Žiga turkŽiga turk, assoc.prof. [email protected] [email protected] university of ljubljana,...

Žiga Turk, [email protected] of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering

Istambul Technical UniversityMBA in Construction Informatics in Construction Management

CMIT 558:Information Systems for Construction Management

The modelling The modelling methodmethod

http://itc.fgg.uni-lj.si/~zturk/

mailto:[email protected]





Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of

Construction InformaticsWhen we mean to build,

We first survey the plot, then draw the model,And when we see the figure of the house,Then must we rate the cost of the erection,Which if we find outweighs ability,What do we do then but redraw anew the modelIn fewer offices, or at least desistTo build at all?

William Shakespeare, King Henry IV Part 2

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of

Construction Informatics

CMIT 558 MapCMIT 558 Map

softwareengineering

analysis anddesign

development

usemanagement

visions,strategies,

requirements

productmodelling

processmodelling

client-servertechnology

Webtechnologies,

Java, XML

thesauriclassification

systems

constructionas a neweconomy

IT strategies

limits oftechnology

computerintegrated

construction

distanceworking

productdatabases

documentmanagement

informationretrieval

modellingmethod

new ways ofworking

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Learning objectiveLearning objective

modelling is a key step in modelling is a key step in creating IT support for a real creating IT support for a real world problemworld problem

required by all levers of required by all levers of managers and software managers and software engineersengineers

essential activity in human essential activity in human problem solvingproblem solving

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


ContentsContents

DefinitionsDefinitions Evolution of modelling in Evolution of modelling in

constructionconstruction Foundations of modellingFoundations of modelling Modelling formalisms and toolsModelling formalisms and tools Modelling methodsModelling methods

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


LiteratureLiterature

Books:Books: Eastman, C.M. (1999). Building Product

Models, CRC press, ISBN 0-8493-0259-5. Sowa, J.F. (2000). Knowledge

representation, Brooks/Cole, ISBN 0-534-94965-7.

Sowa, J.F. (1984). Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine, Addison Wesley, ISBN

Pressman. Papers:Papers:

Turk, AI in Engineering.

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


DefinitionsDefinitions

model:model: reproduction of something [m-w] perfect: deserving to be imitating

modelling: a process during modelling: a process during which models are createdwhich models are created

modeller: a person who is modeller: a person who is modellingmodelling

examples:examples: model railroads, model buildings, finite

elements models

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Evolution of Evolution of modelling in modelling in constructionconstruction construction is about big 3D objectsconstruction is about big 3D objects communication is essentialcommunication is essential communication through drawingscommunication through drawings contributors:contributors:

Brunelleschi, 15th century, scaled drawings Monge, 18th century, projections

exchange of drawings: vital exchange of drawings: vital information “technology”!information “technology”!

drawing is also a modeldrawing is also a model

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Drawing with Drawing with computerscomputers Sutherland, 1963, sketchpad.Sutherland, 1963, sketchpad. PCs, 1980s, AutoCADPCs, 1980s, AutoCAD several kinds of drawing several kinds of drawing

programsprograms

the difference is in the the difference is in the elements of which a drawing is elements of which a drawing is composedcomposed

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Kinds of drawing Kinds of drawing applicationsapplications paint or photo programspaint or photo programs draw or illustration programsdraw or illustration programs CAD programsCAD programs

2D drafting 3D geometric design 3D professional design 4D design and planning

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Paint or photo Paint or photo programsprograms entity a entity a

pixelpixel space is space is

raster, raster, bitmapbitmap

PhotoShoPhotoShop, p, PaintShoPaintShop Prop Pro

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Draw or illustration Draw or illustration programsprograms entity is a 2D entity is a 2D

geometric element, geometric element, usually with several usually with several formatting attributes formatting attributes (colour, thickness, (colour, thickness, pattern ...)pattern ...)

space is 2D paper space is 2D paper spacespace

precise, scaled drawing precise, scaled drawing not possiblenot possible

PowerPoint, Corel PowerPoint, Corel Draw, Adobe IllustratorDraw, Adobe Illustrator

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


CAD programsCAD programs

CAD=computer aided CAD=computer aided drafting/designdrafting/design

entity is a 2,3 or 4D entity is a 2,3 or 4D geometric elementgeometric element

2D, 3D or 4D model 2D, 3D or 4D model spacespace

few formatting few formatting attributesattributes

support for precise support for precise positioningpositioning

scale and measurescale and measure

AutoCAD, ArchiCADAutoCAD, ArchiCAD

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


CAD Drafting CAD Drafting applicationsapplications 2D entities to 2D entities to

be placed into be placed into 2D drawing 2D drawing plane.One plane.One “model” one “model” one drawingdrawing

AutoSketchAutoSketch

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


CAD: Geometric CAD: Geometric Design applicationsDesign applications 3D geometric 3D geometric

entities (cube, entities (cube, cylinder) placed cylinder) placed into 3D spalce. into 3D spalce. One 3D model, One 3D model, several several projections projections possiblepossible

AutoCADAutoCAD

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


CAD: Specialised CAD: Specialised Design ApplicationsDesign Applications 3D product entities 3D product entities

(beam, column, (beam, column, wall) placed into 3D wall) placed into 3D space. One model, space. One model, several projections.several projections.

Uses beyond Uses beyond drawing productiondrawing production

Architectural Architectural Desktop, AcadBAU, Desktop, AcadBAU, ArchiCAD ...ArchiCAD ...

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


CAD: Specialised CAD: Specialised Design and Planning Design and Planning ApplicationsApplications 3D + time = 4D 3D + time = 4D

entities placed entities placed in 3D space with in 3D space with construction construction planning data planning data includedincluded

research work research work in Stanford and in Stanford and StrathclydeStrathclyde

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Lessons about Lessons about drawings by the early drawings by the early 1980s1980s geometric information should be geometric information should be

standardised in order to be exchangedstandardised in order to be exchanged search for standard formats to encode

geometry (DXF, IGES ...) geometric information is important geometric information is important

but not enoughbut not enough e.g. material properties, weights, E modulus,

cost, schedule, supplier, conreactor etc.etc.etc. huge interest in modelling since mid huge interest in modelling since mid

1980s1980s

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Model vs. drawing or Model vs. drawing or 3D model3D model drawing or a 3D model are a drawing or a 3D model are a

kind of “abstraction of reality”kind of “abstraction of reality” drawing is special one, dealing drawing is special one, dealing

with shape and looks onlywith shape and looks only modelling should be much modelling should be much

more genericmore generic

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


SYMBOL

OBJECT

CONCEPT

B-E-A-M

Philosophical Philosophical foundations of foundations of modellingmodelling how we understand how we understand

the world around the world around usus

the meaning the meaning triangletriangle

AristotleAristotle things words experiences in the

psyche Ogden and Ogden and

Richards:Richards: object symbol concept

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Meaning triangle:Meaning triangle:ObjectObject The object is any The object is any

entity from some entity from some real or imagined real or imagined world about which world about which an idea is held. for an idea is held. for example the beam example the beam in the Nada Ward in the Nada Ward Museum of Museum of Modern Art in Modern Art in Kobe damaged by Kobe damaged by an earthquakean earthquake

SYMBOL

OBJECT

CONCEPT

B-E-A-M

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Meaning triangle:Meaning triangle:SymbolSymbol The symbol is an The symbol is an

auditory, visual, auditory, visual, or other form of or other form of utterance that is utterance that is taken to stand taken to stand for the object for the object when when communicated communicated as part of a as part of a languagelanguage

SYMBOL

OBJECT

CONCEPT

B-E-A-M

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Meaning triangle:Meaning triangle:ConceptConcept The concept is the The concept is the

idea or thought of idea or thought of the object as held the object as held in the mind of a in the mind of a person, for person, for example a example a structural structural concept of a concept of a beam. as beam. as illustrated. illustrated.

SYMBOL

OBJECT

CONCEPT

B-E-A-M

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Moving semantic Moving semantic networks into a networks into a computercomputer repetition, reuse, frames or similarrepetition, reuse, frames or similar computer program should be good computer program should be good

at helping in several situationsat helping in several situations instancesinstances

1:1 mapping to real world problem “this wall in this room”

generic conceptsgeneric concepts one generic concept corresponds to several

real world items “walls in general”

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Model life cycleModel life cycle

createcreate observe real world create database schema implement database and software

useuse observe real world map unique situation into into

database schema fill database with data manipulate, analyse, synthesise model

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Layers of modelsLayers of models real worldreal world

conceptualisationconceptualisation

semantic networkssemantic networks

......

schema modelschema model

data modeldata model

houseroof

window

door

wall

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Modelling formalisms Modelling formalisms and toolsand tools methodmethod languagelanguage resources, referencesresources, references toolstools

modelling tool development/implementation

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Modelling methodModelling method

break into piecesbreak into pieces reconstruct the wholereconstruct the whole method:method:

how to break up how to put together

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Modelling languageModelling language

language in which models are language in which models are describeddescribed

formal language - a language that formal language - a language that has a well defined formhas a well defined form

provides a symbolic notation for provides a symbolic notation for the concepts being modelledthe concepts being modelled

computer parseablecomputer parseable based on mathematical logicbased on mathematical logic textual of graphicaltextual of graphical

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Modelling language Modelling language (cont)(cont) different languages for different languages for

different model layersdifferent model layers different languages for different languages for

different kinds of modelsdifferent kinds of models models of products models of processes

examples:examples: EXPRESS, NIAM, IDEF0, XML ... UML, ER diagrams …

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Modelling resourcesModelling resources

building blocksbuilding blocks relations between themrelations between them bothboth

they further restrict the they further restrict the perspective on the worldperspective on the world

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Resource building Resource building blocksblocks subatomicsubatomic

number, string of text ... atomicatomic

entity, object, attribute, type ... relations, relation types, abstractions

molecularmolecular reference models resource models geometric objects, business objects ...

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Generic relations:Generic relations:AbstractionsAbstractions to abstract - to take awayto abstract - to take away specialisation:generalisationspecialisation:generalisation

A is-of-type B wall is-of-type structural element

composition:decompositioncomposition:decomposition A has-parts B,C,D wall has-parts mortar-brick-insulation

characterisationcharacterisation A has-characteristics B,C,D wall has-attribute thickness, weight ...

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


High level resources:High level resources:reference modelsreference models further narrow down how we may further narrow down how we may

think of the worldthink of the world

e.g. the world is made of functional e.g. the world is made of functional units which are implemented with a units which are implemented with a technical solutiontechnical solution

or: everything has a form, a or: everything has a form, a function, and a behaviour.function, and a behaviour.

also called reference modelsalso called reference models

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Modelling toolsModelling tools

computer program that allows computer program that allows for modellingfor modelling

kinds:kinds: conceptual modelling schema modelling difference unclear

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


Implementation toolImplementation tool

generates database application generates database application based on schemabased on schema

creates SQL statements based creates SQL statements based on schemaon schema

creates full applicationcreates full application 4th Generation Languages and 4th Generation Languages and

ToolsTools

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


SummarySummary

to deal with complex situations, we simplify them to deal with complex situations, we simplify them into modelsinto models

models have many parts which are related to each models have many parts which are related to each otherother

parts should be organised in such a way, that the parts should be organised in such a way, that the model can be observed at different levels of model can be observed at different levels of abstraction =~ simplificationabstraction =~ simplification

kinds of abstraction:kinds of abstraction: type-of part-of characteristic

real world > model > schema model > data modelreal world > model > schema model > data model method, language, resources, tools help us but method, language, resources, tools help us but

narrow down the kinds of models we can makenarrow down the kinds of models we can make

Univ. ofLjubljana,

FGG,Chair of


CreditsCredits

scanned some drawings from scanned some drawings from [sowa].[sowa].

Žiga turkŽiga turk, assoc.prof. [email protected] [email protected] university of ljubljana,...

Documents