zero-sum game

• Zero-sum Game

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American Civil Liberties Union Anti-terrorism issues

1 Liberty and security do not compete in a zero-sum game; our freedoms

are the very foundation of our strength and security


Economic mobility - Types

1 It answers the question, "how closely are the economic fortunes of children

tied to that of their parents?" Relative mobility is a zero-sum game,

absolute is not.


Social psychology - Interpersonal attraction

1 This theory is similar to the minimax principle proposed by

mathematicians and economists (despite the fact that human

relationships are not zero-sum games)


Eric Berne - Games People Play

1 In Berne's explanation of transactions as games, when the

transaction is a zero-sum game, (i.e. one must win at the other's

expense), the person who benefits from a transaction (wins the game) is referred to as White, and the victim

is referred to as Black, corresponding to the pieces in a chess game.


Mercantilism - Theory

1 Mercantilists viewed the economic system as a zero-sum game, in which any gain by one party required a loss

by another


Mercantilism - Origins

1 The mercantilist idea of all trade as a zero-sum game, in which each side

was trying to best the other in a ruthless competition, was integrated

into the works of Thomas Hobbes


Mercantilism - Criticisms

1 For instance, suppose Portugal was a more efficient producer of wine than England, yet in

England cloth could be produced more efficiently than it could in Portugal. Thus if Portugal specialized in wine and England in

cloth, both states would end up better off if they traded. This is an example of the reciprocal

benefits of trade due to a comparative advantage. In modern economic theory, trade is not a zero-sum game of cutthroat competition

because both sides can benefit.


John von Neumann - Game theory

1 This theorem establishes that in zero-sum games with perfect

information (i.e., in which players know at each time all moves that

have taken place so far), there exists a pair of strategies for both players

that allows each to minimize his maximum losses (hence the name

minimax)


Failure

1 A situation considered to be a failure by one might be considered a

success by another, particularly in cases of direct competition or a zero-

sum game


Multiplayer game - Game theory

1 John Nash proved that games with several players have a stable

solution provided that coalitions between players are not allowed. He won the Nobel prize for economics

for this important result which extended von Neumann's theory of

zero-sum games. Such a stable strategy is called a Nash equilibrium.


Game theory

1 The subject first addressed zero-sum games, such that one person's gains exactly equal net losses of the other

participant(s)


Game theory

1 Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of

mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof

by John von Neumann


Globalization - Global workforce

1 One person's gain is not necessarily another's loss; global growth is not

even close to a zero-sum game


Connect Four - Mathematical solution

1 Connect Four also belongs to the classification of an adversarial, zero-

sum game, since a player's advantage is an opponent's

disadvantage.


Game mechanics - Catch-up

1 Other games do the reverse, making the player in the lead more capable

of winning, such as in Monopoly (game)|Monopoly, and thus the game is drawn to an end sooner. This may

be desirable in zero-sum games.


Positional goods - Details

1 Competitions for positional goods are zero-sum games because such goods are

inherently scarce, at least in the short run. Attempts to acquire them can only benefit

one player at the expense of others. By definition, every person cannot be the

most educated, the most skilled, or elite, in the same way that every person cannot be a star athlete: all of those terms imply a separation or superiority over other people.


Assault - Ancient Greece

1 Crucial to this definition are the ancient Greek concepts of honor (timē) and

shame. The concept of timē included not only the exaltation of the one receiving honor, but also the shaming of the one

overcome by the act of hubris. This concept of honor is akin to a zero-sum

game. Rush Rehm simplifies this definition to the contemporary concept of insolence,

contempt, and excessive violence.


Evolutionary economics - Evolutionary psychology

1 Technological change was very slow, wealth differences were much

smaller, and possession of many available resources were likely zero-sum games where large inequalities

were caused by various forms of exploitation


Evolutionary economics - Evolutionary psychology

1 There may be a tendency to see the number of available jobs as a zero-sum game with the total number of

jobs being fixed which causes people to not realize that minimum wage

laws reduce the number of jobs or to believe that an increased number of

jobs in other nations necessarily decreases the number of jobs in their

own nationhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-zero-sum-game-toolkit.html

Conspicuous consumption - Criticism

1 In which case, the externality is associated with the Status anxiety|loss of status suffered

by people whose stock of high-status (positional) goods is diminished, in relation to the stocks of other conspicuous consumers, as they increase their consumption of such goods

and services; effectively, status-seeking is a zero-sum game — by definition, the rise of one person in the Social class|social hierarchy can

occur only at the expense of other people.


ACLU - Anti-terrorism issues

1 Liberty and security do not compete in a zero-sum game; our freedoms

are the very foundation of our strength and security


International security - The Multi-sum security principle

1 What he calls the Multi-sum security principle is based on the assumption that in a globalized world, security can no longer be thought of as a zero-sum game involving states

alone


Nash equilibrium - History

1 They showed that a mixed-strategy Nash Equilibrium will exist for any zero-sum game with a finite set of

actions.J


Restructuring

1 The basic nature of restructuring is a zero sum|zero-sum game. Strategic

restructuring reduces financial losses, simultaneously reducing

tensions between debt and Stock|equity holders to facilitate a prompt resolution of a distressed situation.


Honor - Related concepts

1 The ancient Greek concepts of honour (timē) included not only the

exaltation of the one receiving honour, but also the shaming of the one overcome by the act of hubris. This concept of honour resembles a

zero-sum game.


Win-win game - Types

1 * Mathematical game theory also refers to win-win games as non-zero-

sum games (although they may include situations where either or

both players lose as well).


Win-win game - Group dynamics

1 Note that there are also mathematical win-win games; the

mathematical term being non-zero-sum games. Such games are often

simply represented by a Matrix (mathematics)|matrix of payouts.


The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People - Abundance mentality

1 Individuals with an abundance mentality reject the notion of zero-

sum games and are able to celebrate the success of others rather than feel

threatened by it.


Zero-sum

1 Zero-sum games are most often solved with the minimax theorem

which is closely related to Linear_programming#Duality|linear programming duality, or with Nash

equilibrium.


Zero-sum - Definition

1 Zero-sum games are a specific example of constant sum games

where the sum of each outcome is always zero. Such games are

distributive, not integrative; the pie cannot be enlarged by good

negotiation.


Zero-sum - Definition

1 Situations where participants can all gain or suffer together are referred to as non–zero

sum. Thus, a country with an excess of bananas trading with another country for their excess of apples, where both benefit from the transaction, is in a non–zero-sum situation. Other non–zero-sum games are

games in which the sum of gains and losses by the players are sometimes more or less

than what they began with.


Zero-sum - Solution

1 For 2-player finite zero-sum games, the different game theory|game

theoretic solution concepts of Nash equilibrium, minimax, and maximin (decision theory)|maximin all give the same solution. In the solution,

players play a mixed strategy.


Zero-sum - Example

1 A game's payoff matrix is a convenient representation. Consider for example the two-player zero-sum

game pictured at right.


Zero-sum - Example

1 This minimax method can compute provably optimal strategies for all two-player zero-sum

games.


Zero-sum - Solving

1 Suppose a zero-sum game has a payoff matrix M where element M_ is

the payoff obtained when the minimizing player chooses pure

strategy i and the maximizing player chooses pure strategy j (i.e


Zero-sum - Solving

1 If all the solutions to the linear program are found, they will

constitute all the Nash equilibria for the game. Conversely, any linear program can be converted into a

two-player, zero-sum game by using a change of variables that puts it in the form of the above equations. So such games are equivalent to linear

programs, in general.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-zero-sum-game-toolkit.html

Zero-sum - Extensions

1 In 1944 John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern proved that any

zero-sum game involving n players is in fact a generalized form of a zero-sum game for two players, and that

any non–zero-sum game for n players can be reduced to a zero-

sum game for n + 1 players; the (n + 1) player representing the global

profit or loss.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-zero-sum-game-toolkit.html

Zero-sum - Misunderstandings

1 Zero-sum games and particularly their solutions are commonly

misunderstood by critics of game theory, usually with respect to the independence and Rational choice theory|rationality of the players, as

well as to the interpretation of utility functions. Furthermore, the word game does not imply the model is valid only for recreational games.,

chapters 1 7https://store.theartofservice.com/the-zero-sum-game-toolkit.html

Due Process Clause - Violation via federal judges' right to arbitrary procedure

1 Our Rights: a Zero-Sum Game http://cajfr.org/blog/judges-rights-vs-our-

rights-a-zero-sum-game/


Hubris - Ancient Greek origin

1 Crucial to this definition are the ancient Greek concepts of honour (τιμή, timē) and

shame (αἰδώς, aidōs). The concept of honor included not only the exaltation of the one receiving honour, but also the shaming of

the one overcome by the act of hubris. This concept of honor is akin to a zero-sum

game. Rush Rehm simplifies this definition to the contemporary concept of insolence,

contempt, and excessive violence.


Mercantilist - Theory

1 Mercantilists viewed the economic system as a Zero sum|zero-sum

game, in which any gain by one party required a loss by another.


Mercantilist - Origins

1 The mercantilist idea of all trade as a zero-sum game, in which each side

was trying to best the other in a ruthless competition, was integrated

into the works of Thomas Hobbes


Sectarianism - Spillover from the Syrian Conflict

1 As the conflict grows more intense, the more the sectarian competition is

internalized and viewed as a zero-sum game


Lump of labor fallacy

1 In economics, the 'lump of labour fallacy' (or 'lump of jobs fallacy', 'fallacy of labour

scarcity', or the 'zero-sum fallacy', from its ties to the zero-sum game) is the contention

that the amount of work available to labourers is fixed. It is considered a fallacy

by most economists, who hold that the amount of work is not static. Another way to

describe the fallacy is that it treats the demand for labour as an Exogeny|exogenous

variable, when it is not.


International relations theory - Realism

1 The defensive view can lead to a security dilemma where increasing one's own security can bring along

greater instability as the opponent(s) builds up its own arms, making

security a zero-sum game where only relative gains can be made.


Chess terminology - W

1 defn|no=1|defn= A victory for one of the two players in a game, which may occur due to

#Checkmate|checkmate, #Resign|resignation by the other player, the other player exceeding the #Time control|time

control, or the other player being #Forfeit|forfeited by the #Tournament director (TD)|

tournament director. Chess being a zero-sum game, this results in a #Loss|loss for the

other player. An exception is a win as a result of a tournament #Bye|bye.


Neomercantilism - Game theory analysis — trade policy as iterated prisoner's dilemma

1 The prisoner's dilemma is not a zero-sum game. Everyone would be

better off if all players cooperated than if they defected. (Mutual

cooperation is a Pareto improvement over mutual defection).

Unfortunately, each player has an incentive to defect against their

opponent. By defecting a player can defend themselves against an

opponent's defection, and can exploit a cooperating opponent.


Presidential system - Tendency towards authoritarianism

1 On the other hand, winning the presidency is a winner-take-all, zero-sum game


Presidential system - Tendency towards authoritarianism

1 The danger that zero-sum presidential elections pose is compounded by the rigidity

of the president's fixed term in office. Winners and losers are sharply defined for the entire period of the presidential mandate... losers

must wait four or five years without any access to executive power and patronage. The zero-sum game in presidential regimes

raises the stakes of presidential elections and inevitably exacerbates their attendant tension

and polarization.


Surplus product - Four advanced criticisms

1 Goods may be extracted from the direct producers which are not at all surplus to their own requirements, but which are appropriated by the

rulers at the expense of the lifestyle of the direct producers in a zero-sum

game.Charlotte Seymour-Smith, Macmillan Dictionary of Anthropology


Luxury tax - Theory

1 This creates a zero-sum game in which the absolute amount of goods purchased is less relevant than the absolute amount of money spent on

them and their relative positions


Stewart Friedman - Bibliography

1 Work and life: the end of the zero-sum game


Monty Hall paradox - Strategic dominance solution

1 Strategic dominance links the Monty Hall problem to the game theory. In the zero-sum

game setting of #refGill2011|Gill, 2011, discarding the nonswitching strategies reduces the game to the following simple variant: the host (or the TV-team) decides on the door to hide the car, and the contestant chooses two doors (i.e., the two doors remaining after the

player's first, nominal, choice). The contestant wins (and her opponent loses) if the car is

behind one of the two doors she chose.


Self-refuting idea - Ethical egoism

1 A prisoner's dilemma assumes a zero-sum game imposed by a

warden, which is not part of the everyday life of nearly all of

humanity—especially people living in rights-respecting capitalism


Islamic banking - Islamic laws on trading

1 Sami al-Suwailem, have used Game Theory to try and reach a more measured definition of Gharar,

defining it as a zero-sum game with unequal

payoffs.http://www.irti.org/irj/go/km/docs/documents/IDBDevelopments/

Internet/English/IRTI/CM/downloads/IES_Articles/Vol%207-1%20and

%202%20..%20Sami%20Al-Suwailem..Measure%20of

%20Gharar..dp.pdf


Military exercise - History

1 Early game theory included only Zero-sum (game theory)|zero-sum

games, which means that when one player won, the other automatically lost. The Prisoner's dilemma, which

models the situation of two prisoners in which each one is given the choice to betray or not the other, gave three

alternatives to the game:


⚉ - Nature of the game

1 In combinatorial game theory terms, Go is a Zero-sum game|zero-sum, perfect

information|perfect-information, partisan game|partisan, Deterministic system

(mathematics)|deterministic strategy game, putting it in the same class as chess,

checkers (draughts) and Reversi (Othello); however it differs from these in its game play. Although the rules are simple, the practical strategy is extremely complex.


Multiplayer game - Game theory

1 John Forbes Nash|John Nash proved that games with several players have

a stable solution provided that coalitions between players are not

allowed. He won the Nobel prize for economics for this important result

which extended Minimax|von Neumann's theory of zero-sum

games. Such a stable strategy is called a Nash equilibrium.


Need theory - Need for power

1 The downside to this motivational type is that group goals can become Zero-sum game|zero-sum in nature,

that is, for one person to win, another must lose


Dilemma (disambiguation)

1 * Prisoner's dilemma, a type of non-zero-sum game in which two players may each cooperate with or defect

(i.e. betray) the other player


Marketing warfare strategies

1 It is argued that, in mature, low-growth markets, and when real Gross

domestic product|GDP growth is negative or low, business operates as

a zero-sum game


Minimax

1 Originally formulated for two-player zero-sum game theory, covering both

the cases where players take alternate moves and those where they make simultaneous moves, it has also been extended to more complex games and to general

decision making in the presence of uncertainty.


Minimax - Game theory

1 In the theory of Game theory#Simultaneous and

sequential|simultaneous games, a minimax strategy is a Strategy (game theory)#Pure and mixed

strategies|mixed strategy which is part of the solution to a zero-sum

game. In zero-sum games, the minimax solution is the same as the

Nash equilibrium.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-zero-sum-game-toolkit.html

Minimax - Minimax theorem

1 For every two-person, zero-sum game with finitely many strategies, there exists a value V and a mixed strategy for each player, such that


Minimax - Example

1 The following example of a zero-sum game, where 'A' and 'B' make

simultaneous moves, illustrates minimax solutions


Minimax - Maximin

1 Frequently, in game theory, 'maximin' is distinct from minimax. Minimax is used in zero-sum games to denote minimizing the opponent's

maximum payoff. In a zero-sum game, this is identical to minimizing

one's own maximum loss, and to maximizing one's own minimum

gain.


Minimax - Maximin

1 Maximin is a term commonly used for non-zero-sum games to describe the strategy which maximizes one's own

minimum payoff. In non-zero-sum games, this is not generally the same

as minimizing the opponent's maximum gain, nor the same as the

Nash equilibrium strategy.


Minimax - Minimax in the face of uncertainty

1 One approach is to treat this as a game against nature (see move by nature), and using a similar mindset as Murphy's law or resistentialism, take an approach which minimizes the maximum expected loss, using the same techniques as in the two-

person zero-sum games.


Fictitious play - Terminology

1 The term fictitious had earlier been given another meaning in game

theory. Von Neumann and Morgenstern [1944] defined a

fictitious player as a player with only one strategy, added to an n-player game to turn it into a n+1-player

zero-sum game.


Determinacy - Games of imperfect information

1 Against this definition, all Wikt:finite|finite Zero sum game#Solution|two player zero-sum games are clearly

determined


Blotto games

1 'Blotto games' (or Colonel Blotto games, or Divide a Dollar games) constitute

a class of two-person zero-sum games in which the players are tasked to

simultaneously distribute limited resources over several objects (or battlefields). In the

classic version of the game, the player devoting the most resources to a battlefield

wins that battlefield, and the gain (or payoff) is then equal to the total number of

battlefields won.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-zero-sum-game-toolkit.html

Fallacy of composition - Examples

1 If a runner runs faster, she can win the race. Therefore if all the runners run faster, they can all win the race. Athletic competitions are examples

of zero-sum games, wherein the winner wins by preventing all other

competitors from winning.


Core (game theory) - Origin

1 The idea of the core already appeared in the writings of , at the

time referred to as the contract curve . Even if John von Neumann|von

Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern|Morgenstern considered it an

interesting concept, they only worked with zero-sum games where the core

is always empty. The modern definition of the core is due to .


Jean-François Mertens - Repeated games with incomplete information

1 Springer, Berlin Two of Jean-François Mertens contributions to the field are

the extensions of repeated two person zero-sum games with

incomplete information on both sides for both (1) the type of information

available to players and (2) the signalling structure.


Matching pennies

1 This is an example of a zero-sum game, where one player's gain is

exactly equal to the other player's loss.


130-30 funds - Comparison with other investment vehicles

1 The holy grail of alpha hunting and absolute returns is a zero-sum game,

producing winners and losers


Everett many-worlds interpretation - Deutsch et al.

1 The Born rule and the collapse of the wave function have been obtained in the framework of the relative-state formulation of quantum mechanics by Armando V.D.B. Assis. He has proved that the Born rule and the

collapse of the wave function follow from a game-theoretical strategy,

namely the Nash equilibrium within a von Neumann zero-sum game between nature and observer.


Expectiminimax tree

1 An 'expectiminimax tree' is a specialized variation of a minimax

game tree for use in artificial intelligence systems that play two-

player zero-sum games such as backgammon, in which the outcome

depends on a combination of the player's skill and games of chance|chance elements such as dice rolls


Epic fail - Criteria

1 A situation considered to be a failure by one might be considered a

success by another, particularly in cases of direct competition or a Zero

sum|zero-sum game


Defensive realism

1 This results in security dilemmas wherein one state's drive to increase its security can, because security is zero-sum game|zero sum, result in greater instability as that state's

opponent(s) respond to their resulting reductions in security.


Absolute gain (international relations)

1 The theory is also interrelated with a non-zero-sum game which proposes

that through use of comparative advantage, all states who engage in

peaceful relations and trade can expand wealth.


Absolute gain (international relations)

1 This differs from theories that employ Relative gain (international

relations)|relative gain, which seeks to describe the actions of states only

in respect to power balances and without regard to other factors, such as economics. Relative gain is related to zero-sum game, which states that wealth cannot be expanded and the only way a state can become richer is to take wealth from another state.


Spoof (game)

1 It is an example of a zero-sum game


Zero-sum game - Definition

1 Situations where participants can all gain or suffer together are referred to as non-zero-

sum. Thus, a country with an excess of bananas trading with another country for their excess of apples, where both benefit from the transaction, is in a non-zero-sum situation. Other non-zero-sum games are

games in which the sum of gains and losses by the players are sometimes more or less

than what they began with.


New International Economic Order - Mercantilist Ideas

1 NIEO is based on the (French) mercantilist idea that international trade would be a zero-sum

game (i.e., causes no net benefits), and on the view that it benefits the rich at the expense of

the poor. Some American economists challenge the idea of trade as a zero-sum game

transaction.[http://www.chicagobooth.edu/faculty/selectedpapers/sp49.pdf The New

International Economic Order], Harry G. Johnson, professor of economics, Woodwart

Court Lecture, Oct 5, 1976, pp. 1-2


Historiography of the British Empire - Mercantilism

1 Mercantalism taught that trade was a zero-sum game with one country's gain

equivalent to a loss sustained by the trading partner. Whatever the theoretical

weaknesses exposed by economists after Adam Smith, it was under mercantilist policies before the 1840s that Britain

became the world's dominant trader, and the global hegemon. Mercantilism in Britain

ended when Parliament repealed the Navigation Acts and Corn Laws by 1846.


Shelby Steele - Career

1 Steele believes that the use of victimization is the greatest hindrance for black Americans. In his view, white Americans see blacks as

victims to ease their guilty conscience, while blacks attempt to turn their status as victims

into a kind of currency that will purchase nothing of real or lasting value. Therefore, he

claims, blacks must stop buying into this zero-sum game by adopting a culture of

excellence and achievement without relying on set-asides and entitlements.


Individual fishing quota - Command and control approaches

1 Historically, inshore and deep water fisheries were in common land|

common ownership where no one had a property right to the fish (i.e.,

owned them) until after they had been caught. Each boat faced the

zero-sum game imperative of catching as many fish as possible, knowing that any fish they did not

catch would likely be taken by another boat.


Relative gain (international relations)

1 Relative gain is related to zero-sum game, which states that wealth

cannot be expanded and the only way a state can become richer is to

take wealth from another state.


Sectarians - Spillover from the Syrian Conflict

1 As the conflict grows more intense, the more the sectarian competition is

internalized and viewed as a zero-sum game


Realism (international relations) - Common assumptions

1 Thus, security becomes a zero-sum game where only relative gains can be made.


Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im - Author

1 *Islam and Human Rights: Beyond the Zero-Sum

Game[http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2013/06/03/3773420.htm

ABC.net]


Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act - History

1 Because of its style of zero-sum game thought, it is considered by

economists to be a modern form of mercantilism


Indian Malaysian - Challenges facing the community

1 This perception of a zero-sum game amongst the races has fuelled

protests by frustrated sections of the concern and middle income

community - who consequentially faced a heavy-handed response from

the authorities


Free immigration

1 Although the two are not the same issue, free migration is similar in spirit to the concept of free

trade, and both are advocated by free market economists on the grounds that economics is not a zero-sum game and that free markets are, in their

opinion, the best way to create a fairer and balanced economic system, thereby increasing the overall economic benefits to all concerned parties.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/3512992.stm#Kh

adria The movement of people and goods is linked], Binod Khadria, BBC News, April 13, 2004


Family estrangement - Values

1 When one or more family members rank their expectations and emotions

as more important than those of another family member, then the conversation becomes a zero-sum

game


King of the Hill (game) - Use as a metaphor

1 The name of the game has become a common metaphor for any sort of competition|

competitive zero-sum game or social activity in which a single winner is chosen from among

multiple competitors, and a hierarchy is devised by the heights the competitors

achieve on the hill (what Howard Bloom called the pecking order in his The Lucifer Principle), and where winning can only be achieved at

the cost of displacing the previous winner.See, for example, a sermon delivered by Rev


Historiography of the Cold War - Post-revisionism

1 For Stalin, Gaddis continues, World politics was an extension of Soviet

politics, which was in turn an extension of Stalin's preferred

personal environment: a zero-sum game, in which achieving security for one meant depriving everyone else

of it


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