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Presented by: Patrick Mukiza

OVERVIEW

o Introduction

o X-Rays: Wave Nature of light

o Medical Applications

o Socio-Economic Benefits of X-Rays

o Adverse Effects of X-Rays

REFERENCES

X-Rays Wave Nature of Light

X-Rays: A form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to light but of shorter wavelength and capable of

penetrating solids . Such radiation having wavelengths in the range of approximately 0.1–10 nm.

X-Ray range

Introduction

X-Ray was first invented by Conrad Röntgen, German physicist in 1895.1896, On January 23, Roentgen delivers his first lecture about the X rays.

There some many applications of X-Rays in Medical Fields: Radiographs Computed tomography Fluoroscopy Radiotherapy

Other Use of X-Rays:Airport SecurityX-ray microscopicBorder controlIndustrial radiographyX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

X-Rays Wave Nature of Light

The classical X-ray tube requires:The classical X-ray tube requires:

Cathode (electron source) Anode (acceleration potential) )

Glass/metal envelope (vacuum tube) )

X-Rays Wave Nature of Light

CathodCathode e (electron source(electron source) )

The cathode consists of:

A spiral of heated low resistance R tungsten wire (filament) for electron emission. Wire is heated by filament current I = U / R.

( U 10 V, I 3-6 A )

The anode is the target electrode and is maintained at a positive potential difference with respect to the cathode. Electrons are therefore accelerated towards the anode.

0.5% of the electron energy is converted into X-rays..

Medical Applications of X-Rays

Radiography

Radiography is an imaging technique that uses electromagnetic radiation other than visible light.It used to view the internal structure of a non-uniformly composed and opaque objects. For example a non transparent objects such as human body.

brain

Medical Applications of X-Rays

Computed tomography (CT Scanning)

Computed tomography (CT scanning) is a medical imaging

modality where tomographic images or slices of specific

areas of the body are obtained from a large series of two-

dimensional X-ray images taken in different directions.

heart

abdomen

Medical Applications of X-Rays

Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the interior of an object.

Soci-economic advantages of x-ray

X-rays are used to treat malign tumors before its spreads throughout the human body.

They help radiologists identify cracks, infections, injury, and abnormal bones.

They also help in identifying bone cancer.

X-rays help in locating alien objects inside the bones or around them.

Adverse effects of x-ray

X-rays makes our blood cells to have higher level of hydrogen peroxide which could cause cell damage.

A higher risk of getting cancer from X-rays.

The X-rays are able to change the base of the DNA causing a mutation.

Also, X-rays still not highly recommended for pregnant women because it increases the cancer ricks for children.

Video

REFERENCES

1. https://www.google.ca/search?q=mri+definition&biw=1366&bih=638&source=lnms&sa=X&ei=rbhPVaCaPMG3sAXTjYGoBw&ved=0CAUQ_AUoAA&dpr=1

2. http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/beamline/25/2/25-2-linton.pdf 3. http://www.genesis.net.au/~ajs/projects/medical_physics/x-rays/ 4. https://edc2.healthtap.com/ht-staging/user_answer/avatars/1123857/large/open-

uri20130512-17255-n5y49f.jpeg?1386586132 5. http://verograsso3.wix.com/medicalimaging#!x-ray-impact-on-society

Questions 1. Who first discovered X-ray?i. Anders Celsiusii. Galileo Galileiiii. Conrad Röntgen

2Why X-Rays is considered to be harmful to humans?i. It increases the risks of cancer ii. It is carcinogeniii. It can change the DNA base pairs resulting in mutationsiv. All of the above 3 X-Ray is