zero emission buildings and architecturebrozed.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/annegretehestnes.pdf ·...
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Zero Emission Buildings and Architecture
Anne Grete Hestnes
Professor, Faculty of architecture and fine art, NTNUDirector, Centre for Zero Emission Buildings (ZEB)
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Content
Zero emission - why- what- how
Architectural consequences
Conclusions
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Zero emission buildings
Why:
In a global and European perspective, buildings are accountable for about 40% of all GHG emissions.
IPCC reports points to measures in the building sector as being the most economical (when compared to other important sectors).
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Energy efficiency – cheaper than new energy
Cost for various GHG measures in Europe, 2020. Source: McKinsey (2008)
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The IEA viewWorld abatement of energy related CO2 emissions in the 450 scenario:
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Zero emission buildings introduced in many national programs
Proposed revision of EU’s Building Directive: Demand for a roadmap for how to get from today’s standard to zero emission buildings.
Source (figure): Karsten Voss, Wuppertal University.
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What is a ”zero emission building”?• No single definition• Example of a definition (”the balance approach”):
Source: Professor Karsten Voss, Wuppertal University
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Our definition: Zero GHG emission from production, operation, and demolition.
The Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art at NTNU is host for the recently established Research Centre on Zero EmissionBuildings (ZEB), which is one of eight centers for Environment-friendly Energy Research (FME).
The Centre’s vision is to become a national research centrethat will place Norway at the forefront of research, innovationand implementation of buildings for the future – with extremelylow energy requirements and a zero net climate footprint.
The primary objective is to develop solutions for existing and new buildings, both residential and commercial, in order to bring about a breakthrough for buildings with zerogreenhouse gas emissions associated with their construction,operation, and demolition.
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ZEB – a national team
University and research institutionsProducers of materials and products for the building industryContractors, consultants, architectsTrade organizationsPublic administrationProperty managersUsers
NTNU SINTEFSINTEF EnergiSkanskaMaxitIsolaGlavaProtanHydro AluminiumYITDuPontMulticonsult Brødrene DahlSnøhettaByBoForsvarsbyggStatsbyggHusbanken Byggenæringens landsforening Norsk TeknologiStatens Byggetekniske Etat
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The challenge
Source: Tor Helge Dokka, SINTEFNFE-T: Renewable energy for thermal needs
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Our challenge:
Compensate for carbon emissions from the production of materials and construction by producing more energy than the building uses for operation.
Energy standard, single family houses in Norway
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Today'saveragestandard
Buildingscode, 2007
Passivehouse
standard
Net zeroenergy
Plus energyAnnu
ally
ene
rgy
dem
and/
prod
uctio
n: k
Wh/
m2
Energy demand Energy production
Energy standard, single family houses in Norway
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Today'saveragestandard
Buildingscode, 2007
Passivehouse
standard
Net zeroenergy
Plus energyAnnu
ally
ene
rgy
dem
and/
prod
uctio
n: k
Wh/
m2
Energy demand Energy production
Kilde: SINTEF Byggforsk
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Reduced energy use + energy production
But the answer should in most cases be local production – on, or at least close to the building.
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Strategy: Trias Energetica
Reduce the need for energy
Reuse/recycleenergy
Environmentally friendly supply
Source: Lechner, Lysen, and others
Source: Ecobox v/Stein Stoknes
The most environmentally friendly kWh is the one
that is not used!
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The first step – reduced needI.e. at least low energy and “passive”houses
Photo: Stein Stoknes
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Passive houses- Løvåshagen
“The project has demonstrated that it is possible to build buildings for the future to about the same price as the price of standard buildings today – if the correct measures are used.”
Quote from the architect (Jan Haaland)
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UTSLIPP [CO2 ] FRA ULIKE ENERGIKILDER
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Sol Bio Elektrisitet,vannkraft
Fjernvarme(landssnitt)
Varmepumpe,el fra gassuten CO2fangst
LNG Gassdirekte bruk
Fyringsolje,propan etc.
Elektrisitet, viagasskraftuten CO2
fangst
Gra
m C
O2 p
r. le
vert
kW
h en
ergi
The next step –energy production (renewable energy)
Environmental loading using different energy sources:
Source: Tore Wigenstad, SINTEF
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Zero emission: Architectural consequences”Zero Energy Buildings are designed toperform well, be comfortable, require onlystandard maintenance, and look nodifferent than ordinary buildings”.
Quote: NREL/U.S.DOE
Nonsense!
Zero emission buildings can have many different architectural expressions and provide many architectural possibilities!
Architect: Coop HimmelblauSource: Klaudia Farkas, NTNU
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Architectural consequences
What looks “green” is not always the most “green”.
Canadian ”Green Home”:
65% reduction in energy use for operation33% reduction in embodied energy73% reduction in purchased water99% reduction in use of chemicals that influence the ozon layer98% reduction in waste
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Architectural consequences
Focus on energy use alone mayhave a negative effect on diffusion among architects and clients.Ref. the history (last century!):
- ”Engineering Christmas Trees”- ”for those with a particular interest”- ”for those that are not “real” architects”
(Quote from a prominent Norwegian architect to first yeararchitecture students)
Delayed the development of good solutions.
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Architectural consequences
Source: Inger Andresen, NTNU
Source: Ecobox
“Passive house = container”
But simpler shapes makeeasier to reach the passive house goals.
Today’s situation is very different!
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Today’s situation is very different!
But taller buildings may have problems getting sufficient roof surface for energy producing elements (solar thermal collectors and solar cells).
Using the facades may be the solution – especially at our latitudes.
Architectural consequences
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An alternative to facades may be coverings over atria, terraces, parking lots, ...
Architectural consequences
Gemeindezentrum Ludes, Austria Architect: Herman Kaufmann
Source: Klaudia Farkas, NTNU
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architecture: Rolf & Hotz, Freiburgenergy design: Stahl & Weiss, Freiburg
Zero emission – office- and factory bldg.
”Solarfabrik”,Freiburg (2001)
• Natural ventilation• CHP with canola oil• Solar cells
Source: Karsten Voss,Wuppertal University
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architecture: Rolf & Hotz, Freiburgenergy design: Stahl & Weiss, Freiburg
Zero emission – office buildingNational Renewable Energy LabResearch Support Facilities (RSF)
Source: RNL Design/ Shanti Pless, NREL
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architecture: Rolf & Hotz, Freiburgenergy design: Stahl & Weiss, Freiburg
Zero emission – dwellingsSolar Settlement Freiburg, Germany
Architectt: Rolf DischSource: Karsten Voss
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What do we have to do:
Reduce energy needs to a minimum (passive houses etc.).
Use clean, renewable energyto cover the remaining needfor thermal energy (for heatingand cooling).
Use renewable energy to cover the need for electricity.
Consider embodied energy as well.
Source: Tor Helge Dokka
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We must also consider the energy use for buildings and for transportation together.
Source: Statsbygg
How about the car as both energy use and energy producer?
What do we have to do:
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Zero emissions and architecture – what is needed?
We cannot afford to say ”we are in it for the beauty”!
High demands on: - environmental issues- usability (function, comfort, …)- identity, cultural heritage, culture- architectural expression- …..
Therefore: - Use a holistic approach(”top down” rather than ”bottom up”)
- Cooperate(”integrated design processes”)
- Start with needs and well defined goals(rather than with potential solutions or interesting technologies)
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”Architecture can be a good means to reach a desired development and a useful tool in dealing with the climate challenge”.
Quote Stein Stoknes, Ecobox
Good luck!