zero carbon compendium

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Zero Carbon CompendiumWho's doing what in housing worldwide

NHBC Foundation

NHBC House

Davy Avenue

Knowlhill

Milton Keynes

MK5 8FP

Tel: +44 (0)1908 746739

Fax: +44 (0)1908 747255

E-mail: [email protected]

ww.nhbcfoundation.org

Copyright NHBC Foundation 2011.

Please contact the NHBC Foundation if you wishto reproduce, publish or electronically storeany part of this document.

Researched and published by PRP Architectson behalf of the NHBC Foundation

September 2011


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FOREWORD

Climate change is the biggest threat we faceglobally, but all too often it is discussed in the

abstract, and can appear disconnected fromour daily lives. And yet there are very realand immediate links. Across the globe, as inthe UK, our homes account for between 20%and 25% of all man-made CO

2emissions.

So how homes are designed, built and used,can make an enormous difference. Formany governments, cutting emissions fromhousing is regarded as central to their abilityto meet national and international emissionsreduction targets. As a result, a wide rangeof approaches and policies directed at

housing have developed or are emerging indifferent countries with the common aim offacilitating low carbon living. Some of theseare already providing powerful exampleswhich are informing international thinking.

Originally published in 2009, and nowupdated to include five additional countries,this Compendium provides a broadsynthesis of international activity in thisfield. It gives a unique snapshot of how20 different countries are demonstratingleadership in low carbon technology, culturechange, policy development and changemanagement. For each country, headlineenergy consumption and climatic data

have been assembled to provide context.This is accompanied by an analysis of

progress against national aspirations andpolicy targets for emissions reductions. Asin the 2009 Compendium, the informationhas been organised to facilitate easycomparisons between countries, providingclarity for those wishing to learn frominternational experience and those seekingto build international links and collaboration.

For the UK, where meeting the 2016zero carbon target requires rapid andchallenging performance improvements,

there is an obvious need to learn key lessonsfrom overseas. While every country hasunique domestic circumstances, the 2011Compendium, with its expanded scope andadditional insight gained over time, helpsus all to save time by learning from others,whether on policy, process, technology orconstruction practice.

While the global market can bring powerfulinternational perspectives to our decisionmaking, we rarely have the time to stepback and take in the significant progressthat is being made across the world. TheCompendium both helps provide thatperspective and enables us to appreciate

the significant contribution being madeby our own housing sector and policy

makers to international progress onlow carbon housing.

We hope that the 2011 Compendium, likeits predecessor, will make a valuablecontribution by building internationalawareness of the global importance oflow and zero carbon housing in tacklingclimate change.

Nick Raynsford Paul King

Nick Raynsford

Chair, NHBC Foundation

Paul King

Chair, Zero Carbon Hub


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ABOUT THE NHBC FOUNDATION

The NHBC Foundation was establishedin 2006 by the NHBC in partnership with

the BRE Trust. Its purpose is to deliverhigh-quality research and practicalguidance to help the industry meet itsconsiderable challenges.

Since its inception, the NHBC Foundationswork has focused primarily on thesustainability agenda and the challengesof governments 2016 zero carbon homestarget. Research has included a review ofmicrogeneration and renewable energytechniques and the groundbreakingresearch on zero carbon and what it means

to homeowners and housebuilders.The NHBC Foundation is also involved ina programme of positive engagementwith government, development agencies,academics and other key stakeholders,focusing on current and pressing issuesrelevant to the industry.

Further details on the latest output from theNHBC Foundation can be found atwww.nhbcfoundation.org

NHBC Foundation Advisory Board

The work of the NHBC Foundation is guidedby the NHBC Foundation Advisory Board,which comprises:

Rt. Hon. Nick Raynsford MP,Chairman

Dr Peter Bonfield, Chief Executive, BRE

Professor John Burland CBE, BRE Trust

Imtiaz Farookhi, Chief Executive, NHBC

Richard Hill, Executive Director, Programmesand Deputy Chief Executive at the Homesand Community Agency

Neil Jefferson, Chief Executive, Zero CarbonHub

Rod MacEachrane, NHBC Director (retired)

Robin Nicholson, Senior Partner, EdwardCullinan Architects

Geoff Pearce, Group Director ofDevelopment and Asset Management, EastThames Housing Association

David Pretty CBE, Former Group ChiefExecutive, Barratt Developments PLC

Professor Steve Wilcox, Centre for HousingPolicy, University of York


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ABOUT THE ZERO CARBON HUB

The Zero Carbon Hub was established inthe summer of 2008 to support the delivery

of zero carbon homes from 2016. It is apublic/private partnership drawing supportfrom both Government and the industry andreports directly to the 2016 Taskforce.

The Zero Carbon Hub has developed fiveworkstreams to provide a focus for industryengagement with key issuesand challenges:

Energy Efficiency

Energy Supply

Examples and Scale Up

Skills and Training

Consumer Engagement

To find out more about these workstreams,please visit www.zerocarbonhub.org

If you would like to contribute to the work ofthe Zero Carbon Hub, please [email protected]

Zero Carbon Hub Management Board

The work of the Zero Carbon Hub is directedby its Management Board which comprises:

Paul King, Chairman

David Adams, Director, Zero Carbon Hub

Imtiaz Farookhi, NHBC

Mike Freshney, HBF/Robust Details Ltd.

Neil Jefferson, Chief Executive, Zero CarbonHub

Bob Ledsome, Communities and Local

Government

Ray Morgan OBE, Local GovernmentAssociation

Stephen Muers, Homes and CommunitiesAgency

Rob Pannell, Director, Zero Carbon Hub

John Tebbit, Construction ProductsAssociation

ChrisPearsallPhotography


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ABOUT PRP

A progressive multi-disciplinary architecturalpractice with 48 years' experience in the

built environment across the UK, EasternEurope, Middle East and Asia. PRP'sservices include architecture, urban design,landscape design, planning, interiordesign, environmental consultancy, projectmanagement and research.

PRP is an industry leader in the design anddelivery of sustainable places and buildingswhere people love to live, work and play.Passionate about place making, PRP'sportfolio spans the residential, specialisthousing, mixed use, commercial, retail,

health, education and leisure sectors.PRP is committed to research anddevelopment, continually seeking newissues to investigate and projects to studywhile keeping abreast of European andworld wide housing approaches to helpinform UK best practice.

PRP Environmentalprovides sustainabilityconsultancy services for clients in the

development, construction and assetmanagement sectors. Our multidisciplinaryteam of architects, engineers andsustainability consultants understand thecomplexities of development design, deliveryand operation. We combine expertise withcommercial awareness to develop bespokeproposals which are responsive to projectrequirements whilst considering economicviability, environmental performance andsocial wellbeing.

We provide services to developers,

contractors, housing providers, Government,Local Authorities and NGO's in relation tobuilding design, environmental performanceand assessment, sustainable operation andprocurement, knowledge dissemination,corporate policy and promotion.

For more information, visit

www.prparchitects.co.uk.

Population2006vs2026: an evolvingdemographic

USUK

MiltonKeynes

SouthEast

28.616.917.7 16.2

1.1

3.1

Uganda

China

rgentina6.5

USAUK

iltonKeynes

SouthEast

28.616.917.7 16. 2

1.1

3.1

Uganda

China

Argentina6.5

Compared tothe restofthe Southeast,a MiltonKeynesresidenthasasmallercarbonfootprint,althoughat16.9tonnesofCO2 perpersonperyear,stillslightly higherthantheUK average,roughly fiveand-a-halftimesthatofatypicalChinese resident,and fifteentimesthatofsomeone living inUganda!

A Lowcarbon lifestyleHowdowecompare?

SourcesofData:

UK data fromthe StockholmEnvironmentInstitute (SEI)REAP Programme,2006Internationaldata fromthe NorwegianUniversity ofScience and Technology (NTNU),CarbonFootprintforNationsProgramme

20262006

% of Population

90+85-59

80-8475-79

70-74

65-6960-64

55-5950-54

45-4940-44

35-39

30-3425-29

20-2415-19

10-14

5-90-4

Age

Group

0 2 4

6 8

2026Yesterdaysyuppies:Anaging populationemerges-howwillwe addresstheirneeds?

2006MiltonKeynesisgenerallycomposed of a youthfulpopulation: young professionals,familieswithyoung children

MiltonKeynestoday ismade up ofa young anddynamicdemographicthathasgiventhe city itsenergy and vibrancy.Butwhatwill the populationbelike in2026?The generaltrend predicted forMiltonKeynesaswellasthe restofthe country,isonetowardsa more mature population- by 2026,thecurrentgenerationwillturnintoanolder populationwithvery differentneedsand lifestyles.Withfuelpricespredicted toincrease,willwe have designedtodayshomessothatheating willbe affordableforthe elderly?Willwe have provided enoughinfrastructure and community amenitiesthatwillsupportthe needsofanolderpopulation?We needtofuture-proofourcity sothatitcanmeetthe needsofpresentand future communities.

MILTONKEYNES - WHAT KIND OFCITY?

CRBF T PR I T of atypicalKresident

(intC 2/person/year)

Y U R I I V I U L C R B F T PR I T

16.91 tonnesof C 2perpersonperyear

P ri va te Ca r A ir R ailWaterBuses& TaxisInfrastructure

0 . 76 0 . 20 0 . 182.55 0.130.17

YOUR TRAVEL

3.98

THER

0.81

Clothing &F o o t e a r

HomeFurnishings

Homeppliances

Recreation&Leisure

PersonalCare

0.170.290.300.330.5

Y UR C S UE R I TE S1.

ccommodation

0.15

Holidaysbroad

0.67

Y UR H L I Y S0.81

YOUR HOME4.08

E n er g y Us e M a te r ia l s M a in tenanceWater&Sanitation

0 . 59 0 . 353.00 0.14

Y U R F & R I K2.58

Equipment& Facilities

0.1

Catering

0.53

e at B ev er ag esFruit& V eg B re ada ir y F is h S ee ts

0.21 0.050.090 .8 2 0 .3 1 0 .2 6 0 .1 7

SHARED SERVICES2.87

Land &Buildings

0.53

GovernanceHealthServices

Recreation& Culture

FinancialServices

Telecoms& PostalServices

SocialServicesEducation

0 .8 1 0 .2 5 0 .2 1 0 .1 9 0 . 18 0 .0 90.60

YOUR INDIVIDUALCARBON FOOTPRINT

16.91 tonnesof CO2perpersonperyear

P ri va te C ar i r R ailaterBuses& TaxisInfrastructure

0 . 76 0 . 20 0 . 182.55 0.130.17

Y UR TR V E L 3.98

OTHER0.81

Clothing &Footwear

HomeFurnishings

HomeAppliances

Recreation&Leisure

PersonalCare

0.170.290.300.330.45

YOUR CONSUMER ITEMS1.77

Accommodation

0.15

HolidaysAbroad

0.67

YOUR HOLIDAYS

0.81

YOUR FOOD &DRINK

2.58

Equipment& Facilities

0.14

Catering

0.53

M ea t B ev er ag esFruit& V eg B re adD ai ry F is h Sw ee ts

0.21 0.050.090 .8 2 0 .3 1 0 .2 6 0 .1 7

SHRE SERVICES2.8

Land &Buildings

0.53

GovernanceHealthServices

Recreation& Culture

FinancialServices

Telecoms& PostalServices

SocialServicesEducation

0 .8 1 0 .2 5 0 .2 1 0 .1 9 0 . 18 0 .0 90.60

Carbon footprinttonnesofCO 2 perperson peryear

Based ondata fromthe StockholmEnvironmentInstitute (SEI)REAP Programme,2006

Thisgraphicshowsthe componentsofthe carbonfootprintofa typicalMiltonKeynesresident.The biggestcarbonfootprintfromthe six maincategoriescomesfromourhomes,followed bytransport.The use ofenergy forlighting,heating and appliancesaccountsfor18%ofourtotalfootprint,and driving around ina caraccountsfor15%.The size ofeachiconisproportionaltothe amountofCO

2emitted,and looking atitthisway doesrevealsome interesting patterns-

throughcarbongoggles,carsinMiltonKeynesare muchbiggerthanbusesortrains.

AverageGasConsumptionperdwelling ( kWhperyear )

15000

16000

17000

18000

19000

20000

21000

22000

23000

24000

25000

1 9 3 0 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 1 9 6 0 1 9 7 0 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 0 2 0 0 0

AverageDwellingAge (yearofconstruction)

2010

Notonly doesMiltonKeyneshaveinnovative energy-efficientestatesanddevelopments,allMiltonKeyneshousingbuiltafter1970wasdesigned tobetterlevelsofefficiency thanthe requiredBuilding Regulationsofthe time.Inaddition,there issome evidence thattheactualenergy consumptionforheating inMiltonKeyneshousesislowerthantheUK average.

In1999,EnglishPartnershipsannouncedthatallnewhousesbuiltin MiltonKeynesmusthave anenergy efficiency rating of10/10,compared tothe nationalaverageof4.3/10.

MiltonKeyneshousesused 6to10%lessgasenergy perdwelling thanthe averageUK house in2006- thisdespite the factthatMiltonKeynesresidentsare generallymore affluentthanthe UK average,which

normally resultsinhigherratherthanlowerenergy use!

AllnewhomesinMiltonKeynesare builttoenergy specificationswhichare wellinexcessofthe Building Regulationsrequirements.

There are currently more than5,200employmentestablishmentsinMiltonKeynes,and 151,000jobs.Unemploymentstandsatlessthan2%ofthe workforce,and 29%ofthisworkforceisinskilled,managerialand professionalcategories.MiltonKeynesisconsideredtobe anenterprise city with80%oftheworkforce employed incompaniesof10employeesorless.

Jobgrowththousands

HousingDwellingageandgasconsumption

1960

21

1970

28.3

1980

51.5

1990

82.1

2007

151

Data:The UCL Energy Institute

Eachhouse representsone postcode sectorin

MiltonKeynes

howcanwe gettoZERO CARBON?

Todaysmost energyefficient homeshave beenaround since the 1970s-The UKsfirst active solarhouse wasbuiltinBradville in1972!

Trendsshowthatourhousingstockisim proving...

butisitim provingquicklyenough?

Approximately1,600houseshave beenbuilt eachyearinMiltonKeynessince 1998withanenergyefficiencyrating of 9(out of 10)

500kmpublicr ight sofway

60kmr iver

sandstreams

225kmRedways

MiltonKeynestoLondon:100trainsa day

500kmpublicr ight sofway

Defining the City

MK1.79

China1.43

USA0.86

A healthylifestyle?cyclesperhousehold

CuriousMiltonKeynesfactoid:a typicalMiltonKeynesresidentownsmore bikesonaverage thana typicalChinese person,and twice asmany bikesasa typicalAmericanperson!

MiltonKeyneshasover550kmoffootpathsand cycle ways,including225kmofwell-maintained Redways.Anexcellentinfrastructure toencouragegreatercycle use aspartofa sustainable,healthy lifestyle.

9%workfromhome

7%walktowork(nationalav.10%)

3%cycle,1%ride a motorbike

4%take the bus

71%drive towork(nationalav.61%)

4%take the train

1%take a cab

Thisgraphicshowshowpeople inMiltonKeynesgettowork,compared tothe restofthe country.Thepatternsare roughly the same forpeople workingfromhome,cycling,taking a bus,and riding amotorbike.Butpeople inMiltonKeynesuse cars10%more,use trains3%less,and walktowork3%less!

ModeoftransportHowdopeoplein Milton Keynesgettowork?

NewYork5.2milliontrees(0.27treesperperson)

Milton Keynes22milliontrees(thats95treesperperson!)

The ParksTrustestimate thatthey are managing over22milliontreesinMiltonKeynes- thisisa staggering numberoftrees(almosta hundred treesperperson!)MiltonKeyneshasa well-founded reputationforitsopenspaces,whichare jointly maintained by the MiltonKeynesCounciland t he ParksTrust,comprising around 3,000ha ofopenspace,565play areas,550kmtrailsand pathways,250ha ofwoodland,60kmriversand streams,900ha ofgrass,210kmofhedges,and 21 kmofcanalsand towpaths.


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CONTENTS

Country Case Studies

Australia .........................................................................................16

Austria.............................................................................................18

Brazil ..............................................................................................20

Canada..........................................................................................22

China..............................................................................................24

Denmark........................................................................................26

France ............................................................................................28

Germany .......................................................................................30

India ...............................................................................................32Ireland............................................................................................34

Japan.............................................................................................36

Netherlands ..................................................................................38

New Zealand ................................................................................40

Russia ............................................................................................42

Singapore......................................................................................44

South Africa ...................................................................................46

Sweden..........................................................................................48

Switzerland....................................................................................50

UK...................................................................................................52

USA ................................................................................................54

20 Countries, 7 Themes: Lessons Learned ......................................56

Sources of Information........................................................................58

Foreword

About the NHBC Foundation

About the Zero Carbon Hub

About PRP

Introduction......................................................................................7

Zero Carbon Housing Worldwide ................................................8

Guide to the Country Case Studies............................................15


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INTRODUCTION

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol (born out of theWorld Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992) was

the world's first collaborative initiative toreduce carbon emissions on a global scale.Buildings, with housing in particular, play amajor part in the emissions of the world'sdeveloped and rapidly-developing nationsand as such, have been the subject ofincreased regulation since the early 1990's.The challenge of improving coordinationbetween the Kyoto signatories and meetingthe tougher targets set at Copenhagen andCancun, as well as the rapid approach ofthe end of the first commitment period for

the agreement in 2012 mean that theseissues remain at the forefront ofglobal concern.

In 2009, PRP were asked to provide asnapshot view of the position countriesaround the world have taken in addressingthe carbon emissions in their respectiveresidential sectors. That study, publishedas the 2009 edition of this Compendium,proved a valuable international reference.It was reprinted in 2010, by which timeother countries were registering interestin being included.

The 2011 Compendium continues the workestablished with the first edition and hasbeen updated to include new exemplarprojects, updates of national targets,and further assessment of programmes,government policy and incentives. Inaddition to the original fifteen country case

studies, five new countries Brazil, India,Russia, Singapore and South Africa havebeen added. Each country has beenassessed against a framework of questionsand presented in a standard format for easycomparison. These case studies provideinformation on the geographic, climatic,and statistical indicators for each countryas well as a brief review of each country'sapproach to low and zero-carbon housing.They also include an overview of policy andincentives to achieve environmental targets,mandatory requirements in terms of buildingenergy and design, and an exemplar projectthat features good practice, innovation andthe potential for deployment on a medium tolarge scale.

We knew a comparative study wouldprove to be difficult as factors of lifestyle,climate and carbon intensity of nationalgrids have a significant impact on carbon

emissions. For example, a country oftenexperiencing -10C temperatures in winter,

such as Austria or Canada, requires moreheating energy overall compared to thoseof temperate countries like France or theUK. A country running mainly on nuclearpower would have lower carbon emissionsoverall compared to a country runningmainly on coal. This would influence thecarbon emissions of that country whilstnot necessarily reflecting improvements inbuilding energy efficiency. Any statisticaldata must always be analysed with the localsocio-political context in mind.

This Compendium aims to create a betterunderstanding of the issues surrounding theachievement and delivery of zero carbonhousing, improve the quality of the debate,and set out a basis for better internationalcomparisons and collaboration. Whilethe data from the country case studies doidentify a lack of harmony of approach toassessing building performance, they doprovide a basis for more detailed evaluationof specific energy and carbon emissionscriteria on an international level.

This Compendium aims to

create a better understandingof the issues surroundingthe delivery of zero carbonhousing, improve thequality of the debate, andset out a basis for betterinternational comparisons andcollaboration.


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ONTARGET

GermanyTarget: -21%2009: -24.28%beyond target

NetherlandsTarget: -6%2009: 6.63%need 12.6% reduction by 2012

UKTarget: -12.5%2009: -18.3%beyond target

FranceTarget: 0% (no change)2009: -4.6%beyond target

JapanTarget: -6%2009: 0.30%

need 6.3% reduction by 2012

DenmarkTarget: -21%2009: -8.23%need 12.8% reduction by 2012

SwitzerlandTarget: -8%2009: -1.65%need 6.3% reduction by 2012

SwedenTarget: 4%2009: -17.7%beyond target

IrelandTarget: 13%2009: 31%need 18% reduction by 2012

RussiaTarget: 0% (no change)2009: -38.9%beyond target

AustraliaTarget: 8%2009: 43,9%need 35.9% reduction by 2012

AustriaTarget: -13%2009: 8.81%need 21.8% reduction by 2012

CanadaTarget: -6%2009: 18.2%need 24.2% reduction by 2012

New ZealandTarget: 0% (no change)2009: 33.8%need 33.8% reduction by 2012

USATarget: -7%2009: 8.0%need 15% reduction by 2012

CanadaTarget: -6%2009: 18.2%need 24.2% reduction by 2012

LEGEND

Country Name

Country Flag

Kyoto Protocol reduction target(% reduction based on 1990 levelsfrom 2008 - 2012)

Progress as of 2009(latest available data)

Distance to target

Global Drivers

It has been six years since the KyotoProtocol (under the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change)came into force for ratifying countries. Asthe first commitment period ends in 2012, itis clear that the major Annex I emitters willnot meet their commitments. While the EUis expected to achieve its collective target,a number of countries, including Canada,Australia, New Zealand and Austria,will need to purchase a significant numberof CDM credits to fulfil their commitments

(see Figure 1).

In a time of increasingly high fuel prices,energy efficiency and the integration ofrenewable energy will become progressivelymore important, both in terms of af fordabilityand security. Many countries have becomemore import reliant (see Figure 2), andgradually more affected by the problemsassociated with fuel poverty. Geopoliticalevents continue to increase fuel prices,as well as drive volatility, and fuel pricesglobally are expected to increase by 60% by2020.

By 2050, global temperatures areanticipated to continue to rise andgreenhouse gas emissions are expectedto more than double if we carry on with'business as usual'. To minimise future

ZERO CARBON HOUSING WORLDWIDE

Figure 1

Kyoto Protocol Commitments: Who's on Target?

Data source: UNFCCC (2009). 'Total CO2

Equivalent Emissions without Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry' data tables


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climate change, mitigation is a crucial goal,but adaptation will also be essential innumerous sectors, not least in building andhousing. Designing for a future climate isimportant, as this will not only help to avoidfuel poverty, but also minimise risk of homesoverheating and alleviate flood risk.

This means that future-proofing housesis essential, to meet both today's andtomorrow's needs.

How Does Housing Fit In?

Reducing energy use in homes has becomea significant issue with the rise of climatechange concerns. CO

2emissions arising

from energy use account for more than 30billion tonnes each year (nearly half of whichare the result of energy use in homes). Thisis an area of concern, given that the numberof households is expected to grow by 67%globally by 2050.

For most of the countries in thisCompendium The most significant use ofenergy in housing is for space heating andcooling, as well as hot water (see Figure 3).A growing understanding of the factorsthat affect energy use in these areas (andparticularly owner/occupier behaviour)offers significant opportunities for reducing

ImportedEnergy

ExportedEnergy

CountryBoundary

CountryFlag

LEGEND

Denm

ark40%

France

-49%

Germany-60%

India -25%

Irelan

d-90

%

Japa

n-82%

Nethe

rland

s-16%

NewZ

eala

nd

-12%

Russia83%

Singapo

re-100

%

China-6%

Canada53%

Brazil-8%

Australia 132%

USA-25%

Unite

dKing

dom

-20%

Switz

erla

nd-

52%

Sweden-33%

SouthA

frica-21

%

Austria

-67%

EnergyImports

& Exports

Australia 132%

CountryName

Net EnergyImports/Exports

Figure 2

Energy Imports and Exports (% of Energy Use)

Data source: World Bank, 2008


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Figure 3

Summary of Energy End Uses, Different Countries

energy consumption. It is already clearthat through a combination o appropriatetechnology and consumer engagement, lowand zero-carbon housing can play a crucialrole in reaching global targets, ensuringlong-term energy security and reducing theimpacts o climate change worldwide.

Energy Efficiency Standards

Most o the countries in our study have wellestablished energy eiciency standards built

into their building regulations and buildingcodes, some dating back to the 1970's,which were developed as a response tothe 1973 oil crisis. Over the years theseminimum standards have progressivelyimproved and developed, along with a seto aspirational standards that set the sceneor innovative solutions to low-energy homesand consequently inorm the evolutiono regulatory standards (see Figure 4 oran illustration o average U-values in thecountries eatured in this Compendium).

The 2011 Compendium also includescountries which are in the early stageso their low energy/low carbon buildingprogrammes. As these programmesare still in their inancy, the targets arenot as stringent as their more developedcounterparts but represent a signiicant irststep in the dissemination and promotion othe low carbon agenda.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Brazil

India

Japan

New

Zea

land

SouthA

frica

Singa

pore

C

hina

Aus

tralia

USA

R

ussia

Canada

Sw

eden

Den

mark

UK

Netherlands

Ireland

France

Austria

Switze

rland

Germany

Appliances and LightingCookingWater HeatingSpace Heating and CoolingLEGEND

Various data sources: World Energy Council, 2010 (Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden); SFOE, 2008 (Switzerland); Austrian Energy Agency, 2009 (Austria); ADEME France, 2001 (France); CanadianOfce o Energy Efciency, 2008 (Canada); IEA, 2004 (Denmark); UK Department o Business, Innovation and Skills, 2004 (UK); Russian Centre or Energy Efciency (CENE), 2005 (Russia); US Departmento Energy (USA); Australian Government, 2008 (Australia); IPCC, 2000 (China); University o Cape Town, 2002 (South Arica); E2 Singapore, Government o Singapore, 2008 (Singapore); EECA, 2007 (NewZealand); World Business Council or Sustainable Development, 2009 (Japan, India) and SINPHA Brazilian Program or Electricity Conservation, 2005 and IEA, 2008 (Brazil).


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0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

U-Values (W/m2K)

Germany Passivhaus

Switzerland MINERGIE-P

Denmark 2010 Building Regulations

Sweden 2010 Building Regulations

UK 2016 Part L Building Regulations based on Zero Carbon Hub FEES (detached home)

2008 Code for Sustainable Homes Level 6UK

2016 Part L Building Regulations based on Zero Carbon Hub FEES (semi detached home)UK

2010 Part L Building RegulationsUK

Ireland 2010 Building Regulations

USA Energy Star Zone 2

Switzerland MINERGIE

2006 IECC Zone 8USA

2006 IECC Zone 5USA

Germany 2012 Building Regulations

France 2007 Building Regulations

2009 Building RegulationsGermany

Energy Star Zone 1USA

Aspirational Standard

LEGEND

Target Future Standard

*Average U-values are calculated based on minimum U-value requirementsfor walls, floors and roofs and are in W/m2K.

Country Flag

CountryName Germany Passivhaus

Name of StandardAverage U-value*

Canada 1997 Model National Energy Code

Russia 2003 Thermal Performance of Buildings

Austria 2007 Building Regulations

China 2007 Building Energy Standard for Residential Buildings (Severe Cold)

2006 IECC Zone 1USA

The Netherlands 2006 Building Regulations

Design and Construction Guidelines Region 6Japan

Energy Star Zones 5 - 8USA

Australia 2010 Building Code of Australia

Japan Design and Construction Guidelines Region 2

Design and Construction Guidelines Region 1Japan

India 2005 National Building Code of India

New Zealand 2004 New Zealand Building Act

China 2007 Building Energy Standard for Residential Buildings (Cold)

Energy Star Zones 3-4USA

Design and Construction Guidelines Regions 3-5Japan

South Africa 2009 National Housing Code

2007 Building Energy Standard for Residential Buildings (Hot Summer Cold Winter)China

2007 Building Energy Standard for Residential Buildings (Temperate)China

2007 Building Energy Standard for Residential Buildings (Hot Summer Warm Winter)China

Singapore 2008 Code on Envelope Thermal Performance for Buildings

Figure 4

U-values for Walls, Roofs and Floors (W/m2K)

What is Low and Zero Carbon?

The countries included in the Compendiumadopt different approaches to defininglow and zero carbon buildings. This hasled to a variety of terms to describe suchbuildings, including low energy, lowcarbon, zero carbon, Passivhaus, high-performance, energy positive, eco-homes,sustainable homes and green homes. Therecommended standards, as well as theway they are expressed and measured, aredifferent from country to country.

This diversity of terminology and definitionis not surprising, given the range of climaticand regulatory conditions across countries,as well as differences in housing stock,energy sources and cultural influencesOne of the main factors influencing carbonemissions is the carbon intensity of the grid,which is dependent on the mix of fuelseach country uses to generate energy (seeFigure 5).

Until recently the UK zero carbon definition,to be introduced in 2016, was possibly the

most stringent in the world, requiring allcarbon emissions (including those fromunregulated energy use such as cookingand plug-in appliances) to be addressed.However, in the March 2011 Budget the UKGovernment announced that zero carbonwould be redefined to only require zeroemissions from regulated energy use (i.e. theenergy required to heat and cool a home,and provide hot water and lighting). This is


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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

India

Australia

South Africa

China

USA

Singapore

UK

Ireland

Germany

Japan

Netherlands

Russia

Denmark

New Zealand

Austria

Canada

Brazil

France

Sweden

Switzerland

kgCO2/kWh

Figure 5

Carbon Emissions per Unit of Energy, Different Countries (kgCO2/kWh)

still a very challenging target for mainstreamdelivery, requiring considerable innovationover and above current practice, and,typically, the need for measures (AllowableSolutions) which mitigate the emissions thatcannot normally be achieved by the designof the home. The new UK definition is nowmuch closer to the requirements set outby the European Energy Performance ofBuildings Directive.

The UK remains a leader in the development

of aspirational codes, which have provideda stimulus for the design of homes to themost exacting sustainability standards.These homes, and in particular those built toLevels 4, 5 and 6 of the Code for SustainableHomes, provide valuable insight to informthe development of national standards in theUK and other countries.

The overarching ambition is that all energyrequirements of homes can be met in futuredecades by low-cost, non-polluting sources.Research and development, and experience

thus far, is showing this as a realistic, ratherthan impractical, possibility. However,over the next few years, the rate of growthand diversification of the non-fossil fuelenergy technologies, and their contributionto the decarbonisation of each countryselectricity grid will be critical to success (seeFigure 6). Much can be learned and sharedinternationally from those countries whichhave pioneered different technologies, to

Data source: IEA (2010) 'Emissions per kWh of electricity and heat output', IEA CO2

Emissions from Fuel Combustion Statistics.


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Predominantly Biomass

Predominantly Hydro 50-50

Mostly Nuclear Mostly Wind LEGEND

CountryFlag

CountryName

% of total energy fromnon-fossil fuels

Biomass

China 57% Germany 20%Netherlands 4%

Brazil 78% Canada 41% New Zealand 63% Russia 4%

Switzerland 33%USA 9% France 19% UK 2% Japan 7% Ireland 7%

India 78% South Africa 48% Australia 19% Denmark 28%

Solar Thermal

Solar PV

Wind

Hydro

Nuclear

Geothermal

Waste to Energy

Austria 53% Switzerland 33% Sweden 60%

Mixed Sources

Figure 6

Non-Fossil Fuel Sources in the Residential Sector, Different Countries

Data source: OECD/IEA (2011).Renewables and Waste and Energy Balances 2008 data, various countries

ensure that sound investment strategies aremade by others. The contribution of windand waste sources, which are both relativelynew, are notable in these charts.

Certification Systemsand Aspirational Targets

All the countries in this Compendium haveestablished or emerging Green BuildingCouncils, as well as aspirational certificationschemes such as LEED, BREEAM, Green

Star or independently developed nationalsystems. The development of thesestandards is important in promoting morestringent building efficiency standardsand encouraging consumer demand forsustainable housing.

This Compendium shows how prototypeshave been encouraged through researchprogrammes and special developmentprojects on a larger scale over many years inthe period leading up to market acceptance.However, the majority of these schemes

remain voluntary and a number lackresidential rating systems, so there remainssubstantial room for improvement.

Today the German Passivhaus standardsets probably the most stringent energyefficiency requirements in the world. Swedenhas made this standard mandatory forall buildings in Germany there are over2,000 PassivHaus buildings and a number


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of German cities have now adopted it as amandatory standard for building on publicly-

owned land. The number of completionsof Passivhaus dwellings in Austria andSwitzerland also number in the thousands.

Many of the Passivhaus and low energyschemes have been monitored, and there isa substantial body of data made available,originally through the CEPHEUS Project andfrom many of the certifying agencies such asMinergie and Passivhaus. Some standardsincorporate post-occupancy evaluation forup to 3 years as part of the certification. Withrespect to costs, some national standards,

such as Minergie in Switzerland, have arequirement to show cost effectiveness.Buildings must lie within 10% of base coststo qualify for the Minergie certification.This has helped dispel the misconceptionthat delivering enhanced standards is noteconomically feasible.

Emerging Economies

The five new countries to the Compendiumare of particular interest, as a result of the

mixture of challenges and opportunities theypresent in terms of low carbon housing.

Three of the five, Brazil, Russia and India,are part of the Big Four (or BRICs), a groupof countries at a similar stage of newlyadvanced economic development. Thefourth is China, which was included inthe first edition of the Compendium. TheBRICs are expected to continue to becomelarger forces in the global economy, andto provide opportunities for countrieswith advanced low-carbon technologies

to share their knowledge and expertisethrough collaboration and mentoringactivities. Success in this kind of internationalexchange would mean an accelerated takeup of non-fossil fuel energy sources and,

crucially, less reliance on fossil fuels as theBRICs countries strive to meet their energy

needs.

South Africa is neither part of the Big Four,nor the Next-11 (other countries who areconsidered to have the potential to becomemajor economies in the 21st century).However, the country's goals to achieveuniversal electrification, as well as improvedhousing standards, means it faces similarconcerns for energy and sustainablebuilding as Brazil, Russia and India.

Singapore is not an emerging economy,

as a result of its strong financial centreand internationally significant port. Thereare however interesting challenges for thecountry, as a result of its high populationdensity, position as a major oil-refiningcentre and circumstances that require 100%of its energy to come from imports.

The Case Studies

The following case studies illustrate recentdevelopments in zero carbon housing

worldwide. The aim was to give a taste ofhow the issues are being tackled in thesetwenty countries, to highlight differences inapproach and to present a range of factorsthat could affect each country's carbonperformance.

The following page presents an overview ofeach case study page, which covers a rangeof issues that relate to zero carbon housingworldwide.


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47S O U T H A F R I C A

Existing Frameworks

South Arica's Green Building Council was launched in2007 and has subsequently adopted Australia's GreenStar rating program. The rating system currently appliesto oices and retail developments, while a multi-unit

residential rating scheme is being tested in a numbero pilot projects.

Much o the building in both urban and rural settingsremains inormal and unregulated. Programs such asBreaking New Ground, initiated by the Department oHuman Settlement in 2004, will address these problemsas it aims to supply urgently-needed housing, which ishigh quality and sensitive to the surrounding environment.4

The updated National Housing Code was released in2009, and sets ormal requirements or energy eicientmaterials and technology. The updated version alsooutlines passive thermal design recommendations andminimum standards or housing products that aim toimprove sustainability.

Support, Incentives and Grants

With guidance rom Eskom, South Arica's state-ownedenergy utility, the government launched the Solar WaterHeating Programme in 2008. The scheme is driven by thegovernment's target or renewable energy to contribute10,000 GWh o inal energy consumption by 2013. Theprogramme provides direct rebates to purchasers, theamount o which depends on the type o system installed.

South Arica's irst Renewable Energy Feed-In Tari(REFIT) was introduced in 2009, which requires Eskom topurchase output rom qualiying generators. A numbero types o energy are covered under the scheme andthe cost o the tari is passed through to Eskom electricitycustomers.

In March 2011, the '49M' energy eiciency campaignwas launched by Eskom. The campaign encouragessmall steps such as the use o compact luorescentlamps instead o incandescent globes, keeping unusedappliances switched o and reducing overall electricitywastage.

Reerences

1 Inrastructure:South Arica'sEnergy Supply.http://www.southarica.ino/business/economy/inrastructure/energy.htm#sources.

2 InternationalEnergy Agency.(2010). Comparative Study onRuralElectrifcationPoliciesin Emerging Economies.

3 DepartmentoHumanSettlements.StrategicStatementotheDepartment.http://www.dhs.gov.za/Content/The%20Department/Strategic%20Statement.htm.

4 SouthAricanGovernmentInormation.(1994).ANewHousingPolicy and Strategy orSouth Arica.http://www.ino.gov.za/whitepapers/1994/housing.htm.

5 City oCape Town.(2010).SA's 'greenest' RDP housesarebeing builtinAtlantis.h ttp://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/SAsgreenestRDPhousesarebuiltAtlantis.aspx.

Energy & Environment

RelativeHumidity(%)

Rainfall(mm)

100

0

0

150

SolarRadiation(kWh/m2)

DIRECT

DIFFUSE

200

0

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Climate Data for Johannesburg

Temperature(C)

40

-10

0

R es id en ti al e ne rg y co ns um pt io n H ow i s th is e ne rg y us ed ? W he re do es t hi s en er gy c om e f ro m?

Cooking

Appliancesand Lighting

WaterHeating

Space Heating and Cooling

allother sectors

Residential

Wind

Hydro

SolarPV

Biomass

Oil

Coal& Peat

Nuclear

10 millionhomes

15.6Caverage temperature

724mm of rainfall peryear

64%average humidity

3,135hours of sunlight peryear

4,030kWh per household

1.31 tonnes per household

5persons per household

48%energy from renewables

46

SOUTHAFRICA

Exemplar Project

Community Energy and Environmentally FriendlyHuman Settlement Project5Witsand, Cape Town

The Witsand Project was initiated by the City oCape Town, and by the end o 2003, the projecthad already built 400 new homes. The second phaseaims to construct an additional 1,600 homes by 2013on the site o a ormer inormal settlement on theoutskirts o Cape Town.

The project includes a range o housing models,ranging rom singles to multi-amily duplexes andwill ultimately house 2,400 amilies. On average,each home will save 0.24 tonnes o CO

2per year

when compared to standard low-income homes.

National Carbon Overview

As o 2006, coal accounted or 67% oSouth Arica's primary energy supply,the majority o which is convertedor electricity. The cost o electricity inSouth Arica is one o the lowest in theworld. Rapid industrialisation and masselectrifcation programs in South Aricahave meant demand has regularlyoutstripped supply. As such, there areplans to double generating capacity inthe next two decades, o which nuclearpower is expected to contribute to halo the total supply. The government aimsto achieve universal access to electricityin the country by 2012.1 By 2009, thecountry achieved 75% electrifcation, with88% in urban and 55% in rural areas.Renewables could help in extendingelectrifcation across the country.2

The country is currently the 14th highestemitter o greenhouse gases. This is theresult o the high carbon intensity o coaland other liquid uels, as well as the

considerable amount o energy requiredor the country's large-scale intensivemining and primary mineral extractionindustries. However, large scale solarand wind arms are currently underconstruction.

As a result o the shortage o aordablehousing or millions o residents, eortshave centred on creating sustainabledevelopments through home ownershipand providing technical and fnancialsupport. Despite these eorts andthe building o 1.83 million subsidisedhouses, the backlog in housing hascontinued to grow between 1996and 2005.3

The initiative also earns carbon o-set credits, with thecarbon income earmarked or the additional costs orthe installation o ceiling insulation in the homes.

The site layout is designed to maximise passivemeasures, including passive solar and wind beneits.The houses are designed with careul placement oshadow lines and windows to avoid overheating,while roo overhangs and site plan maximise solarbeneits.

The development also includes two prototypedouble storey units that are itted with solar geysers,PV modules or lighting and cell phone charging, anda roowater/storm water recovery system.

Policy and Targets

Under the UNFCCC and the subsequentKyoto Protocol, South Arica is classiiedas a developing country and is notrequired to commit to quantiiable

targets in the irst phase o the programbetween 2008 and 2012. However,the government released the Vision,Strategic Direction and Framework orClimate Policy in 2008, which aims tostop GHG emissions rom growing by2020-2025, stabilise or up to 10 years,and then inally decline in absoluteterms.

The Department o Energy is theprimary government actor involvedin encouraging household eiciency.One initiative to assist households inbecoming more energy eicient isthe Appliance Labelling campaignwhich was launched in 2003 to inormconsumers about the energy eiciencyo appliances.

'Rapid industrialisation andmass electrifcation programs

in South Arica have meantdemand has regularlyoutstripped supply'

Key Facts

Country Population 49 million

Capital Pretoria

Capital Population 1.4 million

Area 1.2 million km2

Density 41 people/km2

Urbanisation 62%

BethBesset,GreenCommunities.

Existing Frameworksdescribesestablished mandatory and aspirationalbuilding standards that may be appliedto domestic buildings.

Support, Incentives and Grantscontainsinformation about financial incentives,grants and funding for energy efficiencyand carbon emissions reduction in thedomestic sector.

Housing Energystatistics, includingpercentage of residential energyuse, residential end-uses and themix of sources for residential energygeneration.

The National Carbon Overviewsetsthe scene by providing a backgroundfor the country's domestic energy andhousing situation, and information aboutits recent history that may have shaped

government policy and strategy today.

Policy and Targetsdescribes thecountry's global carbon reductioncommitments, and gives an overviewof current strategies and governmentprogrammes that drive and informthe promotion of low- andzero-carbon housing.

Climate Graphsfor the most populatedcity, illustrating the annual variationsin temperature, humidity, rainfall,daylight hours, and solar radiation.Three temperature lines are shown

corresponding to maximum, averageand minimum monthly values. Two setsof bars are shown for solar radiation,an orange series representing directsolar radiation and a yellow seriesrepresenting diffuse solar radiation.Humidity is shown as a series of greenbars in the background of the graph.

Referencesfor the country texts. Datasources for the graphs and charts areconsolidated in a separate section at theend of this Compendium.

Housing Statistics Icons includinghousing stock figures, persons perhousehold and data pertaining to carbonemissions and energy consumption perhousehold.

Data sources: World Bank 2005 'World DevelopmentIndicators (housing stock and persons per householddata); ENERDATA 2008 (carbon emissions and energyconsumption per household data)

Climate Summary Icons for averageannual temperature, humidity,sunlight hours and rainfall for themost populated city.

5

7

9 11Flag and Name of Country

Key Facts including demographic dataon population, area, density and level ofurbanisation (percentage of population

living in cities).Data source: United Nations 2009 'World UrbanisationProspects (population density), United NationsDepartment of Economic and Social Affairs 2008Demographic Yearbook (population data)

Exemplar Projectcontains a descriptionand image of a low- or zero-carbonhouse or housing development builtor developed in that country, chosenprimarily for its low-carbon performance,but also for its overall combinationof sustainability measures and suitabilityfor larger scale production.

1

2

3

6

8

10

12

4

1

2

3

4 5 6 8

9

10

11

127

GUIDE TO THE COUNTRY CASE STUDIES


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20 COUNTRIES, 7 THEMES: LESSONS LEARNED

Driven by ChangeEach country is experiencing signiicant change,economically, socially and politically, which willimpact on the direction and extent o low carbonmeasures. There has been a positive impact onrecognising the problems associated with poorlybuilt housing and the importance o renewableenergy by policy makers. Earlier initiators such

as Germany are orging orward in terms o lowenergy building and conservation:

'The 2009 revision o Germany's EnEV (EnergyConservation Regulations) is one o the most stringentcodes in the world and includes a commitment to meet15% heating, hot water or cooling energy demand rom

renewables'

Other countries, such as Singapore, are in theearly stages o recognising the importance oenergy eiciency in housing and energy supply:

'As a result o its place as a net energy importer,Singapore has been progressive in reducing itsdependency on oreign energy through improved

energy eiciency, especially in building and households'

Many countries have been motivated by globalconcerns over energy security, while othershave been driven by national issues. As climatechange and reduced dependence on ossil uelsbecome increasingly important among the public,both governments and private bodies havereacted accordingly, though to varying degrees.

AspirationsNearly all the countries in the compendiumhave plans to reduce energy consumptionand improve energy efciency in the housingand building sector. China has set admirableaspirations or the uture with regular reviews,which in other countries are oten overlookedonce national targets have been set. Also

important is the clear commitment o unding toachieve these goals, such as in the United States.Aspirations are only as strong as the plan toachieve them:

'As part o the 11 th Five Year Plan on EnergyDevelopment, China plans to reduce the energyconsumption o residential and public buildings by 65%

by 2020'

'The New Energy or America plan has committed $150

billion over the next ten years to catalyse private eorts

or building a clean energy uture, ensure that 10%

energy generation comes rom renewable energy by

2012, and reduce GHG emissions 80% by 2050'

While many o the countries have similar targetsor carbon emissions, renewable energy, andbuilding efciency, ew have developed novelgoals. A change in thinking in the constructionindustry may be required i current targets proveinsufcient. However, France has proven to beinnovative with its national goals or 2020:

'O particular signifcance is France's agenda ortechnological change to ensure that new buildingsshould be energy positive, producing more energy than

they consume by 2020'

Future GrowthWhile low carbon renovation and retroit havebecome the norm in many countries, a shortageo adequate housing and growing populationshave raised concerns regarding new constructionand energy use. This is particularly an issue indeveloping countries, though all the compendiumcountries are tackling the energy concerns

associated with the provision o new housing.'Rapid industrialisation and mass electrifcationprograms in South Arica have caused de mand to

regularly outstrip supply'

Ensuring new homes are built to a very highstandard will help us achieve our targetsand drive innovation and industry to maketechnologies more readily available or existingstock. Russia provides a good example o theimportance o promoting quality in addition toquantity, while large scale developments orpreabricated homes oer major opportunities orthe implementation o low carbon measures:

'Established in 2009, Russia's Green Building Councilhas been instrumental in promoting energy eiciencyand low carbon building, as the country continues toexperience a boom in construction'

'Roughly one out o seven newly built houses in Japan isa preabricated house'


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Acceptance and DiusionThere is a high degree o acceptance and driveor improved housing standards, particularlyat the policy level. This has coincided with theprolieration o green building councils worldwideand the spread o certiication systems such asLEED, BREEAM and Green Star, as well as thedevelopment o bespoke national programs:

'Based on the BREEAM rating scheme, Australia's GreenStar is a perectly adapted national standard that issuited to the Australian climate, and has since been

adopted by New Zealand and South Arica'

With improved overall public awareness, manycountries could aord to implement morestringent, binding goals. Both the UK and Swedencan act as leaders in this regard:

'The UK's renewable energy goals are directed by theRenewable Energy Strategy 2009. The strategy has seta legally-binding target o increasing renewable energycontribution to 15% by 2020'

'The proportion o renewable energy used in Sweden

has increased rom 34% in 1990 to 44.4% in 2010, andtoday has the highest proportion o renewable energy

in the EU, with a goal to reach 49% by 2020'

TechnologyWhile present programmes should ensure theuptake o proven technology, others should begeared towards new technology as it develops.An eective balance must be advanced sothat renewable technology becomes morewidespread and reliable or consumers andindustry alike. This can only be achieved through

government investment in advancing low carbontechnologies:

'Rapid expansion in India is expected to outpace currentossil uel capacity and as a result, t he need or thedevelopment o alternative sources such as nuclear,wind and solar power has become increasingly

apparent'

While the role o innovation and research isessential to the decarbonisation o the nationalgrid and improving renewable technologies,there are less complex steps to be taken thatare oten overlooked. This is especially true inhousing, where many houses can be improved

through improved insulation, more eicientservices and passive design measures, asevidenced in a number o case studies. Brazil is astrong example o small opportunities that havethe potential or big beneits:

'Brazil's Green Building Council initiated the 'OneDegree Less' project in 2009 in an attempt to reduce theplanet's temperature by one degree to combat climatechange and reduce the urban heat island eect'

Energy SupplyEnsuring energy security and meeting utureenergy demands remain the key issues on themajority o global national agendas. This is thecase in both developed and developing countries,where a range o infuences including liestyle,available natural resources, industrialisation andthe drive or universal electrication:

'Canada has the world's third-largest installedhydroelectricity capacity as o early 2011'

'Until recently, Switzerland has been sel sucient andable to export energy in the summer months, with oneo the lowest energy per capita gures in the developedworld. More recently it has become a net annual

importer, as demand has outpaced generation'

Ensuring a sustainable long-term energy supplyhas potentially major positive impacts onnational economies and the strong developmento national residential sectors, and in manycountries the growth o renewable energyinstallations is accelerating.

'As o 2010, renewables contributed to 38% o NewZealand's total primary energy supply and recent yearshave witnessed increased interest in the developmento solar, wind and bioenergy systems'

'With regard to energy imports and exports, the

Netherlands is the second largest natural gas producer

in Europe and the ninth overall worldwide.'

Clear StrategiesWith issues as large and complex as globalenergy security and climate change, nationalplans will need to be tailored to nationalcircumstances and be eective in incentivisinga low carbon economy. Strategies must beintegrated and applicable in speciic nationalcircumstances, hence the quite dierent

strategies displayed or example by theNetherlands and Ireland:

'More than 60% o all dwellings are connected to adistrict heating network in which the heat is producedrom decentralised CHP, running mainly on a mix o oil,natural gas and renewables.

'Ireland's Microgeneration Support Programme wasestablished in 2008 with an allocation o 2 millionto identiy the potential and establish the necessaryinrastructure or small and micro-scale wind, solar andhydro in the domestic and commercial sectors'

Clear and ocused strategies or improvedhousing standards can help consolidate

eorts and engage the public. Incentives orboth individuals and the private sector havean important role to play in promoting energyeiciency policies. Countries with well establishedlow carbon strategies can also provide importantguidance or others who are just beginning toimprove their housing stock and reduce theirreliance on ossil uels:

'In terms o researching eicient building solutions andenergy eiciency across all sectors, Austria has provedan early pioneer and model or many environmental

initiatives'


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ContactsThe Compendium is based on inormation gathered rom a range o sources and contacts.

While every eort has been made to ensure accuracy, we welcome any eedback and comments.

NHBC Foundation

NHBC House

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Knowlhill

Milton Keynes

MK5 8FP

Tel: +44 (0)1908 746739

Fax: +44 (0)1908 747255


ww.nhbcoundation.org

Zero Carbon Hub

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MK5 8FP

Tel: +44 (0)845 888 7620

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www.zerocarbonhub.org

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10 Lindsey Street

Smithfeld

London

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Tel: +44 (0)20 7653 1200

Fax: +44 (0)845 813 0569


www.prparchitects.co.uk

Credits

Report Authors and Information Graphics

Marylis Ramos PRP

Kirsten Burrows PRP

Project Advisors

Neil Jeerson Zero Carbon Hub

Clive Turner Zero Carbon Hub

Robert Macdonald NHBC Foundation

Chris Wilord PRP

Andrew Mellor PRP

Layout and Design

Rebekah Lock PRP


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