yuan xiao: making land fly
TRANSCRIPT
MAKING LAND FLY
YUAN XIAO, PHD
NOVEMBER 14, 2016
Land Quota Markets and Growth Management in Chinese Urbanization
I. INTRODUCTION: NEW PHENOMENON
2
1 DENSIFICATION OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS
I. Introduction
2 RECLAMATION OF RESIDENTIAL LAND FOR FARMING
I. Introduction
3 TRADING OF “LAND QUOTAS” ON THE MARKET
Source: http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_07/29/8035871_0.shtml
I. Introduction
4. WIDESPREAD PRACTICE AND INTENSE CONTROVERSIES
Source: http://www.travelchinaguide.com/map/
• 29 out of 31 provinces in mainland China run similar programs • Chongqing Municipality: 670,000 households resettled (2008 – 2013)
• Controversial: à efficient or distorting? à pro-peasant or hurting peasants?
I. Introduction
TAKE A STEP BACK Why study growth management? Why study China?
II. THE RESEARCH
8
1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS As a new institution, how were the land quota markets formed? What are the impacts of land quota markets?
II. The Research
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Revisiting urban spatial economics Extending fiscal federalism/socialism Learning from theory of property rights evolution Bridging studies of location-based land politics
II. The Research
3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND DATA COLLECTION
11
II. The Research
III. INSTITUTIONAL EVOLUTION: CENTRAL CONTROL AND LOCAL RESPONSES
12
URBAN LAND
RURAL LAND
LAND MARKETS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, AND PUBLIC FINANCE IN CHINA
• Partial marketization
peasants à government à urban land users
Leasing public land Land taking
Non market-based: government uses
command and control
Market-based: government leases land
use rights
• Local Governments Leverage Land Conversion to Finance Infrastructure
peasants à government à urban land users
1. DEVELOPMENT VS. PRESERVATION
Local Land Bureau
Municipal Government
Ministry of Land and Resources
Preserve Land! (farmland protection + social stability)
Develop Land! (fiscal revenues + economic growth)
Land Conversion Quota System
III. Institutional Revolution
Urban Expansion with Official Quota Constraint
è Shortage of Quotas
Top-down Allocation of Quotas
2 LOCAL RESPONSE: QUOTA CREATION THROUGH RESIDENTIAL LAND CONSOLIDATION
III. Institutional Revolution
LAND USE CHANGES AT VILLAGE LEVEL
Source: Replication of Figure 7 in Yang 2011, How to Build a New Socialist Countryside. (Unpublished manuscript)
Before
LAND USE CHANGES AT VILLAGE LEVEL
Source: Replication of Figure 7 in Yang 2011, How to Build a New Socialist Countryside. (Unpublished manuscript)
After
SPATIAL SCHEME OF QUOTA MARKETS
3. CIRCUMVENT CENTRAL CONTROL
Local Land Bureau
Municipal Government
Ministry of Land and Resources
Preserve Land! (farmland protection + social stability)
Develop Land! (fiscal revenues + economic growth)
Land Conversion Quota System
Land Quota Markets
IV. IMPLICATIONS
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IV. IMPLICATIONS 1. New Spatial Logics and Urbanization Pattern 2. Mixed Welfare Impact on Peasants depending on
Location
3. Reinforce the Dominance of the Municipality over Counties
1(a) New Spatial Logics: “De-spatialization” and “Re-spatialization”
IV. IMPLICATIONS
• Same price of quota regardless of generation location
• Remoteness, rather than proximity increases the likelihood of land consolidation
• The most rural areas get densified first
1(a) New Spatial Logics: “De-spatialization” and “Re-spatialization”
IV. IMPLICATIONS
URBAN EXPANSION WITH LOCAL QUOTA CREATION AND TRADING
Villages in deep rural areas are affected
IV. Implications
1(b) New Spatial Pattern of Urbanization
DISTRIBUTION OF QUOTA GENERATION PROJECTS BY DEVELOPMENT ZONES IN CHENGDU
LOCATION(Development
Zones)
JURISDICTIONS (district/county)
NO. OF PROJECTS
SIZE OF QUOTA
GENERATED (MU)
NO. OF PEOPLE
DISPLACED
Total 20 735 ���(100%)
361,888.83(100%)
1,389,522(100%)
1st 6 urban 16(2.2%)
11,437.61(3.2%)
57,545(4.1%)
2nd 6 suburban 244(33.2%)
120,991.98(33.4%)
533,852(38.4%)
3rd 8 rural 475(64.6%)
229,459.24(63.4%)
79,8125(57.5%)
DISTRIBUTION OF QUOTA GENERATION PROJECTS BY COUNTY IN CHENGDU
Densification Deep in the Countryside
Two Types of Peasants Affected
on urban fringe (quota use projects)
(-) more land taken, more peasants displaced
RURAL SUBURBAN URBAN
in deep rural area (quota generation projects) (+) better housing conditions, better infrastructure and services (-) lifestyle adjustment, impact on mode of production
2 Mixed Impact on Peasants, depending on Location IV. IMPLICATIONS
IV. IMPLICATIONS
Distribution of Official Quotas
3 Reinforcing the Dominance of Municipality over Counties
Distribution of New Quotas
Summary of Findings
• Flying land: rural densification for urban expansion • Outgoing of land resources from rural to urban areas • Mixed welfare impact on peasants, depending on
location • “Municipality-managing-counties” structure
unsuitable for the urbanization era • Reinforcing dominance of big cities over small cities
in land resources distribution
