.Thedevelopmentandimplementationofahealthmanagementplancanhavebeneficialimpactsonanimals’healththroughtheuseofmeasuressuchasvaccinationplans,biosecurityprotocolsandemergencypreparedness.

Key TermsInternal biosecurityExternal biosecurityHerd health plan Rodent and pest controlForeign Animal Disease (FAD)

GPP #2


A health management plan should include these important components:

1. Development and maintenance of a vet/client/patient relationship (VCPR).

2. Development of an individualized herd health plan.

3. Development of a herd level biosecurity plan.

4. Foreign animal disease and agroterrorism prevention.

1. Development of a VCPRRegularobservationsofanimalsbyyourveterinarianarenotonlybeneficialinmaintainingahealthyherd,theyalsofulfilltherequirementsofaVCPR(asexplainedinGPP#1).Yourveterinariancanobservethepigsintheircurrentenvironmentandreviewproduction,vaccination/treatmentrecordsandotherveterinaryinformationinevaluatingthehealthstatusoftheherd.Inaddition,anyhealthproblemsyouhavenotedsincethelastvisitcanbediscussedandaddressed.Manytimestheveterinariancanprovidea“freshsetofeyes”andmayobservesubtleproblemsthathavegoneunnoticedbycaretakersseeingthemeveryday.

2. Herd Health PlanAherdhealthplanisdesignedtoaddresspotentialandcurrenthealthchallengesandtohelppreventdiseasesfromenteringintoyourherd.Incooperationwithyourveterinarian,formulatevaccinationandparasitecontrolprogramstailoredtoyourherd,consideringfactorssuchasthediseaseprofileoftheherd,typeofproductionandfacilities.Theplancanincludethedifferentvaccinationsforeachphaseoftheoperationandtreatmentguidelinesforcommondiseasechallengesobservedon-farm.Itmayalsobehelpfulinpreventingorcontrollingpotentialdiseaseoutbreaks.‘Ifyouexhibityourpigsatdifferentexhibitionsduringtheyear,yourpigmaybeexposedtodiseasesorparasitesfromotherpigsattheshows.


Anotherareatolookatisthepensthatyourpigsarehousedin.Yourpig’spenmayhavepreviouslyhousedasickanimalandgermsarestillpresent.Yourhealthmanagementplanmayreducetheriskandcostsassociatedwiththetreatmentofsickanimals.

Anothercomponentofaherdhealthplancanincludethedevelopmentofaperiodichealthcheckofyourpigs.Thisplancanbedevelopedwithyourveterinarian,inordertoperiodicallysurveythehealthstatusofyourpigsanditcanbetailoredtoyouranimal’sneeds.Theherdplancanbetailoredtotheherdandtargetdiseasesofinterest.

Knowingthediseasestatusofyourpigscanhelpyourveterinariancreateaspecifichealthplantohelpminimizetheimpactofdisease.Understandingthelevelofchallengescanhelpyouthproducersdecideonthebeststrategyformanagingtheirherdhealth.Someoptionsfordiseasecontrolcanincludeeliminationofadiseaseortotrytocontrol/manageadisease.Otheroptionsfordiseasecontrolcanincludethedevelopmentofatreatmentplanfortargeteddiseasechallenges.Whenpurchasingananimal,besuretoaskwhenvaccinationsandparasitecontrol,suchasdeworming,lastoccurred.Byprovidingvaccinationsandparasitecontrolyouarehelpingpreventyouranimalsfromgettingdiseasesorparasitesthatcanaffectitsrateofgrowth,overallanimalperformanceandwell-being.

3. BiosecurityBiosecurityisacombinationofmanagementpracticesdesignedtopreventtheintroductionandtransmissionofdiseasesanddisease-causingagentsintoaherd.Allproducers,includingyouthproducers,thataretypicallyassociatedwithabiosecurityplanincludebarnsanitation,rodentcontrol,caretakerandvisitorentrypoliciesandgeneralfarmsecuritymeasures.

Disease pathogens can move from one farm to another through:

•Rodents, wildlife, birds–Non-farmanimalscantransmitdiseasesordiseaseagents. Ex: It is known that more than 10 pig diseases can be carried by rats and/or mice.

•Pets –Keepcatsanddogsoutofthebigbarn.

Ex: Your pet may have visited a neighboring farm where there is a group of sick pigs. You do not want your cat or dog to transmit any illness or disease to your pigs.

•Vehicles and equipment –Diseasepathogensmaybepresentonvehiclesorequipment. Ex: Borrowing a scale from your neighbor or sharing show equipment.

•Humans–Diseasescanbetransmittedbyhumanstoo.Ex: Visiting multiple farms in one day when purchasing pigs.

•New animals–Introducingnewanimalsoranimalsthathavebeenoff-site.Ex: Pigs that have contacted other pigs or facilities such as going to shows or weigh-ins.

•Clothing and shoes–Clothingandfootwearcanbesourcesofdiseaseagents.Ex: Wearing the same boots without cleaning and disinfecting from one location to the next may bring disease in manure stuck on the boots.

•Air–Somepathogensmaybetransmittedbywindandairmovement.Ex: Locating your pigs close to another pig facility that may have a disease outbreak at some point.


An example of external biosecurity would be the isolation of incoming animals to test for unwanted diseases that are not already present in your herd.

Biosecurity can be either:

•External–keepingdiseasesoutofaherd• Internal –keepingdiseasesalreadyinoneormoresegments oftheherdfromspreadingtoothersegments

However,allbiosecuritymeasuresshouldbefocusedonthepreventionoftheentryofunwanteddiseases.

External Biosecurity

•Controlwildlifeandpeststopreventcontactwithyouranimal(s)byincludingtheuseof perimeterfencingandbirdscreening.

•Whencontemplatingthepurchaseofnewanimals,askyourveterinariantodiscussthehealth maintenanceprogramyoushouldstartwhenthenewanimalsgettoyourfarm.

•Whenpossible,establishanisolationfacilityforquarantiningnewanimalsatyourfarmthatis remoteand/orisolatedfromtheexistingherd.Duringthequarantineperiod,observeand testfordiseases,vaccinate,medicateandacclimatethenewanimalasrecommendedbyyour veterinarian.

•Limitthenumberofvisitorstoyourfacilityandminimizetheircontactwithyourpigs.Question visitorsaboutrecentcontactwithotherpigsanddowntime.

•Considersupplyingdisposableplasticbootstoallvisitors.Requireeveryonetoatleastwash hands,beforeentrytoanimalareas.

•Changeclothesandbootsaftervisitingotherfarms,livestockmarketsorexhibitions.

•Limitequipmentandtools,includingscales,tothosethathavebeencleanedanddisinfectedif theyhavebeenusedonanotherhogfarm.

•Cleananddisinfectyourtruckandtrailerafter eachuse.


Internal Biosecurity

•Workwithyourveterinariantoperiodicallysurveyyourpigsfordifferentdiseasechallenges.

•Whenpossible,operateall-in/all-out(AIAO)withcleaninganddisinfectingbetweengroupsofpigs.

•Establishatrafficpatternforbothpigsandpeoplethatpreventsexposureofyoungerpigstoolderpigs,theirmanureorpeople whohaverecentlybeenincontactwiththem.

•Developaroutinecheckofallequipmentandhavean emergencyplanforfeedandwaterdelivery.

•Providededicatedbootsandcoverallsatstrategicsitesinthefacility.Washhandswhenboots andcoverallsarechanged.Becausebootdisinfectionissometimesdifficult, disposablebootsmaybebetterifregularbootscannotbededicatedtoasinglesite.

Theprocessofcleaninganddisinfectingafacilityisavitalpartofcontrollingtheexposureofpigstopathogensintheirenvironment.Removaloforganicmaterialisnecessarybeforedisinfectioncanbeeffective.Thoroughcleaningalonemayreducepathogensbymorethan90percent;disinfectionwitheffectiveproductsandcompletelydryingwilltheninactivateremainingpathogens.

Room/Barn Sanitation

•Aneffectiveinternalbiosecurityplanmustincludeacompletecleaninganddisinfectionofeach penorbuildingbetweengroupsofpigs.

•Completelyremoveallorganicmaterialsandusecompatiblesoapsanddisinfectantstoeffectively killharmfulorganisms.

•Allowthepenorbuildingtodrycompletelybeforeplacingthenextgroupofpigsinitasthe dryingprocessfurtherreducesthechancethatdisease-causingagentswillsurviveuntilthenext groupofpigsarrives.

An example of internal biosecurity is stopping the movement or cross-fostering of baby piglets that have diarrhea.


Rodent and Pest Control

Rodentandpestcontrolshouldbeincludedinbiosecurityplansasrodentsandotherpestscancompromisebothexternalandinternalbiosecuritymeasures.Theycanbringnewdiseasesintoaherdaswellasserveasareservoirofdiseaseaffectingaherd.

Four elements of effective rodent control include:

1.Denyingentrancetofacilitiesandbuildings.2.Removingsourcesoffoodthatcanattractandmaintainrodentpopulations.3.Preventingordenyingthemcoverandplacestolive.4.Baiting/trappingtoreducerodentpopulations.

4. Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) and Agro-terrorism Awareness, Reporting and Prevention

Porkproducersshouldincreasetheirawarenessofforeignanimaldiseases(FADs)andreportallsuspectcasestostateanimalhealthauthorities.ProducersshouldalsotakespecialprecautionstopreventtheaccidentalorintentionalintroductionofFADsontotheirfarmsandreportallsuspiciousactivitiestolocallawenforcement.Producersandcaretakersneedalsobeawareofzoonoticdiseases,especiallyinfluenza,whichcanbepassedfromanimalstohumans.

•Catsanddogsareanunacceptablewayofcontrollingrodentsinandaroundlivestockbuildings. Catscanbethesourceofdiseaseagentsthatinfectpigs andotherlivestock.Someofthesediseaseagentsmay presentfood-safetyhazardsinpork.

•Inadditiontorodents,wildlife,feralswineandother pestscanalsocompromisebiosecurity.

•Considerperimeterfences,nettingandscreeningto excludewildlife,birds,feralswine,pests,andevensome insects.

Additional Information for

Proper Rodent and Pest Control


Somesuggestedprotocolsreducetransmissionaccordingtothe“PublicHealthFactSheet–INFLUENZA:Pigs,PeopleandPublicHealth”include:

•Virusvaccinationsforpigs •Virusvaccinationsforcaretakers •Ventilationsystemsthatminimizere-circulationofairinproductionfacilities •Basichygienepractices •Workerbiosecurity •Feedsecurity

SummaryHerdhealthisakeytofoodsafety.Ahealthmanagementprogramshouldincludetheseimportantcomponents:

•Regularobservationsofyourpigsbyyourveterinarianarenotonlybeneficialinmaintaininga healthyherdastheyalsofulfilltherequirementsofaveterinarian/client/patientrelationshipor VCPR.

•Thedevelopmentandmaintenanceofaherdhealthplanwillhelptopreventandcontrolhealth challengeswithinaherd.

•Biosecuritycankeepdiseasesoutofaherd,orkeepadiseasealreadyinoneormoresegmentsof theherdfromspreadingtoothersegments.Biosecurityincludescontrolofrodentsandotherpests aswellaspropersanitationofthefarm.

•Developmentandimplementationofanemergencymanagementplanwillhelppreventthe introductionofforeignanimaldiseasesandprovideyouwithaplanofactioniftheyaresuspected.


Herd Health PlanA herd health management plan helps keep your animals healthy.

What is a herd health plan?

List 4 items to include in your herd health plan.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Benefits of a VCPRList three benefits of having a VCPR.

1.

2.

3.


What is Biosecurity?

Disease pathogens can move from one farm to another through:

•

•

•

•

•

•

Biosecurity

Sanitation TipsIdentify 6 tips to remember when sanitizing and/or cleaning your facilities, equipment, etc.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.


What is External Biosecurity?

What is Internal Biosecurity?

External and Internal Biosecurity

Read the description below, and identity the statement as an internal or external biosecurity measure:

External Internal

Locatenewanimalsawayfromotherswineherdsandmajortransportationroutes.

Workwithyourveterinariantoregularlysurveyyourherdfordifferentdiseasechallenges.Controlwildlifeandpeststopreventcontactwithyouranimal(s).

Establishanisolationfacilityforquarantiningnewstocktoyourfarm.

Operateall-in/all-outwithcleaninganddisinfectingbetweengroupsofanimals.

Limitthenumberofvisitorstoyourfacility.

Establishatrafficpatternforbothpigsandpeoplethatpreventsexposureofyoungerpigstoolderpigs,theirmanureorpeoplewhohaverecentlybeenincontactwiththem.Developaroutinecheckofallequipmentandhaveanemergencyplanforfeedandwaterdelivery.Minimizevisitors’contactwithyourpig(s).

Supplydisposableplasticbootstoallvisitors.

Providededicatedbootsandcoverallsatstrategicsitesinthefacility.

Changeclothesandbootsaftervisitingotherfarms,livestockmarketsorexhibitions.Washhandswhenbootsandcoverallsarechanged.

Usedisposablebootsifregularbootscannotbededicatedtoasinglesite.

Limitequipmentandtoolstothosethathavebeencleanedanddisinfectediftheyhavebeenusedonanotherhogfarm.Cleananddisinfectyourtruckandtraileraftereachuse.


Cleaning and disinfecting your facility before new animals arrive can prevent disease outbreak in your animals.

Herd Health and BiosecurityCheck YES if the task should be included in a herd health plan or is a proper biosecurity step, otherwise check NO.

YES NOConsultyourveterinarianaboutyourherdhealth.Allowyourcattospendalotoftimewithyourpigsoitisnotlonely.Consultyourveterinarianaboutcurrentdiseaseproblems.Cleanyouranimals’pensaslittleaspossible.Reviewyourrecordkeepingsystemwithyourveterinarian.Changefeedsoftensothatyouranimalwillgainthemostweightpossible.Discusscurrentvaccinationplanwithyourveterinarian.Scheduleregularherdhealthcheckswithaveterinarian.Moveyourpigfromonepentoanother withoutdisinfectingthepenfirst.Takebiosecuritymeasuresinyouroperation.Contactyourlocalrodent/pestcontrolpersonnelfora thoroughrodentanalysis.Takestepstodecreasetherodentpopulationonyourpigoperation.Cleananddisinfectallshowringsupplies.Consultwithyourveterinarianaboutaneffectivedisinfectant.Weighyourpigdailytoensureweightgain.



1. T/F – It usually costs less money to prevent disease than to treat a disease.

2. T/F – You, as a producer, should involve your veterinarian in creating your herd health plan.

3. T/F – A herd health plan should include regularly scheduled veterinarian herd health checks.

4. T/F – Biosecurity includes keeping diseases from entering a herd and keeping a disease already in one or more pigs in the herd from intensifying or spreading to other pigs.

5. T/F – Vehicles and equipment can be involved in the spread of pathogens and disease from one farm to another.

6. T/F – If you have six pigs or fewer, you do not need to take biosecurity measures on your farm.

7. T/F – Rodent control is a part of biosecurity.

8. What are the four components of a health management plan?

9. Define external biosecurity.

10. Define internal biosecurity.

11. Identify 3 biosecurity measures.

Youth Handbook - 40

1.True

2.True

3.True

4.True

5.True

6.False–Nomatterthenumberofpigs,youshouldalwaystakebiosecuritymeasures.

7.True

8.VCPR,individualizedherdhealthplan,herdlevelbiosecurityplan,andforeignanimaldiseaseand agroterrorismprevention

9.Keepingdiseasesoutofaherd

10.Keepingdiseasesalreadyinoneormoresegmentsoftheherdfromspreadingtoothersegments

11.Limiton-farmvisitors,wearplasticboots,cleananddisinfectbuildingsandequipment,denyrodents entrancetofacilitiesandbuilding,removesourcesoffoodthatcanattractandmaintainrodent populations,denyrodents“cover”orplacestolive,baitortraptoreducethenumberofexistingrodents, askallon-farmvisitorstowearplasticbootsovertheirfootwear,requireallindividualstoshower-inand shower-out,etc.


Answer Key


Lesson 3 • GPP #3Use Antibiotics Responsibly.

Lesson Objectives• Explaintheimportanceofproperantibioticusetoprotectanimalhealthandoptimizeeffectiveness.• Explaintheimportanceofminimizingtheriskofantibioticresistance,therebyprotectingpublic

health.

Key Terms

Antibiotics in Pork ProductionPork producers use antibiotics for three purposes:

•Treatment of Illness–Theadministrationofantibioticstocombataclinicalillness.Antibioticsadministeredfortreatmentaredeliveredbyinjection,infeedorinwater.

•Control or Prevention of Disease–Theadministrationofantibioticsinanimalsthathavebeen,orarebeing,exposedtoabacterialinfection,orareinoperationsthathavehistoricallyexperiencedclinicaloutbreaksofdiseaseatcertainproductionstages.Antibioticsforcontrol/preventionaretypicallydeliveredinfeedorwater.

•Improve Nutritional Efficiency–Antibioticsadministeredtoenhancetheefficiencyofpigsinconvertingfeedtomuscle.Antibioticstoimprovenutritionalefficiencyaretypicallydeliveredinthefeed.

AntibioticsMedicationAntibiotic resistance

The basis for using antibiotics responsibly during pork production involves evaluating their use to protect animal health, optimize effectiveness and minimize the risk of developing antibiotic resistance, thereby protecting public health.

GPP #3


Principles and Guidelines for Responsible Antibiotic Use

The National Pork Board has developed the following five principles to guide producers to use antibiotics responsibility:

Principle I.Takeappropriatestepstodecreasetheneedfortheapplicationofantibiotics.

Principle II.Assesstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofallusesofantibiotics.

Principle III.Useantibioticsonlywhentheyprovidemeasurablebenefits.

Principle IV.Fullyimplementthemanagementpracticesdescribedforresponsibleuseof animalhealthproductsintodailyoperations.

Principle V.Haveaworkingveterinarian/client/patientrelationship(VCPR)andfollow theresponsibleantibioticuseguidelines.

Principle I: Take Appropriate Steps to Decrease the Need for the Application of Antibiotics

A. Preventivestrategies,suchasimplementingbiosecurityprograms,appropriate animalhusbandry,hygiene,routinehealthmonitoringandvaccinationprograms, canhelpdecreasetheneedforantibiotics.

AcomprehensiveherdhealthplanasdescribedinGPP#2iskeytomaintaininganimalhealthandproductivity.Maintainingahealthyherdwillminimizetheneedforantibiotics.Thisincludestalkingwithyourveterinarianaboutthehealthstatusofyourherd–howitcanbeimprovedandhowitcanbeprotected.

Principle II: Assess the Advantages and Disadvantages of All Uses of Antibiotics.

Producersshouldconsidertheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofallusesofantibiotics,includinganimalhealth,welfare,environmental,foodsafetyandeconomicimpact.Considerationshouldincludethepotentialfordevelopmentofresistantbacteriathatmayimpactanimaland/orhumanhealthandthepublicimageoftheporkindustry.Antibiotictreatmentmaynotalwaysbethemosteffectivestrategy.Considermanagementoptionsthatcouldbeas,ormore,effectivethanantibiotics.Medicationshouldnotalwaysbethefirstoptioninaddressinghealthproblems.


A. Antibioticuseshouldbeminimizedbytreatingonlyforaslongasneededfor thedesiredclinicalresponse.

•Antibioticuseinvolvesbothdose(amountandfrequency)andduration(lengthoftreatment).

•Labelinstructionscanprovidevaluableguidanceontheoptimumdoseandduration oftreatment.

•Extra-labeluseofanantibioticmustbebyorontheorderofaveterinarian,withinthe contextofaVCPRandasoutlinedintheAnimalMedicinalDrugUseClarificationActas describedinGPP#1.Itisillegalforaproducerorveterinariantodeviatefromthelabel whenusingantibioticsinthefeed.

•Administrationofantibioticsinchronic,non-responsivecasesmaynotbeeffective.

Work with your veterinarian to create proper procedures for any herd health regimen that requires antibiotics.

B. Periodicallyassesstheneedforcontinuingpreventativeantibiotictherapy.

•Review,withyourveterinarian,theuseofantibioticsonaregularbasis.

•Assessifthereareothermanagementchangesyoucanmaketoreducetheneedfor antibiotics.

•Askyourself,“Istheconditionthatwasinitiallydiagnosed,andthatrequiredantibiotic treatmentstillpresent?”

•Don’tletantibioticusebecomeroutine.


Principle III: Use Antibiotics Only When They Provide Measurable Benefits

A.Assessthemeasurablebenefitsofallantibiotics.

•TheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)approvesproductsbasedontheirsafety (human,animalandenvironmental)andefficacy.Theagencyconsiderstherisktopublic healthfromantibioticresistantbacteria.

•TheFDAdoesnotconsidereconomicbenefitintheapprovaldecision.Producershaveto assesspotentialeconomicbenefitsfortheiroperationwhendecidingonproductuse.

•Reduceddeath,illnessandimprovedanimalwelfarearemeasurablebenefitsthatcanresult fromtheappropriatetreatmentandpreventionofdisease.

•Themeasurablebenefitfromincreasednutritionalefficiencycanreducedaystomarket, improvefeedutilizationandreduceanimalwaste.

•Producersmayhavetheoptionofsupplyingmarketsthatrequirecertainrestrictionsfor antibioticsbasedonmarketingdecisions.Considerpigwelfare,managementimplications andeconomicimpactofadoptingthosespecifiedproductionpracticeswhenchoosingif youwillparticipateinthatmarket. Evaluate these benefits on your farm to ensure there are measurable benefits from using anitbiotics.

Principle IV: Fully Implement the Management Practices Described for Responsible Use of Animal Health Products into Daily Operations

A.CompletetheYouthPorkQualityAssurance®Plus(YouthPQAPlus®)programandfullyimplementtheGoodProductionPractices.

YouthPQAPlusisrecognizedastheindustry’scommitmenttotheproductionofsafeandwholesomepork.ImplementationofthePQAPlusGoodProductionPractices(GPPs)isanimportantsteptowardusingantibioticsresponsibly.ImplementationofGPPswillalsohelpyouensuretherearenodrugresidueviolationsintheanimalsyoudelivertothepackingplant.Theissueofdrugresiduesisseparatefrom,andnotrelatedto,antibioticresistance.


B.PorkproducershavelongbeenrequiredtofollowtheguidelinessetforthintheFDA’s publishedCompliancePolicyGuide(CPG)615.200(ProperDrugUseandResidue AvoidancebyNon-Veterinarians): •AccuraterecordsoftreatmentasdescribedinGPP#6shouldbeusedtoevaluate effectiveness. •MedicinewithdrawalasdescribedinGPP#6mustbefollowedtoavoidresidues.

Make sure to keep written records of all medication uses. Whether the drug is used according to the label or in an extra-label manner, or it is a veterinary feed directive (VFD) product, the written records should include identification of the animal(s) treated (individual animals, pens, lots, etc.), the date(s) of treatment, the drug(s) administered, who administered the drug(s), the amount administered, and the withdrawal time prior to slaughter.

Maintain medication and treatment records. Written records are essential for verifying that you are using antibiotics wisely. In this instance, the job isn’t done until it is written down. Protect yourself, public health, your industry and the confidence consumers and government agencies have in your ability to produce a safe product, by keeping a written record of every antibiotic use on your farm.

Principle V: Have a Working Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR) and Follow the Responsible Antibiotic Use Guidelines

The National Pork Board has developed the following six guidelines to help producers, in cooperation with their veterinarian, use antibiotics responsibly:

A.Useprofessionalveterinaryinputasthebasisforallantibioticdecision-making.

•AsdescribedinGPP#2theresponsibleuseofantibioticsshouldmeetallrequirementsofa VCPR. •Prescriptionandtheuseofantibioticsinamannerotherthanwhatisonthelabel (extra-labeldruguse)mustmeetalltherequirementsofaVCPR. •Itisillegaltouseextra-labelantibioticsinfeed,evenbyaveterinarian.


B.Antibioticsshouldbeusedfortreatmentonlywhenthereisanappropriateclinicaldiagnosis.

•Anaccuratediagnosisincludesidentificationoffactorscontributingtothecauseofthe disease. •Cultureandsensitivityresultscanaidintheselectionofantibiotics.Lookformanagement factorssuchasventilation,pigflow,etc.,thatmaybecontributingtothedisease.

C.Limitantibiotictreatmenttoillorat-riskanimals,treatingthefewestanimalsindicated.

•Responsibleuseofantibioticsduringtreatmentincludesadministeringantibioticsonly whennecessary,tothesmallestnumberofanimalsfeasibleandfortheleastamountoftime necessarytopreventreoccurrenceofthedisease.

D.Antibioticsthatareimportantintreatingantibiotic resistantinfectionsinhumanorveterinarymedicine shouldbeusedinanimalsonlyaftercarefulreview.

•Askyourveterinarianwhichantibioticsare recommendedforanydiseaseconditiononyour farmandhowtheycouldimpactantibioticresistance. •Workwithyourveterinariantoconsiderproductchoicesanddeveloptreatmentprotocols tominimizedevelopmentofresistanceorcross-resistance. •Haveawrittenactionplanforantibioticuse,andreviewitregularlywithyourveterinarian.

E.Mixingtogetherinjectableorwatermedications,includingantibiotics,byproducersisillegal.

F.Minimizeenvironmentalexposurethroughproperhandlinganddisposalofallanimal healthproducts,includingantibiotics.

•Watermedicationsandfeedersneedtobeproperlyadjustedtodeliverthedesireddoseand avoidspillageandwaste. •Ensureproperhandlinganddisposalofanyoutdatedorunusedanimalhealthproducts throughcommunicationandtraining.


Summary

Pork producers use antibiotics for three purposes: •TreatmentofIllness •ControlorPreventionofDisease •ImproveNutritionalEfficiency

Principles for responsible antibiotic use include: •PrincipleI.Takeappropriatestepstodecreasetheneedforthe applicationofantibiotics. •PrincipleII.Assesstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofallusesofantibiotics. •PrincipleIII.Useantibioticsonlywhentheyprovidemeasurablebenefits. •PrincipleIV.Fullyimplementthemanagementpracticesdescribedforresponsibleuseof animalhealthproductsintodailyoperations. •PrincipleV.Haveaworkingveterinarian/client/patientrelationshipandfollowthe responsibleantibioticuseguidelines.

Guidelines for responsible antibiotic use include: •GuidelineA.Useprofessionalveterinaryinputasthebasisforallantibiotic decision-making. •GuidelineB.Antibioticsshouldbeusedfortreatmentonlywhenthereisanappropriate clinicaldiagnosis. •GuidelineC.Limitantibiotictreatmenttoillorat-riskanimals,treatingthefewestanimals indicated. •GuidelineD.Antibioticsthatareimportantintreatingantibioticresistantinfectionsin humanorveterinarymedicineshouldbeusedinanimalsonlyaftercarefulreviewand reasonablejustification. •GuidelineE.Mixingtogetherinjectableorwatermedications,includingantibiotics,by producersisillegal. •GuidelineF.Minimizeenvironmentalexposurethroughproperhandlinganddisposalofall animalhealthproducts,includingantibiotics.


While antibiotics are very powerful in the treatment of many bacterial diseases, some bacteria have developed ways to resist antibiotics.

Principles and GuidelinesList three of the principles and guidelines for responsible antibiotic use that you currently follow.1.

2.

3.

List one that you plan to implement in your operation this year.

GoalWrite one goal about antibiotic use that you have for your operation.

Pork Producers & AntibioticsList three reasons why pork producers may use antibiotics.1.

2.

3.


Antibiotics and Your VCPRWhat role does your VCPR play in antibiotic use?

Minimize Antibiotic UseList 5 things you can do to minimize the use of antibiotics in your operation.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Antibiotic RecordsList three things that needed to be recorded when administering antibiotics.

1.

2.

3.



1. T/F – Implementing biosecurity programs, practicing appropriate hygiene, routinely monitoring health and participating in vaccination programs can help decrease the need for antibiotics.

2. T/F – Antibiotics can be given for any length of time.

3. T/F – Antibiotics can be used in swine to improve nutritional efficiency.

4. T/F – Antibiotics can be used as a substitute for good management.

5. T/F – Antibiotics can be administered through food, water or injection.

6. T/F – Antibiotics are only used for treatment of illness.

7. T/F – Taking steps to ensure biosecurity can also help prevent illness or disease in your animals.

8. T/F – It is okay to treat all animals with antibiotics, even if they are not considered at-risk.

9. T/F – It is okay to use antibiotics labeled for humans for your pigs without justification.

10. T/F – It is not a problem if a healthy pig finds and eats medicated feed.

11. T/F – Implementing biosecurity measures may decrease the need for antibiotics.

12. Identify three uses for antibiotics in pork production.

Youth Handbook - 51

1.True

2.False–Antibioticsuseshouldbeminimizedbytreatingonlyforaslongasneededforthedesired clinicalresponse.

3.True

4.False–Antibioticsshouldonlybeusedtosupplementgoodmanagement.

5.True

6.False–Antibioticscanalsobeusedtopreventbacterialinfectionandimprovenutritionalefficiency.

7.True

8.False–Limitantibioticusetoillorat-riskanimals.

9.False–Suchdecisionsshouldbemadeinconsultationwithyourveterinarian,alongwithcareful reviewandjustification.

10.False–Youshouldpreventpigsfromeatingmedicatedfeedwhenitisnotneededfortreatment.

11.True

12.Treatmentofillness,controlorpreventionofdiseaseandimprovenutritionalefficiency


Answer Key


Lesson 4 • GPP #4Properly Store and Administer Animal

Health Products.

Lesson Objectives• Explainandunderstandmedicationlabels.• Understandtheimportanceofcorrectlystoringandhandlinganimalhealthproducts.• Identifypropertechniquesforadministeringmedications.

Aprimaryresponsibilityofallporkproducersistoproducesafefood.Acomponentoffoodsafetyisfreedomfromdrugresidueviolations.Thisinvolvesknowingwheretheinformationcanbefoundaboutwithdrawaltimes,howtocalculatewhenthewithdrawaliscompleteandwhenitissafetomarketananimal.Allanimalcaretakersmustbeinstructedonmethodsusedtofollowlabeldirections,identifytreatedanimalsandrecordtreatedanimals.Well-keptrecordswillallowanyonetoquicklydeterminethatthecorrectwithdrawaltimehaselapsedbeforeanimalsleavealocation.Allcaretakersareresponsibleforfollowinglabeldirectionsordirectionsprovidedbyaveterinarianmedicatingtheanimalsunderaveterinarian/client/patientrelationship(VCPR).

Key Terms

Drug/Medication labelsAdministering medicationTrade nameActive ingredientIndications Dosage Directions for useCautions and warningsWithdrawal timesManufacturer’s lot numberExpiration dateOral medicationTopical medicationInjectable medicationIntramuscularSubcutaneousIntraperitonealIntravenousIntranasalSharps

Everyone–exhibitors,parents,caretakers–whomaybeinvolvedintreatingpigsmustknowandusepropertechniquesforadministeringmedications.

GPP #4


Responsibilities for Properly Administering Products1.Read,understand,andfollowlabeldirectionswhengivinganymedication.

2.DevelopamedicationrecordandanimalIDsystemsoallcaretakersknowthemedicationstatusof animalspreparedforharvest.

3.Identifyalltreatedanimals(refertoGPP#6).

4.Keeprecordsformakingjudgmentsaboutmarketinganimalsthathavebeentreated.

5.Usemedicationrecordstodeterminewhenwithdrawaltimeshavebeencompleted.

Drug LabelsThedruglabelprovidesimportantinformationtoproducers.Labelsshouldbereadandunderstoodbeforegivinganymedication.Ifthemedicationisbeingusedinanextra-labelmanner,theuse/restrictionsfromyourveterinarianshouldbeobservedratherthanthelabelinstructions.Thedruglabeliswherecaretakersfindvaluableinformationaboutthemedication,includingtheadministrationtechnique.

Drug labels contain the following:

•Trade Name–Commercialnamegivenbymanufacturer.

•Active Ingredient–Chemicalname(s)ofwhatmakesuptheactiveportionofthemedication.

•Indications–Useofthedrugfortreatingaparticulardiseaseorsetofsignsandsymptoms.

•Dosage–Measuredportionofmedicationtobeadministeredatagiventime.

•Direction for Use–Howtoadministermedication,properstorageofmedication,andotherspecial instructionsneededtocorrectlykeepandusemedication.

•Cautions and Warnings–Itemstopayparticularattentiontowhenusingthemedication.

•Withdrawal Times–Amountoftimethatmustpassafterthemedicationisadministeredbeforeharvest.

•Manufacturer’s Lot Number–Referencenumberthatthemanufacturerusestodeterminethe batchinwhichtheproductwasmade.

•Expiration Date–Datethemedicationshouldbediscarded.Thisincludesmedicatedfeedlabels, whichwillbecoveredinGPP#5.


Drug Storage

Followproperdrugstorageinstructionslocatedonthelabel.Mostmedicationsrequirestorageinaclean,dryanddarklocation.Inventoryrotationneedstobeimplementedtoavoidaccumulationofout-of-dateproducts.Considerroutinemonitoringandrecordingofrefrigeratortemperatures.

Medicationsareaperishablecommodity,meaningtheymustbeprotectedfromdamageandstoredundertherightconditionsinordertoremaineffective.

Thestrengthofastoreddrugmaybedecreasedbytemperatureextremesorexposuretosunlight.Somedrugsarebeststoredatroomtemperaturewhileothersrequirerefrigeration.Mostvaccinesandsomeantibioticsshouldberefrigeratedat40°F-45°F.Alwayscheckthelabelforstorageinstructions.Asarule,onceabottleofmedicationhasbeenopened,itshouldbestoredinarefrigeratorunlessspecificallydirectedbythelabeloryourveterinarian.

Overtime,medicationscanlosetheireffectiveness.Toavoidusingthesemedications,limitthesupplytoonlywhatwillbeusedwellbeforetheexpirationdate.Theinventoryshouldberotatedsothatthosebottles/packageswiththeshortestexpirationdateareusedfirst.Regularlycheckproductsforexpirationandproperlydiscardthosethathaveexpired.

Inadditiontopreservingthevalueofdrugsinstorage,itisalsoimportanttomaintaintheiridentity.Medicationshouldbestoredintheoriginalcontainerwiththeproductlabel.Ifaproductisplacedinanothercontainer,itshouldbeclearlylabeledimmediatelytopreventmisidentification.

Somemedicationsareinjectable.Youshouldavoidwithdrawingthemedicationandstoringitinasyringethatisnotlabeledforalatertreatment.Unlabeledsyringesmayhavemedicationinthemthatcouldbemistakenforanothermedicine.Thiswillresultinapoortreatmentresponseandmistakesinwithdrawaltimes.Syringesdonotprovideprotectionfromcontaminationandsunlightthatacoloredglassvialprovides.Syringesthathavebeencleanedanddisinfectedmayalsohaveasoapordisinfectantresiduethatcaninactivatethedrugofvaccineleftinthemovertime.

Itisimportanttostoremedicationappropriatelytopreventcontamination.Injectablemedicationsshouldbekeptinatightlysealed,cleanbottle.Cleantherubberstoppersbeforeinsertinganeedle

intothevial.Useonlycleanneedlestowithdrawcontentsfrommulti-dosevials.Dirtyneedlescancontaminatethecontentsofthevial.Thiscontaminationcanbethecauseofinjection-sitereactionsandabscesses.

Formanyvaccines,thelabeldirectionswillstate,“usetheentirecontentsimmediatelywhenopened.”Thesevaccineslosetheireffectivenessquicklyandshouldbediscarded,accordingtothelabel,ifnotusedaftertheyareopenedorrehydrated.


Extra-label drug use in feed IS NOT an option; it is illegal.

Administering Medications

Medicationsarecommonlyadministeredtopigsinthreeways:orally,topicallyorbyinjection.Eachmethodhasadvantagesanddisadvantagesbasedonthesituation.

Methods of Providing Medication to Pigs

1. OralOralmedicationsarethosegiventhroughthemouth.Whenalargenumberofanimalsaremedicated,waterand/orfeedcansometimesbeusedasvehiclestodeliverthemedication.Theseroutesarelessstressfultotheanimalsaswellastothepeoplegivingthemedication.Anaddedbenefittooralmedicationsisthatthereisnoriskofbrokenneedlesorinjection-sitereactions.

Medicatedfeedmaybethemethodofchoicewhentreatinganimalsformultipledaysinsuccession.Whenusingmedicatedfeed,allinstructionsonthefeedtagordeliveryslipmustbefollowed.Residualfeedsshouldberemovedfrombinsandfeederssothatthemedicatedfeedisintroducedrapidlyandinproperconcentration.Feedintakeshouldbemonitoredbecausemedicationmustmeethealinglevelstobeeffectiveandmaynotreachtheselevelsifdailyfeedintakeisshortened.Extra-labeldruguseinfeedisnotanoption;itisillegal.

Medicationsmayalsobegiventothepigsindrinkingwater.Medicatedwatercanbedeliveredtothepigsquicklyinfacilitiesthathaveawatermedicatorinstalledinthesupplyline.Inothercases,itisnecessarytoemptywaterfountainsortoblockthemsothepigshaveaccessonlytomedicatedwater.Watermedicationsareaflexibletreatmentoptionallowingforthemodificationofdosagebasedoncurrentwaterconsumptionpatterns.Forsomebacterialdiseases,individualoraltreatmentmaybenecessarybecauseitistheonlyroutethatcanguaranteebeneficiallevelsofmedication.

2. TopicalSomemedicationsareadministeredbyapplyingthemtotheskinofthepig.Examplesinclude sprays,dusts,pour-ons,anddips.Mostofthetopicalmedicationsareforparasitecontrol.Caremustbetakentopreventchillingofpigswhenusingspraysordipsincoldweather.


3. Injection

Injectionsareusefulwhentreatingindividualanimalsandmaybetheonlypracticalwayofmedicatingpigsthataretoosicktoeatordrink.Somemedicationsarepoorlyabsorbedfromthegut,makinginjectionstheonlyoption.Restraintofsomekindmaybeneededtoadministerthedrugbyinjection.Itisalsoimportanttoproperlyidentifythepigatthistime.Injectionspresentariskofbrokenneedlesandinjection-sitereactions.Onlyinjectintoclean,dryareas.

Administration of Injectable Drugs

Improperinjectiontechniquescauseasignificantlosstotheporkindustryeachyear.Injection-sitereactions,brokenneedlesandlackofproducteffectivenessareconsequencesofimproperinjectiontechniques.

There are five ways to give injectable medications to pigs:1. In the Muscle (Intramuscular – IM)

•Useaspotontheneckjustbehindandbelowtheear,butinfrontoftheshoulder. •Donotuseaneedletoinjectinthehamorloin,unlessdirectedtodosobyyour veterinarian.Theremaybesomebleedingandbruisingofthemusclefollowedbyscarring. Thisscarcanstayinthemuscleforthelifeofthepigsandbeablemishinthecutofmeat. Thisstandardappliestosows,aswellasmarkethogs.Whilesowsmaynotbegoingto marketsoon,theyareatgreaterriskforblemishesbecauseoftherepeatedinjectionsthey typicallyreceiveovertheirproductivelifeintheformofvaccinationsandfarrowing medications. •Theveterinarianandpackercanhelptodetermineacceptable alternatemethodstoavoidcarcassdefects,whichimpactvaluable meatcutsinthecarcass. •Usethepropersizeandlengthofneedletoensurethemedication isdepositedinthemuscle,notinothertissues.

Table 1: Recommended Needle Size

Intramuscular

InjectionGauge Length

BabyPigs 18or20 5/8" or1/2"Nursery 16or18 3/4"or5/8"Finisher 16 1"

BreedingStock 14,15or16 1"or11/2"


Table 2: Recommended Needle Size

Subcutaneous

InjectionGauge Length

Nursery 16or18 1/2"Finisher 16 3/4"

BreedingStock 14,15or16 1"

2. Under the skin (Subcutaneous – SQ)

•Useproperlengthofneedleandangletoavoidinjecting intomuscle,asthatchangesdrugmetabolismand withdrawaltimes. •Slidetheneedleundertheskinawayfromthesiteof skinpuncturebeforedepositingtheproduct. •Forsmallpigsusethelooseflapsofskinintheflankor behindtheelbow. •ForlargerpigsinjectintheneckbehindtheearatthesamelocationasforIMinjections.

3. In the Abdominal Cavity (Intraperitoneal – IP)

ThistechniqueSHOULDBEUSEDONLYUPONVETERINARYINSTRUCTIONandguidanceasseriousinjury,includingdeathofthepic,canoccur.

4. In the Vein (Intravenous – IV)

ThistechniqueSHOULDBEUSEDONLYUPONVETERINARYINSTRUCTIONandguidanceasseriousinjury,includingdeathofthepigcanoccur.

5. In the Nasal Passages (Intranasal – IN)

•Withdrawtheproductfromthebottleusingasyringeandneedle.Removetheneedlefrom thesyringe.Usetherecommendedapplicationtipforadministeringtheproduct. •Keepthepig’sheadtiltedupwardduringandimmediatelyfollowingadministrationtohelp theproductbeinhaledintothedeepnasalpassages.


Appropriate Needle Usage

1. Prevention A.Evaluatetheneedleyouareusing-nochips,cracks,burrsandmakesureit’snotbent. InformationisavailableontheCheckoffwebsite,pork.org.

•Thisincludesthequalityoftheneedle/hub.

B.Provideneedle-useguidelinestoallanimalcaretakersthataddress:

•Ensuringproperanimalrestraint. •Selectingthepropersiteandtechniqueforinjection. •Selectingthepropersizeandlengthofneedleaccordingtothepig’sage,the injectionsiteselectedandthecharacteristicsoftheproducttobeinjected. •Changingtheneedlewhenappropriatetomaintaincleanlinessandsharpness. •Takingmeasurestominimizethelossofneedlesinareasoccupiedbyhogs. Retrievedroppedneedles.Packersreportfindingneedleslodgedinthetissues aroundthemouth,throatandjowlsofsowsandmarkethogs.Asmanyofthese needlesareintact,itmustbeassumedthattheyhavebeendroppedinapenand chewedonbythepig. •Changingbentneedles–NEVERSTRAIGHTENABENTNEEDLE,ALWAYS CAREFULLYREMOVEANDREPLACEIT. •Consideringtheappropriatenumberofneedlesthatwouldbe reasonabletouse foraparticularjob.Thenaccountforandreconcilethenumberofneedlesatthe beginningofthejobandthenumberofneedlesatthefinish.

Pork Checkoff-funded research on needle strength shows that disposable needles will rarely break during the initial use. However, the needle shaft is much more likely to break if it has been bent during an injection, straightened and used again, or after repeated use. Never straighten and reuse a bent needle. Always carefully discard and replace it.


2. Identification of Hogs that are at Risk of Carrying a Broken Needle

•Establishaplanforimmediatelyidentifyinghogsknownorsuspectedofharboring abrokenneedlefragment. •Providepermanentidentificationoftheanimaliftheidentificationappliedatthe timeoftheincidentisnotpermanent. •Thepermanentidentificationshouldberecognizablebyallcaretakersandpackers. •Recordallpertinentinformationregardingtheevent(informationcouldinclude activity,guageandbrandofneedle,location,restraintused,persongivingthe injection,personwhoreportedit).

3. Communications with Your Packer/Show Management

•Howarethehogsmarked? •Howisthepackertobenotified? •Keepingbrokenneedlesoutoftheporksupplyhelpsmaintaintheconfidenceof consumerswhenpurchasingourproducts.Nomatterwhereyoumarketyourhogs orpigs,youmustbediligentininformingbuyersorprocessorsofanypig potentiallycontaminatedwithaneedle.


Disposal of Used Needles and Surgical Knives

Usedneedles,knifebladesandsyringesarecalled“sharps.”Thesedevicesmustbedisposedofproperlyfollowingusetopreventenvironmentalcontaminationandinjurytofellowworkers,children,wastehandlersandlivestock.

Sharpsshouldbedisposedofinarigidpuncture-resistantcontainerimmediatelyafteruse.Glasscontainersarenotacceptablebecausetheyaremorelikelytobreakinthedisposalprocess.Appropriatecontainerscanbepurchasedfrommanyfarmsupplystores,safetysupplyhouses,drugstoresorveterinarians.Regardlessofthecontainertype,itshouldpreventthepenetrationofneedlesthroughthecontainersurface.

Sharpscontainersmustbeclearlylabeledasabiohazardwastecontainernotforrecycling.Whenthecontainerisfull,thecaporlid

shouldbesecurelytightenedandsealedwithheavytape.Fordisposalofthesecontainers,askyourveterinarianoralocalhospitaliftheyacceptfarm-generatedmedicalwastes.

Allanimalhealthproducts,includingantibiotics,mustbeproperlyhandledanddisposedoftominimizeenvironmentalexposure.Sewagesystemsandseptictanksarenotdesignedtoremoveantibioticsfromthedischargewater.Regulationsregardingthedisposalofunusableantibioticsvaryfromstatetostate.Unlessspecificallyprohibitedbylocalregulations,antibioticthatarenolongerwantedshouldbediscardedinacommercialsanitarylandfill.TheselandfillsaremonitoredbytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandengineeredtocontaminatinggroundwater.


•Warnings•WithdrawalTimes•Manufacturer’sLotNumber•ExpirationDate

Summary

Drug labels contain the following:

•TradeName•ActiveIngredient•Indications•DosageandDirectionsforUse•Precautions

Alwaysrefertothelabelforcorrectstorageofanyproduct.

Medications are commonly administered to pigs in three ways:

•Oral•Topical•Injectable

There are five ways to give injective medication to pigs:

•IntheMuscle(Intramuscular–IM)•UndertheSkin(Subcutaneous–SQ)•IntheNasalPassages(Intranasal–IN)•IntheAbdominalCavity(Intraperitoneal–IP)•IntheVein(Intravenous–IV)

Neverstraightenandreuseabentneedle!

Develop a standard operating procedures (SOP) for needle usage and consider including:

•Preventionofneedlebreakage•Identificationofhogsthatareatriskorcarryingabrokenneedle•Communicationswithyourpacker


Medication StorageA medication label states that it should be stored at 36°F in a dark place. Where should you keep it?

Drug Labels

Draw a line between each term and its definition.

TradeName •• Measuredportionofmedicationtobe

administeredatagiventime

ActiveIngredient • • Datethemedicationshouldbediscarded

Indications •• Itemstopayparticularattentiontowhenusingthe

medication

Dosage • • Commercialnamegivenbymanufacturer

DirectionforUse •• Referencenumberthatthemanufacturerused

todeterminethebatchinwhichtheproductwasmade

CautionsandWarnings •• Chemicalname(s)ofwhatmakesuptheactive

portionofthemedication

WithdrawalTimes •• Howtoadministermedication,properstorageof

medication,andotherspecialinstructionsneededtocorrectlykeepandusemedication

Manufacturer’sLotNumber

•• Useofthedrugfortreatingaparticulardiseaseor

setofsignsandsymptoms

ExpirationDate •• Amountoftimethatmustpassafterthe

medicationisadministeredbeforeharvest


CaretakersList all caretakers that are involved in helping care for your pigs and should be aware of medication applications.

Name Phone

Reading a Medication LabelGet a medication label off of an empty bottle and attach it in the space below. Answer the following questions about the medication:

What is the medication name?

How is the medication administered (orally, topically, or by injection)?

If it is an injection, what type of injection?

Where on the pig should the injection be given?

How much should you give a 100 lb pig?

Is there a withdrawal time?

What are the storage instructions?


LabelsRead the medication label below. Write each term next to the matching

content on the label.

1. Trade Name

2. Active Ingredient

3. Indications

4. Dosage

5. Direction for Use

6. Cautions and Warnings

7. Withdrawal Times

8. Manufacturer’s Lot Number

9. Expiration Date

Omnibiotic(Hydrocillin in Aqueous Suspension)

Directionsforuse:SeePackageInsert

ForuseinBeefCattle,LactatingandNon-LactatingDairyCattle,SwineandSheep.

Readentirebrochurecarefullybeforeusingthisproduct.For intramuscular use only.

Active Ingredients: Omnibioticisaneffectiveantimicrobialpreparationcontaininghydrocillinhydrochloride.Each

mlofthissuspensioncontains200,000unitsofhydrocillinhydrochlorideinanaqueousbase.

Indications: Cattle -bronchitis,footrot,leptospirosis,mastitis,metritis,pneumonia,woundinfections.Swine -erysipelas,

pneumonia.Sheep -footrot,pneumonia,mastitis;andotherinfectionsinthesespeciescausedbyorassociatedwith

hydrocillin-susceptibleorganisms.

Recommended daily dosage: Theusualdoseis2mlper100lb.ofbodyweightgivenoncedaily.

Maximumdoseis15ml/day.

BodyWeight Dosage100lb. 2ml300lb. 6ml500lb. 10ml

750lb.+ 15mlContinuetreatmentfor1or2daysaftersymptomsdisappear.

Caution:1.Omnibioticshouldbeinjecteddeepwithinthefleshymuscleoftheneck.Donotinjectthismaterialinthehiporrump,subcutaneously,intoabloodvessel,ornearamajornervebecauseitmaycausetissuedamage.2.If

improvementdoesnotoccurwithin48hours,thediagnosisshouldbereconsideredandappropriatetreatmentinitiated.3.Treatedanimalshouldbecloselyobservedforatleast30

minutes.Shouldareactionoccur,discontinuetreatmentandimmediatelyadministerepinephrineandantihistamines.4.Omnibioticmustbestoredbetween2°and8°C(36-46°F).

Warmtoroomtemperateandshakewellbeforeusing.Keeprefrigeratedwhennotinuse.

Warning: Milkthathasbeentakenfromanimalsduringtreatmentandfor48hours(4milkings)afterthelasttreatment

mustnotbeusedforfood.Theuseofthisdrugmustbediscontinuedfor30daysbeforetreatedanimalsareslaughtered

forfood.How supplied: Omnnibioticisavailableinvialsof100ml.

TAKE TIME OBSERVE LABEL DIRECTIONS

RecordkeepingHow can you use drug inventory

and usage records to review your herd’s health?


Medication DosageDiscuss determining the proper medication dose for the four scenarios below.

1.ItisMay12andyourpighasdiarrhea.Themedicationlabelsaystogive2cc/100lbsofbodyweighttwicedailyfor3days.Yourpigweighs325lbs.TheexpirationdateonthebottleisMay20.Howmuchmedicationshouldyougiveyourpig?

2.OnDecember5yourpig’searsaredown,anditisbreathingveryhard.Yourveterinarianrecommendedamedication.Themedicationlabelsaystogive2cc/100lbsonceaday.Yourpigweighs150lbs.TheexpirationdateonthemedicationisDecember4.Howmuchmedicationshouldyougiveyourpig?

3.OnJuly8itisreallyhotandsunnyoutside.Yourpighasscrapeditsleg.Youdecidetogiveyourpigmedicationtopreventinfection.Youdrivewithyourfathertothebarntogiveyourpigthemedication.Yourfatherhadusedthismedicationyesterdayandleftthebottleofmedicationonthedashofthetruck.Themedicationlabelsaystogive4cc/200lbs.everysixhours.Yourpigweighs250lbs.Themedicationlabelsaysthatthismedicationshouldbekeptat40°Fandinadarkplace.Howmuchmedicationshouldyougiveyourpig?

4.ItisSeptember18andyourpigisnoteating.Yourveterinariansaysitneedsmedicationandtellsyouwhatmedicationtouse.Themedicationlabelsaystogive1cc/50lbsonceaday.Yourpigweighs260lbs.ThemedicationlabelstatesthattheexpirationdateisOctober10.Howmuchmedicationshouldyougiveyourpig?

Properly Administering Products

1. ______________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________


Administering Medication to PigsDescribe three ways to administer medications and indicate on the drawings where the medication should be administered.

Oral

Topical

Injection

Extra-label drug use in ____________ in NOT an option; it is __________________.


Giving Injectable Medication List the 5 ways to give injectable medications to pigs and an example of each.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

SharpsWhat are sharps?

What is the proper way to dispose of sharps?

Appropriate Needle UsageIdentify three things to remember about appropriately using a needle.

1. ______________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________


CrosswordACROSS3.Needlesshould nothave___.5.Administering medicationon theskin.6.___areawaytogivemedi- cationifan animalisno longereating.8.Inthevein or___.9.Intraperitoneal orinthe___ cavity.11.___medicationisusuallyfedto ananimalor placedinitswater.

DOWN1.Needlesshouldnotbeusediftheyhavebeen___.2.Undertheskinor___.4.___shouldbeawarethattheymustidentifyahogthatisatriskofcarryinga brokenneedle.6.Inthenasalpassagesor___.7.Intramuscularorinthe___.10.Selectingtheproper___lengthandgaugeforinjectionsisimportant.

Anyone caring for your animals should be concerned about your animals’ health as well as food safety.

1 2

3 4

5

6 7

8

9 10

11



1. T/F – The dosage is the amount of medication to be given over a week’s time.

2. T/F – Medication is safe to use after its expiration date.

3. T/F – Inventory records should show how much medication is in stock.

4. T/F – Veterinarians are responsible for following label directions for medications and antibiotics.

5. T/F – Withdrawal times are used to indicate how much time must pass between when the medication is administered and when the animal can be harvested.

6. T/F – The active ingredient is the chemical name(s) of what makes up the active portion of the medication.

7. T/F – The directions for use identify items in which to pay particular attention to when using the medication.

8. T/F – Over time, medications can lose their effectiveness.

9. T/F – Topical medications are administered by applying them to the skin of the pig.

10. T/F – It is acceptable to simply straighten a bent needle and use it again.

11. T/F – Glass containers may be used to dispose of sharps.

12. Identify four things found on a drug/medication label.

13. Identify five ways to give injective medication to pigs.

Youth Handbook - 70

1.False–Thedosageistheamountofmedicationtobegivenatonetime.

2.False–Aftertheexpirationdate,themedicinemaynolongerbeeffectiveorhavethesameimpact.

3.True

4.False–Allcaretakersareresponsibleforfollowinglabeldirectionsordirectionsprovided underaVCPR.

5.True

6.True

7.False–Thecautionsandwarningsidentifyitemsinwhichtopayparticularattentiontowhen usingthemedication.

8.True

9.True

10.False–Neverstraightenabentneedle.Alwayscarefullyremoveandreplaceit.

11.False–Glasscontainersarenotacceptablebecauseitismorelikelytobreakinthe disposalprocess.

12.Tradename,activeingredient,indications,dosageanddirectionsforuse,precautions,warnings, withdrawaltimes,manufacturer’slotnumberandexpirationdate

13. Inthemuscle,undertheskin,inthenasalpassages,intheabdominalcavityandinthevein


Answer Key


Lesson 5 • GPP #5Follow Proper Feed Processing

Protocols.

Lesson Objectives• Knowtheproperfeedprocessingprotocols.

Althoughyoutharenotmixingtheirfeed,itisimportantforthemtohaveanawarenessofproperhygienewhenhandlingfeed,techniquesforapplyingbothmedicatedandnon-medicatedfeeds,properlabeling,andrecordkeepingpractices.

Key Terms

Medicated Feed & Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs)

Asetofguidelinesforprocessingmedicatedfeed,referredtoascurrentGoodManufacturingPractices(cGMPs),isdesignedtopreventfeedcontaminationandtoprovidereasonableassurancethatthemedicatedfeedismanufacturedaccurately.ThecGMPsmustbefollowedtohelpensuresafe,wholesomemeatproductsforhumanconsumption.

ThecurrentGoodManufacturingPracticesprovidestandardsfor•Buildingsandgrounds•Equipment•Workspaceandstorageareas•Productqualityassurance•Labeling•Recordkeeping

Eachstandardissettoassurethemedicatedfeedproductsaresuitableforfeedinglivestockintendedforhumanconsumption.

Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs)Non-Medicated cGMPsMedicated cGMPs

GPP #5


Non-Medicated cGMPs1. Buildings and Grounds

•Preventaccumulationofdustthatcouldcontaminatefinishedfeedsandpresentafirehazard. •Premisesshouldbeconstructedtoensureaccesstopreventativemaintenanceeaseof operation,maintenance,cleaning,pestcontrolandminimizefeedcontamination. •Ensureadequatespaceexistsforequipment,processingandstorageoffeeds. •Employinspectionandcontrolprocedurestosecurecompliancewithrequiredstandards forproduction,storageandtransportoffeedandfeedingredients.

2. Equipment

•Checkequipmenttobesureitcanproducefeedsofintendednutritionallevels, safetyandpurity. •Cleanupspills,fixleaksinequipmentandpreventbuild-upoffeedingredients. •Checkscalestoensuretheyareaccurateandfunctioningproperly.Caretakers areencouragedtoweighfeedproperlyandrecordonaclipboard.This informationthenneedstobeputintorecordsonthecomputerorallkeptinone securelocation. •Avoidcontaminationofequipmentusedtotransport/storewater. •Bagsusedaspackagingshallnotbereusedunlesscleanedusingappropriateand documentedprocedures. •Cleanfeedmixingandhandlingequipmentbetweenmedicatedandnon-medicated feedusage. •Minimizethepotentialforcross-contaminationoffeedduringmixing. •Observegoodanimalfeedingpracticesthatminimizebiological,chemicalandphysicalrisks.

3. Workspace and Storage

•Designworkspacesandstorageareastoavoidaccidental contaminationoffeed. •Ifmixingnon-medicatedandmedicatedfeedsatthesame location,ensurethatnon-medicatedfeedworkareas, equipmentandstorageareasarephysicallyseparatedfrommedicatedfeedworkareas. •Feedworkareasalsoshouldbeseparatedfromequipmentorstorageusedforherbicides, pesticides,fertilizersandingredientsnotintendedforinclusioninfeeds. •Properlylabelandstoreagriculturalchemicalsseparatelyfromfeedmixing, feedstorage,feedareasandfeedingredients. •Storeprocessedfeed/feedingredientsseparatelyfromunprocessedfeedingredients. •Utilizeprecautionstominimizespoilageandcondensationandlimitfungalandbacterial growth. •Employpestcontrolprograms.


4. Quality control

•Feedsamplescanbecollectedandtestedforcompositionandconsistency.Consultwith yourfeedsuppliertoadministerthesetests. •Establishequipmentcleanoutprocedurestopreventunsafecrosscontaminationoffeedsor carryoverofmedicatedfeedproducts. •Usepathogen-controlprocedureswhereappropriate. •Providecorrectfeedtotherightanimalgroupandfollowdirectionsforuse. •Watershouldmeethygienicstandards. •Avoidcontaminationofequipment,feedandfeedingredientswhendisposingofsewage, otherwasteandrainwater. •Useappropriatefeedhaulingcontainerswhengoingtoshow.(ie.Makesurethecontaineris freeofresidueanddonotuseanoldfeedsack). •Feedcontaminatedwithundesirablesubstancesshouldbeclearlymarked, notused,anddiscardedappropriately.

5. Labeling

•Non-medicatedfeedsshouldhaveadifferentlabelthanmedicatedfeeds. •Allpremixedfeedsshouldhavealabelthatwillidentifycontenand providedirectionsforproperuse. •Obsoletelabelsshouldbediscardedpromptly.

6. Recordkeeping

•Visuallyinspectreceivedfeedingredientsforqualityordefects. •Writtenrecordsthatcontainthedeliverydate,method,carrierandanyobservationsabout color,weightorotherqualitymeasurementswillbeveryusefulifaquestionoffeedquality orcontaminationiseverraised. •Samplesofingredientsandfinishedfeedsshouldbetaken,identifiedappropriatelyand storedforsixmonths. •Feedinventoryrecordsshouldenablethemanagertoperformbothtrace-backandtrace- forwardofeachbatchofingredientstothegroupofanimalsthatconsumedit. •Maintainrecordsregardingproduction,distributionanduseoffeedandfeedingredients. •Voluntaryrecallsoffeed/feedingredientsshouldbeguidedbyFDAproceduresor appropriatecorrectiveactions.

7. Caretaker

•Caretakersshouldobserveproperhygienetominimizepotentialhazardstofoodsafety fromfeed. •Providetrainingforallcaretakersinvolvedinmanufacture,storingand handlingoffeedandfeedingredientsanddocumentthetraining.


Medicated cGMPs – Special Requirements

InadditiontothecGMPslistedaboveforgeneralfeedmanufacturing,thefollowingarespecialrequirementsforusewhenmanufacturingmedicatedfeeds.Itiscriticaltofollowthesespecialrequirementstoensurethatpigsreceiveproperdosagesofmedicationandthatproperwithdrawaltimesareadheredto.

1. Medication

•Complywithfederalresiduelevelsforfeed. •Feedadditivesandveterinarydrugsused inmedicatedfeedshouldbeassessedfor safety. •Identifyanimalsreceivingmedicated feedsandensurethoseanimalsreceive thatappropriatewithdrawalperiod.

2. Equipment

•Cleanfeedminingandhandling equipmentbetweenmedicatedandnon- medicatedfeed.(i.e.Haveareddipper formedicatedfeedsandagreendipper fornon-medicatedfeeds.Theidea of“red”meanstostopandthink–“Does thishavemedicationinthefeed?”) •Cleanstorageandfeedingequipment usedformedicatedfeedafteruseifa differentfeedistobeusednext.

3. Workspace and Storage

•Ensurethatfeedworkareas, equipmentandstorageareasforanimal drugsandmanufacturedfeedsare physicallyseparatedfromotherwork areas. •Inventorypracticesshallbeusedto minimizeriskofcontamination.

Pig GrowerMedicated

forpigsbetween30and75pounds

Administertoswineincompletefeedforreductionoftheincidenceofcervicalabscesses;treatmentofBACTERIALSWINEENTERITIS(SALMONELLAorNECROTICENTERITIScausedbySalmonellacholeraesiusorVIBRONICDYSENTERY),maintenanceofweightgainsinthepresenceofATROPHICRHINITIS.

Ingredients:GrainProducts,PlantProteinProducts,ProcessedGrainBy-Products,AnimalFat,AnimalProteinProducts,CalciumPhosphate,Lignin,Sulfonate,GroundLimestone,Salt,L-LysineMonohydrochloride,MethinoneSupplement,ZincOxide,ZincSul-fate,FerrousSulfate,ManganousOxide,CopperSulfate,CalciumIodate,SodiumSeleite,VitaminAAcetate,VitaminD-3Supplement,MenadioneDimethylpyrimidinalBisulphate,RiboflavinSupplement,Niacin,CalciumPantothenate,Vi-taminB-12Supplement,ThiamineMononitrate,FolicAcid,CholineChloride,PyridoxineHydrochlo-ride,Biotin,Ethoxyquin(asapreservative).

FeedingDirections:Feedastheonlyrationtopigsweighingfrom30-75poundsbodyweight.

Caution:Inordertoobtainthedesiredperformanceresults,theanimalshouldbeself-fed.

Warning:Withdrawal7dayspriortoslaughter;containshighlevelsofcopper,donotfeedtosheep.

Manufacturedby:Skill-a-thonFeedMills

NetWeight50pounds(22.7Kilograms)orasshownonshippingdocument.

ActiveDrugIngredientsChloretracycline 100g/Ton

Sulfathiazole 0.011%(100g/Ton)Penicillin 50g/Ton

GuaranteedAnalysisCrudeProtein min18.00%

Lysine min1.10%CrudeFat min6.50%

CrudeFiber max4.00%Calcium min0.60%Calcium max1.10%

Phosphorus min0.40%Salt min0.40%Salt max0.90%

Selenium min0.30PPMZinc min0.30PPM


4. Quality Control

•Properhygienetoreducetheriskofcrosscontaminationofnon- medicatedfeedsbymedicatedfeeds. •Providetrainingforallcaretakersforpropermixingandhandlingand storageoffeedtominimizepossiblecrosscontamination. •Establishequipmentcleanoutprocedures(includesstoragecontainers, feedscoopsandfeeders)topreventunsafecrosscontaminationoffeeds orcarryoverofmedicatedfeedproducts. •Ensurestoragecontainers,scoopsandfeedersshouldbefreeofcontaminationfrom medicatedfeedsandcontaminatedfeeds. •Providecorrectmedicatedfeedtotherightpigandfollowdirectionsforuse. •Medicatedfeedcontaminatedwithundesirablesubstancesshouldbeclearlymarked,not usedanddiscardedappropriately. •Minimizethepotentialforcross-contaminationoffeedduringmixing. •Observegoodanimalfeedingpracticesthatminimizebiological,chemicalandphysical risks.

5. Labeling

•Receive,handleandstoremedicationsandtheirlabelsinawaythatpreventsconfusion. •Allmedicatedfeedsshouldbelabeled,describingthefeedand providesinstructionsforuse. •Makesurethecorrectlabelisfixedtoallmedicatedfeed containersyoureceiveorstore. •Thelabelshouldidentifytheproductandcontents,provide directionsaboutuseandstatewithdrawaltimes. •Obsoletelabelsshouldbediscardedpromptly.

6. Recordkeeping

•Visuallyinspectreceivedfeedingredientsforqualityordefects. •Writtenrecordsthatcontainthedeliverydate,method,carrierand anyobservationsaboutcolor,weightorotherqualitymeasurements willbeveryusefulifaquestionoffeedqualityorcontaminationis everraised. •Keepwrittenrecordsofmedicatedfeedproduction. •Retainrecordsforoneyearaftertheanimal(s)aremarketed.


DocumentingFeedingQualityWeekof:___________________ Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

Pen/Group:_________________

BuildingsandGrounds

Dustaccumulationonfinishedfeeds

Adequateandcleanspaceforequipment,processingandstorangeoffeed

Freefromfeedspills

Absentfromleaksinequipment

Absenceofbuild-upoffeedingredientsinequipment

Scalesareaccurateandfunctioningproperly

Minimizedriskofcross-contaminationoffeedduringmixing

Minimizedbiological,chemicalandphysicalrisks

Workplaceandstorage

Workareasformedicatedandnon-medicatedfeedsarephysicallyseparated

Feedworkareasseparatedfromequipmentandstorageusedforherbicides,pesticides,fertilizersandingerdients

Processedfeedandfeedingredientsstoredseparatelyfromunprocessedfeedingredients

Pestcontrolprogramsemployed

Minimalspoilageandcondensationandlimitedfungalandbacterialgrowth

Qualitycontrol

Equipmentcleanoutprocedurescompleted(physicalcleanout,flushingsequencingofproductionanddeliverysequencing)

Pathogen-controlproceduresused

Providecorrectfeedtotherightanimalgroupandfollowdirectionforuse

Watermeetshygienicstandards

Avoidcontaminationofequipment,feedandfeedingredientswhendisposingofsewage,otherwasteandrainwater

Appropriatefeedhaulingcontainersusedwhengoingtoshow

Contaminatedfeedcontainersclearlymarkedanddiscardedappropriately

Labeling

Non-medicatedfeedshavedifferentlabelthanmedicatedfeeds

Premixedfeedshavealabeltoidentifycontentandprovidedirectionsforproperuse

Recordkeeping

Receivedfeedingredientsvisusallyinspectedforqualityanddefects

Writtenrecordspresentcontainingdeliverydate,method,carrierandanyobservationsaboutcolor,weightorotherqualitymeasurements

Samplesofingredientsandfinishedfeedstaken,identifiedandstoredfor6months

Recordsmaintainedregardingproduction,distributionanduseoffeedandfeedingredients

Caretaker

Observeproperhygienetominimizepotentialhazardstofoodsafetyfromfeed

MedicatedcGMPs,-Medication

Complywihtfederalresiduelevelsforfeed

Animalsreceivingmedicatedfeedsidentified-receiveappropriatewithdrawalperiod

Medicatedfeedlabelidentifiesproductandcontents,directionsaboutuseandwithdrawaltimes


Mixing Medicated Feed

Whenmanufacturingormixingmedicatedfeed,itiscriticalthatthefeedcontainstheproperconcentrationofmedication.Iftheconcentrationistoolowitmaynothavethedesiredeffectofananimal.Iftheconcentrationistoohighitmaycausenegativehealtheffectsorexcessiveresiduesthatlastbeyondthelabeledwithdrawaltime.

Rememberthatextra-labeluseofmedicatedfeedsisILLEGALsoitisimportantthatyourfeedsaremixedproperlyandaccurately.

Summary

CurrentGoodManufacturingPractices(cGMPs)setstandardsfor:•Buildingsandgrounds•Equipment•Workspaceandstorageareas•Productqualityassurance•Labeling•Recordkeeping

The cGMPs should be followed to ensure safe, wholesome meat products for human consumption.

Feed SupplierAsk your feed supplier if they use current Good Manufacturing Practices. Write their response below.

Feed Manufacturing GoalsComplete the sentence: The goal of feed manufacturing is to produce feed that ___1.

2.

3.


cGMPsList three current Good Manufacturing Practices and tell how they can be done on your farm.1.

2.

3.

GoalsList one cGMP that you hope to implement on your farm next year.

Mixing Medicated FeedsWhen mixing medicated feeds you can get one of three results. The medication level in the feed can be just right, too high, or too low.

Name one possible result of a medication level being too high?

Name one possible result of a medication level being too low?


1. T/F – Feed mixing equipment needs to be cleaned a minimum of once a year to be considered safe.

2. T/F – One good manufacturing practice is to keep good records of when feed is mixed with any medication.

3. T/F – Feed that meets nutritional specifications is one goal when manufacturing quality feed.

4. T/F – When manufacturing or mixing medicated feed, it is critical that you make sure the feed contains the proper drug concentration.

5. A set of guidelines for processing medicated feed, are referred to as

Youth Handbook - 79

1.False–Topreventcrosscontamination,youshouldcleanoutscoops,measuringcontainers, mixingequipmentand/orbucketsbetweeneachuse.

2.True

3.True

4.True

5.CurrentGoodManufacturingPractices(cGMPs)


Answer Key


Lesson 6 • GPP #6Establish Effective Swine Identification,

Medication Records and Withdrawal Times.

Lesson Objectives• Identifytoolsandmethodsforidentificationofallanimals.• Understandtheimportanceofpremisesidentificationandtraceability.• Explaintheimportanceofidentifyingandtrackingalltreatedanimals.• Explaintheminimumstandardofmedicationandtreatmentrecords.• Identifytherecommendedlengthoftimetomaintainwrittenmedicationandtreatment.• Define,calculateandfollowwithdrawaltimes.

Key Terms

Swine ID Plan

TheSwineIDPlanisaninitiativetoimplementasetofindustrydevelopedandapprovedprogramstandards,forthepurposeofimprovingpre-harvesttraceabilityanddiseasesurveillance.Thisplanwillhelpmeetincreasinglystrictcustomerdemandsandwillhelpprotectanimalhealth.Theprogramstandardsareconsistentwiththefederalandstatecodesofregulationsandtherearethreekeycomponents–premisesidentification,animalidentificationandanimaltracing.

Swine ID PlanPremises IdentificationAnimal IdentificationAnimal TracingEar NotchesTattoosEar TagsMedication recordsWithdrawal times

GPP #6


1. Premises Identification

Premisesidentificationistheprocessofregisteringalocationwherelivestockareraised,housedorpassthroughduringcommerce.Onceregistered,astandardizedPremisesIdentificationNumber(PIN)isassignedbytheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureafterthesiteisregisteredthroughthestate.ThestandardizedPINconsistsofsevenalphanumericcharacterswiththeright-mostcharacterbeingacheckdigit.ThisstandardizedPINisdifferentthanthestate-assignedLocationIdentificationNumber.

During natural or animal disease disasters Premises Identification Numbers will support: •Fastertracebackcapabilitiesduringdiseaseoutbreaks •Fasterdeterminationoftheextentofanoutbreak •Fasterimplementationofdiseasecontrolmeasures •Businessplanningtodiminishanyeffectsofadiseaseoutbreak •Bettercommunicationstoproducersinareasaffectedbydisasters

2. Animal Identification

Animalidentificationistheprocessbywhichpigsareofficiallyidentifiedindividuallyoraspartofagrouporlot.YouwillberesponsibleforofficiallyidentifyingyourswineincompliancewiththeSwineIDPlan’sprogramstandards,whichincludestheparametersforofficiallyidentifyinggroupsandindividualanimals.

There are two primary methods of animal identification, permanent and temporary.

Permanent

• Earnotches• Tattoos

Temporary

• Eartags• Paintbrands• Markingcrayon/stickmarks


Ear Notches

Onepermanentmethodofidentifyingindividualpigsisthroughearnotching.Earnotchingsystemsmaybesite-specific.Youshouldkeeprecordsofthespecificsystemyouuse.Onemethodusesthepig’srighteartodenotethelitternumberandthelefteartoidentifythepigletnumber.Thenotches,symbolizingspecificnumbers,areaddedtogetherforeachearandthenreadstartingwiththelitternumber.Forinstance,piglet23-4wasborninthe23rdlitterandwasthefourthpigidentified.Theearcanbasicallybedrawninhalffromthetipoftheeardownthemiddletothebase.Imagineanotherlinegoingfromthetopoftheeartothebottomoftheear,halfwayfromthetipandyouhavedividedtheearintoquarters(quadrants).

Withtheexceptionofthenumber1,thenotchnumbersareinmultiplesofthree(1,3,9,27,81).Withtheexceptionofthenumber81attheverytipoftheear,uptotwonotchesmaybeplacedineachquadrant.Byaddingthenotchestogether,producerscanidentifyupto161distinctlitterswiththissystem.Someproducershavemademodificationssothatmorelitterscanbeidentified.

Thelowerquarteroftheearclosesttotheheadidentifiesthenumber1.Thelowerquarteroftheearfarthestfromtheheadisthenumber3.Thetopquarteroftheearfarthestawayfromtheheadifthenumber9.Thetopquarteroftheearclosesttotheheadisthenumber27.

Takinganotchoutofthetipoftheeardenotesthenumber81.Obviouslyonlyonenotchispermittedhere.Thepig’sleftearidentifiesthepignumberandfollowsthesamebasicstructure,exceptthatthenumbers27and81arenotusedbecauselittersizesaregenerallysmaller.

Ifdoneconsistently,earnotchesarepermanentformsofindividualidentification.Theyseemcomplicatedatfirst,butareeasytoreadwithpractice.

Thispigwouldbeidentifiedas2-12.Intherightear,whichisthelitternumber,thepighasbeennotchedtwiceinthe1position.Byadding1plus1,wegetthelitternotchof2.Inthepigidentificationear,theleftear,thepighasbeennotchedinthe3and9position.Byadding3plus9,wegetthepigidentificationnumberof12.

Tattoos

Tattooscanbeusedforswine.Theadvantageofusingtattoosforidentificationisthattheyarepermanentandnoteasilyaltered.Likeanelectronicidentificationsystem,theyarehardtoreadfromadistance.Thiscancreateaproblemwhenyouaresearchingforaspecificpiginapen.

PigletNumber

LitterNumber

PigletNumber

LitterNumber

11

3

9

1+1=2 3+9=12


Ear Tags

Eartagsarealsoacommonformofswineidentification.Mosteartagsareeasilyreadfromadistance.Theyaregreattousefordailymanagementandareinexpensive,however,theycanbeeasilyrippedfromtheearleavingnoidentificationontheanimalandmaybecumbersometoapply.Eartagsareoftenusedforshowidentificationonfinisherpigsthatmaybeyouthprojectslikeyouranimals.Someeartagsincludeelectronicidentifiers.Thesetypesofeartagsarecomputer-friendly,butmaybehardtoreadfromadistanceandcanbeexpensive.Yourpigsmayhaveearnotchesthatwereplacedonyouranimalsatthelocationwhereitwasbornandaneartagforshowrecordpurposes.

Paint Brands & Crayon/Marking Stick Marks

Anotherformofidentificationthatcanbeusedisapaintbrandorcrayon/markingstickmark.Eachofthesemethodsisvisiblefromadistanceandeasilyapplied,however,theycaneasilybewashedoff,wipedoff,orrubbedontopenmates.Theyarenotpermanentformsofidentification,butareusefulwhenimmediatelymovingatreatedpigtoasickpen.

3. Animal Tracing

AnimaltracingcanbeaccomplishedbyusingtheprogramstandardsintheSwineIDPlan.Amovementrecordwouldincludetheanimal’sorgroup’sidentificationnumber,PINofthesendingandreceivingpremises,thedateofmovement,numberofheadmovedandthereasonformovement.Recordswillbemaintainedforthreeyearsaftertheswineleavethepremisesandwillbeavailabletoanimalhealthofficialsforinspection.Although,therearenoofficialregulationsinregardtoanimal

trainingfromshowtoshoworforjackpotshows,exhibitorsareencouragedtokeeprecordsoftheshowsinwhichtheyhaveparticipatedincasetheyareneededforfutureuse.Exhibitorsshouldcheckwitheachshowtoconfirmrequiredpaperworkandrecordsneededforthatparticularshow.

Methods of identifying treated pigs individually include:

•Paintmarksareeasytoapplyandcanbeusedtemporarily,butmayrubofforrubontountreated penmates.•Tattoosarepermanent,butdependingonthetype,thetattoomaybehardtoapply anddifficulttoreadatadistance.•Eartagsaretheeasiesttoseebutaremorecumbersometoapplythansomeother methods.•Earnotchescanberecordedonacardtoidentifytreatedanimals.

Identifyingindividualanimalsorgroupsofanimalsisessentialtomeaningfulrecords.


Medicated animals can also be identified and tracked by:

•Penorroomnumber•Group(buildingorsite)

Whentreatedanimalsareidentifiedbypen,roomorgroupnumber,itisimportantthattheentiregroupremainsintactuntilthewithdrawaltimehaselapsed.Anypigremovedfromthegroupshouldbeindividuallyidentifiedandtheirwithdrawaltimerecorded.

Medication Records

Thereareseveralreasonsrelatedtofoodsafetyforkeepingrecordsofallmedicationsgiventofood-producinganimals.Theprimaryreasonistomakesurewithdrawaltimeshaveelapsedbeforemarketing.

Keepingandmaintainingrecordsisalsoabasicexpectationofregulatoryofficials.Medicationrecordsprovidedocumentationthatdemonstratesadrugwasusedproperly.Ininstanceswherearesidueviolationfoundatharvesthasbeentracedtoafarm,theproducerwillbeexpectedtoprovidecompletemedicationrecordstotheinvestigator.Allfood-animalproducersmustkeepmedicationandtreatmentrecordsforoneyearfromthelastdayoftreatment.

The FDA expects ALL producers, including youth producers, to maintain medication records that will indicate (Table 3):

1.Theanimal(s)thatweretreated.2.Thedate(s)oftreatment,includinglastdayofadministration.3.Thedrug(s)administered.4.Therouteofadministration.5.Thepersonwhoadministeredeachdrug.6.Theamountofeachdrugadministered.7.Thewithdrawaltimepriortoharvest.

Caretakers must be familiar with site-specific identification systems.

Table 3. Animal Medication Record (minimum requirement)

Date ID Product Amt Given Route Given by Withdrawal time

9/17 145 Penicillin 10ml IM BillP 7days


Withdrawal Times

Thewithdrawaltimeistheperiodrequiredforthemedicationtobemetabolized,brokendownorexcretedsothatthelevelremaininginthebodyoftheanimalatharvestisbelowthelevelestablishedassafeforhumans.ThiswithdrawaltimeisestablishedbytheFDAbasedontheresultsofextensivetesting.Ifthedrughasawithdrawaltime,itwillbefoundonthelabel,packageinsertorthefeedtag.Inthecasedrugsareusedinanextra-labelmanner,theveterinarianmustassignanadequatewithdrawaltimesotherearenoharmfulresiduesatharvest.

OthercountriesmayrequirewithdrawaltimesdifferentthantheUnitedStatesforsomeproducts.Forexample,Japanhasdifferentwithdrawaltimesforvariousdrugsandmedications.Onesourceforexportmaximumresiduelevel(MRI)information,orformoreinformationaboutwithdrawaltimesforexportmarkets,istheNationalPorkBoardwebsite,pork.org. Thiswebsitecontainsthemostcurrentinformationoninternationalrequirements.Anothersourcemightbeyourpacker.Yourpackershouldinformyouoftheiralternativemarketsandthedifferingwithdrawaltimes.

Asareminder,nearlyallinjectablevaccinesarelabeledwitha21-daywithdrawaltime.Ifthereisapossibilitythatapigwillsoonbesoldasfood,itshouldnotbevaccinatedunlessthewithdrawaltimecanbemet.

Calculating Withdrawal Times

Eachwithdrawaldayisafull24hoursstartingwiththelasttimethepigistreatedorhashadaccesstomedicatedfeed,water,topicalorinjectableproducts.Ifapigislasttreatedat9a.m.onFridaywithadrughavinga5-daywithdrawal,thewithdrawalwouldbecompletedat9a.m.onthefollowingWednesday.

Inthecaseofmedicatedfeedorwater,thewithdrawaltimebeginswhenallthemedicatedfeedisremovedfromthefeederorthewatersupplyandhasbeencleanedandflushed.Thewithdrawalstartsatthetimethemedicatedfeedorwaterisphysicallyremovedfromthepigs’environment,notthelasttimethefeedbinwasfilledwithmedicatedfeedormedicationwasputinthewatersupply.

ATTITUDE

Producer

FoodService

Friday Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday


Medication Information

Someproductsarenotcompatiblewhenadministeredormixedwithothers.Thiscanaffecttheproduct’sefficiency,thewithdrawaltimepriortomarketand/orcauseanimalwelfareconcernsfromproductreactionsandmusclescarring.Youshouldnevercombinemedicationsinthesamesyringesorinthedrinkingwater.Remember,itisillegalforanyone,evenaveterinarian,tomixorusefeedmedicationsotherthanaccordingtolabeleddirections.

Mixingtogetherinjectableorwatermedications,includingantibiotics,byproducersisillegal.

Summary

Develop a Swine ID Plan

Exhibitorsshoulddevelopaspecificplantoidentifytreatedanimals.Theplanshouldinclude:•PremisesIdentification•AnimalIdentification•AnimalTracing

Medication Records

Medicationrecordsareimportantastheyhelpensurefoodsafety,areanexpectationofregulatoryofficialsandactasausefulmanagementtool.Medicationrecordsshouldindicate:

•Theanimal(s)thatweretreated.•Thedate(s)oftreatment,includinglastdateofadministration•Thedrug(s)administered.•Therouteofadministration.•Thepersonwhoadministeredthedrug.•Theamountofeachdrugadministered.•Thewithdrawalperiodpriortoharvest.

Withdrawal Times

Withdrawaltimeistheperiodrequiredforthemedicationtobemetabolized,brokendownorexcretedsothatthelevelremaininginthebodyoftheanimalisbelowthelevelestablishedasforhumans.


Swine ID Plan

Identify the three parts to a Swine ID Plan

1. ____________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________

Permanent identification is _____________________________________

Example _____________________________________________________

Temporary identification is _____________________________________

Example _____________________________________________________

Photo TimePhotograph (or draw a picture of) three different types of identification. Place them below and identify each one. List one benefit for each type of identification.


Draw notches on the pig’s ears to show 12-4. What does the number 12 stand for? What does the number 4 stand for?




Ear Notching

Good ManagementAnimal identification is a good management practice. What role does it play in the swine industry?

How does animal identification impact a treatment record?


Your ManagementHow do you currently identify and track your animals? Take a picture of the animal identification you use and place below.

Do you think you need to change the way you track your animals? If so, how?

Identification Crossword

1

2

3 4

5 6 7

8

Across2.Identificationaidsinkeeping .5.Identificationthatiscomputer-friendly.7.Identificationthatispermanentlywrittenontheanimalbutisoftenhardtoread.8.Identificationthatiseasytoreadbutoftenwipesoffovertime.

Down1.Swineshouldbeabletobetrackedfrombirthto .3.Apenofpigswiththesamewithdrawaltimeiscalleda .4.Identificationthatisusedbymanylivestockshows.6.Identificationthatispermanentandoftenusedonswine.


Medication records help provide documentation that a medication was used properly. Packers are also having an increasing interest in on-farm recordkeeping. If you have records in place, it implies that this good production practice is being followed. Reviewing treatment records can help provide insight to what is happening in your entire herd.

FDA RequirementsList 7 items the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) expects producers to include in treatment records.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Medication & Treatment RecordsMedication and treatment records can help you answer management questions about your herd. List 3 questions that treatment records can help you answer. Example: Are more animals being treated this year than last year?

1.

2.

3.


Withdrawal Time

Withdrawal time is the amount of time required for medication to be broken down, deactivated or excreted by an animal’s body. The withdrawal time is dependent on how fast the animal clears the drug from its body and how much medication was given. Observing withdrawal times helps eliminate .

Take a picture of a medication label and paste it in the box. Circle the withdrawal time.

Calculating Withdrawal Times

Your pig was last treated at 9 a.m. on Saturday the 12th with a drug that has a five-day withdrawal time. Shade in the calendar date when the withdrawal time would be complete.

S M T W R F S

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31


Med

icatio

n and

Treatm

ent Record

Fill InYo

ur pig

has b

ee

n sick for 3

da

ys. You d

ecide to

have yo

ur veterinaria

n loo

k at yo

ur pig

. He g

ives it an a

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tic, b

ut give

s it an e

xtra-la

be

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sag

e. He g

ives it 10

cc of m

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d o

f the 8 cc o

f med

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n the lab

el calls

for. The

me

dica

tion is g

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n Mo

nda

y the 7th. The m

edica

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bel sa

ys that the no

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l withd

raw

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e is 4 d

ays.

Your ve

terina

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a w

ithdra

wa

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f 7 d

ays. W

hat d

ate is the w

ithdra

wa

l time up

? Fill in the inform

atio

n tre

atm

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cord

be

low.

Wha

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1. T/F – Animal identification is a management tool that allows you to record the movement of pigs. These records may help in a disease outbreak.

2. T/F – When looking at a pig’s ear notches, the pig’s right ear denotes the pig number and the left ear identifies the litter number.

3. T/F – If ear notching is used for animal identification and adequate records are kept, a pig can be tracked from birth to harvest.

4. T/F – A benefit of using ear tags is that they are easy to read from a distance.

5. T/F – Treated animals should be tracked differently than untreated animals.

6. T/F – When treated animals are in a pen or group, it is important that the entire group stay together until their withdrawal time is up.

7. T/F – You do not need to record animals that have been treated for an illness.

8. T/F – Animal identification is considered one management tool.

9. T/F – Animal identification is one item that should be included in records.

10. T/F – The primary reason for keeping medication records is to ensure that medication withdrawal times are met.

11. T/F – It is important to identify treated animals to ensure withdrawal times can be tracked to individual animals.

12. List two types of animal identification and give an example of each.

13. List 3 items of information that the FDA requires on medication and treatment records.

Youth Handbook - 94

1.True

2.False–Therightearisthelitternumber,theleftearisthepigletnumber.

3.True

4.True

5.True

6.True

7.False–Allanimalsthathavebeentreatedwithmedicationmustberecorded.

8.True

9.True

10.True

11.True

12.Permanent–Earnotches;Temporary–Eartags

13.Datetreated,animal/penID,productusedfortreatment,amountgiven,routeof administration,whogavethedrug,withdrawaltime


Answer Key


Lesson 7 • GPP #7Practice Good Environmental Stewardship.

Lesson Objectives• Usemanagementpracticestoprotectournaturalresources(water,airandland).

Key Terms

Environmentalstewardshiprequiresconstantattention,commitmentandfollow-throughregardinggoodenvironmentalmanagementpractices.Thesemanagementpracticeshelpprotectournaturalresourcesandhelpallproducers,includingyouthproducers,begoodstewardsoftheenvironmentandgoodneighborsinourcommunities.

Stewardship – The act of caring for or improving over time

StewardshipGood Environmental Livestock Production Practices (GELPPs)Good neighborNutrient Management Plan (NMP)Emergency Action Plan (EAP)InspectionManure Management

Thegoalofenvironmentalstewardshipistoprotectournaturalresources(water,airandland)inallofourproductionpractices.

GPP #7


What does it mean to be a good neighbor?

A good neighbor:

•Followslawsandregulationsintheircounty.•Minimizesodor,dustandnoise.•Protectstheenvironment.•Takespropercareoflivestock.•Explainswhattheydointheiroperationandwhy.•Helpsconsumersappreciatefoodproduction.•Assistsneighborsinneedandasksforhelpwhenthey’reinneed.

Environmentalconservationisinthelong-terminterestofALLproducers,theporkindustry,andthenation.AsresidentsinruralAmerica,producersarecommittedtoprotectingtheirlocalenvironmentfortheirfamilies,neighborsandcommunities.Goodstewardshipmeansgoodbusiness.

Environmental Management Practices

General Site Conditions

•Theproductionsite,includingmanurestorageandmortalityremovalmethodsshouldbesetback anappropriatedistancefromenvironmentalreceptorssuchassurfacewaterstreams,rivers andlakes;drainagewellintakes;sinkholes;anddrinkingwaterwells.Thesiteshouldbelocatedto minimizeimpactsonneighborsandpublicuseareas.State/localregulationsmayrequireminimum setbackdistancesthatanoperationmustmeet.

•Theproductionsite,includingmanurestorageandmortalityremovalmethods,shouldbelocated outsideofafloodplain(25year)orotherwiseequippedwithfloodpreventioncontrols.State/local regulationsmayprescribemorestringentfloodplainrestrictions(50or100year)thatanoperation mustmeet.

•Theproductionsite,includingmanurestorageandmortalityremovalmethods,shouldbe maintainedtoprevent“clean”run-onwaterfromenteringtheproductionsiteandmixingwith manure.Surfacefloworstormwaterthathascomeintocontactwithmanureshouldbecontained andland-appliedaccordingtoanutrientmanagementplan.

•Theproductionsiteshouldbemaintainedtominimizeerosionorpondingofwaterandvegetative areasmowedandtrimmed.

•Spilledmanureandfeedshouldbecleanedupinatimelymanner.

•Insectandrodentpopulationsshouldbecontrolledinsideandoutsidethebuildingsandat mortalitystorage/compostsites.


Buildings

•Drinkingwaterandcoolingsystemsshouldberoutinelycheckedand maintainedfreeofleaks.

•Pens,serviceaisles,travellanesandfeedalleysshouldbefreeof excessivemanureorspilledfeed.

•Buildingventilationsystemsshouldbemaintainedingoodworking orderandfreeofexcessivedustbuildup.

•Trash,animalhealthconsumablesandneedlesshouldnotintentionallybedisposedofin under-buildingmanurepits.

Manure Management

•Eachstatehasdifferentnutrientmanagementrequirementsthatproducersshouldfollowontheir farm.

•Manurestoragesystemsshouldbesizedtocontaintheanticipatedmanuregenerationfromthe maximumnumberofanimalsthatcouldbehousedattheoperationforthetimeperiodsbetween manureremovalsetforthintheoperation’sNMP.

Emergency Action Plan (EAP)

•Emergencycontactphonenumbersshouldbepostedneartelephones,theentrancegateand/or outsidethebuildings.

•Visithttp://eap.pork.orgorcallthePorkCheckoffServiceCenterat800-456-7675foryourcopyof theEAPtemplate.


Inspection

•Athoroughinspectionoftheproductionsite,includingmanurestorageandmortalityremoval methods,shouldbeconductedatafrequencythatallowstimelycorrectiveactionofproblemsthat maybeobserved,butnolessfrequentlythanonceamonth.Productionbuildingsshouldbe inspectedatleastweekly.Situationsmayarisewhenamorefrequentinspectionschedulemay needtobetemporarilyimplemented.Forexample,lagoonsshouldalwaysbeinspectedimmediately followingasignificant24-hourprecipitationeventorduringa periodofextendedprecipitation.Itisrecommendedthatinspectionchecklists bedevelopedforthefacilityandthatitbeusedtodocumenteachfacility inspection.

Daily, weekly, and monthly inspections should include: •Manurestorageanddisposalmethod •Insectandrodentpopulationcontrolmethod •Drinkingwaterandcooling •Pens,alleyandfacilitiesfreeofexcessivemanure •Fencing •Buildingventilationsystem–temperature,odor,dust •Disposalofanimalhealthproductsmethod •Coolingandheatingsystems •Propershelter–shade •Emergencycontactlist

Summary

Tobegoodenvironmentalstewards,considerimplementingafewbasicenvironmentalpractices:•Propermanurestorageanddisposal.•Spilledfeedinthemanureshouldbecleanedupinatimelymanner.•Controlinsectandrodentpopulation.•Drinkingwaterandcoolingsystemsshouldberoutinelychecked.•Pens,alleyandfacilitiesshouldbefreeofexcessivemanure(properdrainage).•Fencing•Buildingventilationsystems(propertemperature,odoranddust)•Properdisposalofanimalhealthproducts.•Coolingandheatingsystems•Propershelter–i.e.shade•Emergencycontactlist


Stewardship

What is it? ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

A Good Neighbor

• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

Environmental Management PracticesIdentify three examples of good management practices for each of the following:

General Site Conditions• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

Buildings• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________


Manure Management• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

Inspection• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________


1. T/F – The goal of environmental stewardship is to protect our natural resources in all of our production practices.

2. T/F – Good stewardship has little effect on good business.

3. T/F – When selecting a production site, consideration must be given to distance from surface water streams, rivers and lakes, drainage well intakes, sink holes, and drinking water wells.

4. T/F – Rodent and insect control has little to do with practicing good environmental management practices.

5. T/F – Trash, animal health consumables and needles can be disposed of in under- building manure pits.

6. T/F – Emergency contact phone numbers should be posted near telephones, the entrance gate and/or outside the buildings.

Youth Handbook - 101

1.True

2.False–Goodstewardshipmeansgoodbusiness.

3.True

4.False–Insectandrodentpopulationsshouldbecontrolledinsideandoutsidethebuildingsandat mortalitystorage/compostsites.

5.False–Trash,animalhealthconsumablesandneedlesshouldNOTbedisposedofin under-buildingmanurepits.

6.True


Answer Key


Lesson 8 • GPP #8Maintain Proper Workplace Safety.

Lesson Objectives• Usepracticesthatpromotehealthandsafetyofallcaretakers.

AsoneoftheWeCaresmethicalprinciples,porkproducersaffirmtheirobligationtoprovideaworkenvironmentthatpromotesthehealthandsafetyofcaretakers.Thissectionwilladdressthebasiccomponentsofworkplacesafety.Acomprehensiveguidetodesign,developandimplementafarmsafetyprogram,theEmployeeSafetyToolkitisavailableonpork.org.

Key Terms

Safety is Everyone’s Responsibility Forasafetyprogramtowork,ithastobeeveryone’sresponsibility–exhibitor,familymembers,friends,etc.Ifanypersondoesnottakepersonalresponsibilityforworkinginandmaintainingasafeworkarea,thatpersonputshimself/herselfandothersatrisk.

SafetyPersonal protective equipment (PPE)HazardsEmergency Action Plan (EAP)Respiratory health Electrical safetyPersonal hygieneSafe animal handling

For a safety program to work, it has to be everyone’s responsibility – exhibitor, family members, friends, etc.

GPP #8


The safety responsibilities of all people working in the barns include:

•Knowwhichjobshavehighaccidentandinjuryrisk.

•Understandsafetypractices.

•Knowwhattodotoreduceinjuryrisk.

•Usesafeanimalhandlingpractices.

•Properlyusesafetyequipment,safetydevicesandpersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE).

•Reportunsafeactsandhousinghazards,accidents,near-accidents,injuriesandillnessesimmediately.

Youth owners and caretakers are responsible for all aspects of safety including:

•Assigningresponsibility.

•Conductingsafetyassessments.

•Defininghazardrisksforallactivities.

•Sourcingandallocatingresourcestoensuresafetyinalloperationalactivities.

•Measuringprogressandevaluatingperformanceofsafetyandenvironmentalmanagement.

•Reviewingallprogramcomponentsandmakingadjustments.

Youth owners and caretakers will:

•Ensureappropriateresourcesareutilizedtoeliminate/reducehazards.

•Ensurethatshowgoalsdonotalterorsuspendpropersafetyproceduresatanytime.

•Encourageandsupportcaretakerstoreinforcetheimportanceoftheirsafeactions.

•Observethehousingareatodetectandcorrectpotentialproblemareas.

•Initiatecorrectiveactionimmediately.

•Stopactivitiesbeingperformedunsafely,andcorrecttheconditionsbeforecontinuingthework.

•Ensureallcaretakersaretrainedinproperjobprocedures,includingsafetyprecautions.

•Activelyandpromptlyinvestigateallactivitiestodeterminetherootcauseoftheincident.

•Ensurethatallcaretakersfollowtheinstructionsandguidelines.


Controlling HazardsControlling exposures to hazards is the fundamental method of protecting caretakers. The basic strategies for controlling workplace hazards, in order of preference per OSHA guidelines, include:

1.Eliminatingthehazardfromthemethod,material,facilityormachine.

2.Lesseningthehazardbylimitingexposureorcontrollingitatitssource.

3.Trainingpersonneltobeawareofthehazardandtofollowsafeworkprocedurestoavoidit.

4.PrescribingPPEforprotectingcaretakersagainstthehazard.

Thesefourcontrolsarecrucialtoasafe,healthfulworkplaceforallcaretakersbecausetheymakeitmoredifficultforaccidentstooccurandforwork-relatedhealthproblemstodevelop.

Emergency Action Plan (EAP)Anemergencyactionplan(EAP)willprepareproducerstotakeimmediateactionwhensomeoneishurt,afirestartsortornadoesarelooming.Inanemergency,timecannotbewasted;itcouldbethedifferencebetweenlifeordeath.Eachfarmshouldhavecaretakerstrainedinfirstaidwhocanprovideimmediatecare.ProducersandcaretakersshouldbeencouragedtotakeclassesinfirstaidandCPR-AEDsuchasthosetaughtbytheAmericanRedCrossandothergroups.Allcaretakersmustbefamiliarwithemergencyproceduresfortheoperation.

An EAP covers who to notify in case of an emergency, what you need to say to them and what actions to take. An EAP includes:

•TheFarmEmergencyInformationSheetlistingwhotocall,whattosayandwhatstepstofollowincaseofanemergency.•Directionstothefacility.•Peopleatthefarmwhoaretrainedinfirstaid.•Wherefirstaidkits,fireextinguishersandalarmsarelocated.•Theevacuationplan,whichindicateshowtoexiteachbuilding,aswellaswheretomeetonceyou haveexited.•Theemergencyfarmmap.Thisincludes: oBuildinglayout oLocationofemergencyexits oLocationoffireextinguishers oLocationoftornadoshelterareas oHazardlocations oAnimalnumbersperbarn•Emergencycontactinformationoutsidethebuildingforcaretakersorneighborstouseiftheynoticesomethingiswrong.

Visithttp://eap.pork.orgorcallthePorkCheckoffServiceCenterat800-456-7675foryourcopyoftheEAPtemplate.


If someone is injured in an accident and needs immediate help:

•Makesuretheinjuredindividualiscaredforimmediatelybyapersontrainedinfirstaid.•Withoutputtingyourselfindanger,stabilizetheaccidentsceneifthehazardstillexists.Bydoingthis, youcanpreventfurtherdangertotheinjuredpersonorothers.•NotifytheappropriatecontactlistedontheFarmEmergencyInformationSheet.•Notifyanadultthatanaccidenthasoccurred.Heorsheshalljudgetheextentoftheaccidentscene tobecontrolled.•Followthefarmproceduresforaccidentinvestigation.

If a fire starts:

•Rescueorremoveeveryoneinimmediatedanger.•Soundthefirealarm.•Ifthefireissmall,confinefireandsmokebyclosingallwindowsanddoorsinthe area.Extinguishsmallfireswithaportablefireextinguisher.Neverusewateronan electricalfire.•Ifthefireistoolarge,callthefiredepartment,thenevacuatethebuilding.•Onceoutsidethebuilding,goimmediatelytothedesignatedmeetingplace.Do not go back in!

If a tornado warning is sounded:

•Gotothedesignatedtornadoshelter,whichwillbeaninteriorareaofthebuildingthatisstructurally soundwithoutoutsidewindowsorskylights.Examplesareshowersandutilityrooms.•Stayawayfromwindows,butstayinsidethebuilding.Adiagramwithshelterassignmentsshouldbe postedsopeoplewillknowwheretheyshouldgotoseekshelter.

Thereisapotentialwhenmixingandremovingmanurefrompitsthatahazardousgascalledhydrogensulfidecouldbereleasedintothebuildingabovethepit.Hydrogensulfideisverydangerous.Donotenterbuildingswhilemanureisbeingagitatedandremoved.

Ifpeopleoranimalsareunconsciouswhenmanureisbeingagitatedorremoved,youmustnotentertheroom.Youcanloseconsciousnessquickly!Ifpeopleoranimalsaredown,contactemergencymedicalservicesasoutlinedintheEAP,andstartemergencyventilation.

EverycountryintheU.S.hasanemergencycoordinatorwhoisresponsibleforrespondingtoallemergenciesatthecountylevel.Sharingyouremergencyplanwiththecountycoordinatorandincludingtheminyourplanwillbehelpfulwhenrespondingtoemergenciesinthefuture.

PorkCheckoffprovidesanEmergencyActionPlantoolthatgeneratesafarm-specificEAPfrominformationenteredbytheproducer.TheEmergencyActionPlantoolisavailableatpork.org.


Fire Prevention and SafetyGoodhousekeepinghelpspreventfires.Removeweedsandbrushfromallsidesofthebuilding.Keepworkareascleanandclutterfree.Makesureallstairs,aislesandexitsarefreeofobstructions.Keepflammableliquidsinlabeledfireproofcontainers.

Reportanyobservedfirehazardstoanadultimmediately.Electricalmotorsandappliancesareasignificantsourceoffirehazards.Checkeachregularlyforexposedwiring,brokeninsulation,impropergroundingandimproperinstallation.

Ifcaretakerssmoke,theyshoulddosoonlyindesignatedareas.Neversmokeinareaswhereflammableandcombustiblematerialsarestored.Makesureflammablesubstancesarekeptinfireproofcontainers,properlylabeledandstoredinsafetycabinetsapprovedforflammablematerials.

Hearing Health and SafetyWorkingonaswinefarmwillbenoisyattimes.Whenpeopleareexposedtohighnoiselevelsforanumberofyearswithouttakingprecautions,theycansufferhearingloss.Thistypeofhearinglossisirreversibleandcannotberestored.

Noise levels in swine barns can reach damaging levels. Wear hearing protection while conducting these tasks:

•Feedinganimalsinbreeding,gestationandfarrowingbarns.

•Powerwashing.

•Processingpiglets.

•Treatingandvaccinatinganimals.

•Bleedinganimals.

•Sortinganimals.

•Movinganimals.

•Loadinganimals.

•Pregnancycheckinginbreedingbarns.

•Artificiallyinseminatingsowsandgiltsinbreedingbarns.

•Workingaroundaerationfansforgrainbins.

•Feedprocessing.


Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Personalprotectiveequipment(PPE)canhelpyoudoyourjobsafely.PPEisdesignedtoprotectyoufromloudnoises,dust,chemicalsandothersubstancesthatcanharmyourhealth.WhenusingPPE,youshouldweartheequipmentfortheentiretimeyouareworkingonthetaskrequiringit.IfyouremovePPEwhileperformingatask,youwillnotbeadequatelyprotected.Knowhowtocorrectly

wearthePPEandmakesureitfitsproperlytopreventinjuries.KeepyourPPEcleanandingoodshape,andcheckitfordamageeachtimeyouwearit.

StoreyourPPEintheproperstoragelocationwhenyouaredoneusingit.NeverstorePPEinareaswithchemicalsthatarebeingusedorstored.Alwayswearthecorrectprotectiveclothingandequipmentforthejob.

Respiratory Health and SafetyLowlevelsofdustarecommonlyfoundinswineconfinementbuildings.Short-terminhalationofverysmallamountsofdustaloneisnotnecessarilyharmful.Long-term,continuousexposuretodustmayresultinrespiratoryproblems.Dustmaskshelpblocktheentryofdustintothelungsandmayreduceyourriskofrespiratoryproblems.

Electrical SafetyAccidentalcontactwithelectricalcurrentscancauseinjury,fire,extensivedamageandevendeath.Donotperformanyelectricalworkunlessyouhavebeentrainedandauthorizedtodoelectricalwork.

Electrical accidents can be prevented by taking the appropriate precautions including:

•Ensurethatelectricaloutletsandplugsareingoodcondition.•Makesureelectricalpowercordinsulationisnotcracked,kinked,brokenorthecordendshave looseconnectionsorgroundplugsremoved.•Wearinsulatedfootwearwhenworkingwithelectricaltoolsorappliances.•Donotoverloadanoutlet.•Keepallelectricalcordsawayfromheatsources.•Ensurethatthepoweristurnedoffandthatlockoutproceduresareusedeachtimethatanelement oftheelectricalsystemisopentophysicalcontact.•Immediatelyinformanadultofanyfaultyequipmentsoitcanberepairedorreplaced.


Personal HygieneBacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses that may be present in animals or their manure can cause disease in people. Transmission to people may be prevented with simple procedures:

•Washhandsbeforeandafterworkinginthebarnandwithanimals.Washhandsbeforeyoueator drink;beforeandafterusingthetoilet;aftercleaninganimalhousingoranimalcareareas;and wheneverhandsarevisiblysoiled.•Wearimpermeablegloveswhencaringforsickanimalsorwhenassistinga veterinarianwithanytypeofprocedure.•Wearfacialprotectionwheneverexposuretosplashesorspraysislikelyto occursuchasduringpowerwashing.•Whenbites,scratchesorlacerationsoccurwhileworkingwithanimals,wash theinjuredareawithsoapandwaterimmediatelyandconsultthedesignated FirstAidperson.•Establishdesignatedareasforeating,drinkingandsimilaractivities.These activitiesshouldneverbedoneinanimalcareareasorinthelaboratoryarea.

Needle Sticks and CutsProcessingyoungpigletscanleadtoinjuryifyouarenot

careful.Punctures,cutsandneedlestickinjuriesareamongthemostcommoninjuriesandoccurwhengivinginjectionsorduringpigletprocessing.Stayfocusedandattentive.Fatigueincreasesyourchancesofinjurysotakeadvantageofscheduledbreakssoyoudonotbecometootiredandinordertostayfocused.

Disposeofallsharpsindesignatedpuncture-proofsharpscontainers.

Needlestickinjuriesarenottobetakenlightly.Certainantibioticsandothermedicationsdesignedforanimalscanresultinseveremedicalreactions,orevendeath.Ifaco-workerisaccidentallyinjectedwithamedicationandhasaseizure,stopsbreathingorhasanyphysicalreaction,call911immediatelytosummonprofessionalemergencymedicalhelp.

Incaseofseverecuts,controlthebleedingfirstandsummonthepersontrainedinFirstAidatyourfarm.Iftheinjuryisminor,washthewoundwithsoapandwater,coverwithasterilebandage,reporttheinjuryandseekmedicalattentionifnecessary.

Allaccidentalinjectionsandcutsshouldbereportedtoanadultimmediately.

Guards and shields should be in place on mechanical equipment


Safe Animal HandlingManyaccidentsandinjuriesonapigfarmoccurwhenhandlinganimals.Manytasksrequirepeopletobeinclosecontactwiththepigs.

Toavoidaccidentsorinjurieswhileworkingwithanimals,onemustunderstandtypicalanimalbehavior,animalresponsestodifferentenvironments,handlingpigsofvarioustypesandsizesandhowtousehandlingequipment.ThesetopicsarecoveredinGPP#9,“ProvideProperSwineCaretoImproveSwineWell-Being.”

Summary

SAFETY IS EVERYONE’S RESPONSBILITYThisincludestheyouthownerandothercaretakers.Ifanypersondoesnottakepersonalresponsibilityforworkinginandmaintainingasafeworkarea,thatpersonputshimself/herselfandothersatrisk.

Control HazardsControllingexposurestohazardsisthefundamentalmethodofprotectingcaretakers.Thebasicstrategiesforcontrollinghousinghazards,inorderofpreference,include:

1.Eliminatingthehazardfromthemethod,material,facilityormachine.2.Abatingthehazardbylimitingexposureorcontrollingitatitssource.3.Trainingpersonneltobeawareofthehazardandtofollowsafeworkprocedurestoavoidit.4.Prescribingpersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)forprotectingemployeesagainstthehazard.

Develop an Emergency Action PlanDevelopandimplementanemergencyactionplan.Thiswillpreparepeopletotakeimmediateactionswhensomeoneishurt,afirestartsortornadoesarethreatening.Allcaretakersmustbefamiliarwithemergencyproceduresfortheoperation.

Develop Safety Procedures and PlansPreventionisanimportantpartofkeepingindividualssafe.Therefore,developsafetyproceduresfor: •FirePreventionandSafety•HearingHealthandSafety•Lockout/TagoutProgram•PersonalProtectiveEquipment•RespiratoryHealthandSafety•HazardCommunicationPlan•MachineGuarding

•ElectricalSafety•Slips,TripsandFalls•SafeLifting•PersonalHygiene•NeedleSticksandCuts•SafeAnimalHandling•GrainBinSafety


Youth Owners and Caretakers Will…

•

•

•

Safety Is Everyone’s ResponsibilitySafety Responsibilities Working in Barns

•

•

• Youth Owners and Caretakers are Responsible for All Aspects of Safety

•

•

•

Controlling HazardsIdentify four ways to control exposure to hazards:1. ______________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________

Emergency Action Plan Identify five keys to creating an emergency action plan:1. ______________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________


Promoting Health and SafetyTen things you, as a producer, plan to do to promote health and safety1. ______________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________

6. ______________________________________________________

7. ______________________________________________________

8. ______________________________________________________

9. ______________________________________________________

10. ______________________________________________________


1. T/F – Safety is everyone’s responsibility.

2. T/F – OSHA outlines strategies for controlling workplace hazards.

3. T/F – An Emergency Action Plan (EAP) prepares producers to take immediate action when there is an emergency.

4. T/F – Good housekeeping has little to do with fires.

5. Identify four things an EAP should include.

6. Identify three tasks where ear protection should be worn.


1.True

2.True

3.True

4.False–Goodhousekeepinghelpspreventfires

5.Farmemergencysheet,directionstothefacility,peopleatthefarmwhoaretrainedinfirstaid, wherefirstaidkits,fireextinguishersandalarmsarelocated,theevaluationplan,theemergency farmmap,andemergencycontactinformation.

6.Feedinganimalsinbreeding,gestationandfarrowingbarns,powerwashing,processingpiglets, treatingandvaccinatinganimals,bleedinganimals,sortinganimals,movinganimals,loading animals,pregnancycheckinginbreedingbarns,artificiallyinseminatingsowsandgiltsinbreeding barns,workingaroundaerationfansforgrainbins,andfeedprocessing


Answer Key


Lesson 9 • GPP #9Provide Proper Swine Care to Improve Swine

Well-Being.Lesson Objectives• Understandtheroleofdailyobservationandanimalevaluation.• Providefeed,waterandanenvironmentthatpromotespigwell-being.• Providepropercare,handlingandtransportationforpigs.• Protectpighealthandprovideappropriatetreatmentwhenneeded.• Understandwhyintentionalactsofneglectorabuseareunacceptable.• Understandtheimportanceofeuthanasiainatimelymannerofsickorinjuredpigsthatfailto

respondtotreatment.

Manyfactorswithinapig’senvironmentinfluenceitsoverallwell-being.GoodProductionPractice(GPP)#9willexplainthesefactorsandprovidestrategiesonhowtoimplementeachone.

Key Terms

Every caretaker has an ethical responsibility to protect and promote the well-being of the pigs in his or her care by:

•Providingfeed,waterandanenvironmentthatpromotesthewell-beingofhis/heranimals.•Providingpropercare,handlingandtransportationforpigsateachstageoflife.•Protectingpighealthandprovidingappropriatetreatment,includingveterinarycarewhenneeded.•Usingapprovedpracticestoeuthanize,inatimelymanner,thosesickorinjuredpigsthatfailto respondtocareandtreatment,andtoproperlydisposeofthecarcass.

Recordkeeping EuthanasiaDaily observation recordTreatment penEmergency action planEmergency detection systemEmergency backup systemVentilationTemperature controlBody condition score (BCS)Average daily gainFeed efficiency

Mortality rateLamenessSkin lesionsAbscessesWoundsShoulder soresRectal prolapsesHerniasTail bitingFlight zonePoint of balanceWillful acts of abuseAnimal movement

GPP #9


RECORDKEEPING

Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR)

AVCPRrequiresthatthecaretakerandveterinarianworktogethertoensurethehealthandwell-beingofthepigsonthatoperation.RecordkeepingincludesdocumentationoftheVCPR,mediationandtreatmentrecords,andcaretakertrainingrecords.

Medication and Treatment Records

Medicationandtreatmentrecordsprovidethehealthhistoryofeachindividualpigandhelptoensurefoodsafety.

The FDA expects producers to maintain medication records that will indicate:

1. Theanimal(s)thatweretreated.2. Thedate(s)oftreatment,includinglastdayofadministration.3. Thedrug(s)administered.4. Therouteofadministration.5. Thepersonwhoadministeredeachdrug.6. Theamountofeachdrugadministered.7. Thewithdrawaltimepriortoharvest.

Documented Caretaker Training ProgramAnimalcaretakertrainingcanbeassimpleasyoushowingeachindividualwhattodoandwritingthisdowninanotebook.However,itcanbemuchmoreextensive.Producersmayusetrainingmanuals,CDs,DVDs,videosand/orintensiveon-the-jobtraining.Trainingisessentialforworkersafetyaswellasforassurancethatanimalsarebeinghandledandcaredforproperly.Youwanttoensurethatanimalsarebeingcaredforinamannerthatwillnotdecreasethequalityofthefinalporkproductorcompromiseanimalwell-being.

Traininghelpstoincreaseproductivityandefficiencyamongcaretakers.Caretakerswhoaretrainedhaveagreaterunderstandingofprojectgoalsandareoftenmorewillingtohelpmeetthosegoals.

Astechnologychanges,itisimportanttorealizethesechangesandteachcaretakersaboutthem.Thereisanincreasingnumberofnewproducts,equipmentandtechniquesforcaretakerstolearnandunderstand.Technologyintheporkindustryischanging,justlikeitisintherestoftheworld.Wheneveryouimplementsomethingnewonyourfarm,youshouldteachyoupigs’caretakersaboutit.Forexample,ifyoupurchaseadifferentbrandoffeedthatyouintendtomixmedicationwith,itisimportantforyoutotrainanyonewhomayfeedyourpigonhowtoproperlymixandfeedthenewproducts.


Oneofthemostimportantfactorsinanimalwell-beingistheskillofthepeoplecaringfortheanimals.Thepeoplecaringforyouranimalsarethepeoplethatensureyourpigs’well-being.Threecommonareasinwhichproducerstrainswinecaretakersare:

•Euthanasia–Everyoperationwillatsometimehavesickorinjuredpigsthatdonotrespondto careandtreatment,thereforeitisimportanttohaveawrittenactionplanreadyifanimalswith conditionsofconcernarefound.Yourplanshouldbeassimpleascallingyourveterinarianwhen euthanasiaisneeded.Yourveterinariancanhelpyoumakeeuthanasiaandtreatmentdecisions.•Handling - Animalhandlingincludescaretakersbeingawareoftheflightzone,pointofbalance, environment,typesandsizesofanimal,groupsizesandtheequipmentused.•Husbandry-AccordingtotheSwineCareHandbook,husbandryistraditionallyunderstoodasa blendoftheproducer’sself-interestandtheirdutiesofhumanetreatmentfortheanimalsintheircare.

Daily ObservationDailyobservationandanimalcarearekeyfactorstoaddressinganimalhealthandwell-beingandfacilityormanagementissues.Dailyobservationcanalsohelptoassesstheeffectivenessofhealthandnutritionprograms,thesuitabilityoffacilitiesandthequalityofcaretakers.Onewaytodocumentthatsomeonehasobservedtheanimalseverydayisbykeepingalogorrecord.Anexampleofthismightberecordingthedailytemperatureoramountoffeedgivenonacalendarpostedinsidethedoor.

Dailyobservationhelpsensurethesickanimalsdonotgounnoticedandthatanimalcaretakersaredoingtheirjob.

Thebestwaytofullyassessthepigs’environmentandhealthistowalkthepensdaily.Recordingsuchinformationaswaterintakeorhigh/lowtemperatureswithinthebarncanbeausefulmanagementtool.Forexample,adecreaseinwaterintakecanbeanearlyindicatorofillnessintheherd.Largedifferencesinhigh/lowtemperaturescanbeanindicatorthattheventilationsystemisnotfunctioningproperly.Recordinganimal,facilityormanagementconcernsasyouwalkthroughthefacilitiesalsowillpromotecorrectiveactions.TalkwithyourYouthPQAPlusadvisorabouttheadvantagesoftrackingdailyobservationsoftheanimalsforyouroperation.

Recording Daily Observations

Recordingdailyobservationscanbeassimpleaspostingacalendar,paperorposterinsidethedoorofthefacilityorroomwherethecaretakercaninitialanddatethedocumentdaily.


Feed and Water AvailabilityFeedsystemsmustbecheckeddailytopreventtheoccurrenceofout-of-feedevents.Binsshouldbecheckedtomakesuretheyhaveadequatefeedsupplyandthereisnobridgingoffeed.Feedersshouldbecheckeddailytoassuretheyareingoodworkingorderandthatfeeddeliveryisnotblocked.Out-of-feedeventscannegativelyimpactthepigs’well-beingbyincreasingaggression,decreasingaveragedailygainandaveragedailyfeedintake.

Waterisanimportantnutrientfornormalbodyfunction,growthandreproduction.Thequalityandquantityofwaterapigreceivesisimportantandshouldbemonitoredregularly.Poorwaterqualitycanreduceconsumptionratesandnegativelyimpactthehealthofthepig.Watermustbeavailableatleasttwicedailyandinaquantitysufficienttofullysatisfythepigs.Waterersshouldbedesignedsoanimalscandrinkfreelyandhaveflowratesthateasilymeetthepigs’waterintakerequirements.SpecificinformationaboutappropriatewaterrequirementsperdaycanbefoundinTable1.

Seriously Ill, Non-Ambulatory or Dead AnimalsYouthshouldconsulttheirveterinarianiftheyobserveanillordisadvantagedanimal.Ananimalshouldbeconsiderednon-ambulatoryifitrefusestostanduporifitcanstandwithoutsupportbutrefusestobearweightontwoofitslegs.Animalsthathavenoprospectforrecoveryaftertwodaysofintensivecareshouldbehumanelyeuthanized.

Treatment PenCaretakersshouldhaveaplanforhowananimalscouldbeisolatedfromtherestoftheherdfortreatmentorrecoverywhenneeded.Onceapighasbeenidentifiedasillorinjured,itmayneedtobemovedtoatreatmentareaifitshealthandwell-beingarecompromisedbyitsfellowpenmatesoriftreatmentoftheanimalisaffectedbyremainingwiththegroup.

Properlymanagedtreatmentpenscanaidrecoveryandprovideeasierfollow-uptreatment.Thetreatmentpenmightbeatemporaryorpermanentseparatepenorenclosureoritmightbeanindividualstall.Animportantconsiderationisprovidingadequatetreatmentandsupportivecarefortheanimal.Thisincludeseasyaccesstofeedandwater.

Feeders and waterers need to be cleaned regularly.

Table1:WaterRequirementsbyPhase

ProductionPhase

WaterRequirement

(gallons/pig/day)Nursery 0.7Growing 2to3Finishing 3to5

GestatingSows 3to6LactatingSows 2.5to7

Boars 5AdoptedfromDiseasesofSwine10thEd.2012


Caretakersmusthaveamethodfortrackinganimalsthatenteratreatmentpentoknowwhattreatmentshavebeenadministeredandhowlongtheanimalhasbeenreceivingtreatment.Thisinformationwillhelpcaretakersevaluatetheeffectivenessofthetreatmentand,ifnecessary,makegooddecisionsabouttimelyeuthanasia.Remember,whenapiginatreatmentpenhasshownnoimprovementorhasnoprospectforimprovementaftertwodaysofintensivecare,thepigshouldbeeuthanized.

EMERGENCY SUPPORT

Written Action Plan

Incaseofanemergency,quickcommunicationisimportant.Awrittenactionplancanprovidedirectionsonwhattodoincaseofanemergency.Theplanmayconsistofalistofphonenumbersofpeopletocontactifanemergencyoccurs.Youmayincludeaphonenumberforthefiredepartment,yourveterinarian,thefacilityownerandequipmentsuppliers.

Emergency Detection System

Manycommercialoperationshaveanemergencydetectionsystemthatwillwarnthemofpowerfailures,temperaturechangesorotheremergencies.

Youshouldconsiderhowyoucandetectanemergencyinyouroperation,especiallyifyourpigsarekeptatanotherlocation.Actionshouldbetakenimmediatelywhenanemergencyoccurs.Ifyourhouseislocatednearthefacilitywhereyouranimalsareandyoucanvisuallyseewhenthepowerisofforifafireoccursthiswouldcountasadetectionplan.

Emergency Backup System

Ifyourbuildingsuseamechanicalventilationsystem,youshouldalsohaveamanualorautomaticsysteminplaceintheeventthatventilationisinterruptedduetoapoweroutageorothersituation.Thesemaybecurtaindrops,abackupgeneratororanotherdevice,planorsystem.

VENTILATION

Bothairtemperaturecontrolandairqualitycanimpactthewell-beingofyourpigs.Thesetwofactorscanbecontrolledthroughproperventilationmanagement.Housingsystemsmustprovideconditionsthatareconducivetogoodhealth,growthandperformanceatallstagesofthepig’slife.


Temperature ControlProvisionsforheatingand/orcoolingshouldbepresentandinworkingorderduringextremesintheweather.Thefacilityshouldprovidemoderatetemperaturetopreventthepigsfromdisplayingextremetemperaturebehaviors.Pigsperformthesebehaviorsinanefforttoregulatetheirbodytemperature.Thesebehaviorsarethebestindicatorofthepigs’perceptionofthetemperatureintheirenvironmentasseeninFigure1.Itisimportanttoassessthesebehaviorswithoutdisturbingthepigs.Ifairtemperatureistoocold,pigswillhuddletogether,shiverandexcessivelypileontoeachothertokeepwarm.Iftheairtemperatureistoohot,pigswilltrytoavoidbodycontactwithotherpigsandhaveincreasedrespirationrates.Respirationratesareassessedbycountingbreathsperminute.NormalrangesforhealthypigscanbefoundinTable2.

Table3givesthecriticallimitsandpreferredtemperaturerangesforpigsinvariousstagesofproduction.Upperandlowercriticaltemperaturesdefinethethermalcomfortzoneortherangeoftemperaturesthatthepigdoesnothavetoshiver,huddle,orpanttoregulatetheirbodytemperature.Keepingpigsaboveorbelowtheircriticaltemperaturecannotonlynegativelyinfluencethermalcomfort,butalsofeedintake,growth,feedefficiencyandhealth.

1.Bedding,supplementalheatorotherenvironmentalmodificationisrecommendedwhenairtemperaturesapproachthelowercriticallimit.

2.Exceptforbriefperiodsabovetheseairtemperatures,someformofcoolingshouldbeprovidedwhentemperaturesapproachuppercriticallimits.

A B CImageAdepictsapenoftenpigsinanenvironmentwithcoldairtemperature.Thesepigshuddlecloselytogetherinadensepileinoneareaofthepen.

ImageBdepictsapenoftenpigsinanenvironmentwithidealairtemperature.Thesepigshavebodycontactwitheachotherbutdonotpileexcessively.

ImageCdepictsapenoftenpigsinanenvironmentwithhotairtemperature.Thesepigsspreadoutthroughoutthepenandavoidphysicalcontactwithotherpigsinthepen.

Table2:NormalRespirationRatesforSwine

ProductionPhase

RespiratoryRate(breaths/minute)

Nursery 25-40Growing 30-40Finishing 25-35Boars 13-18

AdoptedfromDiseasesofSwine,2016. Table3:ThermalLimitsforSwine

ProductionPhaseLower

CriticalLimit1UpperCritical

Limit2PreferredRange

Nursery,30-75lbs 40°F 95°F 65-80°FGrowing,75-150lbs 25°F 95°F 60-75°F

Finishing,150lbs-Market 5°F 95°F 50-75°FBoars 5°F 90°F 60-75°F

AdoptedNRC(1981):Chapter2;DeSchazerandOverhultz(1982):Chapters1and2;Hahn(1985):Chapters1and2.

Figure1


Remembertheairtemperaturemeasurementsshouldberecordedatpigheight(approximately1footabovetheground),andremembertoavoidtakingtemperaturesnearinletsanddirectheatsources.

Regardlessofwhetherpigsarekeptindoorsoroutdoors,itmaybenecessarytoprovidesupplementalheatingorcoolingforpigswhentemperaturesareoutsidethepigs’criticaltemperatures.Examplesofsupplementalheatingincludeusingheatlampsorbroodersforzoneheating,gasorelectricheatersorbedding.Examplesofsupplementalcoolingcanincludemisters,evaporativecoolingcells,fans,shelters,shadetreesorwallows.Workwithyouradvisortodeterminewhichsupplementalheatingorcoolingmethodisbestforyourswineproject.

Air QualityAirqualitycanbecontrolledwithaventilationsystemthatisinworkingorderandthatcanoperatewithoutinterruption.Thisistruewhethertheventilationsystemusesthenaturalflowofairormechanicalassistance.Thereareseveralcontaminates,suchasdustandvariousgases,thatcontributetothequalityoftheairwithinthepigs’environment.Wateryandmatteryeyes,bloodshoteyesandbreathingdifficultyareindicationsthatpigsmaybeexposedtopoor-qualityair.Incaseofpowerfailure,makesureyourwindowsopen.

Ammoniaisacommonaircontaminatethatcandirectlyimpactthewell-beingofthepigthroughirritationoftherespiratorytract.Ammoniaconcentrationsintheaircanbemeasuredusingdiffusiontubesthroughoutthefacility.Airsamplesshouldbetakenatpigheight(approximately1footaboveground).Samplesshouldbetakeninthebuildingcenteratone-thirdintervalsdownthelengthofthebarn.

FACILITIESThestateofrepairofthefacilitiescandirectlyimpactthewell-beingofpigs.Facilitiesaredefinedasbarnstructuralcomponents–pens,feeders,waterers,floors,chutesandalleyways.


Pens, Flooring and Alleyway MaintenanceTheconditionofthepens,floorsandalleywayscanaffectotherindicatorsofyourpigs’well-being.Sharpprotrudingobjectscouldaffectthenumberandtypeofskinlesionsfoundonyourpigs.Penswithbrokenslatscouldcontributetolamenessorotherleginjuries.Floorsshouldberoughenoughtominimizeslipsandfalls,butnotsoroughastoinjurethepadofthehoof.Non-slipflooringtoprovidegoodfootingisessentialinareaswhereanimalsarehandledsuchasloadingramps,scalesorrestraintchutes.

Chute Maintenance

Chutesshouldbeinagoodstateofrepairandnotcauseinjurytotheanimal.Beforeloadingorunloadingpigsbegins,inspectthechutefordamage.

•Sharp,protrudingorotherwiseinjuriousitemsshouldberemovedorrepaired.•Brokenormissingcleatsshouldberepairedorreplaced.•Movingpartssuchascables,pulleysandhingesshouldbeinspectedregularlyand maintainedasnecessary.•Rampsandchutesshouldbekeptfreeofpotentialdistractions.

Feeder Maintenance

Thereareawidevarietyoffeedersandfeedingequipmentavailabletoday.Feedersshouldbeinagoodstateofrepairtoallowunobstructedfeeddeliverytothepigsandnotcauseinjurytotheanimals.Thenumberoffeedingspacesandtheirsizeshouldallowyourpigstoconsumetheirdailyrationwithoutunnecessaryfightingandcompetition.

Waterer Maintenance

Severaltypesofwatererdesignsareavailableforuseinswineproduction.Whatevertypeisusedinyouroperation,waterersmustbeinagoodstateofrepairtoallowwaterdeliverytothepigsandnotcauseinjurytothepigs.Waterersshouldbedesignedandpositionedsoanimalscandrinkfreelyandhaveflowratesthateasilymeetthepigs’waterintakerequirements.Enoughwaterersshouldbeavailablewithinthepentodecreasecompetitionfortheresource.


BODY CONDITION SCORE (BCS)Bodyconditionscoresareusefultoassesstheadequacyofthenutritionprogramandtohelpvisuallyidentifyanimalsthatmayrequireadditionalattention.Bodyconditionscoringhasbeenadoptedfromtheindustrystandardthatisbasedona1(emaciated)to5(obese)scaleasshowninFigure2.

Animalsshouldbefedaccordingtotheirbodycondition.Whileabodyconditionscoreof1isapotentialindicatorofapig’swell-being,showingitneedsimmediateattention,anobesepig(BCS5)alsohasincreasedhealthrisks.Investigatelow-orhigh-BCSanimalsfurtherandincrease(lowBCS)ordecrease(highBCS)thedailycaloricintakeoftheseanimalsasnecessary.Pigsthatareeithertoothinortoofatcouldbeanindicationofamanagementneedandacauseforadiscussionwithyouradvisor.

BODY SPACEItisimportantforyourpigtobecomfortable.Yourpigmusthavetheproperamountofspacetocontinuetogrowandperform.

Forpigspacetobeconsideredadequate,thepigmustbeableto:•Easilyliedownfullyonitssidewithouthavingtolieonanotherpigandbeabletoeasilystandback upfromalayingposition.•Liedownwithouttheheadhavingtorestonaraisedfeeder.•Additionally,asowhousedinastallmustbeabletoliedownfullyonitssidewithoutthehead havingtorestonaraisedfeederandtherearquarterscomingincontactwiththebackofthestallat thesametime.Thepigshouldalsobeabletoeasilystandbackup.

Image

Score 1 2 3 4 5Condition Emaciated Thin Ideal Fat Obese

DetectionofRibs,BackBone,“H”

BonesandPinBonesObvious

Easilydetectedwith

pressure

Barelyfeltwithfirmpressure

None None

ATTITUDE

Producer

FoodService


Figure2.BodyConditionScoring

ATTITUDE

Producer

FoodService


ATTITUDE

Producer

FoodService


ATTITUDE

Producer

FoodService


ATTITUDE

Producer

FoodService


Taken from “Assessing Sow Body Condition” by R.D.Coffey, G.R. Parker, and K.M. Laurent (ASC-158; 1999)


ANIMAL EVALUATION

Animalevaluationwillhelpverifythattheotheraspectsofthewell-beingprogramhavebeensuccessfullyextendedtotheanimalsthemselves.

Production Performance

Theproductionperformanceofapigcanoftenbeanindicatorofthewell-beingofthepig.Whenthewell-beingofapigiscompromised,theproductionperformanceofthatpigmayalsobecompromised.Someproductionperformancemeasurestotrackincludeaveragedailygain,feedefficiencyandmortalityrates.

Average Daily Gain–Theaverageamountofweightapiggainseachdayoveraperiodoftime.Ifthisisanextremelylownumberitmaymeanthatyouranimalisnotgettingpropernutritionoranadequateamountoffeed.Thiscouldbeduetothetypeoffeed,thecaretakerorotherfactors.

Feed Efficiency–Calculatedaspoundsofweightgainedperpoundoffeedconsumed.Feedefficiencyisusuallytheprimarydriverofprofitabilityformeatproducinganimals.Ifyouranimaleatsalargequantityoffeedanddoesnotgainalotofweightitmayhaveanillnessthatpreventsitfromgainingweightoritmaybeeatingfeedthatisnotprovidingsufficientnutrition.

Mortality Rates–Whencalculatingtheserates,besuretoincludeanimalsthatdienaturallyandthoseeuthanized.

Lameness

Alamepigisonethatcannotbearfullweightononeormorelimbs.Thereareseveralfactorsthatcancontributetolamenessincludingbacterialinfections,heredity,footandlegstructure,injuryortraumaornutrition.Todetectlameness,pigsshouldbeobservedwhiletheyarestandingorwalkingonaflatsurface.Pigsthatarediagnosedaslameshouldbetreated,culledorhumanelyeuthanizeddependingonthecauseanddegreeoflameness.


Skin Lesions

Ifskinabscessesorwoundsarepresent,counthowoftentheyoccurandnotetheirlocation.Thesefactorsprovideimportantcluesabouttheirsourcesandwaystopreventthem.

Lookforandnoteskinlesionsontheseareas:

•Mainpartofthebody–theshoulder,belly,back,flankandlimbs(bothfrontand backlegs)•Hooves•Headandears–includesthecheek,ears,snout,mouthandchin•Tailandgenitalareas

AbscessesAbscessesarefluid-filledpocketsinorundertheskinthatmaycausetheskintoberaised.Theycanbeobservedafteradeepbruise,apenetratinginjuryoraninjection.Payattentiontohowmanypigshaveabscessesandifonelocationismorecommonthanothers.

WoundsWoundsaredefinedasbreaksthatcompletelypenetratetheskin,suchasbitesorotherlesionsthatpenetratethroughtheskin.Notethewoundsandtheirlocation–forexample,ontheshoulder,vulvaorotherpartsofthebody–andworktoidentifythelikelycauseofthewounds.

Shoulder SoresShouldersoresarecausedbypressurecompressingthebloodvesselssupplyingtheskinandtissuescoveringtheshoulderblade.Thispressureinterruptsthebloodflowcausingtissuedamageandtheformationoflesions.Shouldersoresandlesionsshouldbekeptcleanandtreatedaccordingtoveterinaryadvice.

Rectal ProlapsesRectalprolapsesaretheturninginside-outoftherectallining.Commoncausesarepigscoughingorpilingtostaywarm.Dockingtailstooclosetothebodyorthepigs’geneticsalsomaycontributetotheoccurrenceofrectalprolapses.Itisimportanttoisolateortreatanimalsasquicklyaspossibletopreventfurtherinjuryandtoenhancethechanceofafullrecovery.Youradvisorcanhelpyouwithatreatmentplanbutfindingandaddressingthecontributingcauseisalsoveryimportant.


HerniasHernias,orruptures,aretheprotrusionoftheintestinesthroughthemusclesoftheabdomenorgroin.Pigswithlargeherniasthattouchthegroundorcausedifficultywalkingshouldbeeuthanized.

Tail BitingTailbitingisabehaviorthatnegativelyimpactsthewell-beingoftheotherpigs.Tailbitingcanresultinopenwounds,bleeding,infectionandevendeath.Severalfactorsmaycontributetotailbitingbehaviorincludingnutritionaldeficiencies,inadequateaccesstofeedandwater,highammoniaconcentrations,excessivenoise,uncomfortabletemperaturesorovercrowding.Whenanoutbreakoftailbitingbehavioroccurs,itisimportanttoidentifyandcorrecttherootcauseofthebehavior,thoughthiscanbedifficulttoaccomplishbecauseofthemultiplecausesoftailbiting.Injuredanimalsshouldbetreated,andthebiter(s)shouldbeidentifiedifpossibleandhousedseparately.

Swine BehaviorSwinebehaviorcanalsogiveyouanindicationofthecareyouranimalisreceiving.Ifyouranimalsisrepeatedlyexposedtounpleasanthandlingorabuseitmayshowsignsoffearinthepresenceofhumans.Pigsthathaverepeatedexposuretopleasanthandlingaretypicallyrelaxedaroundpeopleandwillgenerallybeeasiertomove,andasaresult,havebettermeatquality.

EUTHANASIAEuthanasiaisdefinedashumanedeathoccurringwithminimalpainordistress.Pigsthatarenotrespondingtocareorunlikelytorecovermustbeeuthanizedhumanely.Timelyeuthanasia,aswellasusingtheappropriatemethodsandequipment,iscriticaltothewell-beingofthesepigs.


Timely Euthanasia

Thedefinitionof“timely”is:

•Animalsshowingnoimprovementorprospectforimprovementaftertwodaysofintensivecare shouldbehumanelyeuthanized.•Severelyinjuredornon-ambulatorypigswiththeinabilitytorecoverareeuthanizedimmediately.•Anyanimalthatisimmobilizedwithabodyconditionscoreof1shouldbeeuthanizedimmediately.•Pigswithlargeherniasthattouchthegroundorcausedifficultywalkingshouldbeeuthanized.

Eventsthatcallfortimelyeuthanasiacanhappenanydayoftheweek.Personneltrainedineuthanasiashouldalwaysbeavailabletorespondifcalled–includingnights,weekendsandholidays.

Functional Equipment

Anyequipmentusedfortheeuthanasiaofpigsmustbekeptinproperrepairandmustbefunctional.Amaintenancerecordcanhelptodemonstratethattheconditionoftheequipmentisbeingaddressed.Euthanasiaequipmentshouldbecentrallylocatedforusethroughoutthesite.Caretakerstrainedineuthanasiamethodsmusthaveaccesstothisequipment.

SAFE ANIMAL HANDLING

Usingbestpig-handlingandmovementpracticeswillcontributetogoodwell-beingofthepigandasaferworkenvironmentforthehandler.Whenpigsareimproperlyhandled,theybecomedistressed,whichcanleadtophysicalinjurytothepig,injurytothehandler,increasesintheincidenceofnon-ambulatorypigs,increasedtimetoloadandunloadpigsandreducedgrowthrates.Additionally,improperhandlingalsosignificantlycontributestocarcassshrink,trimlossandpoormeatquality.Improperhandlingandtransportofpigsisoneofthelargestprofit-reducingissuesfacingtheporkindustrytoday.Properhandlingisbestachievedbyfirstunderstandingsomegeneralbehaviorsexhibitedbythepigs,aswellasunderstandingthepig’sphysicalcharacteristicssuchashowtheycansee,hear,smell,learnandrememberexperiences.Themaininstinctivebehaviorsofapigthatahandlershouldunderstand,andusetohisorheradvantagewhenpossible,include:

• FlightZoneandPointofBalance• Following/HerdingInstinct


Flight Zone

Theflightzoneisanimaginarycirclearoundananimalthatitconsidersitsindividualspace.Thisprinciplealsoappliestoworkingthecollectiveflightzoneofagroupofpigs.

•Thesizeoftheflightzoneisdeterminedbythepig’sfamiliaritywithhumansandwillvaryfrompig topig.•Acompletelytamepighasnoflightzone.Ahandlercanwalkdirectlyuptothepigandtouchit.•Handlersshouldworkwithananimalfromtheedgeofitsflightzone.•Whenahandlerentersapig’sflightzone,thepigwillmoveaway.Ifthepigdoesnotseeanescape route,itmayattempttoturnaroundandrunpastthehandler.

90°

Blind Spot Edge

of Flight Zone

Point of Balance

APig’sFlightZone,PointofBalanceandBlindSpot


Point Of Balance

Thepointofbalanceislocatedatapig’sshoulders.Thepigrespondstoahandler’sapproachrelativetothepointofbalance.Ifahandlerentersapig’sflightzone,thepigwillmove:

•Forwardifthehandlerapproachesfrombehindthepointofbalance.•Backwardifthehandlerapproachesfrominfrontofthepointofbalance.

Becauseapig’seyesareonthesidesofitshead,apig’svisionisapproximately310degrees,leavingablindspotdirectlybehindit.Thisblindspotmeansthatahandlercannotrelyonavisualreactiontogetapigtomovewhenstandingdirectlybehindit.Ideally,tomovethepigforward,enterthepointofbalancefromtherear,justinsidetheanimal’sflightzone.Movinginandoutoftheflightzoneandbehindthepointofbalanceallowspigstoremaincalmandmoveinanorderlyfashion.

Following/Herding

Pigsinstinctivelygrouptogethertobeinvisualorphysicalcontactwitheachother.Thisinstinctivebehavioralsocausespigstofolloweachotherinordertomaintainthatcontact.Thecaretakercantakeadvantageofthisbehaviorwhenmovingpigsatanyageorsize.

Exampleswherethisiseffectiveincludewhenahandlerismovingpigs:

•Upordownaramporchute.•Throughhallways.•Intooroutofapenorroom.

Whentheseconceptsarenotusedorareusedincorrectly,pigscanbeinjuredwhentryingtoescape,eitherthroughcontactwithotherpigsorthroughcontactwithanobjectintheirenvironmentsuchasagate,feederorchute.Visualgapsbetweenpens,alleys,ramps,gates,chutesorotherplacescanappeartobeanescaperoutetoapigandcanresultininjuriestothepigand/orcausethemtopullback.


Environment

Duringmovement,apigmaycomeacrossunfamiliarordistractingelementswithinitsenvironment.Pigstypicallyslow,stoporchangedirectionwhentheyencountersomethingneworunfamiliarsuchaschangesin:

•Floorsurface(i.e.transitionfromconcretealleytowoodenchute).•Footing/traction(i.e.wet,slipperychuteorloosecleats).•Temperature(i.e.movingfromawarmbuildingtoanoutdoorchute/ramponacoldday).•Lighting–pigsmovebestfromdarkareastolighterareas•People,equipment,trash,otheranimalsorobjectsintheirpathorperipheralvisionarea.•Draftsorwind.•Doorwaysthatmaychangethewidthofthealley.

Itisimportanttounderstandthepotentialeffectshumaninteractionshaveonpigsandpigbehavior.Aperson’sintentionsarenotalwaysunderstoodbythepig,creatingfearand/oranegativereactiontoahandler.Additionally,pigsthathavehadregular,positiveinteractionswithpeoplewilltypicallybelessfearfulandeasiertohandle.

Walkingpigsslowlyonadailybasiswillhelpthembecomeusedtopositiveinteractionswithpeople.Thiswilltrainthepigstoquietlygetupandcalmlymoveawayfromthehandler.Pigscanrecallpreviousexperiences,andiftheyhavehadabadhandlingexperienceinthepast,theymaybemoredifficulttohandlethenexttime.

Handlersshouldactcalmlyandavoidsuddenmovement,loudnoisesandotheractionsthatmayfrightenorexcitepigs.Thisincludesshoutingtootherhandlerswhenworkingasateamtomovepigs.Calmpigsareeasiertohandlethanexcited,agitatedpigs.Frightenedpigsbunchtogetherandwillbemoredifficulttosortandmove.Pigsshouldbemovedattheirnormalwalkingpace.Aggressivehandlingmustbeavoidedasitcanleadtopigsbecomingnon-ambulatoryduetoinjury,stressorfatigue.


Aggressivehandlingincludes:

•Overuse,orimproperuse,ofelectricprods.•Loudnoisesandyelling.•Grabbingandpullingearsandtails.•Movingpigstoofast.•Movingtoomanypigspergroup.•Overcrowdingpigsinchutes,rampsandalleyways,•Roughphysicalcontact.

Willfulactsofneglectorabuseareunacceptable.Willfulneglectandabusearedefinedasactsoutsideofnormallyacceptedproductionpracticesthatintentionallycausepainandsuffering.Animalmovementisaleadingareawherewillfulabusecanoccur.TheNationalPorkBoardstronglyadvisesanyonewithknowledgeofpossibleanimalabuseorneglecttoreporttheseactionsimmediatelytotheproperresponsiblepersons.

ANIMAL MOVEMENTProperhandlingandmovementofpigsisalsoanelementofproperanimalcare.Thehandlingandmovementofswineinvolvesmanyunfamiliar,stressfulexperiencesforpigs.Youshouldhandleandmoveyourpigsinamannerthatcausestheleastpossibleamountofstress.Handlersshouldbequietandcalmduringanimalmovement.Youshouldtakestepsdailytogetyourpigsaccustomedtohumancontact.Thiswillhelpmakemovementandloadingeasieronyourpigsandyou.Rememberthatpigsdonotunderstandwhytheyarebeingmoved.

Eliminatevisualdistractions,suchaspeopleandotherpigs,fromthepathofanimalmovement.Removingdistractionswillhelpyourpigstomovemorefreely.Additionally,anddependingupontheirsize,youshouldonlymovefiveorfewerpigsatatime.Thiswillhelpallowyoutohavemorecontrolandprovideyourpigmoreroomtomove.

Eachpersonhandlingyourpigsshouldbetrainedinproperhandlingtechniquespriortoanyanimalmovement.Handlersshouldusethemosteffectivetoolsformovement.Oneofthemosteffective

toolsisasortingboardorpanel.Sortingboardsblockthepig’spathandvisionwhileprotectingthepersonholdingthesortingboard.Useofelectricprodsisverystressfulforpigsandshouldbeavoided.Pigsshouldneverbeproddedinsensitiveareassuchastheeyes,nose,anus,testicles,etc.

Handlersshouldrelyonasortingboardinsteadoftheirbodytoturnorstoplargefinishingpigs.Abi-foldpanelisaparticularlyusefuldeviceasitcreatesacorrallingeffect,reducesanescaperouteforthepigandincreasessafetyforthehandler.Ifananimalappearsaggressiveoragitated,itmaybesaferforthehandlertomoveoutofthewaythantoriskapotentialinjury.


Whenloadingandtransportingyourpigs,besuretouseproperequipment.Youshouldalwaysloadyourpigsinacalm,carefulmannertohelppreventstressingyouranimals.Electricprods,buzzersandslappersshouldbeavoided.Youshouldtreatyouranimalshumanelyatalltimes.

Group Sizes

Accordingtothearticle,“Handling/ManagementtoPreventStressinShowPigs”byDr.JodiSterle,manychangesoccurinthepig’ssurroundingsfromhometowhentheyreachtheshowring.Showpigsaregenerallyraisedinasomewhatquiet,subduedenvironmentwithlittlestress.Loadingandtransportingcanbestressfultoapig,particularlyifhandlersbecomefrustrated.Pigsthataremixedtogetherwillinstinctivelyfighttoestablishapeckingorder.Uponarrivingatashow,thenewsights,smellsandsoundscanaffectapig’sbehavior.Tominimizestress,pigscanbeloadedandunloadedontoatrailertogetusedtothepracticebeforeitistimetogototheshow.Everyonehandlingtheanimalsshouldbetrainedandbeabletomovethepigsataslowpace,keepingtempersincheck.Theuseofanelectricprodisastressfuleventanditshouldbeavoidedorabsolutelyminimized.Itisrecommendedtomovepigsinsmallgroupsofthreetofivepigs.

Non-Ambulatory Pigs

Non-ambulatorypigsareachallengethatastockpersonmayfaceatsomepoint.Apigthatcannotgetuporwalkonitsowniscallednon-ambulatory.Apigmaybecomenon-ambulatoryduetoinjury,illnessorfatigue.Determiningthespecificcausewillhelphandlersidentifytheappropriatewaytocareforthepig.

Medicaltreatmentisanoptionforapigthatisnon-ambulatoryduetoinjuryorillness.Whenthelikelihoodofrecoveryishigh,thepigshouldbemovedtoapenwherecompetitionforfeedandwaterisreducedandwherethepigcanbemonitoredandtreatedregularly.Whenpigsbecomenon-ambulatoryduetoillnessorinjuryandthelikelihoodofrecoveryislow,evenwithtreatment,thepigshouldbehumanelyeuthanized.

Inthecaseofpigsbecomingnon-ambulatoryduetofatigue,quietlyandhumanelymovethepigtoapenandallowittorecoverbeforeattemptingtomoveitagain.Mostpigswillfullyrecoveraftertwotothreehoursofrest.Fatiguedpigscanberecognizedbyopen-mouthbreathing,squealing,blotchyskin,stiffnessandmuscletremors.Thebestwaytopreventtheoccurrenceoffatiguedpigsistominimizestressbyutilizinggoodanimalhandlingpractices.


Handling Equipment

Therearemanydifferentpiecesofhandlingandsortingequipmentonthemarkettohelpyousortormovepigsinasafe,humanandefficientmanner.Themostcommonlyusedhandlingequipmentisaphysicalbarrierlikeasortingboardorpanel.Thisisthemostversatileofmovingequipmentandcanbeusedtoprovidebothaphysicalandavisualbarrier.

Usinganelectricprodtomoveapigisstressfulandshouldnotbetheprimarytoolformovingpigs.Itshouldonlybeusedasalastresort,andshouldneverbeappliedtosensitiveareassuchaseyes,ears,nose,genitalsorrectum.Ifregularuseofanelectricprodisneeded,evaluateyourhandlingproceduresandfacilities.

Ifitisnecessarytouseaprod,itshouldbeappliedtothebackofthepigbehindtheshoulder,andthedurationoftheshockshouldnotexceedonesecond.Thepigshouldbeallowedtimetorespondbeforeanothershockisgiven.Electricprodsshouldnotbeusedwhenmovingpigsfromthepen.

Properanimalhandlingisalsoimportantduringtransportation.Transportationcanbestressfulforapig.Movepigswhenitisnottoohotorcold.Ifyoudohavetotransportpigswhenitishot,ensurethatyourpigsareshaded.Placewetstraworwoodshavingsinthebottomofthetrailer.Thiswillhelpkeepyourpigscoolduringtransport.Ifyoukeepthetrailermovingitwillhelpincreaseairflowandaidinkeepingyourpigscool.

Ifyouhavetotransportpigswhenitiscoldoutside,makesurethatyourpigshaveenoughstraworbeddingandpluganyholesinthetrailertohelpstopdrafts.

Nomatterwhatthetemperature,itisalwaysgoodtogiveyourpigswaterimmediatelyaftertransport,andduring,ifpossible.

Useproperequipmentforloadingandtransportingyourpigs.Youshouldalwaysloadyourpigsinacalm,carefulmannertohelppreventstressingyouranimals.Animalsshouldbetreatedhumanelyatalltimes.

Understandingpigbehavior,includingflightzone,pointofbalance,herdinginstinctandusingproperhandlingtechniquescaneasehandlinganddecreasestress.Properuseofhandlingequipment(i.e.minimizingelectricproduse,increasinguseofsortboard)canfacilitatehandlingandreduceinjuriestobothpigsandhandlers.Thesedetailsshouldbethefocusofcaretakertraining.


Willful Acts of AbuseWillful acts of neglect or abuse are unacceptable and are not tolerable.Willfulabuseandneglectaredefinedasactsoutsideacceptedproductionpracticesthatpurposelycausepainandsufferingincluding,butnotlimitedto:

•Purposelyapplyingprodstosensitivepartsoftheanimalsuchaseyes,ears,nose,genitalsorrectus.•Hittingorbeatingananimal•Failuretoprovideminimalfood,waterandcarethatresultsinsignificantharmordeathtoanimals.

Therearecurrentlynonationallawsorregulationsonimproperhandlingorabuseofswine.However,mostlocalorstategovernmentshavelawsthataddressanimalcruelty.Allproducers,includingyouth,shouldfamiliarizethemselveswithsuchlawsintheirlocations.

Allcaretakersshouldbefamiliarwithwhatisconsideredwillfulactsofabuseandknowthattheseareunacceptableandnottolerable.Ifawillfulactofabuseisobserved,immediatelytrytostopthesituationifsafelypossible.Discussthesituationwiththeappropriateauthority(owner,manager,lawenforcement,etc.).TheNationalPorkBoardstronglyencouragesanyonewithknowledgeofpossibleanimalabuseorneglecttoreporttheseactionsimmediatelytotheproperresponsiblepersons.

TheNationalPorkBoardendorsesadherencetothe See It? Stop It! initiativeanditsprinciples.

See It? Stop It!enforcestheperspectivethatwillfulactsofabuseareunacceptableandwillnotbetolerated.

See It? Stop It! empowersanyoneworkingonafarmorinafarmsettingwhereanimalsbeingraisedortransported,toimmediatelyreportanyinstancesofanimalabuseorneglect.


Summary

Recordkeyeventsthatcontributetogoodpigwell-being.Theseinclude:

•Establishmentofaveterinary/client/patientrelationship.•Administrationofmedicationandtreatments.•Documentingcaretakertrainingevents.•Dailyobservations.

Planfordifferenttypesofemergenciesbydevelopingawrittenemergencyactionplanandhavingemergencybackupequipmentinplaceforthesite.

Providefeed,waterandanenvironmentthatpromotespigwell-being.

•Managefacilityventilationtoachievedesiredairtemperatureandgoodairquality.•Evaluatepens,flooring,chutesandalleywaystoensuretheyareinagoodstateofrepairandnot causinginjurytotheanimals.•Evaluatefeedersandwatererstoensuretheyareinagoodstateofrepairandallowforadequatefeed andwaterdelivery.•Assessbodyconditionscoresandmanagenutritiontomaintaingoodbodycondition.•Provideadequatephysicalspaceforthepig’ssize.•Evaluateanimalsforsignsofhowwelltheyareinteractingwithintheirenvironment.Areasto evaluateincludeproductionperformance,mortalities,lameness,skinlesions,abscessesand wounds,rectalprolapses,ruptures/hernias,tailbitingandbehavior.

Useapprovedpracticestoeuthanize,inatimelymanner,thosesickorinjuredpigsthatfailtorespondtocareandtreatment.

Applybasicanimalhandlingconcepts,includinganimalinstincts/behavior,theflightzone,pointofbalance,acceptabletoolsandhandlingaides,whenhandlingandtransportingpigsofvarioussizes/types.

Recognizeandreportanyincidentofwillfulabuseorneglect.


Every caretaker has an ethical responsibility to protect and promote the well-being of the pigs in his or her care by:

• _____________________________________________________________________

• _____________________________________________________________________

• _____________________________________________________________________

• _____________________________________________________________________

Technology & PorkDiscuss with a friend how technology impacts the pork industry. Write the key points you discussed below.

Discuss with a friend how technology impacts your farm or pigs. Write the key points you discussed below.

Daily ObservationsRecord five things you should daily observe when checking you animal(s)

1. ______________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________


Scenarios

What would you do to improve each situation?

Pigs don’t have sweat glands to help keep them cool. The temperature is very hot in your barn. What is a sign that your pigs are too hot?

How would you help your pigs cool off?

A new litter was just born. Young pigs need to be kept warm. What are some signs that your pigs are cold?

What would you do to keep the pigs warm?

Pigs need plenty of water each day. How can you make sure that your pigs are getting enough water?


Timely Euthanasia

• _____________________________________________________________________

• _____________________________________________________________________

• _____________________________________________________________________

• _____________________________________________________________________

Emergency Backup PlanIt is a good idea to have an emergency action plan for your farm. This can be as simple as a list of contacts to call in case of an emergency. Fill out the contacts below.

Contact Phone(1) Phone(2)Yourname:Parent’sname:Alternatecaretaker:Farmemployee:Farmemployee:Veterinarian:Police:Firedepartment:Other:Other:Other:

Animal EvaluationDescribe five of the main components of animal evaluationRecord five things you should daily observe when checking you animal(s)

1. ______________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________


Promoting Pig Well-BeingDescribe how to promote pig well-being in the following areas:

FeedProvide proper care for pigs by…

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Provide proper handling for pigs by…

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Provide proper transportation for pigs by…

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

WaterProvide proper care for pigs by…

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Environment Provide proper care for pigs by…

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________


Body Condition ScoringScore each of the pigs below from one to five. Movement

Check each item that helps make moving your pigs less stressful.

Move six or less pigs at a time.

Take steps daily to get your pigs accustomed to human contact.

Move your pigs as fast as you can. The less time it takes the less stressed they will get.

Make loud noises to get your pigs to move faster.

Be as quiet as possible when moving your pigs.

Move your pigs in a calm manner.

Move obstacles out of your pigs’ view during movement.

Use a sorting board to help you move your pigs.

Use people to assist you that have been trained in animal handling.

ATTITUDE

Producer

FoodService


ATTITUDE

Producer

FoodService


ATTITUDE

Producer

FoodService


ATTITUDE

Producer

FoodService


ATTITUDE

Producer

FoodService


Body SpacePig space is considered adequate when, the pig is able to:

•

•

•


Proper ventilation, space and facility maintenance is important to a pig’s well-being. Describe how…

Ventilation

Space

Facilities

A willful act of abuse could include, but is not limited to:

• _______________________________________________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________________________________

_____________ acts of neglect or _____________

are ________________ and are not ______________________.



1. T/F – One way to show that someone has observed the animals every day is by keeping a log or record.

2. T/F – Feed efficiency is the amount of feed consumed per day.

3. T/F – Daily observation of animals can help determine the condition of a facility.

4. T/F – Pigs that have repeated exposure to pleasant handling are typically more relaxed around people and will generally be easier to move.

5. T/F – It is okay if a pig has to lie on another pig.

6. T/F – The maintenance of your pig’s pen can impact the well-being of your pig.

7. T/F – If your pig’s pen is too small, it can cause your pigs to be crowded and possibly become stressed.

8. T/F – Aggressive handling does not have an effect on meat quality.

9. T/F – If a willful act of abuse is observed it should be stopped immediately.

10. T/F – A pig’s point of balance is located in their mid-section.

11. T/F – Flight zone is an imaginary circle around an animal that is considered its individual space.

12. What are three components of your project that should be recorded?

13. A pig with a body condition score of 5 is considered

_______________________.

14. Give an example of an event that calls for timely euthanasia:


1.True

2.False–Poundsgainedperpoundoffeedconsumed.

3.True

4.True

5.False–Forbodyspacetobeconsideredadequate,apigmustbeabletoliedownonitssidewithout havingtolieonanotherpig.

6.True

7.True

8.False–Meatqualitymaybenegativelyaffectedinpigsthathavebeenhandledaggressively.

9.True

10.False–Apig’spointofbalanceislocatedattheirshoulders.

11.True

12.VCPR,administrationofmedicationandtreatments,documentingcaretakertrainingevents, anddailyobservations

13.Obese

14.Animalsshowingnoimprovementaftertwodaysofintensivecare,severelyinjuredornon- ambulatorypigswiththeinabilitytorecover,anyanimalthatisimmobilizedwithabody conditionscoreof1,pigswithlargeherniasthattouchthegroundandcausedifficultywalking.


Answer Key


Lesson 10 • GPP #10Utilize Tools for Continuous Improvement.

Lesson Objectives• Understandtheimportanceofeducatingallanimalcaretakers.• Useappropriateresourcestoevaluateyourrecords,facilitiesandpigobservations.

Key Terms

Training Animal CaretakersAdvancesinscienceandtechnologycontinually providenewopportunitiesaswellasnewproducts, equipmentandtechniquesfortheporkindustry.To stayabreastofthesechanges,everyonefromthemostsenior managertotheyoungestcaretakershouldbeengagedintrainingandeducationalopportunitiesconsistentwiththeirresponsibilities.AneffectivetrainingprogramisvitaltounderstandingandimplementingthePQAPlus®GoodProductionPractices(GPPs)forpromotingfoodsafetywhileimprovingporkproductionefficiency.

Allanimalcaretakersmustbetrainedintheirduties.Thistrainingcancomefromtrainingmanuals,CDs/DVDsandvideos.Trainingisnotonlyessentialforthecaretakers’safetybutalsoforassurancethattheanimalsintheircarearetreatedhumanelyandinamannerthatwillnotjeopardizethesafetyoftheporkproduct.

Throughoutatrainingprogram,atechniquecalledthePTSDRmethodmaybeusedtotrainothers.Thestepsbelowillustratethistechnique:

ThecornerstoneoftheYouthPorkQualityAssurance®Plus(YPQAPlus®)programiscontinuousimprovement.Allnewanimalcaretakersmustbetrainedintheirduties.Conductingsiteassessmentsonaregularbasisisanexcellentwaytobenchmarkhowtheanimalcarepracticesareimplementedandmeasuretheanimals’well-being.Therearethreecoreareasthatshouldbeevaluatedwhenmeasuringandbenchmarkingthewell-beingofyourpigs;records,facilitiesandpigobservations.Usingonlyoneofthesealonetoevaluatewell-beingcanbemisleading.

Prepare – Tell – Show – Do – Review (PTSDR)Animal well-being assessmentsCorrective action plan

1. Prepare 2. Tell 3. Show 4. Do 5. Review

GPP #10


Step 1: Prepare Stage

•Preparetotrainbyfocusingontheobjectivesandoutcomestoachievewithinatrainingprogram.

• Determinetimeconstraintsneededforanindividualtoobtainadesiredskill.

• Identifyactivitiesthatshouldbeimplementedinthetrainingprogramtoenhancetheknowledge andskillsofindividuals.

• Gathermaterialsneededtocarryoutactivitiesandtheentiretrainingprogram.

Step 2: Tell Stage

•Addresskeypointsneededtoobtainknowledgeandskills.

•Share informationneededinordertocompletethetask. oForexample,whenconductingatrainingsessiononanimalhandling,thetrainermight discussananimalhandlingbrochurethatcoversspecificinformationthetraineewould needtoknowinordertoproperlyhandleormovepigs.

Step 3: Show Stage

•Demonstratehowtocompleteaspecifictask. oContinuingtheexampleabove,thisisthepointatwhichthetrainerwoulddemonstrate howtoproperlyhandleormovepigs.Thismaytakeplaceinabarnwiththeanimals.

Step 4: Do Stage

•Enabletheindividualstopracticewhattheyhavebeenalreadytoldandwhathasbeenshowntothem. oTraineehasopportunitytopracticeproperlymovingandhandlingpigs,astheyweretold andthenshownintheexamplesabove.

Step 5: Review Stage

•Individualisevaluatedonhisorherperformanceofadesiredtask.

•Afterevaluationiscompleted,theindividualisgivenfeedbackandrecommendationsfor improvement.


Documentation of TrainingRegardlessofthetypeofeducationalprogramusedfortraining,andregardlessofhowformalorinformalthetrainingeventfortheanimalcaretakers,documentationofthetrainingisimportant.Trainingrecordsshouldindicatethenamesoftraineesandtrainers,topiccoveredandthedateofthetraining.Attentionshouldbegiventomakesurethecaretakersaretrainedandproficientintasksbeforetheyperformthemwithoutsupervision.

Conducting Animal Well-Being AssessmentsConductingsiteassessmentsonaregularbasisisanexcellentwaytobenchmarkhowtheanimalcarepracticesareimplementedandmeasuretheanimals’well-beingonthefarm.Youshouldbeawareofyouranimals’well-beingeveryday.Thesuccessofyouroperationisdependentuponthewell-beingandproductivityofyouranimals.Assessinganimalwell-beingonaregularbasiswillhelpdetectchangesintheenvironmentthatcouldnegativelyaffectyourpigs.

Exhibitors should be looking for the following during their well-being assessments:

• Checking Water oWatermustbeavailableatleasttwicedailyandinaquantitysufficienttofullysatisfythe pigs.Enoughwatersshouldbeavailablewithinapentodecreasecompetitionfortheresource.

• Checking Feed oAdequateamountsoffeedshouldbeavailabletopigs. oFeedshouldbekeptinasafeandsecureareatomaintainthecleanlinessofthefeed. oRecordonacalendarallchangesinfeed.

• Pens and Floors oReviewpensforobjectsprotrudingfromfencesthatcouldaffectthenumberandtypeof skinlesionsonpigs. oLookforbrokenslatsthatcouldcontributetolamenessorotherleginjuries. oFloorsshouldberoughenoughtominimizeslipsandfallsbutnotsoroughastoinjurethe padofthehoof.

• Chute Maintenance oSharp,protruding,orotherwiseinjuriousitemsshouldberemovedorrepaired. oBrokenormissingcleatsshouldberepairedorreplaced. oMovingpartssuchascables,pulleysandhingesshouldbeinspectedregularlyand maintainedasnecessary. oRampsandchutesshouldbekeptfreeofpotentialdistractions.

• Animal Observation oAnimalsshouldhaveenoughspacetomovearoundandlayfreely. oEvaluatetheenvironmenttomakesuretemperatureandairqualityarecorrectforthe specificphaseofproduction. oObserveanimalsforsignsofsicknessorinjury. oObserveanimalssleeping,eating,anddrinkingregularlyeveryday. oMortalitiesandeuthanasiasshouldberecordeddaily.


4-HleadersandFFAadvisorsaregreatresourcestoincludeinyourregularsiteassessments.Havingasecondsetofeyesobserveyourfarmandfacilitiescanbeusefulindetectingslightenvironmentalchangesthatcouldaffectthewell-beingofyourpigs.Additionally,theseindividualsserveasausefulresourceforlearningaboutnewequipment,productionpracticesandresearch.Itissuggestedthattheresultsofthesesiteassessmentsbediscussedwithyour4-Hleaderand/orFFAadvisorinordertodevelopandimplementanactionplanforidentifiedproblemareas.Theseassessmentsanddocumentationofcorrectiveactionsmadeshouldbefiledandkeptforfuturereviewandcomparison.

Develop and Implement an Action PlanThefinalstepofconductingasiteassessmentistodevelopandimplementacorrectiveactionplanforanyareathatneedsimprovement.Acorrectiveactionplandocumentswhatactionshavebeenorwillbetakentocorrecttheissue(s)identifiedduringtheassessment.Thisfinalstephelpstodemonstratetheindustry’scommitmenttocontinuousimprovementtoourindustrypartners,customersandthegeneralpublic.Someissues,suchaswritteneuthanasiaplansorpoorairquality,maybecorrectedrelativelyquickly.Inthiscase,yourcorrectiveactionplanshoulddocumenthowtheissuewascorrected.Otherareas,suchasinadequatemedicationandtreatmentrecordsorlowbodyconditionofpigs,mayrequireextraresourcesortimetocorrect.Inthiscase,yourcorrectiveactionplanshoulddocumentadetaileddescriptionofhowyouplantocorrecttheissueandatimelineforexpectimplementation.

Trainingorretrainingofcaretakersmayalsobepartofthecorrectiveplanineffortstocorrecttheissueorpreventitfromoccurringagaininthefuture.A4-Hleaderand/orFFAadvisorcanbeausefulresourcewhendevelopingandimplementingyouractionplan.Heorshecanprovideideasoradviceonhowanissuemaybecorrectedorconnectyouwithotherexperts.

Summary

Performongoingtrainingforallanimalcaretakersintheirdutiesandinprovidingcarefortheanimals,equipmentandco-workersintheoperation.

Conductanddocumentregularsiteassessmentstoidentifyareasforimprovementandbenchmarkprogresstowardscontinuousimprovement.

Developacorrectiveactionplantoimproveareasidentifiedduringthesiteassessment.Implementthecorrectiveactionplantodemonstrateyouarecommittedtocontinuousimprovement.


Tasks & TrainingList all caretakers in your operation, the tasks they are responsible for and one thing they can be trained on related to their tasks.

Name Task Training

Name Task Training

Prepare – Tell – Show – Do – ReviewPrepare

Tell

Show

Do

Review

Identify three tips to developing and implementing an action plan

1. ______________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________

___________________ and __________________ are great resources to include in your regular site assessments.


Animal Well-Being AssessmentsConducting site assessments on a regular basis is an excellent way to benchmark how the animal care practices are implemented and measure the animals’ well-being on the farm.Checking Water

_________________________________________________________________________________Checking Feed

_________________________________________________________________________________Pens and Floors

_________________________________________________________________________________Chute Maintenance

_________________________________________________________________________________Animal Observation

_________________________________________________________________________________


1. T/F – Animal caretaker training does not have to be documented.

2. T/F – The cornerstone of the Youth Pork Quality Assurance Plus program is continuous improvement.

3. T/F – Only the newest employees need to be engaged in training and educational opportunities about their specific responsibilities within the operation.

4. T/F – Training is only for the benefit of the workers’ and caretakers’ safety.

5. T/F – You should be aware of your animal well-being every day.

6. Identify the five things to look for during well-being assessments.

7. Identify the three core areas that should be evaluated when measuring and benchmarking the well-being of your pigs.


1.False–Itisimportanttokeeptrackoftrainingthroughdocumentationtoensureeachcaretaker knowswhatheorsheisdoing.

2.True

3.False–Everyonefromthemostseniormanagertothenewestemployeeshouldbeengagedin trainingandeducationalopportunitiesconsistentwiththeirresponsibilities.

4.False–Trainingisnotonlyessentialforcaretakersafetybutalsoforassurancethattheanimalsin theircarearetreatedhumanelyandinamannerthatwillnotjeopardizethesafetyofthepork product.

5.True

6.Checkingwater,checkingfeed,pensandfloors,chutemaintenanceandanimalobservation

7.Records,facilitiesandpigobservations


Answer Key

youth pork quality assurance plus...

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