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My Thesis Summary: Ballads of the

Mechanics Power of the Screw

Turbine Model

05MondayMar 2012

Posted by Yul Prince Vartan Hyzhar in Academics, Engineering, Renewable Energy

Leave a CommentTag

forces acting on single screw circle of turbine blade, pi tch distance, rotation speed, screw

turbine model, shaft slope, turbine eff iciency, turbine power

*****

OFFICIAL TITLE

DESIGN AN D EXPERIM ENTAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE DIFFERENCES

OF PITCHES AN D SHAFT SLOPES TO M ECHANICS PERFORM AN CE OF 2-BLADES

SCREW TURBINE M ODEL IN LOW HEAD FLOW

Page 1 of 13My Thesis Summary: Ballads of the Mechanics Power of the Screw Turbine Model Individual Systems t ...

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BY

YUL HIZHA R

SUPERVISORS

1. Dr. Ir . Bambang Yulistianto

2. Ir . Suryo Darmo, M.T.

*****

CONTENTS

OFFICIA L TITLE

CONTENT

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER V: CON CLUSION, SUGGEST AND REFERENCE

*****

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Indeed, Indonesia is a rich country of potential renewable energies such as mini / micro

hydro, biomass energy, solar energy, w ind energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, and

nuclear energy. Especiall y for micro hydro, the development usually exploit the potential

of water flow that have certain head and the specific discharge is converted into electrical

energy through a turbine and generator. In reality, in Indonesia, the average of water

resource potential has a large discharge and low head. Thus, the development of a low

head turbine (low head) or the head is very low (ultra low head) is very suitable to be

developed in Indonesia.

Then from the above problems, the researcher was interested to develop the type of turbine

that can operate optimally at low head but high discharge. In this study, the researcher

developed the research on turbine screw. This turbine operates with low rotation speed and

is still relatively new to be developed in Indonesia, ye this turbine has several advantages

among other types of low head turbines. The screw turbine do not require special control

system, the equipment and generator uni ts are standard, easy in construction, easy

installation and maintenance, environmentally friendly and fish-friendly, high efficiency

turbine at low head and hi gh discharge operation.

The performance of a screw turbine is affected by parameters related to the design of

turbine screw itself. One important parameter in the design of screw turbine is pitch or




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period of a blade (blade). Another aspect of the design consideration is mounting the screw

turbine shaft or slope. Based on the description above, the researcher interested in

developing research on screw turbine which aims determine the effect of differences in

pi tch and slope distance on the performance of the mechanical axis of the turbine blade and

screw 2 as a reference in the development of turbine propulsion screw as the first (prime

mover) in generating small -scale (micro hydro).

*****

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Archimedes screw i s a type of screw that has been known since ancient ti mes and has been

used as pumps for irr igation in the park in Babylon. Along wi th the energy crisis that

occurred in the world and the limited potential of water energy source that requires high

head, then started in the year 2007, an engineer suggested the idea to i nvert the rotating

screw pumps and then let the water pump is mounted below a generator then the

electricity will be generated along the generator is not exposed to water or wet. So in

principle the screw turbine is a reversal of the screw pump function itself (Adly and Ir fan,

2010).

Rorres (1998) stated that the geometry of an Archimedes screw (Archimedean screw) is

determined by some external parameter, that is the outer radius of the screw, total screw

length, and slope. Other parameters that affect the internal parameters such as the inner

radius, the number of blades, and blade pitch. External parameters are usually determined

by the placement of Archimedes screw locations and how much water to be removed.

Whi le the internal parameters are freely determined to optimize the performance or the

performance of the screw.

According to the FAO Corporate Document Repository, the Archimedean screw pump is a

pump oldest ever existed since people pay attention to f luid removal. However, this type of

pump is stil l widely used because of several advantages. These pumps can work at i ts

optimum at the installation angle of 30 to 40 .

According to the Ritz-Atro Pumpwerksbau Gmb (2009), the working principle of the

Archimedean screw turbine is a reversal of the pump hydrodynamic Archimedean where

these turbines harness water flow energy into mechanical energy. Power output range isthe range of 1-250 kW, flow rates ranged from 100-5000 l / s, and the slope ranges from 22

36 .

*****

CHAPTER II I

RESEARCH M ETHODOLOGY

3.1. Flowchart of Research




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3.2. Research tool

The main equipment used in this study are:

1. Screw turbine model to be tested

2. Tachometer to measure the rotation speed of the turbine

3. Measuring capacity of 60 li ter bucket and a stopwatch to measure the discharge.

4. Arc to measure the slope of the turbine shaft.

5. Steel ruler to measure the water level.

6. Balance spr ing and a digital balance to measure the load in the measurement of

braking torque.

7.

Tools box containing wrenches, pl iers and a screwdr iver as an aid in assembl ing amodel turbine replacement screw pitch variation.

3.3. Research Variable




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This research is experimental and existing variables are divided into:

a. Independent variables (independent variables), is a variable that i s not dependent or

affected by other variables. The independent variable in this study is the pitch () and the

slope of the turbine shaft ().b. Dependent variable (dependent variable), is a variable that is dependent or influenced by

other variables. Dependent variable in this study is the turbine rotational speed (n), torque

(T), the theoretical power turbine (Pf), the power turbine (PT), and turbine eff iciency ().

3.4. Place and Time of Research

The research was conducted at the Hydraulics Laboratory of the University of Gadjah

Mada Civil D3. The research was conducted from June 2011 to August 2011.

*****

CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. No Load Testing

No-load test aims to see the effect of variations in pi tch and slope of the three models of the

turbine shaft to the screw rotation speed of the turbine when the turbine has not been

loaded. Variations of the slope of turbine shaft are 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45. Flow rate used

is a constant that is 0.00728 m3 / s. The relationship between the tilt axis and the rotation

speed of the turbine without a load can be seen in Figure 4.1.

Changes in turbine rotation speed w as caused by the influence of power fl ows which str ike

the blade. On the variati on of the slope of 25 to 35 , the flow pattern remains stable and

does not occur when mashing the circle stepping blade screw so that the force Fa efficient

work flow to produce a tangential force and spin turbines. However, the variation of tilt

axis 40 and 45 , seen a change in the form of streams where water f low tends to jump




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from the end of the flume and no longer just mashing the circle first screw blade. The flow

of water tends to pound the middle of the rotor or shaft in (In) before mashing the circle of

the first screw turbine blade. Sty le Fa reduced water flow on the blade caused the decrease

in tangential force, so that the turbine rotation speed is also reduced.

At no-load test, although the difference in rotational speed is generated betw een each

screw turbine model is not so great, yet in general 2Ro pitch screw turbine model producesa higher rotational speed than the turbine model screw pi tch 1.6 Ro and 1.2 Ro. The highest

rotation speed generated by each turbine model on the slope of the screw shaft 35 , in

which the screw pi tch 2Ro turbine model produces 255 rpm, the turbine model screw pi tch

1.6 Ro produces 254 rpm, and the screw pi tch turbine model produces 252 rpm 1.2 Ro.

4.2. Comparison of M echanics Performance Between the Screw Turbine Testing Result

to the Theoretical Result

Torque generated by each turbine model in this study can screw is determined

theoretically. The parameters that must be known to find the theoretical torque generatedby a screw turbine is a tangential force Ft generated by a cir cular screw, the torque radius r,

and the total loop threaded nb.

Calculation to find the tangential force produced by a screw turbine can be determined

theoretically by using the approach screw-threaded calculation in power (power screw).

The forces acting on a circular blade screw axial force due to f luid fl ow of w ater Fa shown

in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2 shows the fluid f low rate of w ater w ith some mashing the circle turbine blade

axially threaded axial force Fa and generate a di rection parall el to the axis of the shaft. The

existence of axial force Fa elicit a reaction from the turbine in the form of tangential force Ftwhich di rection perpendicular to the axis of the shaft . Meanwhile, the fr iction force F

resul ting from contact between the fluid and the blade screw w ater will reduce water Fluid




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force Fa. Pri ce of the fr iction force F is the mul tipl ication of the coeff icient of friction that

occurs wi th the normal force (F =. Rn).

a. Comparison between torque test result an theoretical torqu

Graph comparison between the torque and torque test results are theoretically the variation

of the slope of the shaft can be seen in Figure 4.3 4.5.




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Figure 4.3 4.5 shows the comparison of theoretical torque to torque the test results of each

turbine model pitch screw. Data theoretical torque of each screw pitch is determined by

using the equations of power screw (power screw), while the data turbine test results

obtained using di rect measurement using the method of braking (pronny brake). In the

graph theoretical seen each torque screw pi tch tends to rise in every corner of the shaft

increases, while the torsion test resul ts showed a dow nward trend at every increase of shaft

angle.

The difference in value betw een the theoretical torque with a torque test resul ts are causedby differences in the way of data retr ieval. Theoretical torque data of each pitch is

determined by using the approach formulas or equations screw power, where the torque

(torque) turbine model is generated by mul tipl ication screw turbine tangential force Ft w ith

radius r. Tangential style turbine fluid f low generated by the force Fa which are axiall y

pound each circle screw blade on a turbine screw. Increased fl uid f low force Fa at each

variation increases shaft angle causes an increase in tangential force and torque turbine

theoretically.

So the data is theoreticall y torque, the force of f luid f low which str ike every screw circle is

uniform. However, l aboratory tests showed di fferent flow patterns so that the fluid flowvelocity which strike every circle of the screw is not uniform. This is what causes the

tangential force and torque testing is lower than the theoretical torque. Other Possible

causes of torque testi ng is lower than the theoretical torque is a measurement of the

difference in weight is less accurate in the laboratory.

. Comparison between power test result an theoretical powe

Graph comparison betw een the test results and the theoretical pow er at shaft slope

variations can be seen in Figure 4.6 4.8.




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In the graph (Figure 4.6 4.8) above shows the theoretical power turbines tend to be larger

than the power turbine test resul ts. The highest power of the test resul ts of each pi tch

threaded shaft is generated on the slope of 35 , whi le the highest theoretical pow er

produced at 40 ti lt axis. Pitch turbine 2Ro gives better power than the turbine pitch 1.6 Ro

and 1.2 Ro, where the supreme power is 18.51 W. pitch 2Ro The difference between the

theoretical values with the results of this test due to differences in the value of torque on

each screw pi tch. The test resul ts also indicate a general conformity w ith the approach to

the theory of Archimedean screw pump in which the ti lt angle of the screw pump

installation opt imal in the range 30 40.

. Comparison between efficiency test result an theoretical efficiency

Graph comparison betw een the eff iciency of the test resul ts and the theoretical effi ciency of

the variation of tilt axis can be seen in Figure 4.9 4.11.

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The highest eff iciency of the test resul ts generated on the tilt axis 25, whi le the highest

theoretical efficiency is generated on the axis ti lt of 40. Pitch turbine 2Ro provide bettereffi ciency than turbine pitch 1.6 Ro and 1.2 Ro, where the highest eff iciency is 72.82%

generated by pi tch of 2Ro.

*****

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION , SUGGESTI ON, AND REFERENCES

5.1. Conclusion

1.

The resul t test of 2-blades screw turbine model worked w ell in laboratory using a

constant f low rate of 0.00728 m3/s and the variations of the axis ti lt angle of 25, 30, 35,




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1.

1.

1.

1.

40, and 45 .

At no-load test result, screw turbine model pitch of 2Ro produced higher rotation speed

than 1.6 Ro and 1.2 Ro, that was 255 rpm at slope of 35.

A l load test resul t, each screw turbines produces the highest power at shaft slope of 35,

while the highest eff iciency was generated at shaft slope of 25.

At the shaft slope of 25, screw pi tch of 2Ro produced power 15.89 W and effi ciency

73.08% (the highest), while at the shaft slope of 35, screw pi tch of 2Ro produced power

18.51 W (the highest) and eff iciency of 66.16%.

5.2. Suggestion

It is needed further research and development regarding Development and the need for

further research regarding the design of turbine blades such as adding of external fi n on the

edge of the screw, the influence of variations in inner diameter to the outer diameter, and

the use of materials in the manufacture of other types of screw turbine and its appl ication

in the field.

*****

REFERENCES

Jagdish, L., 1975, Hydraulic Machine, Chand & Company LTD, New Delhi .

Khurmi R.S., Gupta J.K., 2005, A Textbook of Machin Desig , Chand (s) & Co. Ltd, India.

Munson, B. R., Young, D. F., Okiishi, T. H., 2005, Mekanika Fluida Jili , Erlangga,

Jakarta.

Nick Bard Hydro Serv ices, 2007, Rivert Dart Country Park Archimedes Screw System

Performanc Assessment, UK.

Rorres, C., 1998, The Turn of the Screw: Optimal Design of An Archimedes Screw, Journal of

Hydraulic Engineering, Philadelphia.

********

*****

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