Zq-Y,{ __s Â[Z›bzZ²)ZâxZ0Z!q?g9*îGZvmÅc˜ZsgZYÂ[»¬gsÔ

!-:÷EXEZzgY,{(

//// eZË·¡a////////

qƒqæ׊Abstract:

"Hadith is the second most important source of

Islamic teachings. Different types of knowledge

came into existance to protect Hadith such as

Usool e Hadith, Usool e Fiqh and Ilal e Hadith etc.

Jarh wa Tadeel ( bz®s ) is one of these logical

tools which discusses about the biography and

status of a narrator to accept or reject his

narration. There is a lot of available published

literature related to this topic. ''Kitabul Jarh wat

Tadeel'' by Imam Ibne Abi Hatim has played a key

role to develop the basics of this knowledge. This

article is basically a littel effort about this book

for its introduction, theme and its review."

Š+ZsxÆãCŠ~rŠgLLŒÛWyzug$óó�XZyÅ™«»f)pŠZv¬àäZVc*ZzgZkäZLÈzVÐZkÅ™«»»x1XZkK~ug$ÅïZzgYyœ

ÆagYwug$»Zq-(,Zfí{z�Š~Wc*XZkÆ´z{ug$ÅïÆZßwÔZ˜q]®ZzgŠv¹ÐEx¶XZÏÅ$+zªŠ*~«%û½â0*õÑÄßÍVÆqÑ]ÔÂZgõÔÎZöZzg%ZA$6,ŒDgYw‚tWc*T6,Oîg6,›yõ™Mh�ÔZϯ6,Z#Ö0ÊvZZx¬Åê

M6,',F,~ZzgEq݃ð ŠvÓxZ‘ï™ÌZkÅZŠã

nÑäЇÜ�XZk6,zWÔ%EÄZsðÔÍg»Ò-ãzg;ÔßW!*Š ////

¼ZgÔ%EÄZsðÔÍg»Ò-ãzg;ÔßW!*Š ////////

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ35

qì:LL›y (D.S Margoliouth.1940-199) �gàtâgÍa))))1111(((( ug$6,TŠge�õ™Mh�Xóó è ZLD

ŠgEx~ÐZq-DLLbz®sóóìÔT~gZz-VÅp>Øz è Z4‡.ÞŠc*-$ZzgZy6,bÆ!*g}~ºmZÖpÔZÖpÆŠgY]ZzggZz-VÆZjZw6,cƒCìX

Dbz®sÅZÌŠ+zŠ*~ZKy¹Ï¥â]ÆaZ¶gzgzZc*]6,„ZOŠ™@*ìZzgZyZ¶g

~hz!*ëÔœtz[ZzgßzßZ[ƒ¼ñ�ŠƒÔÂZÐÑiòîg6,9zŠg„Å×Å¢zg]7,CìXZ# Š+»çn¹**iuì ZkÆCÙ¬~Íc*¬ZÞÅF,)ãÅYCì®ZZygzZc*]ÆÒyZzg¡~ZôoÆÓxZßßVÃæÃg¢zg~ìX

Ô Zv¬àäZ#Ö0ÆaZ,Z[aZKMVä‚èŒÛWyÔ<LgÎwZv~VWU*§ô/z@*ÉZzg,c*zëz~Å™«»hZŠZ™Šc*ÔZyÓxqzVÃZrVä�Æ‚BÒy™ä»ZoZxHZzgŠzuzV6,ÌZÐÑixIZc*X

Zâx†Zv0Igu�ÛâD¸:óó ]¦‰ß^�Úà]Ö‚màæÖçŸ]¦‰ß^�ÖÏ^ÙÚà�^ðÚ^�^ð LL

�Š+»zìZ¤/�:ƒCCÙWŠò�eLHgLX( )

Dbz®sÆZzAÝlgzZe$~ZôoZzggZz-VÆ0)ÅZ’Zô/™ZxgèZv

“-�êE

ÆŠzgЃCì6 Zâx›äZKÂ[Æl)~ZkżVBf™Å�ÔZϧbZâx›ZK�Æ‚BZâx·0§+@*¹ÐÜ™D�:LLZkÐIßvZ‹ŠÆ!*g}~:7yÔQZ#�gzúƒZÂz{ìÑ:

LL…ZLgYwÆ**xCƒÔZI<LʬYñÇZzgZyÅug$Ã1Yñ))))2222(((( ÇZzgZI$+®)ÊN™ZyÅug$ÃghŠc*YñÇXóó

ZâxZ£g¶ZväZK�Æ‚BZâxZ',Z��»¸wf™Hì:LLZ‹ŠÆ0))))3333(((( (ÆŠâV~7YYäÎXóó ]eàœeoÂfn‚$ÏËo Ug)

ZϧbZâxš-öIEÃgß074-ê

EGIä/z0™yÆzZôÐug$‹ð �¿

XXX7,ñZÐtNZ[AÇXZâx Ÿ�Öä�Ÿ]Ö×#äæu‚åŸ�†mÔÖäÖä]ÖÛ×ÔæÖä]ÖvÛ‚

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ45

^š-öIE�ÛâD�~Y™/z0™yÐ5Zzg7Y W\þäug$ÒyÅì?ÂZ,Vä�Ûâc*:LLgÎwZv~VÆô!Z1Z-[Z»g~gèZvÅä‹ðXóó

))))4444(((( Zâx+B-öG

G0G·y�ÛâD�:LLt�Æ0ƒÐZzAïìXóóbz®sÅZ’Zð>]~ZâxÅ3ïGI0Ä)571|(Å@*gõÔZâx†Zv0

))))5555(((( Igu)181|(ÅÂ[»f™MìXZϧbZâxfIäf™Hì z60›)591|(ÅÌ@*gõgYwÆ!*g}

))))6666(((( ~Zq-Â[ìXXZ[äZkDÃZq-x®Æîg6,æzy™ä»ÚZZVc*ÔZy~ÐZq-

Zë**xZâx†Z°ÝZ0Z!q?»ìXLLÂ[Z›bzZ²sóóZâxZ0Z!q?Åz{¤/ZVât"ì�DPYZ°YwZzgbz®s~Zq-ãCŠ~éÅwgBbìXtÂ[ïug$Zzgö$ÆgzZe$zŠgZe$~ZZZzg9F,+§&ZN[»Zq-4+%:ìXZyTg~'Æ¿¬gsƈëZkÂ[ÅZÌZzgZ|[6,!*Ñ"ggzÝeZBÐX

ZâxZ0Z!q?ZkÂ[Æ'Lg}óÆ�gö_ZzgÕŠZâx†Z°Ý0·0ZŠgö0

ZÅ.5åEEg0$ZyÔZ1·ÔZ0Z!q?ZÄB3ŒÐö

EEZ°Zi~�ÔZâx\.›éãäZÑK[~f™Hì Â83ŒÐöEE

Lg}óÆ´º~Zq-vKŧsÚìXZâxZ0Z!q?ŠzÎe:)042(ó~~aZƒñXZ’Zð/~ZrVä�g

‡g~a0�áfZyÐŒÛZY]ŒÛWy-ÔZkÆZLzZ−ZâxZ1q?ZzgZâxZ1ig·gZi~z){fYÐDug$qÝHXQZrVäŠz΢)552(ó~~ZLzZ−Åö~ešMZvÅXŠ]qÝÅX

ZkÆ´z{ZyÆZ‚E+{~†Zv0GZÆI\÷IEÔ·0›0zZg{Ô›0Z)`

‰·gö$�áï�ZzgZϧbZyÆ�á¤/ŠzV~ZŸ0ZZÊ-.-+ö

GGÔZ1Z£qÁZ.ÔZ

0·ZÅ©}é GgZzgZâxZ1q?Z0xyZÉ4o-ö EG‰x‹�áï�X

ZyÅZâ#Öz°ªÔp>ØZzgd%û6,ƒW[5ÃWD�ÔZâxZ0Z£ZÁè�ÛâD�:

ZZÚ^…œmkœu‚]Úà†ÍÂf‚]Ö†uÛàƒÒ†Âßäqã^ÖèμXX~†Z°ÝÆY+zZßV~ÐËÃ7Y}TäZyÐË )˜ª»f™HƒX(

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ55

ZâxZ0Z!q?Å£?~Šg`fsÃ�áï�:

]ÖjËŠn† 1:ZâxZ0Z!q?Åt‚eg¢zV~czs‚ìXZÒÂ~ZyÆ

))))8888(((( �ZŠ~Ô ))))7777(((( jZáÐô/Ô@*ÉZzgŠvZ[Æ‚~ZZwÃÜHY@*ìÔZâxZoÔz){äZKZKÃ~Zk»f™HìXŠZgZËÔÛz]ÐZÄ· ))))00001111(((( Zzg/&! ))))9999(((( ig

qÅïÆ‚BaŠ{?Z]~t‚,qìX

Òj^hÂ×Ø]Öv‚m& 2:igÔ�ZŠ~ÔZzgZoäZKÃ~Zk»f™HìXtÂ[Њz¢zV~

¾_ìXZÅ)»40î GEGZÑW,t‚IÔ0*ÎyäÌZЊz¢zV~�áùHìX

]ÖÛŠß‚ 3:�ZŠ~ÔigÔ/&!ZzgZâxZoäZk»E+™{HìZzg¹ì tÂ[Zq-DÙZg

ZbZY6,ΓX

Êç]ñ‚]Ö†]‡mnà 4:ZâxZ0Z!q?ÅZkÂ[»E+™{ZâxZoäZKÂ[4]Z›~HìX

]ÖËç]ñ‚]ÖÓf†p 5:ZâxigZzg�ZŠ¶ZkÂ[»f™HìXZâxZoä�áh+ZÏÂ[»**xZ|ZZ+

Z.–ìX

]ֈ₠6:igÔ�ZŠ~ZzgZoäZKÃ~Z0Z!q?ÅZkÂ[»f™HìZzgigä

ÐZÐñÎxHìX ‡â‚]Ö%Û^ÞnèÚà]Öj^eÃnà

]ÖÛ†]‰nØ 7:igäZk»f™HìZzgt„ZÑW,t‚IÅY+$ÐZq-¢~T”{ìX

]Ö†�Â×o]ÖrãÛnè 8:/gŸ&!ÔigÔ�ZŠ~ZzgZoäZKÂ1V~Zk»E+™{HìX

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ65

Òj^h]Ör†|æ]ÖjÂmØ 9:ZâxZ0Z!q?Z°Zi~ÅZkÂ[»E+™{…ÍZ>5ÔZÑ´xZzg4]Z›

Z«~~MìXZÏÂ[Æ!-:

÷EXEzZ|[6,Zk£á~WÅYñÏX

ÚÏ‚Úè]Ör†|æ]ÖjÂmØ 01:tŠgZÝW\ÅÂ[Z›bzZ²s6,W\»–ƒZl)ìXigZzg�ZŠ~ä

Zk»f™HìZzgigäZм%îGZH£îEG‚[Z›bzZ²sÐñÎxHìXZyŠzâVÂ1VZ›bzZ²sZzgl)Ã>ŠZ],>ZšgsZÅš-)é I6Ô©gW!*ŠŠÁ

ä2591~9¢zV~�áùHXZy~Ы¢l)6,ŒìX

]ÖÓßFo 11:igÔ�ZŠ~ZzgZoäZâxñßsÅZkÂ[»f™HìX

Úß^Îg]ÖC^ÊÃo 21:/gŸ&!ÔigÔ�ZŠ~ZzgZoäZkÂ[»jZ!Šc*ìZzgigäZÐWŠZ[

ZwzoK–ìXtÂ[†ZD†ZÓÛÅïЊZgZ^ZÅ›Ð.0îGÔÛz]ÅY+$ÐZq-¢~

,qìX

en^áì_^]Öfí^…p 31:ZâxñßsÅZkÂ[»f™igäHìX

Òj^h]ÖÛŠ^ñØ 41:ZâxZ0Z!q?ÅZkÂ[»E+™{�ZŠ~äZKÂ[˜å!îGGZ°g@~HìX

Â[»Yì¬gsÂ[Z›bzZ²s�ZÑsxZ1·†Z°Ý0Z!q?)723|(ÅDPZ°Yw

(Editing 6,ŒZq-ãCŠ~ZzgxwÅqïÂ[ìXZkÂ[Å»g~Zzgï)~Z‚Ï™ŠZg�g¶¬Ý´)†Z°Ý0

+B-öG

GâäZŠZHX†Z°Ý0+B-öG

Gâ6691X5981(5981~^Æà“-*î NG~aZƒñX1431~yz*y B )3131|X6831|

»HZzgg,œ~J-ug$Zzg@*gõÅÃÅïZzgo»»xHZzg1731~zZ:l−

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ75

‰Zzgz;V6,„wxVÆôZyHgƒñZzgz�6,]ƒñXÂ[Z›bzZ²sÅï™äzZßV~Zq-**x�gàteZË™æ

(»ìXeZË™æs�Û&4øGGIZq-ðàt¸Ôˆ~z{ Fr.Krenkow,1935-1876)))))11111111(((( æs!*sxƒ‰ZzgZC**x·‚Ý™æ~g3X

Z0Z!q?ÅtÂ[âCÙ+®ZzgfYxzî»ZëF,+%Ug„ìZzgZkÆ°CÙiâä~ŒZzwgìptåÂ[«%ûïÆZÈxÆ‚B>ŠZ],>ZšgsZÅš-)é I"0î EGGä�áùÅX

>ŠZ],>ZšgsZÅš-)é I6ä&ZëN¶V6,ZOŠ™Dƒñ£g:ƈÂ[Z›bzZ²ségW!*ŠŠÁŧsÐ1631|~i-gTÐWgZ3HXt&°Šg`fs�:

)�:872( Ã6,~ 1X)�:7241( ¯„%ZŠ5 2X)�:298( ŠZgZ^ZÅ.¸ç!îGG 3X

Z¶VÆ».ÞÆ‚B‚BZkÅS®)Ì.e$pzg]Zzg {â~ƒðÔZÏÊZgZ§YZnZ_Z²!ÔÛz]äŠz!*g{�áùHX!-:

÷EXEÂ[

ZâxZ0Z!q?äZkÂ[ÃZkz‰Ü"HZ#Zk®~æzyq,¹ðh~®ZŠ~‰ÔZkÆ!*z�ŠtÂ[ZKF,KMÔ¥â]Åp>ØZzgdZ|[ÆjZáПiwÅqïìXDbz®s~ZkÂ[ÅZÌ»Z0+Zi{ZâxfIÆZkwÐÎc*YYì:

dÅŠ?ìXóó è LLZ0Z!q?ÅÂ[ZyÅzÝÂ[ÅZÌÃzZã™äÆa[Â[´)†Z°Ýâ»tw»°ì:LLZâxZ1†Zv·0Z³gg~äZK@*gõL@*;ÅÂZrVäZLÏ

ô/™ZxгZLìcÆ¡J-ÓxgZz-VÆZq©ÅÃÒÅXZâxgg~ÊgzZâ#Öz°ªZzgZk®~'»Z³ZiqÝìZzgZyÅÂ[L@*gõóÅZKZÌZzgZqÐiZ]

�@*ëZâxgg~Å@*gõ~ZÒz9¥zZ>6,bz®sÆZ±gÐgZz-V6,¬ÅÜZs#ñ�Š7ìX

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ85

ZkÚÃZâxgg~ÆçÜZzgDzcÄ~Z4ÅéŠzYZ;gZâñV:Z1q?·0ZŠgögZi~ZzgZ1ig·gZi~äCkHZzgZЊzg™**e;XŠzâVäZ0Z!q?Ãèc*Ôz{ZyŠzâVÐÎZw™DYDZzgz{ŠzâV�Z[ŠïYDX-VZ0Z!q?äZyŠzxZâñVÅgÉð~gZz-VÆ0Z[®ÅÀmÃZ‰HX~bz®sƬÅÜZs#¶XZ’Zðîg6,ZyÆ0*k&Z[:ZyÆzZ−)ZâxZ1q?(ZâxZ1ig·ZzgZâxgg~ÅÀm¦ƒ‰X

QZ,VäZ[ÅÀm»âHZzgZL!*\Zzg·0Z',Z…Ðz{ÓxgzZc*]áB�Z,Vä/z0ZZ*kÐgzZe$ʼnÔZk~z{gzZc*]̉�#käZLZ¿ŠÐ½‰Zzgz{Ì�ZrVäZLxY

+B-öG

G·yÔ†Z°Ý0&£å~c*ZyÆxYZâxçyNg~Zzg%z){ÐgzZe$ʼnX

Z,VäZ£0NmÔ+B-öG

G0¥ÔZ0æ´Zzg·0†Zv0Œz){‰ÓxZ[ZzgZyÆ�á¤/ŠzVJ-Z£w�ÅÃÒÅÔù¦îg6,Z,Vä¹JœÅ ZLiâ:J-Æ¥zZ>Æ!*g}~Z[bz®sÆZ©x»Zq©™BZzgtƒ¼z{9Z‹ŠÆ‚BÜ™D�Ôz{Z‹Š�qc*ŒÛZY]èk;MÆ‚BµƒC�Xóó

Wy~ë�:LLzZªtÂ[Zk®ÅZxZ2[ìZzgƒˆzZßVäZÏÐ))))22221111(((( æŠàìXóó

!-:÷EXEÂ[Æ!*g}~ZâxZ0Z!q?g¶ZvpŠ�ÛâD�:

LLëäZkÂ[~bz®sÅ©e$ÆaZIcÄZzgZIDŧsg�qHìÔX~Ьn}ÔQOy+»f™HìÔŒVJ- t©e$÷}zZ−ZzgZ1ig·g

9+�)éZvJ-BìÔëäZ,ßÍVÆZZwÃÜ7H�Zk®Å7g~'g]:gnpÔëäCÙ©e$ÃZkÆÒy™äzZáZzg�Z[Ã�Z[Š¶zZáŧs™[HìXXßÍVÆ0Z[ÐÎZwHŠHÔZyÆ!*g}~ëäZ[ÆZZw»Y,{á™Zy~ÐCÙZq-ÆÚÃv.s™Šc*ìZzgCÙ¬wgZz~Æ!*g}~ic*Š{oƒZzg9�Z[f™HìX¹Ð**ñVÃëäbz®sÆ%f™HìZyÆ™»Ñtì Â[ZyÓx¥zZ>6,ŒƒXÐDÃgzZe$HŠHìÔZkZy6, ZyÆ!*g}~bz®sïYñÏÂQëZyÆ)F,ZWzqÑ]Æ(‚BZÐf™™Š,ÐX‚y�áYZvëäÓx**ñVÃwzs{ÅF,KMÐf™HìXZϧbZ¤/Zq-„ws

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ95

~**xic*Š{ÂZyÆ!*7VÆ**ñVÃwzs{6,F,KMŠ}™f™Hì@* ¤ÆaZL°ŠJ-)W‚yƒZzgz{ZK¢zg]Æ£xŧsÂz™nXóó

Â[ÆZqÐiZ]ZâxZ0Z!q?ÅtÂ[ZKpçVZzgZ|[ÅzzÐZk®ÅŠvÃ6,¯E

gBbìXÂ[Åï™äzZßV~ÐZq-¬Ý¦;Ö0+z~ZkÂ[ÆŠg`fsZqÐiZ]Ñg™D�:

ƒÐZëqT»'äZkÂ[~ZÈxHìz{tì gYwZzg¥zZ>Æ X1qÑ]f™™DƒñZyÅwÃÁ7™DɹZâÇZ0+ZiZzg9F,+¬Æ‚BZyÅqªÃÒy�ÛâŠï�X‰)`6m36~(†ZßZu0#_»F,À

f™™Dƒñë� ZâxZ1ig·ÐZyÆ07YŠHÂZrVä�Ûâc*:z{LLœztóóìXZrVägYw6,bZzg×~Z•ðZowÃZ(gHì†)`6m32(6,†Zßu X2

0®Æ!*g}~+B-öG

G0G»¸wÜHT~z{ë� t†ZßZuz{ìXÐZziZ¦äÌgzZe$ÅìLLtÃðqÌ:åXóó

'aègYwÅcÄ~ƒÐ(,}¬ÝÔZkaZrVäZ+!*gÃV» X3f™HìXJ-ŠvßÍVÅg‚ð7†)`6m42(†ZßZu0zZÝZ1D{ÆF,À~ZâxZ£»twÜ™D�:LLZ1D{Z�ZŠ¡zZÑÂ:åpZyÅÂ[9ìXZϧb†ZÆ*0†ZÆ*ZmÆ!*g}~ZLzZ−Z1q?»twÜ™D�:LL~ZÐ7T}ZzgZyÅug$Ñ^6,ŠÑª™CìXóóZ0Z!q?Æ0*k°w»F,ZizìTů6,z{W[ÆZZwÃ9%ûŠï�:† 4X)`6m62(Z1–4Æ!*g}~˜� ~äZkÆ!*g}~ZLzZ−)Z1

))))33331111(((( q?(Ð7YÂZrVä�Ûâc*:LLZk~Ãðw`7z{ug$~™Ô�Xóó(¢zV~ìCÙ¢~ 9 tZq-îsB#ÖÅÂ[ì�,·ßg]~â)

,]Zz¹egÎ�T~½âäDÙZgÆŒÛd$gZz-VÆF,ZW�Ô,·~ZkÆF,ZWÅ®ZŠZVg{DÙZge:)04081(J-YBìZzgCÙF,ÀÅB#ÖZìXZÒF,ZWŠz&SzVÆ�Zzg‰~ic*Š{,ÌìX

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ06

ZâxZ0Z!q?äZKÂ[ÆW¸i~Zq-z¯l)’k,HìT~ZkDÅZ÷7Š~wÔŒÛWyz<LÐZkÆŠÑbÔW¸izZg»YZzgZë†]ÆjZáÐ-

cÅìX

l)bz®sÆZqÐiZ]Zkl)~'ä<LÅ¢zg]zZÌ6,gzÝeZàìZzgzŸs#Åì

tŒÛWyÅ�ágbìXZϧb9ZqŠg$Zzg®ZqŠg$ÅTyÅ¢zg]6,WÅìZzgug$ è+ Zzgt»xâCÙZ[Zzg**Š N ec*ì Z(°eìZ#gZz-VÆqÑ]Y‘Y

„™Mh�XZkƈ'ägZz-VÆZ4]ŧsZ�ág{HìXô/™ZxÅ

0*·i~ZzgZyÅ°ZªÆDƒä»f™HÔQ@*ÉÔs@*ÉÅ°pZzggZz-VÆ%ZA$ÒyKX

‰Z[Æ**ñVÃf™™äÆ�gZ[|]â´0Z÷Ôçy0ÄÔçyNg~Ô%z){ÆqÑ]»f™HZzgCÙZq-ÆDzaZzgZjZw6,ŒZq-„o{ ’k,HìX

ZϧbZyIt#ÆŠzgZy×ÔCZzgDug$ʼnZ+!*g−VÌWˆ�� ¹ic*Š{ZZ+6,Œ�Ôl)ÆZqÐiZ]ÿU-VÒyHYYìX

Zkl)»ƒÐ(,ZZqÐitì ZkÐö$Ƨi×zgzZe$Æ!*g}~ 1Xdù]q݃CìZzgظì gzZe$zŠgZe$~ZyŧÉZzg™ŠZgHì?ö$ÆZ4]~ÐDug$~ãCŠ~wgppzZáZ[»Zq-YìZzg 2X½7g¬gs™zZc*ŠHì� ¹ÆZzgãCŠ~âλqïìXpŠDbz®sÅZ÷7Š~wÃÒyH gZz-VÆZZz™s»f™ZzgZyÆ 3XÛ[»E+™{Zq-Š´¢zg]ìTÅãCŠ,ŒÛWyz<L~ñ�Š�Xô/z@*ÉÆÇ~ZkŸug$ÃÁx‹«JxäZšŠZsò~ZL X4ZLpyнZzgz{gzZe$zŠgZe$ÆÈZzgu*I}X

ZyZ‚vDz¿äZKø[ÐDug$ázZ÷7Š~Zk£gJ-àŠc* �:Üs›âVÆa‡.ÞõIZÉZZx¬ÝÌgSŠ*J-ZkÅZŠãnÑäЇÜ�ÔZkl)~ZyW[ö$ŧ]zZjZwÔŠc*-$zzgqZzgi@z¾~ÅZq-gzצk,7™Š~ˆìX

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ16

Dbz®s»»Ÿì **Šug$Z¶gÆ0zWZ:qg‚rƒÔ‚—Óx X5gZz-VZzg�zV»ZÐDƒYègZz-V6,bz®sZq-¿ìXZkl)

Ðظì ö$ÃZkD~¾ŠgÑbœgqÝå2ZyÆ;V¾ŠgzZ»sZzguö0*ðYCìX

l)Â[Z›bzZ²sÆÑ]Zkl)~f™KYäzZáZëdIt#Šg`fs�:

Ñ™*~V»£xz%ûZv¬àä»[·~VÃÓxßÍVŧs¬_�Ûâc*ìQW\6,Z+Â[

**iw�ÛâðT~CÙqÅzŸs#ñ�ŠìZzgW\ÃZkÂ[»�ágbZzg!54èEOGEŒÛZgŠc*XZv¬à»�Ûâyì:

))))44441111(((( ZZæø]*ÞøÖûßø^�ôÖønûÔø]Ö„(Òû†øÖôjöføn(àøÖô×ß$^ŒôÚø^Þö(Ùø�ôÖønûôÜûXX

ëäW\ŧsZkf™)ŒÛWy(ÃZkaZ@*gZì@* W\ßÍVÆ )a�ZyŧsZ@*gZŠHìÔZÐÅw™Òy™Š,X(®ZlzæÜ~W\~V„¬ŒÛWyÔÂ[ZvÆçãz%ZŠÃY+zZáZzg

Z©x~Ôzw#ÖÅ”™äzZá¸XÓx›âV»ZZyì gÎwZv~VäZKzÃ]ÐIZkf)ŠZg~ÃZŒ§iÆ‚B7gZHZzg‘t6,Zv¬àÅuÃÓx�ÛâŠc*X

<LZzgZ[<LÅTygÎwZv~V„Â[ZvÆçãZzg%ZŠÅzŸs#™äzZá�ÂZkÅ

cÄ»§iÜstìgÎwZv~VÅ9ZqŠg$ZzgW\Æô/™ZxÆWU*gÅcÄ

qÝÅYñXp9zAÅTy¾§bƒ?ZâxZ0Z!q?ZkÎZw»�Z[Šï� Z(

»xZk®~'g]gppzZáÜsZ4·gfYÆ×ů6,eìqZv¬àäZkDÆ‚B{mîg6,âZiZZzgZ¹ZkÅcÄzTy«�ÛâðX

ZâxZ0Z!q?äZK�Æ‚BÜHì †Zv0Igug¶ZvйŠH LLßÍVÅZypŠ‚�ZqŠg$»H¶Ç?ÂZrVä�Ûâc*þ:LLZyÅ{§âCÙfY)CÙŠzg~(

))))55551111(((( i0+{g�ÐXóóZzgZID»Zyö$ÅZâ#Ö6,Z·tìX

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ26

ZâxZ0Z!q?äl)~Zq-ZëÎZwtZVc*ì fYsiZzgZIÆƊgxyZq-zZã„~�ÛtZzgZ%sg;ìÔÂHZâxZ1�ÔZâxZ1-ŠZzgZâx·g

9+�êZvÌZyßÍVÅp>ØzZâ-$6,5�?QpŠ„ZkÎZw»�Z[!*,îgŠï�:

LL;V!ZyßÍVÅZâ#Özp>Ø6,ƒZID»Z·tì‚ ZIÆÌZk~ñZk™DƒñÃWD�ÔZkƈZâx™r#äçyNg~g¶Zv»twÜHì LL~äZâxZ1�ÐËqÆ0ÎZw7

))))66661111(((( HÔ;VZ%z{íÐXZzgFqzVÆ0Šgc*Ä™D¸XóóZϧbZâxZ1�g¶ZväZ',Z�0£yÐSàîg6,z{uhK�z{

))))77771111(((( æÜ~Zâxâ´ÐqÝ™ÆWñ¸XZâxZ0Z!q?�ÛâD�:Zâx™r#»çyNg~ÐÎZw™**ZzgZâxâ´Å

ZqŠg$ÃrZk6,ŠÑª™@*ì ZrVäÌZyÅZâ#ÖÃI�Ûâc*XZϧbpŠZâx·XN ½â&‚wJ-Zâxâ´Æ0*kgìZzgZyÐWJÎÆŒÛd$ZqŠg$®)�Ûâ

¥zZ>ÆâΊgzÈ~Z#Â[ZvÆçãZzg<LgÎwZv~VÅcÄ'ÜZzggzZe$Æfg=

ЄeìÂÑixì ¬ŠwÔqƒzŸ*gZz-VZzgZygZz-VÆŠgxy�ÛtHYñ�¸…Ôd-öGYZÄB©ûEEZzgÑ^1%zZá�X«nÅgzZc*]ÃJwHYñÇ@* Zv¬àÆŠ+ÆÇõ‰VÅTyƒZzgZÏ6,Š´Z©xÅãCŠƒÏZzgŠzu~nƉgZz-VÅug$ÃÜsLZ±góÆa–YYìÔZzg!*¹gZz-VÅÅug$gŠ™Šc*YñÇX

gZz-VÆ4]ZâxZ0Z!q?ä¥zZ>ug$Êg`fs0*õ4]~„Hì:z{¥zZ>�gZz-VÐ0åcÄgppzZáÔâCÙcz*�ÔtZIH,ÉZzgb X1z®sÆZâx�Xz{gZz~�ZKfZ]~¬Šw¸Ôug$Æ¡z‚~ZIœ~иÔtZI X2°Zª�Xz{gZz~�ZKgzZe$~œzt)F(�ÔŠ+~sZzgqƒ�ÔZyÃLzë̃ X3Y@*ìpìZ[Zzg**Š+äZyÃJwHìÔZyÅug$̇.ÞuìXz{gzZ>�œztÔsÂ�pZy6,zëÔœZzg!V»„ìÔZyÅug$ÃÜs X4F,(zF,9ZzgWŠZ[~–YYìZ# 'wzwZx~ZyÅug$u7X

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ36

MVäZCmZk¤/z{Ð�h1åXÆÑ^»7wW[Zzg**Š+6,ÁŠHåZy X5Åug$ÃghŠc*YñÇX

®*4]ò ZâxZ0Z!q?ä¥zZ>ug$ÃiâäÆZ±gÐeg¤/zƒV~„Hì

@*É«Jx X2 ô/™ZxgèZv“-�êE

X1Z[ug$ X4 Znq@*É X3

Zkƈ'äDug$ÆãCŠ~2yÅwgppzZáW[»-E+™{HìXZâxZ0Z!q?äZyÃiâ:ÅF,KMÐeg4]~„HìZzgDug$Zzgbz®sÆâCÙÀZVg{fY»E+™{HìX6,ZkDÅZ‚k‡ììZzgz{7g~Z#Ö

Æ4,Šq-.Zâx�X

teg4]Šg`fs�:ª¡:)1(Zâxâ´0Z÷)2(çy0Ä)3(çy0GZjg~

))))88881111(((( )4(�0Z)`)5(׊0ih+)6(†Z°Ý0/zZÆIziZ¦XŠzuZ¡:)1(

+B-öG

G0GZÅ©Œé Gy)2(†Z°Ý0&£å~)3(†Zv0Igu))))99991111(((( )4(Z1ZGtZÅ«çEEZg~)5(P1!g¡ç†ZÆIZZ−b)6(zµ3üG0Z›ZbX

ŠZ¡:)1(ZâxZ£0Nm)2(+B-öG

G0¥)3(Z0Z=´)4(·0†Zv))))00002222(((( 0Œ

))))11112222(((( aå¡:)1(ZâxZ1ig·Z°Zi~)2(ZâxZ1q?Z°Zi~XZÏ6,l)Â[Z›bzZ²s»ƒY@*ìZzgŠzu~¢ÐÂ[Z›bz

Z²sÅZ’ZƒCìpZkÅZ’Z~83,]~ZyIt#Ãf™HŠHì�Dbz®sÆZÝZÑßw�Zzg™93!*[$g.0î

GGGðgz~ÅZä&.èE

$g+ö GŠZ£ÐZQ~F,KMÆ‚BgzZ>ug$Ãf™™**ÑzqHìX

)q¢~Â[Z›bzZ²sÐZ.Š{DZYgYwZzgb®sÆ!*g}~tÂ[Zq-ZÐZŠ~wÅqïì

Šg`fs¼Š§hVÐW`Ìtøg}a¹‚ñZŠZLZ0+gœƒñìXT~ZëZñgŠg`fsƒMh�:

ug$ÅïZzgoz${š3ýGE

GÆat¹ZëÂ[ìXTÐ"Ñg>ÃZ+{ X1

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ46

(~ÑgƒCìX Primary Sources ZVgì�ZzgZke~tãCŠ~rŠg)ZâxZ0Z!q?ÔZâxgg~ZzgŠvZ[ÅZyÂ1VÐ…@*;»ZŒZ0+Zi¥xƒ@* X2

ìTÅF,KM¹œZzg%A$ìTÐZ0+Zi{Îc*YYì øg}ZssäZ’ZЄczïÆZßßV6,¾ŠgÂzŠ~ìX

l)Â[ÆZëIt#ÃZIDZzg¥™ZxÆI~¹¬x™äÅ¢zg]ì@* X3 ug$t~~VZzgZkïÆ!*g}~�2]ZVñYD�ZyÅ|ÃŒYnZzgzZムZkDÅãCŠ,ŒÛWyz<L~zZãîg6,ñ�Š�Xö$Æ×gzZc*]ZzgZ¶gƧjÃZCäÅ¢zg]ì@* $zgZzg!*ëqzV X4Ã9qzVÐZµHZzg±âÅgZÉðÜsZzgÜsRZñgŧs„ÅYñÔug$Æ´z{gzZc*]§]Zzg@*gõz){~ÌÂuJ-ZyZßßVÃãCŠ¯c*Yñ� ïz)ÆZ,4+Zßw� W`J-Ãð̸xZk»�ŠwÑäЇÜìX

Â[Z›bzZ²sÆ!*g}~].h+î])q¢~Zkât**iÂ[ÅdZzgZ‚ÏwÆ7ÃZYç]äF

UzVÐï™zZðì&fs~f™HY@*ì:†Z°Ý0Z!q?zZW,{°ExZ�g$ÔŠÆggf¯i~†ZÅ.ŒÒïE 1XZ0Z!q?zÂ/Z›bzZ²sÔrŠg{zWU*g{Ô&Ÿ5åEka†ZœZŠÔg‚ÈîGâ8k2.ç EG

G 2XÑŠZ0Z!q?Z°Zi~°Z·>ÔââŠzÃãÔg‚ÈîGâ8k2.ç EG

G 3XZ°zZ>ZÅ.h½ð]e°Â[Z›bzZ²sÑ0Z!q? 4X

Ü9c¾qwdÔóZzgZŠ!Z±gÐt®bz®s6,ãCŠ~âÎÅÂ[ìT

Æl)~Zßwug$»f™ìZzg!*¹Â[~ZQ~F,KM~gzZ>ug$ÆqÑ]ZzggzZe$ug$~ZyÆ%û6,cìXZkÂ[ÃCÙZsòÑ$~Åi“Mƒ**ecZzgZIDÅÃ~gxe’XZv'ÃZkZëd»zl6,bZŠ}Zzg…}.#ÖŠ+ÅÂ=

«�ÛâñXW}

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ56

jZ!Y]£Ñ]ºm:432Zzg352 X1

51 / ›0Z)`Ôl)9›1 X2083 / £0NmÔZÅ›Óÿ)gzZ!îGGZ"0î EE†Zv(3 1 3X

gZ&¡çE'×~ÔZ1·0ÜŠÔZÅ+Cå_ZÖÝ:m806 X4Zß*ÔZŧ=ç

EX„m:656Ô486 X5fIÔ·0Z£0¢yÔE+™>ZÄB¨éEp)1572( X6

ZoÔ†ZßJ[0ZÔ@*`Z−+Ô4]Z¢š0î EGGZ«~:3B523Ôï:†Z2b·ZÄCÒðÔu X7

úŠ·ZÅ‹5éEkÔŠZgZ§YZ^Z²"0î EGG

�ZŠ~ÔZ³!*�áÔ˜å!îGGZ°g@:5B315 X8igÔíZ−+ÔZÑ´x:3B423 X9&!Ô/gŸÔÍZÅ.ð05:5B071 X 01Š¶:

+B-öG

G%ZŠÔŠÆgÔÍPYZÅ.h4lç

GI:Ôm:475ÔŠZgZ^ZÅ›Ð.0îGÛz]Ô4002Y X 11âÔ†Z°Ý0

+B-öG

GÔl)[ X 21314Ô614 / 0+z~Ô;ÖÔ¦Ôf™"5å EEEðZqÐiZ]Z2[!Â[Z›bzZ²s6 X 31

Zì61:44 X 41Z0Z!q?Ô¼%îGZ›bzZ²s:1B3X2 X 51Zs1B3 61XZs1B6X5 X 71

ZzgZkÆZ[ÆqÑ]Å,ì� ™�11Ð912J-”ìX 1X01 1 1B Zs X 81ZyZ[ÆqÑ]Å,¼)~™912Ð292J-ìX X 91ZyZ[»E+™{¼)~™292Й823J-ìX 1X 02ZyÆqÑ]Å,™823Й573J-ìX X 12

•n^ñ1ivÏnÐ66