z-scores (standard scores) we can use the sd (s) to classify people on any measured variable. why...

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Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a mental disorder Selecting the best person for the job Figuring out which children may need special assistance in school X z

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Page 1: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES)

We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable.

Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a mental disorder Selecting the best person for the job Figuring out which children may need special

assistance in school

X

z

Page 2: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

EXAMPLE FROM I/O

Extraversion predicts managerial performance.

The more extraverted you are, the better a manager you will be (with everything else held constant, of course).

Page 3: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

AN EXTRAVERSION TEST TO EMPLOYEES

1

)( 22

NNX

Xs

Scores for current managers 10, 25, 32, 35, 39, 40, 41, 45, 48,

55, 70 N=11 Need the mean

Need the standard deviation

N

XX

Page 4: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

Let’s Do ItX X2

10 100

25 625

32 1024

35 1225

39 1521

40 1600

41 1681

45 2025

48 2304

55 3025

70 4900

440 20030

4011

440

N

XX

58.1511111)440(

20030

1

)(

2

22

NNX

Xs

Page 5: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

SOMEBODY APPLIES FOR A JOB AS A MANAGER

Obtains a score of 42. Should I hire him? Somebody else comes in and has a

score of 44? What about her? What if the mean were still 40, but

the s = 2?

Page 6: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

HARDER EXAMPLE:

Two people applying to graduate school Bob, GPA = 3.2 at Northwestern

Michigan Mary, GPA = 3.2 at Southern Michigan

Whom do we accept? What else do we need to know to

determine who gets in?

Page 7: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

SCHOOL PARAMETERS

NWMU mean GPA = 3.0; SD = .1 SMU mean GPA = 3.6; SD = .2 THE MORAL OF THE STORY: We

can compare people across ANY two tests just by saying how many SD’s they are from the mean.

Page 8: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

ONLY ONE TEST

it might make sense to “rescore” everyone on that test in terms of how many standard deviations each person is from the mean.

The “curve”

Page 9: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

z-SCORES & LOCATION IN A DISTRIBUTION Standardization or Putting scores on a test

into a form that you can use to compare across tests. These scores become known as “standardized” scores.

The purpose of z-scores, or standard scores, is to identify and describe the exact location of every score in a distribution

z-score is the number of standard deviations a particular score is from the mean.(This is exactly what we’ve been doing for the last however many minutes!)

Page 10: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

z-SCORES

The sign tells whether the score is located above (+) or below (-) the mean

The number (magnitude) tells the distance between the score and the mean in terms of number of standard deviations

Page 11: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

WHAT ELSE CAN WE DO WITH z-SCORES?

Converting z-scores to X values Go backwards. Aaron says he had

a z-score of 2.2 on the Math SAT. Math SAT has a m = 500 and s = 100 What was his SAT score?

Page 12: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

USING Z-SCORES TO STANDARDIZE A DISTRIBUTION

Shape doesn’t change (Think of it as re-labeling) Mean is always 0 SD is always 1 Why is the fact that the mean is 0 and the SD

is 1 useful? standardized distribution is composed of

scores that have been transformed to create predetermined values for m and s

Standardized distributions are used to make dissimilar distributions comparable

Page 13: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

DEMONSTRATION OF A z-SCORE TRANSFORMATION here’s an example of this in your book (on pg.

161). I’m not going to ask you to do this on an exam, but I do want you to look at this example. I think it helps to re-emphasize the important characteristics of z-scores.· The two distributions have exactly the same shape· After the transformation to z-scores, the mean of the distribution becomes 0· After the transformation, the SD becomes 1· For a z-score distribution, Sz = 0· For a z-score distribution, Sz2 = SS = N (I will not emphasize this point)

Page 14: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

FINAL CHALLENGE Using z-scores to make comparisons

(Example from pg. 112) Bob has a raw score of 60 on his psych

exam and a raw score of 56 on his biology exam.

In order to compare, need the mean & the SD of each distribution

Psych: m = 50 and s=10 Bio: m = 48 and s=4

Page 15: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

FINAL CHALLENGE II You could

sketch the two distributions and locate his score in each distribution

Standardize the distributions by converting every score into a z-score

OR Transform the two scores of interest into z-scores PSYCH SCORE = (60-50)/10 = 10/10 = +1 BIO SCORE = (56-48)/4 = 8/4 = +2

*Important element of this is INTERPRETATION*

Page 16: Z-SCORES (STANDARD SCORES) We can use the SD (s) to classify people on any measured variable. Why might you ever use this in real life? Diagnosis of a

OTHER LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS

Steps for converting scores to another test Take the original score and make it a z-score

using the first test’s parameters Take the z-score and turn it into a “raw”

score using the second test’s parameters. Standard Score = mnew + zsnew

See “Learning Checks” in text, these are a general idea of what might be on the exam