zane batten, samuel - a new world order

7/30/2019 Zane Batten, Samuel - A New World Order

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TbeNewWorld OrderS.Z.Batten


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THE LIBRARYOFTHE UNIVERSITYOF CALIFORNIARIVERSIDE

GIFT OFDr. Gordon Watkins


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THE NEW WORLD ORDER


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THE NEW WORLD ORDER

BySAMUEL ZANE BATTEN

" We are laying the foundations of a new world "David Lloyd George

PHILADELPHIAAMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION SOCIETYBOSTON CHICAGO ST. LOUIS NF.W YORK

LOS ANGELES KANSAS CITY SEATTLE


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HN3(

Copyright, 1919, byGILBERT N. BRINK, SBCUKTARVPublished March, 1919


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PREFACETHE men of to-day stand upon a peak inDarien. Behind lies the world they haveknown, with its trials and failures. Beyondlies the uncharted sea, and the great un-known time. The world war represents thepassing of the old order and the end of anepoch. A new day is begun, a page of newachievements is " 1^" The old orderpasses from view; the new world is nsmgupon our vision.

Trie world can never again be as it hasbeen. The house has collapsed, and itsstructure is discredited. In this period ofreconstruction it is imperative that menshould know what are the defective princi-ples of the old order that must be kept out,and what are the true principles that shouldbe builded in as the very foundations of thehouse that is to be. What kind of worldorder do we want ? What are the principlesand ideals that should guide us in our plan-


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Preface

ning ? What__are_thg,. immediatejLhings^in_our efforts, and what are the ultimate ends ?What are the forces and factors on whichwe may count for aid and inspiration?These are questions of first importance inthis hour.

This little book suggests the answer tosome of these questions. But it is simply theoutline of a great subject. It makes no at-tempt to discuss the social order and the in-ternational situation in detail, or to interpretin all possible bearings the new policies andprograms. It does seek to interpret some ofthe movements of the time, to state some ofthe questions that are up for a hearing, andto suggest the direction of movement in so-cial effort. A few aspects only of the greatsocial task are noted, with constant recogni-tion, however, that these must be viewed to-gether in their relation to the one enterprise.The question of international justice isclosely related to the condition of economiclife at home.

In view of the fact that the settlement ofthe issues pending depends upon the people


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CONTENTSCIIAFTIR PAGE

I. THE OLD AND THE NEW iII. THE REBUILDING OF THE COM-

MUNITY 21III. THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF IN-

DUSTRY 45IV. THE SOCIALIZATION OF THE NA-

TION 73V. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF INTER-

NATIONAL LIFE 105VI. THE CHURCH AND THE CRISIS. . . 141


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THE OLD AND THE NEW


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The Old and tlie Newbut now at last conception of its meaningcomes larger and more true. Weing to see that the kingdom of .Go


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The New World Orderand not on a just and Christian foundation.We can meet the need, therefore, not bypatchwork, but by reconstruction, radicaland thorough. Christ has come not to patchup the old, but to' make all things new.

II. This Undertaking is most Vital at thisTime. First of all, what kind of world shallwe live in during the coming days ? Will itbe the same old world with the same oldevils and miseries? Will it contain withinitself such unspeakable tragedies as thisworld war? Will the nations that havelearned at such infinite cost the lesson of dis-cipline and control, nevertheless revert tothe old order and allow' selfishness and in-justice to have their way? Will employersand workers remain apart and the industrialworld be the scene of strife and confusion?Will society that has shown an interest inthe welfare of the child and the health of thepeople, forget that interest when peacecomes, and fall back into the old condition ?In that case it does not matter much howthe war goes. If our children and our chil-dren's children must face such evils and en-dure such agonies, it does not matter muchwhich side is victorious. But if the warwhich shows us the defects in the socialorder at the same time shows us the Way ofprogress, we shall then be willing to pay the

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The Old and the Newprice of victory. And if through the smokeof the battle-field and the tears of sorrow wecan catch the clear vision of a better world,we can accept our cross and bear it with joyand confidence. Let men see that the hoj>eof social reconstruction is wrapped up in thevictorious outcome of the war, and we haveunified the nation and have filled men withan inspired devotion. The people wereunited in the prosecution oftRe war, becausethey were inspired with the hope of a betterworld after the war.On this question we have some vital testi-mony. The archbishop of York, in his visitto the United States, spoke clearly on thechange that had come over the people ofBritain. He declared that the hope of thefuture of Britain lies in the possible extentto which this new spirit can be carried intosocial reconstruction. And he writes : " Sofar as I have been able to observe, there isthis great difference in the effect which thewar has had so far on public opinion in En-gland and the United States: We all feelin England that the war has compelled us toreconsider in a very wide and deep way thewhole character of our social system. Thethought of social reconstruction is only lessconstantly in the minds of the people thanthe immediate progress of the war itself.

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The New World OrderWe all feel that the war came to us at a timewhen we were all becoming conscious thatour social system was revealing very deepdefects, and our great trust is that the spiritof common fellowship which the war hascalled out may be transmuted after the warinto an impulse toward wider social recon-struction, carried through in the same spiritof common fellowship and sacrifice." Hetells us further how the soldiers at the frontfeel this : " They seem to respond readily andwith enthusiasm to the prospect that theywill return home to take a place in thebuilding of a new and better social system.Indeed, this is coming to fill a, larger placein the consciousness of most people than theappeals for solidness and enthusiasm in thewar. The ready response to these latter wetake for granted, as is our national way ; theforefront of our minds is full of thoughts ofwhat is to be done at home after the war iswon."

Secondly, if we are to have a better world,we must plan for it. Now that the war isover men face the task of rebuilding thewaste places and restoring the many desola-tions. Just here rises the question whichmakes the supreme crisis and opportunity ofthis hour. Will men, weary and visionless,attempt simply to rebuild the old order and

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The Old and the Newrestore things as they were ? Or will they,taught by bitter sorrow and loss and sacri-fice, undertake to reconstruct a social orderthat shall at once seek the divine ideal andprevent the recurrence of such world calami-ties ? Be it noted it is not a question whetherchanges are coming or not. Great changesare foredoomed and inevitable and cannotbe- withstood. But it is a question whetherthere shall be a real and radical reconstruc-tion or a mere patching up of the socialorder. Jt is a question whether these changesshall be the mere shifting of material forces,or whether the mighty movements shall beat once aroused and directed by moral andspiritual forces. It is impossible to acquiescein the present sociaT order; and it is impossi-ble to restore the social status quo ante andtake up the old story again. It is, therefore,necessary for men to accept the divine sum-mons and undertake the task of building abetter social order. 'But in what spirit shallthey undertake this work of social recon-struction, and what are the things that theyare really called to do? It is evident thatthe real struggle is within and the real con-quest is over ourselves. Let us conquer our-selves, our cowardice, our sloth, our selfish-ness, our tendency to postpone action and letthings drift, our temptation to compromise

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The Old and the Newnew policies and affirm new principles. Weare too near these events to see their fullsignificance; these changes, many of them,are in germ only, and it is too early toknow their full fruitage. It is worth while,however, to note some of the principles af-firmed and the policies suggested.

A. COMMUNITY1. The human loss and social wastage in infant

mortality; the moral and national necessity of childconservation.

2. The social handicap and moral danger in alco-holism and venereal diseases ; the necessity of a de-termined effort to eliminate and prevent these.

3. The danger and loss in disease and prematuredeath; the demand for united action to prevent dis-ease and reduce the death-rate.

4. The danger and loss in crime and degeneracy;the determination to make community life safe, sani-tary, wholesome, moral.

5. The relation between bad housing and familydissolution and social evils ; the effort to secure foreach family adequate housing at reasonable rates.

6. The danger in vicious amusements and injuriousrecreation ; the community effort to provide adequateand wholesome recreation for all.

B. INDUSTRIAL7. The danger and loss in industrial strife, and anew appreciation of the meaning and value of social

justice.

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The New World Orderpies of honor and of respect for the common law ofcivilized society that govern individual citizens of allmodern states in their relations with one another;to the end that all promises and covenants may besacredly observed, no private plots or conspiracieshatched, no selfish injuries wrought with impunity,and a mutual trust established upon the handsomefoundation of a mutual respect for right.

24."The establishment of an organization of peacewhich shall make it certain that the combined power

of free nations will check every invasion of right,and serve to make peace and justice more secure byaffording a definite tribunal of opinion to whichall must submit, and by which every internationalreadjustment that cannot be amicably agreed upon bythe peoples directly concerned shall be sanctioned."

These principles and policies are signifi-cant and revolutionary, and open a newchapter in social development and interna-tional life. It is too early in the day for anyone to indicate all of their implications andapplications; in fact, it will require manyyears and involve many experiments tointerpret and realize them. It would be un-wise therefore to attempt to frame an elabo-rate program of social advance and interna-tional organization. But it is not too earlyfor us to consider these principles and pre-pare ourselves for coming changes. Themost unwise policy is to live only for. the

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The Old and the Newday; to Ie6 tilings drift and have no largeprogram at all. Social progress at bottomis a moral and spiritual matter; it dependsupon ideas and ideals, upon human heartsand wills. It must therefore be understood,planned for, and willed by men.These principles and policies must betaken seriously by men and nations. Tosecure the hearty cooperation of workingmen ; to solidify sentiment within the nationand maintain morale; to unify the alliedpeoples ; to divide the enemy nations, the al-lied peoples and governments have affirmedthese policies and principles. These declara-tions of the nations must not be regarded asmere death-bed promises forgotten as soonas the crisis is past and the patient begins tobreathe easily again. They must be takenseriously and must be made effective in theItfe of the world. To treat these declara-tions as empty words mere scraps ofpaper would stultify the governmentsthemselves and would drive the people intobitter revolt. If that foolish course shouldbe attempted, it would react upon the na-tions and governments at fault. If that falsepolicy should be followed, it would neveragain be possible to catch the workers andthe people with such words. Fortunately thegovernments of the allied nations at least

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The Old and the New^ wide-spread and destructive. Real

peace cannot come by fighting; it must bebased deep upon international good will andfair dealing. It is necessary, therefore, thatthe nations consider the things that are just,that they know the things that make forpeace, and that they prepare for a just andpeaceful world order.This work of reconstruction is a hardand long task. We must not make the mis-take of supposing that these changes whichare so necessary will come of themselves.We must not suppose, either, that the mereaffirmation of certain principles, howevergood, is the end of the campaign. As a mat-ter of fact, their affirmation is simply thefirst step in a long process. To put thesenew principles and policies into effect meansa hard and bitter struggle. The people mustbe instructed in the meaning and sweep ofthese principles ; society will have to face thedead inertia of masses of people and thestudied opposition of interested groups;many experiments will have to be tried andsome mistakes will be made; the way intothe better world lies through tEe^Tand^ofsacrifice and service.The most necessary thing at this time i be a struggle -foradvantage ; or it may become a mutual alli-ance to plunder the rest of the community*Christianity moves up to higher ground.It requires the supremacy of the principle ofcooperation in the industrial world. Wemust therefore seek to unite all the parfWlSin an enterprise on a cooperative basis. Thismay mean a council of control made up ofrepresentatives of employers and employees,who shall pass upon all questions that affectthe industry. It will mean a distribution ofthe proceeds of industry on the basis of ser-vice and contribution. It will mean that all

" Christian Cooperation and World Redemption," Vol. 5,p. 66.

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The New World Orderthe parties shall be shareholders with a di-rect stake in the enterprise. It will meanthat all who share in the proceeds of indus-try shall render some service with hand orbrain.

This implies the adoption of a constitutionor charter for industry, with a bill of rights,providing for joint and fair representationof all parties, defining the terms and condi-tions of labor, and containing standards towhich all can refer and by which they mayadjust all differences. This carries with itguaranties of participation by all parties inknowledge of the enterprise, community ofcontrol, and an equitable sharing in the pro-ceeds. It provides also for speedy redressof grievances by adequate means of investi-gation, conciliation, and arbitration. It isimpossible here, even if it were desirable, togive the details of such a program. Butvaluable suggestions are found in the planof the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company.This includes an employees' bill of rights de-fining principles and policies governing theparties in possible cases of controversy. Itprovides for joint representation on commit-tees dealing with such things as conciliation,safety, sanitation and housing, recreationand education. Beyond all, it contains thebeginning at least of an industrial parlia-

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The Democratization of Industryment guaranteeing full representation to allparties in the enterprise.

7 Valuable sugges-tions are contained also in the Reportsof the British Reconstruction Committee,known as the Whitley Committee, as givenin three documents issued during the war.These reports provide that for each industrythere shall be constituted joint industrialcouncils, composed of representatives of em-ployers and employed organized on a three-fold basis. There are to be works commit-tees of local industries; district councilsrepresenting trade-unions and employers' as-sociations in the industry ; and national coun-cils which shall define and maintain stand-ards throughout industry. In addition mostsignificant suggestions are contained in thememorandum on " The Industrial SituationAfter the War," issued by the Carton Foun-dation. This much is clear : The movementtoward democracy fairly commits us to thetask of adopting a constitution or charterfor industry and providing for the jointrepresentation of all parties in the manage-ment and proceeds of industry. ljsoisekssto talk ^ Hpmoyrpr ?T"* vain fni

Tal peace until both labor and capitalare thus represented in the control of indus-.^^l ;!! IH If

7 J. D. Rockefeller, Jr., "Colorado Industrial Plan," 1916.[63 ]


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The New World Order4. But_t3iere isastage^jj^ond this-whichmust ever be taken into account. We mighthave collective bargaining and cooperative

industry, and yet be as far as ever from real :industrial democracy. Indusfry must takeits place in the social order and come underffff'siipcrz'ision and control of society. Thetime has gone by when an industry can re-gard itself as a private business and conductits affairs for its own advantage alone.The time has passed when society, the thirdparty in every industry, can stand by andsuffer while employers and workers fightout their differences. Neither employersalone nor employees alone, nor both to-gether, can deny their social relations andobligations. Society is an active partner inevery enterprise ana the public interest musti 1always be paramount.

Industry is not an interest by itself, buthas social relations. Industry must there-fore be conducted, not for the interests ofemployers and employees alone or together,but for the sake of the common weal. Thisapplies to the whole conduct of the enter-prise, in its processes and its products, itsmethods and its results. Otherwise wemight have an industry that would be whollyunsocial and undemocratic. The particu-lar industry within itself might be a co-

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77ie Democratization of Industryof brotherhood and cooperation, that thus"

all who participate in industry shall be-come partners with each other and cowork-ers with God in the service of humanity.Then will industry become a religious experi-ence, developing mutual service and sacri-fice, the expression in economic terms of theFatherhood of God and the Brotherhood ofMan."

In fine, the democratic principle must beaivepted in industry at its full value. Itshould be unnecessary to say that autocracyin industry is no better than autocracy inthe state. It should be unnecessary to sayfurther that the democratic principle is asvalid in one relation as in the other. Thosewho hold the democratic faith should there-fore seek to interpret that principle in theindustrial order and seek to realize it inits fulness. It is possible that the strugglefor democracy in industry will pass throughthe same stages as democracy in the state.As there have been Magna Chartas and Billsof Rights in political life, so there must beMagna Chartas and Bills of Rights in theeconomic world. As there are constitu-tional guaranties in the political realm,so there must be constitutional guaran-ties in the industrial order. In a word,there must be some constitutional guaranties

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The New World Orderwhich define and safeguard the rights ofmen in industry, which recognize that in-dustrial management derives its just powersfrom the consent of all parties, and whichprovide that wealth which is of all and byall shall be by all and for all.In the light of this we see that many ofthe measures highly approved of men maynot really make for democracy. Welfarework for workers is good, but we must notcall it democratic or accept it as a finality.Profit-sharing recognizes that there is some-thing more than wages, but it may not be astep toward the goal. Here, as so often, thegood may be the enemy of the best. W&4&not havfi dcmocra^ jfl* * h?vt 71 ? flH00meeting as partners and having a direct voicein eyerything that rnnrerns.. thft anfarprise.We do not have democracy in industry till theconduct of the enterprise both in its processesand its products rests upon the consent ofthe participants. There may be collectivebargaining; there may be a committee onconference on minor matters. But we do nothave democracy as long as the decision restswith one party and deals with the employees'lives. We., do not have real democracy tilldistribution of the product is by commonconsent and industry in, the total process is

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The New World Orderward it. " We are justified by faith," saysthe apostle; and our industrial life is justi-fied in so far as it accepts the true principleand works it out in institutions. It musttherefore be the common aim of all to affirmthe true faith and teach men that it willwork. They must seek to train and preparemen for effective participation in industry asdirectors and workers. They must seek togive all partners full knowledge and directparticipation in the industry; they mustrecognize the right of every person to a voicein everything that concerns his life. Theymust seek to bring the ownership and controlof tools and product in the same hands ; theymust guarantee to all parties full representa-tion in management, conditions, wages, dis-tribution, .^s^democracy in governmentmeans government of the people, by the peo-ple, and for the people; so democracy in in-dustry means industry of the people, by thepeople, and for the people. And it willnever have its perfect work till in industryas in state we have cooperation of all forthe sake of all.The following principles may be affirmed :

That is a good policy which sees thedemocratic goal for industry and carries ustoward it.[70]


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IV

THE SOCIALIZATION OF THENATION


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He that withholdeth corn, the people shall curse him :But blessing shall be upon the head of him that

selleth it. Proverbs il : 26.Open ye the gates, that the righteous nation which

keepeth truth shall enter in. Isaiah 26 : 2.They helped every one his neighbor ; and every one

said to his brother, Be of good courage.So the carpenter encouraged the goldsmith, andhe that smootheth with the hammer him that smotethe anvil, saying, It is ready for the soldering: andhe fastened it with nails, that it should not bemoved. Isaiah 41 : 6, 7.The resources of the earth, being the heritage of

the people, should not be monopolized by the fewto the disadvantage of the many. The Social Ser-vice Commission of the Northern Baptist Convention.

If we are to escape from the decay of civilizationitself ... we must ensure that what is presently tobe built up is a new social order, based not on fight-ing but on fraternity not on the competitive strug-gle for the means of bare life, but on a deliberatelyplanned cooperation in production and distributionfor the benefit of all who participate by hand or bybrain not on the utmost possible inequality ofriches, but on a systematic approach toward a healthyequality of material circumstances for every personborn into the world. Draft Report on the GeneralPolicy of Reconstruction of th& British Labor Party.

God said, I am tired of kings,I suffer them no more ;Up to my ear each morning bringsThe outrage of the poor.

Emerson.


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THE SOCIALIZATION OF THENATIONThe nation today faces a great new task.In the judgment which has befallen theworld secret things are brought to light andhidden defects in society are revealed; the

inadequacy of the policies and programs ofthe nations is shown. In all this the need ofa new national policy is suggested. And inthe struggle of the nations to-day we findthe hope of a new social order. The nation*will never be the same as it was before. Areturn to the statiis quo ante is impossible.Changes are coming, and we must pre-pare for them. What shall these changesbe? Shall reaction regain its hold and con-trol the power of industry and the life of thenation ? If so, there is trouble ahead, withfriction, strife, and rebellion. Shall weallow things to drift and trust that they willadjust themselves? We need to rememberthat moral progress is not automatic ; thingsgrow better just as fast and as far as mensee the better and strive for it. To allowthings to drift is to invite disaster. There

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The New World Orderis only one course open, therefore. Wemust understand the changes that are rightand necessary; we must have an intelligentconception of the laws of social and nationallife ; and we must unite the people in behalfof social justice and democratic progress.Only a few illustrations of the inadequacyof the old policies can be given ; and only abare outline of the new policy can be setforth.

I. The Failure of the Old Individualism.It appears, for one thing, that we "have beenmost neglectful and wasteful' of ..our humanresources. We have been intent on the proj-ect of developing the natural resources ofthe nation, and we have done this at an un-paralleled rate. But in all this we have beenneglectful of higher values and have beenwasteful of the most valuable asset, the livesgiven to us. WeJiaye built our cities anddeveloped our industries with little regardfor the health, the happiness, the welfare ofthe people.

It appears that the industrial processeshave been regardless of the welfare of thepeople and the larger life of the nation.Each industry has been controlled by its ownmanagers, usually a few men, whose imme-diate object was profits. Coal has beenmined with little concern for the welfare

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The New World Orderprice of crude oil, and how much the peopleshall pay for electric-power. The same istrue with reference to transportation andtrade. A few men control railroads and ex-press companies and are able to make andunmake communities and States. By de-grees certain great combinations have gainedcontrol of grain-elevators and slaughter-houses, and are able to force down the pricepaid the producer and force up the price paidby the consumer. By a combination ofpower on the part of railroads and storage-houses, a few people can levy a heavy tollon the people's food. Between the produc-ers and consumers stand certain interestsand combinations that fix prices and controlthe people's necessities. As every oneknows, the price of the staple commodities oflife has no relation whatever to the cost ofproducing them and placing them upon themarket Food pirates and selfish profiteersare able to force down prices to producersand almost drive them out of business ; theyare able to force up prices to consumers tovirtually famine rates. And they have usedthis power to enrich themselves out of thenecessities of the people.

This evil became especially patent in theearly stages of the world war. During thepast years there has been a marked increase

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The New World Orderwhere. There were some, notable and nobleexceptions all along the line; but these ex-ceptions served rather to show the generalattitude. An r* qfUBand corporations growing enormously richout of the greatest calamity of the .race ; theyhave' allowed self-interest to determine theirattitude and conduct Thus--the individual-istic doctrine, in its negative aspect at least,leads to the reign of capitalism in industryand of self-interest in trade."Tn fine, the world war became a veritableDay of Judgment, testing the works of menand nations and revealing the sins of the oneand the defects of the other. It became evi-dent that the old individualism had run itscourse and had produced its natural fruits.Each person was looking out for himself,and few were living for the common good.Each group and class was intent upon itsown advantage and indifferent to the gen-eral welfare. It became evident that Ameri-cans on the whole have been living in pioneerconditions, with each section looking out foritself but with little sense of the whole.Business was conducted in a slipshod andwasteful way. There was little coordinationof forces and unity of effort. The churcheswere divided into two hundred and fiftydenominations and were inchoate and in-


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I //> Socialization of tlie Nationeffective. Clearly, we were revealed to bean unorganized people, with abundantenergy and lofty patriotism, but without co-ordination of forces or discipline of will.

II. The Socializing of the Nation. Thewar which revealed some of the defects inthe national life suggested the potentremedy. In the stress and strain of the warit became necessary for the nation to changeits policy and take control of the nation's yresources. Government was compelled to /take over the railroads and sjLeeLmills, toregulate trade and fix prices, to limit profitsand determine income. It was compelled toassign men their tasks and establish a sterndiscipline. In all countries, and in our ownno less, the war has profoundly modifiedthe old economic system and has introducedfar-reaching innovations in national poli-cies. Methods of state control and nationaldiscipline which would once have been re-garded as intolerable infringements of therights of employers and workmen, havel.een accepted without protest by all parties.Ten years ago no one could have imaginedthat such changes would be possible in ourgeneration. In a few years of crowded andeventful life we have gathered the results ofa. century of economic evolution. Some ofthese changes are no doubt temporary and

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The Socialization of tfie Nationget things done. The old individualisticmanagements were proved to be disorgan-ized and inefficient. " Their organizationswere found to be full of waste, friction, of-ficial and personal extravagance. Theiroperations were not properly correlated, andsocial needs were remorselessly subordinatedto dividends. . . To an extent which proba-bly will not be disclosed until the war iswon, but which will certainly be remorse-lessly disclosed when the strife ends and theworld turns to the problems of reconstruc-tion, individual enterprise in big industrywas as wasteful and incompetent as anybawling socialist ever proclaimed and asselfishly devoted to profiteering." 8

It is too early in the day for any one toindicate all of the changes that are comingand to frame the policies that must beadopted. But the nation has gained a senseof direction" in national policy, and it hasgiven an illustration of the meaning andvalue of socialization. Every considerationof right and expediency which justified thisaction in wartime amply justifies it for alltimes. The welfare of society is the supremeconcern in war and in peace. Private in-terest must yield when public good is atstake. Every person must hold his property

"The Independent," August 31, 1918.


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The New World Orderand life as a social trust and must accept hissocial obligations. Sqciejyj|^tjj.dogt^sucha policy as shall secure the largest goocToF"the whole people. In behalf of the com-*EjMMB>dfc^B^fc^EMMtM*aMfll*Hy*


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The Socialization of the Nationpersonal, will be slain. Never again, it isto be hoped, can oppression and monopolyand injustice pass unchallenged. The spiritof selfishness and greed which leads men tocorner food supplies, to grow rich out ofthe needs of others, to seek only their owninterest and neglect the common welfare,must be slain forever. The sacredness oflife, the right of the child to be well bornand well nurtured, the right of every life tofair opportunity in society and an equity inthe national heritage, must be affirmed andsecured. The door into a fuller life for allmust be kept open, a living wage for everyworker must be secured, the right to a voicein everything that concerns his life must beguaranteed to each. A just distribution ofthe products of industry must become a partoTTKe nation's program. Industry must beconducted not for profits but for life, and thepeople must come into their own and enjoythat which belongs to them. The resourcesof the earth are the heritage of the peopleand must not be exploited by the few to thedisadvantage of the many. The resourcesof the earth must be held in trust for thepeople, and every child must receive theequivalent of his equity in the form of educa-tion and opportunity. We entered the warto oppose autocracy, to save government for

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The New World Orderthe people, and to make the world safe fordemocracy. We do not believe in kings andautocrats ; we know that the people are notsafe in their hands. We will abolish politicalkings, but we must not allow money kings.We repudiate the medieval baron, but wemust not accept the coal baron. We say thatgovernment is not safe in the hands ofhereditary autocrats, but we must say thatthe people's welfare is not safe in the handsof industrial hereditary autocrats.A return to old_ condition^ is impossible.It IslmpossiBIeTrom the point oTview olthechanges that have come; it is impossiblefrom the point of view of the new demandsupon society. There is no use, therefore, intalking about a restoration of the statn-s quoqiite. Any discussion of such a return isdisingenuous; it can only lead to confusionand trouble. The way out is the way for-ward. What we must have is a new policywhich shall guide men in a new socialadvance.

III. The Ne:&ifetional Policy. WhaUhenation needs at this time is a well-thought-out^ -comprehensive plan of social reconstruc-tipji which will guarantee freedom, equality,ajid }ustic.to~all. It must ensure a nationalorder governed on democratic principleswhich shall unify the forces of the nation,

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The Socialization of llie Nation

develop a national discipline, and express thecooperation of all for the sake of all. Inthis program four things are vital :

I. Th*rf HIV** fie a f/i/ing^ in. thr spiritand ^/t>T n i f^ffffffffti T*^ **](] indi-IS A-

mill niS Wtereste are his final law.Jt taught that tlic rule of the game i.s eachfor himself and the devil take the hindmost.Thus it sanctified the game of grab and therule of self-interest. Under the sway ofthis doctrine we have thought of life as amagnified grab-game, in which each wasexpected to take everything in sight and shutout his neighbor. Men have had a provin-cial spirit in thought, in morality, in politics.They have thought of their street, theirtown, their business, their party, and haveviewed every question in this light. Theyhave insisted that their representatives incity council, in legislatures, and in Con-gress shall secure appropriations for theirdistrict without reference to the generalwelfare. They have upheld a party and itspolicies for the sake of their own businessadvantage. They have taken for grantedthat various selfish policies would add them-selves up into the national good. They haveassumed that political right consisted in abalance of expediencies.

G [87 ]


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The New World OrderThe nation must have a new mind and

heart and conscience. There must be de-veloped a national spirit of sacrifice andservice. We must gain the sense of thewhole, and learn to take thought for thecommon life, and to value every policy andprogram by this standard. The land is fullof people who would die for the nation, whoyet swear away their taxes and dodge juryservice. We need thfi najjonal^ convictionthat one is to seek, not his own advantage^but the profit of the many. We must realize'that the good man is a good citizen and livesfor the common weal. To-day one may winor lose his crown of sainthood by the way hepractises his citizenship. Men must learnto hunger and thirst after righteousness injust city franchises. They must seek thekingdom of God and its justice in a fairsystem of taxation. They must be fellowhelpers unto the truth by insisting that pub-lic service corporations shall give good ser-vice and issue no watered stock. They mayplay the Good Samaritan by securing anhonest and efficient police department. Theymay love their neighbors by guaranteeingpure air and community playgrounds forchildren. They may bear their cross afterthe Master by fighting graft in the city andspeculation in public franchises, and by

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The Socialization of the Nationupholding righteous but unpopular causes.They may prove the quality of their citizen-ship in the kingdom of God by the practiceof good citizenship in their community. Allthis demands the imagination to look beyondself and see the common good ; and the will-ingness to subordinate self-interest and co-operate for the common life. It demandsthe creation of a social conscience that shallhonor the moral ideal and be quick to searchmen through and through with the fire ofGod. It demands the development of acomprehensive national discipline, the abilityto do team-work, the willingness to findone's good in the common welfare. With-out this mind and spirit and habit democ-racy will be a sham and the nation will befull of confusion. With the growth of thismind and spirit and habit national policieswill change and political institutions willproduce better fruit.The course of the nation during the war ,has answered one libel on human nature andhas given some hope for the future. It hasbeen assumed that men are selfish, and thatmen of large ability will not put forth theirbest efforts unless they are motived by thehope of money rewards; society must notinterfere therefore with human nature, butmust leave the door open for individual

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/ /; Socialization of the Nationcannot allow monopolists and profiteers toexploit the people's necessities and make thechild's loaf small and the family's fuel dear.Society roust- gr^ fllT p*"* 1*bring about ^ T^jfflng aoumusF abolish

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The Socialization of the Nationelse, are for the sake of man and society.Thus far, however, we have regarded menfor the sake of industry, and industry for thesake of profits. All this must be changed,both in policy and methods. In fine, theremust be ;i socialization of tile economicprocesses in the interest of the total life ofthe nation.We must recognize the fact that the in-dustrial process is a part of the social life,and must always be considered in its rela-tion to the whole. It is not an end in itself,but exists for the sake of society. It is neces-sary, therefore, that the process in its unitsbe related to the process as a whole. It mustbe subordinate to and included in all commu-nities and interests within the common pur-pose of the nation.* The socializing of jn-dustry means, therefore, theindustry witn tne total welfare 01 society. Itspirit, methods, and results shall be con-ducted in such a walife 01 tbeprocess of making- wealth, controlling anddistributing it Whenever the process af-fects society in any way and every industrydoes it must be supervised and controlled.It has become evident that the industrial

Small, " General Sociology," p. 343.[95J


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The New World Orderprocess must be related to all the other fac-tors and processes and must serve the wholewelfare of society and make its full contribu-tion to social values. As a person must besocialized, that is, learn to take his place insociety, conform to its regulations, andserve its welfare, so industry and trade mustbe socialized, find their place in the socialorder, and have their methods and resultsconform to social regulations.

4. We must create a more just and effi-cient social order. The_ present order hasfailed at many points. It has failed to guar-antee the right to life of all human being's.It has failed to ensure equality of opportu-nity to all and has compelled"many to WOtfcagainst heavy handicaps. It is unjust inthat it allows a few to exploit~the many an'ddeprives many of a real chance in life. Itis jvasjteful on the side of production andunjust on the side of distribution. It hasinverted the true order and has turnedvalues topsy-turvy. Tf makae mm fhfmeans of producing things, whereas thingsare only tolerable in so far as they pro-^MQ* uya^ > It compels the gyeat majorityof people to toil beyond their strength with-out true opportunity in life and joy in work ;and it enables a few to live in luxury withoutrendering any service or producing anything*v"MMHMMMMHnMMMMnMMW**BMIP*VlOTI*l


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The New World Orderis individualistic. In the industrial strugglethat is coming, our industrial organizationwith everybody fighting against everybodyelse, industrially, politically, and socially ishopeless ; andone of the world'sieading. industrial nations,or we must organize a system based on. co-operation and not on competition. Butand here is the heart of the problem thiscooperation must be a democratic coopera-tion ; this discipline must be self-împosed and -noFSe autocratic, as in Germany. No doubtany nation that is willing to accept the disci-pline and pay the price, can become efficientand strong. Buj^taoî^Jâchieve this efficiency and discipline, and allthe time must remain democratic.Two possible courses are open to us:i- -*Either there must be such full social controlover the forces and processes of industry asshall safeguard the resources of the nationand the welfare of the people; or there mustbe the full assertion of the right of eminentdomain, the taking over by the people of theresources of the earth with full ownershipand operation by society of all the means ...ofproduction and distribution. Which coursewill the people take? Some men will pre-fer one and other men will choose the alter-nate. But one way or the other society will

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The New World Ordersites, and yet doing no work ; that every per-son do some socially useful work; that in-come received shall bear a direct relation towork done and service rendered. More thanthat, society must, in order to prevent injus-tice on one side and find funds for progresson the other, provide that the earth's re-sources shall be held in trust for all, and thatno man or group shall make profit out of spe-cial privileges. The very stress of the situa-tion will compel society to socialize all lifeand to control industry for the sake of all.Long ago we ought to have learned thisneedful lesson of sacrifice and cooperationand have been willing to serve and seekthe common welfare. Alas, that humanityshould be compelled to learn this necessarylesson at such fearful cost as the world war.But if the nations learn the lesson at thishigh price, even the war will not have beenin vain. But if the nations refuse to learn thelesson and reject the instruction of heaven,one would almost despair of the world.The time is critical and demands wiseand united action. Progress has nevermoved in a straight line but men have hadto make their way by trial and error,ways, everywhere, progress is the resultantof two sets pi .forces, those of conservatismancl those of radicalism. If one or the other


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The Socialization of the Nationof these becbalance- , \vc may have reaction or chaos.

MS is the danger that faces the nations to-day. In the WQrMiinft'ftl^^W^Jffiili^l^^^^bfi"gun. the people have become conscious of^^tlieir^wj

Autocracy and privnegewneflrer instate or in industry, are challenged and mustpass. But let no one suppose that it will bean easy victory. In this time, as so often be-fore, the people when released from their ac-customed restraints are in danger of going toextremes, of trying to bring in the millenniumby a rising vote or show of hands. In theirreaction against the men and institutions that'have limited them or wronged them, they arein danger of lawlessness, of shaking off re-straint, and bringing on a reign of anarchy.What has been the result so often before ?What is the grave danger at this time? Theforces of reaction and conservatism havenever surrendered one privilege willingly." Men are willing to do anything for thepeople," said Tolstoi, " except to get off theirbacks." The men of privilege call to theiraid the forces of religion and reaction, andtogether these make a stand against disor-der and radicalism. The consequence isand this alas is a sad page of history either

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The New World Orderthe powers of reaction and privilege carrythe day and suppress necessary progress inwhich case we simply plant the seeds of bitterstruggle and serious oppression ; or the peo-ple break bounds and fall into revolutionand anarchy, and in this case the cause ofreform is delayed and defeated. These arethe alternatives that face the nations at thistime. Which road will the nations take?Some deep and radical changes are neces-sary; let us admit this and bring them topass. In large part the choice of these alter-natives is with the men of influence andleadership in Church and State. If they havethe faith and courage to accept the challengeof the hour and go forward, humanity maytake a long step toward the goal. If theymisread the signs of the times, if they allowthemselves to be dominated by the forces ofreaction, if they lack courage to do the rightand necessary thing, though it may meangreat change and bring some confusion, theywill simply provoke men to extreme radical-ism and perhaps bloody revolution. " Re-form delayed," said Burke, " is revolutionbegun." Men are driven into revolution and

J j anarchy Jess by-jt&^'&i^^than by the blind and selfish opposition of

! rpar'ffrp grid priVlVgPi r r Nicholas and* \ Pobiedonostseff are the real authors of Bol-

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The Socialization of the Nationshevikism in Russia. The priesthood whoflattered the nobles, Louis XIV, and LouisXV, " these," said Channing, " really causedthe Reign of Terror."Some reforms are inevitable and neces-sary. \Ve cannot go back of the old order.The way out is the way forward. Let ussee the right thing and do it together ; sosliaTI we bring in a great new time with leastconfusion.

REFERENCESHenderson, " The Aims of Labor."Hobson, " Democracy After the War."Weyl, " The New Democracy."Batten,

" The Christian State."Wallas, " The Great Society."Rauschenbusch, " Christianizing the Social Order."

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THE RECONSTRUCTION OFINTERNATIONAL LIFE


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THE RECONSTRUCTION OFINTERNATIONAL LIFE

The \\orld \var is a challenge to our civili-zatfon and a call to world reconstruction.Tlic fact that such a calamity could come inthis twentieth century shows that there aresome serious defects in the world order.Something is wrong with a civilization thatcontains within itself such woful possibili-ties as this war. This compels a rigorousscrutiny of the underlying principles of ourcivilization; it summons us to find the truefoundations and to build upon them.There is no mystery about the war. Ithas not come as a bolt out of the blue. Itscoming is a surprise to no one. In fact, ithas been foreseen and foretold for decades.The only surprise is that it should be so longdelayed. The war is the direct outgrowthof false principles and wrong internationalpolicies. Long ago we were warned :'" Beriot deceived ; God is not mocked ; for what-soever a man soweth that shall he also reap."Of old we have heard the monition, " Thenations shall be turned into hell that forget

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The Reconstruction of International Lifesouls have seen the evil of these policies andhave warned the nations of the comingjudgment. But they have been as voicescrying in the wilderness whose warning hasgone unheeded. But now in the horrors ofthe war and the brutality of Pan-Germanismwe read the evil of these policies and seewhither they lead. Never again can thenations be deceived and regard such policiesas harmless. They are simply diabolicaland murder the life of nations and bringhavoc upon the world.The war has done more than this; it hasbrought out into the light the deeper issuesof the world struggle. Through all thedark night of the past men have yearned tobe free and have struggled toward the light.In our time humanity has tried to take astep forward toward justice and truth. Theprinciples of brotherhood and democracywere beginning to find a larger applicationacross international boundaries. But alas,the past seeks to hold back the future ; dark-ness tries to put out the light. On the sur-face the war seems to be a struggle betweentwo groups of nations, with different idealsand policies, for supremacy in the world.In outward form the war is a struggle be-tween militarism and humanity, betweenautocracy and democracy, between world

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The New World Orderimperialism and national freedom. Theseissues are all involved directly, and upon theoutcome of the war depends the fate of theseideals.

But these are the outward and visiblesigns of an inner and essential difference.The fundamental issues are far deeper thanany of these and more fateful than all com-bined. Is humanity one or many? Is therace a number of isolated and discordantpeoples; or is it a family in which all na-tions are related by essential bonds? Iseach nation a law unto itself with no suchthing as international right, or is humanitya fact with the same.moral obligations uponnations as upon men to be righteous andChristian ? Is humanity a brotherhood, andis it true that God has made of one bloodall nations of men, and has fixed their ap-pointed periods and the definite boundariesof their dwellings ? (Acts 1 7 : 26, 27. ) Shallwe have a federation of the nations with anagreement in law of fair dealing; or shallthe nations as of old seek their own goodand hold all they can seize from the weaker?Are the principles of morality, of justice, ofstewardship and self-sacrifice, which areobligatory upon persons, equally obligatoryupon nations? At bottom these are thedeeper issues in the struggle, and this makes

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The Reconstruction of International Lifeit so momentous. The world is trying totake an upward step; and the war revealsthe forces which would hold mankind backin the night.The supreme task of man here below isthe progress of mankind in justice, virtue,brotherhood, and peace. War is a sign thatsomething is wrong in the principles andpolicies of the nations. This world war hasrevealed the defects in our civilization andhas shown the forces that would retardprogress. The war is hence a summons tous to find the wrong principles of civiliza-tion, to renounce and repudiate these, tostate and affirm the true principles of inter-national life, and to organize a society ofnations. It is a summons to affirm thoseprinciples and policies which we have foundto be true and just for persons and societies,and to make these true for states and na-tions, and then to organize these principlesinto institutions and practices of world life.The true progress pf mankind is the onlyway 1Q, end war. War haj a,"8** and toprevent war we must change the systemwhich makes it inevitable. As longas menancfnations sow false principles and followevil policies, so long they will reap war andmisery. By concessions and compromisesthey may avoid a break for a time and patch

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The New World Orderup a truce; but w'hen the wind is sown thewhirlwind is reaped. In the words of theprophet, " The bed is shorter than that aman can stretch himself upon it, and thecovering is narrower than that he can wraphimself in it." The only way to cure andprevent war is to remove the causes whichmake war. In other words, keeping inmind the fundamental issues of the war, theway out for societies is the way out for theworld. We must make those principles andpolicies true for the nations which we haveaccepted as true for persons and societies.That war may be prevented there mustbe some thoroughgoing changes in the idealsof men and a reconstruction of the interna-tional life of mankind. Four things areimplied in this, which may be briefly noted :

I. The Creation of an International MincLThe nrst-!htg is a trite a'hcT OiristiaHiaeaTof humanity. The real causes of war lie farback in the thoughts and ideals of men.They have false ideals of national greatnessand success; they have wrong thoughtsabout trade and government. The causesof peace must be found in right thoughts inthe minds of men and high ideals for theirpractice. We can build up a just andbrotherly world without when we havebuilt up a just and brotherly world within.

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The Reconstruction of International LifeThere is suspicion and warfare among thenations for the reason that nations have awrong attitude toward one another, ^cshall have a just and lasting peace when wehave a change in the thoughts of nwn amiwhen nations begin the practice of Chris-.tian principles.Tls radical change in theand ideals of men and nations. Men

must renounce the false ideals that have solong guided their policies. Thus it has beenassumed that each nation is supreme and isfree to consider its own interests withoutregard for others. It has been taught thatthere is nothing higher than the state, andthat the state or nation is therefore not sub-ject to moral law. It has been assumed thatanything is good which serves the interestsof the one nation, and everything is badwhich brings no advantage to oneself. Somen have taken for granted that expandingnations have the right to steal land, to over-reach whole peoples, to outrage and kill bywholesale. Traders and financiers have feltfree to seek private profit, to exploit weakerpeoples and make them hunting-grounds forgain, and to dispossess the natives. So theyhave obtained concessions in various landsoften by doubtful methods, and have heldvaluable privileges against the people them-

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The New World Orderselves. They have carefully manufacturedfalse news, have deceived the people athome, and have declared that the flag wasinsulted. Chancellors and diplomats, oftenwith an interest in concessions and profits,have played with weaker peoples as withmere pawns in a game of chess. Under theinfluence of traders and their false doctrinesnations have created tariff barriers to helpthemselves and checkmate others. Theyhave sought to control the trade routes ofthe world and thereby hold a selfish ad-vantage. They have promoted the delusionthat trade requires a great navy to controlthe seas and enable the nation to maintainits supremacy. They have cherished a prideof power and an ambition for dominion. Sothey have raised false issues and have de-ceived the people. They have encouragedthe people of one nation to suspect and hatethe people of another nation. They havethen led them forth to fight and die, ap-parently for national honor, but really forsordid profits. Beneath the political antago-nisms of the nations are economic rivalries ;these both cause and explain in large partthe national rivalries and international in-trigues. Modern navies and armies are notcreated merely to take human life and ad-vance the glory of rulers ; but they are rather

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The Reconstruction of International Lifearmed guardians of economic advantage andmilitary protectors of world traders. As aresult of these causes men have grown mad,and nations have fought and have filled theworld with misery. 1 As long as such falseideas and doctrines are accepted, so longthere will be suspicion, jealousy, hatred, andwar between nations and groups of nations.Then in a more positive way we must ac-cept and affirm the true principles of interna-tional life. Perhaps we can do no betterthan quote some of the affirmations pre-sented by the Federal Council of theChurches of Christ in America,We accept and affirm :That above all nations is humanity;That nations are neighbors, members of one greathuman family;That no nation is complete in itself, nor can it at-

tain its own highest life except through wholesomerelations with the rest of mankind;That all sovereignty is limited and relative, sub-ject to the Infinite Will and to the ethical restrictionsand limitations of all humanity;That cooperation and mutual consideration should

take the place of destructive competition and ruinousrivalries of peoples and nations;That it is as wrong for nations as for individualsto steal and lie and kill ;1 Hill, " The Rebuilding of Europe," chap. III.


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The New World OrderThat forbearance and forgiveness, service and sac-

rifice, are binding upon nations as well as uponindividuals ;That great and wealthy nations are stewards and

trustees for the welfare of small, weak, and un-developed peoples;That true national greatness comes from service

to the world, not from dominion over it ;That all races and nations, great and small alike,

possess the right to share in the world's resourcesand in opportunity for self-directing and expandinglife, in harmonious cooperation with the rest ofmankind ;That justice and right dealing in international

affairs are impossible apart from the developmentthroughout our land of that spirit of Christian goodwill and brotherhood which must express itself inthe establishment of social justice and right dealingin our own industrial and economic problems.

If there is to be a new* world it must comefirsFofliJflJ|Er^^tions. There must be created an interna-tional mind and conscience; men. must learnto think of humanity as one family and tohave a world patriotism; they must keeptheir minds free from jealousy and selfish-ness, and must base their policy and practiceupon true and Christian principles; theymust be as quick to resent injustice by anation as by an individual. Humanity mustbecome an ideal in order that it may become

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T/ic New World Orderfar as the United States is concerned. Wehave here a confederation of States co-operating toward one common end, accept-ing their place in the nation, and in all thingsthat affect their external affairs obeying acommon law and leaving the final decisionto a national government.In our time humanity is facing the ques-tion of an organization of the nations in asociety of states. It is becoming clear thathumanity is one, that the nations are the in-terrelated and interdependent members ofone body, and that each nation is under obli-gation to take thought for the things ofothers, and to look not alone on the thingsof self but also on the things of others. Itis necessary therefore for the nations thatbelieve in world humanity and internationaljustice to express their common life in someform of international organization. Thereis no such thing as absolute liberty for theindividual ; he is a part of society, and mustbe willing to accept his place in the socialorder and consent to have his interestsmeasured by the welfare of all. There is nomore justice for the claim of absolutesovereignty on the part of a nation than onthe part of an individual.

"Absolutesovereignty," says a suggestive writer," means absolute anarchy." The one nation

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I nt Reconstruction of International Lifemust therefore think of itself as a part ofhumanity and learn to live with others interms of justice and peace; it must realizethat nothing can be really good for itselfwhich is evil to the rest ; it must come to per-ceive that whatever policy blesses all blesseseach.

There are fnir p>le ways in which na-- may live together and. may seek pence.These ml^DCDnen^rotca:

i. Xatioiuil liuli;-i


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The New World Orderinto some kind of relations; this fact is cer-tain and this tendency is irresistible.As a matter of fact the nations have neverlived apart, each separate and independent.Thus far the stronger has always aggressedupon the weaker and has sought to crush orabsorb it ; it is certain that a world of inde-pendent and competing states, strong andweak, would mean confusion and warfare.It is useless to talk about this policy as aremedy. It would be a reversal of history.It denies the unity of the human race. Itwould be impossible for small and weakstates to maintain themselves in presence ofthe stronger. They would either decline, ormore probably would enter into alliance withother peoples; or they would be conqueredand absorbed by some great power. Thiswould mean endless confusion and wouldcreate all the conditions of bitter wars.

2. Imperialistic Groups. In all times therehas beerTa tendency toward the formation ofempires, usually made up by the forciblecombination pj: rnaiiy peoples. The great em-pires of the past were formed in this way;and great as were the wrongs they caused,they yet did something to advance the race.In latter times this tendency has become verymarked, and the world to-day is composedof a few imperialistic groups that practically

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The Reconstruction of International Lifeinclude all peoples. The smaller nations arebeing absorbed by the larger groups; inmany ways this is an advantage to thesmaller nations ; it ensures protection againstaggressive enemies, and it gives the benefitof trade with a larger unitThis policy, as all history testifies, con-tains no guaranty of world peace. For in"iir time there has developed an enduringcontest between these great empires forworld mastery, control of trade routes, andnew territory. Various imperialistic groupsform alliances to beat other groups. Thereis an effort, in pretense at least, to maintaina balance of power ; but every group insiststhat the balance shall be in its favor. It willnever be possible for a few ambitious groups,competing and antagonistic, to live togetherin peace and ensure the welfare of the world.Peace that depends upon a balance of poweris uncertain at best; such balance is alwaysin unstable equilibrium and is easily upset.It will be equally impossible for any of theseimperialistic groups, made up as they are ofdiverse peoples, to be at peace within them-selves. Either the small peoples must sup-press their aspirations, which they are notlikely to do, or they will be in a state ofchronic revolt. The world ought to havelearned by this time from Assyria and Rome,


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The New World OrderRussia and Germany, that this policy isfatuous and foolish. The formation of im-perialistic groups, made up of suppressedpeoples and living in unstable equilibrium,contains no guaranty of peace and really hasmade war more wide-spread. There is nohope of world peace in the policy ofi-imperialism.3. A third conceivable policy is Worldtestifies, has been the dream of many a manand people, from Sesostris, Alexander, andCaesar, to Attila, Napoleon, and WilliamHohenzollern. But always and everywherethe dream has ended in the same way. Hu-manity is too diverse fojjmvman or nationto control and combine all others. Nflflflflaiand racial ditlerences" are ineradicable andpersistent ; they are sure to assert themselvessoon or late, and bring to naught the plansof world conquerors. The attempt of anypeople to dominate the world is therefore amadman's dream. It is to be feared thatthere will be more madmen with this dream ;but forever it will end in the same way. Theworld can never become the subject of anyone nation. If it; could be done, it would beonly for a time. Humanity will never be theslave of any man or nation. It is a denial ofGod; it is a moral impossibility. If any

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Tftc Reconstruction of International Lifemodern nation, either Germany, Britain,Russia, or the United States, should ever befoolish enough to cherish that delusion, thesooner it is given up the better. That waylies disaster and not peace.

4. The only alternative is World Fcdera-

the oJordler. The attempt to break up therace into distinct and independent nationali-ties, some small, others large, would be a re-versal of history. It is certain that the raceswill more and more tend toward consolida-tion and cooperation. Mankind that has oncetasted the advantages of combination, is notlikely to throw those advantages away. Thatwould destroy progress, limit trade, bring nobenefit to any one, and deny the unity of therace. The process oi consolidation must goon if the race is to advance. But j{ cannotbe promoted bythe formation of imperialisticffTOUpS: Jjt Cannot rnmg.-tliroMgh tho worlddominion of one power. There is only oneway out for the nations, and that'is a genuinefederation of all peoples. This is just andfair. It .recognizes the right of each people,Imwever small, to live its own life and de-velop its own institutions; but it recognizesthe interdependence of all. It provides forfhc union of all for the sake of all ; and so itprovides a basis upon which there can be a


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The New World Orderreal community of life and interchange ofgifts.There must be jLlgaguje..oi,irrr. .a federation of the world. In this directionsgveial tilings may be nuled: a. There mustbe SLWOtfaLbarliament made up o^epresen-tatives of the nations, to consider questionsof common interest, to frame internationallaws, and to interpret world justice. &.JIheemust be an international' court to interpretinternational law and decide all questionsthat arise between nations and, states accord-ing to accepted principles and laws. Anynation feeling itself wronged may submit itscase to this court for adjudication; and nonation shall be free to attack another till itscase has been heard, c. Tljpe^vjaus^iiefvaispan international police force large and strongenough to enforce international law againstany offending member. This internationalpolice force should possess an army and navystronger than that of any member; in factit should be the only army and navy in exis-tence, and no nation must be permitted togather deadly weapons. The time has goneby when the nations of earth can permit anyfreebooting nation to endanger the peace ofthe world. They cannot permit any interna-tional thug to aggress on weaker peoples, tosteal their land, and crush them out of exis-

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The Reconstruction of International Lifebe innocent, and at what is esteemed theauspicious moment dispatched upon theirmission of aggression."In the past, as history shows, selfish andambitious men have sought place and powerat the expense of their fellows; they haveschemed to gain control of government ; theyhave used their power to conquer other peo-ples and ride roughshod over them. Tosanctify their usurpations they have inventedthe doctrine of the divine right of kings, andthus have tried to keep the people in sub-jection. This political power appears astyranny to the people within and a worldconqueror to the people without. Throughthe centuries there has been an ever-growingrevolt against this political imperialism; inthe democratic movement this revolt hasfound definite voice and power. But in theselater times there has come the growth ofeconomic imperialism which threatens to bequite as evil and tyrannous as the old politi-cal imperialism. To-day the selfish and am-bitious impulses of men find expression inthe power of capitalism. As we have seen,there has been a remarkable increase of sur-plus capital ; and this capital seeks power andprofits wherever they can be found. So itobtains valuable privileges and concessions

- Hill, " The Rebuilding of Europe," p. 34.


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The Reconstruction of International Lifeeconomic imperialism seeking power andprofits. German manufacturers want tocontrol the iron and coal resources of Bel-gium and France; they want raw materialsfrom Africa and South America; Germanbankers want profitable investments inTurkey and Russia ; German traders want tocheckmate Britain in Asia and to control thetrade routes of the world ; in a word Germanimperialists want to make the world safe fortheir capital and trade. The power of capi-tal is greater than the power of kings ; eco-nomic imperialism is a standing menace tothe world's peace.The democratic movement must go for-ward and bring capital under the control of

the people. Two aspects of this task may bementioned, the internal and the external." The reason for the too rapid export ofcapital abroad is in short the bad division ofwealth at home." * We must therefore bringwealth and industry under the control of so-ciety and must prevent the unjust and unso-cial accumulation of capital at home. Demo-cratic peoples have declared that politicalpower cannot be trusted in the hands of oneman or of a few men ; by constitutional guar-anties and a diffusion of power the peoplehave protected themselves against autocracy

Brailsford, ibid., p. 81.

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The New World Orderand tyranny. Democratic peoples must nowdeclare that economic power cannot be placedin the hands of one man or of a group ofbankers; by constitutional guaranties whichshall define economic justice, by democraticdiffusion of wealth and control of industry,the people must protect themselves againsteconomic exploiters and autocrats. As longas industry is autocratic in form and method ;as long as there is bad division of wealth athome, with the many laboring hard on smallincome and the few drawing large incomeand often doing no work and giving noequivalent, so long surplus capital will ex-ploit weaker peoples and economic imperial-ism will be a world menace.Then with the democratic control ofwealth and industry at home it will be com-perialism abroad. The nations must insistthat capital and wealth must come under thecontrol of the people and must be made toserve humanity. Exploiting weaker peoplein the interest of bankers' bonds and traders'dividends creates international friction andbreeds war. " International trade rivalry iswar smoldering." We know of course howthese imperialistic schemes are coated overwith fine phrases about the necessary flow ofcapital, the development of backward peo-

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The Reconstruction of International Lifepies, the white man's burden, the survival ofthe fittest. But these are the very pleaswith which autocrats and conquerors havealways deceived themselves and awed thepeople. As the nations have united to makean end of political imperialism, so they mustunite to make an end of economic imperial-ism. There must be no more exploitation ofAfrica by any nation. There must be opentrade for all. The nations must make it for-ever impossible for a few men, whetherautocrats of empire, captains of finance,barons of trade, or diplomats in secret, toplunge the people into war and murder thepeace of the world. Never again must suchpower be lodged in the hands of a few selfishand irresponsible persons. The people musttake the affairs of the world into their ownhands. Autocrats, political or commercial,cannot be trusted with so much power. Asdemocratic nations have denied the divineright ot kings and nave taken the atlairs ofstale iiiiu iliMii nun HUM* ^n^ 3ivlne right of capital and1 ltJ)!2n

st say that autocratic and irresponsiblecapital seeking exorbitant profits by exploit-ing weaker people and fomenting trade rival-ries is as outrageous and dangerous as auto-cratic and militaristic kaisers.

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The New World OrderIt is evident, therefore, if we are to have

peace among the nations, that the mightyeconomic forces must be moralized andcome under the control of society. The na-tions have created a veritable Frankenstein,and now the monster has grown so strongthat he resents control; nay, he menaceshis creator. The nations are in dangerof being destroyed by the very powerthey have created. This is certain, that theeconomic life of the nations must be re-deemed and moralized. Economic imperial-ism is a standing menace to the peace of theworld. It is useless to talk of peace and toform leagues of nations so long as capitalismhas its ways and sows the seeds of war. Un-less the economic forces can be moralizedand controlled, the nations will be exploitedand we may expect a succession of murder-ous wars.

IV. The Earthjg^yjgjgggj^e. The na-tions musTtalceTKe next step, and control theresources of the earth in the interest of allpeoples. What is the deeper meaning oflife? What is that purpose Which God isworking out in the world? So far as wecan read that meaning and purpose, it is thetraining of conscious beings in the divine artof living together. All the forces and fac-tors of life, in the last analysis, contribute


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I In- Reconstruction of International Lifeto this end, whether they are what we callreligious, moral, political, or economic. Oneaspect of this is vital here :The different nations have different char-acteristics and traits. They inhabit differ-ent sections of earth, and these are char-acterized by wide diversities of climate, soil,productions, and resources. A nation maypossess wide territory, as Russia or theUnited States, and be more or less self-suffi-cient But no one nation is or can be suffi-cient unto itself; if it would live a full lifeand have a wide development, it must havedealings with other peoples; it must give ofits fulness and receive of the resources ofothers. Trade, to be large and profitable,must be international. Raw materials arewidely scattered, and one nation must de-pend upon others for supplies. All thiscreates our modern international problemand is a cause and condition of war. Thusfar we have failed to solve it intelligentlyand justly; and war is the price we pay forthis failure.One principle must guide us here ; in it weshall find the key to the problem. Theprinciple of interdependence and controlthat we have accepted as true for the nationwe must now accept as true for the world.The world is one family; no nation lives to

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The New World Orderitself or for itself. The earth and its re-sources belong to the people. The principleof eminent domain is as true for the worldas for the nation. In the last analysis therights of men, whether rights of life or ofproperty, are in society; so the rights ofnations in position and resources are in hu-manity. For the person there is no suchthing as an absolute right; no one can doas he pleases with his life or property. Andsociety may require him to use these in sucha way as to serve the common good. Thesame principle is true for nations. Each na-tion lives in humanity and for humanity. Itholds its life and possessions in stewardshipfor mankind. No one nation can seize andtake and use whatever it pleases. Humanitymay require each nation to serve all ; it mayassert the principle of eminent domain andregulate the use of resources for the benefitof all. As in the stress and strain of warthe various nations were compelled to takecontrol of their natural resources, the meansof transportation, the food supplies, themanufacturing apparatus, so- the nations toprevent international profiteering and in-justice must exercise supervision over theworld's resources and control trade routes.The way out for one nation within itselfsuggests the way out for all nations to-

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Tlie New World Ordermust affirm the principle of national steward-ship for the world. We must affirm the oldprinciple that the earth with its resources hasGod given to the children of men. Wemust say that it is against society's interestto allow any individual exclusive controlof natural resources, to make them privateproperty and exploit them to one's own ad-vantage against the welfare of society. Inlike manner we must say that it is a wrongagainst humanity for any people to wasteits resources, or for another nation to seizethose resources and exploit them to its ownprofit. This does not mean that humanityshall seize the resources of any nation with-out its consent and use them for the benefitof all. For exploitation by humanity wouldbe no better than exploitation by one nation.But it does mean that every people whichwould live in the world and have dealingswith others, shall come under the reign oflaw, recognize its obligations as well asclaim its rights, and agree to use its re-sources for the advantage of all. The na-tion that lives in fellowship with othersthrough trade and travel must accept thefact of right and stewardship and super-vision.The nations must practise an internationaltrade morality. We have a personal mo-

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The Reconstruction of International Liferality and a church morality ; but we do nothave a trade morality across internationallines. Individuals believe that it is wrong tocovet, to cheat, to steal, to kill ; but only ina meager and partial way do they believethat it is equally wrong for traders and na-tions to do these things. Nay, many whocondemn these wrongs when done by oneman against another within the nation, fullyapprove these things when done in the in-terest of trade by one nation against anoutside people. We must then keep openhighways in the world and guarantee thefreedom of the seas to all peoples. We mustinsist that the strategic points of the earthshall be internationalized and kept open toall. We must insist that the sovereignty ofa nation shall end with its own boundariesand with its colonies, and that this sover-eignty is never absolute but is always limitedand relative in humanity. In a word, byprinciples of international morality, by in-ternational law, and by international tradewe must create a presumption in favor ofworld federation, world justice, and worldpeace. We must internationalize the affir-mations of our American democracy andmust declare. that we hold these truths to be-elf-evident, that all nations are createdequal,, that each has the inalienable right to

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The New World Orderbe, to possess its own territory, and enjoyits oScOnsiutyHoii^v-snd that the interna-tional government of the world must restupon the consent of the governed. It is suffi-cient for this generation' to affirm these prin-ciples; their interpretation and applicationmust be worked out in the future and organ-ized into the policies of the nations.The nations must prepare for peace asthey have hitherto prepared for war. Thedefeat of Germany will settle nothing andensure no peace unless the nations removethe causes of war and organize their interna-tional life on a basis of justice. Terms ofpeace that are arbitrary, that play with thedestiny of any nation, however weak, thattolerate injustice and rest upon suspicion,contain the seeds of future wars. The na-tions must know the causes which lead topeace and be just enough to make peace pos-sible. Peace is not a cause but a result.Righteousness is the only foundation onwhich a real peace can be built. " The fruitof righteousness is peace; and the effect ofrighteousness is quietness and confidenceforever."There is deep significance in the Scripturestatement concerning the King of Salem," first by interpretation King of Righteous-

ness, and after that also King of Peace "


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The Reconstruction of International Life(Heb. 7 : 2). Righteousness must there-fore be our first concern; let ngHWBBBRprevail among the nations nnd pence is cer-tain. But jK'acc without righteousness cannever be real or lasting. Yet three fourthsof the efforts to secure peace ignore thistruth and try to find some way other thanthat of

justice.Other foundations can no man lay forsocial and international peace than havebeen laid. These foundations stand secure,and men and nations must build upon themif their work is to abide. God will over-turn our works, and we shall have wars andconfusions till we accept his foundations.We never shall have international peace tillwe have international righteousness. Peacedoes not come by cunning diplomacy orcrafty compromises; it cannot be poisedupon a balance of powers or be guaranteedby armaments. Peace is not assured whenthe fighting stops; it is only attained whenjustice is done. Diplomacy may patch upa truce; the sword may stop the aggressorand defeat his schemes. All this is at bestnegative and uncertain. Peace is positive.It rests upon justice and fair dealing, confi-dence and good will. Have the nations themind to be just? Do they know what justicereally means ? These are supreme questions

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The New World Orderfor our time and our nation. If the nationswould have real and lasting peace our na-tion along with other nations they mustlearn to hunger and thirst after righteous-ness and be just in all their ways. They musthavejj],sj^rificial attitude of mind and looknot alone on the things of self, but also onthe things of others. Peace will come andreign as justice grows and lives. Thus farwe have sought to find peace by agreementand compromise, by adjusting antagonismsof men and nations. We shall really findpeace by establishing justice and associatingnations in righteousness.

REFERENCESHill, " The Rebuilding of Europe."Brailsford, " The War of Steel and Gold."Howe, " Why War."Weyl, " The End of the War."Hobson, " Democracy after the War."Angell, "The Political Conditions of Allied Suc-

cess."Brailsford, " The League of Nations."Gladden, " The Forks of the Road."


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He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spiritis saying unto the churches. The Revelation j : 22.All authority hath been given unto me in heavenand on earth. Go ye therefore and make disciples of

all the nations, baptizing them into the name of theFather, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost;teaching them to observe all the things whatsoeverI commanded you. Matthew 28 : 18-20.

It is not the province of the church as an organ-ized body to dominate or to attempt to dominate thestate politically, or to control specific legislative ac-tion ; but it is its province to set forth and interpretthe pri

zane batten, samuel - a new world order

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