zoogeography of fishes. patterns and processes in the distribution of fishes (i.e., what causes...
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Zoogeography of FishesZoogeography of Fishes
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Zoogeography of FishesZoogeography of Fishes Patterns and processes in the distribution of
fishes (i.e., what causes certain fish species to be where they are?) Global Regional Local
Successively smaller sieves that determine fish distribution
Predictability of fish assemblages
Patterns and processes in the distribution of fishes (i.e., what causes certain fish species to be where they are?) Global Regional Local
Successively smaller sieves that determine fish distribution
Predictability of fish assemblages
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GlobalGlobal
Plate tectonics Rearrangement of
land masses sunfishes
restricted to N.A. (arose following split of land masses, temperate, freshwater)
Plate tectonics Rearrangement of
land masses sunfishes
restricted to N.A. (arose following split of land masses, temperate, freshwater)
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Regional - HistoricRegional - Historic
Drainage Divides Broad drainages
isolate aquatic communities (Mississippi vs. Atlantic Slope)
Drainage Divides Broad drainages
isolate aquatic communities (Mississippi vs. Atlantic Slope)
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Regional - HistoricRegional - Historic Drainage Divides
Drainage rearrangement (stream capture)
Populations of Mississippi R. fishes on Atlantic slope
Etheostoma blennioides (Potomac captured Mississippi)
Drainage Divides Drainage
rearrangement (stream capture)
Populations of Mississippi R. fishes on Atlantic slope
Etheostoma blennioides (Potomac captured Mississippi)
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Regional—HistoricRegional—Historic Glaciation
Mississippi Drainage oriented N – SFish disperse south
Atlantic Drainage oriented E – W Teays R was the major N-W flowing river
Ice sheets dams caused it to flow S through the small Mississippi R.
Melt water cut through central highlands making Mississippi R the major river
Ancient Teays River Valley near present-day New and Kanawha Rivers
Glaciation Mississippi Drainage oriented N – S
Fish disperse south Atlantic Drainage oriented E – W Teays R was the major N-W flowing river
Ice sheets dams caused it to flow S through the small Mississippi R.
Melt water cut through central highlands making Mississippi R the major river
Ancient Teays River Valley near present-day New and Kanawha Rivers
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Pre-PleistocenePre-Pleistocene
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PleistocenePleistocene
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•Tennessee River most diverse
•Atlantic slope least diverse
•New / Kanawha River basin “relatively diverse”
Warren et al. 1997
SE Fish Richness
SE Fish Richness
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Regional - LocalRegional - Local
Geology (regional characteristic that influences local conditions) Habitat Water Flow Chemistry
Alkalinity - HardnessProductivity
Geology (regional characteristic that influences local conditions) Habitat Water Flow Chemistry
Alkalinity - HardnessProductivity
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Regional - LocalRegional - Local Spatial Position
The position of a stream segment in a stream network influences species found there (distance from a species pool).
Spatial Position The position of a stream segment in a
stream network influences species found there (distance from a species pool).
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Influence of BarriersInfluence of Barriers
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Influence of Stochastic Events
Influence of Stochastic Events
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LocalLocal Competition / Predation Water Chemistry Water Flow Productivity Habitat Gradient Stream Size
Competition / Predation Water Chemistry Water Flow Productivity Habitat Gradient Stream Size
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20
Expected Richness
Observed Richness
Species Richness = -5.16 + 4.6 x (Basin Area) + 0.39 x (Link Order Diff) R2 = 0.79df = 17p < 0.0001
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Zoogeography of Marine Fishes
Zoogeography of Marine Fishes
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Barriers to Dispersal in Marine Systems
Barriers to Dispersal in Marine Systems
Continents - e.g. Atlantic vs. Pacific faunas
Temperature - e.g. tropical vs. temperate vs. polar
Salinity - e.g. estuaries, freshwater (Panama Canal)
Depth - deep-dwelling fishes can be isolated by submerged mountain ranges
Continents - e.g. Atlantic vs. Pacific faunas
Temperature - e.g. tropical vs. temperate vs. polar
Salinity - e.g. estuaries, freshwater (Panama Canal)
Depth - deep-dwelling fishes can be isolated by submerged mountain ranges
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Mechanisms for Dispersal in Marine Fishes
Mechanisms for Dispersal in Marine Fishes
Directed movements (e.g., with changes in temperature; migrations)
Pelagic eggs/larvae - current-born dispersal
Human action - transplants (e.g., striped bass, American shad in Pacific Ocean; 250 species introduced into San Francisco Bay)
Directed movements (e.g., with changes in temperature; migrations)
Pelagic eggs/larvae - current-born dispersal
Human action - transplants (e.g., striped bass, American shad in Pacific Ocean; 250 species introduced into San Francisco Bay)
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Zoogeographic Groupings of Marine Fishes
Zoogeographic Groupings of Marine Fishes
Continental Shelf (neritic) Pelagic Abyssal
Continental Shelf (neritic) Pelagic Abyssal
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Zoogeographic Groupings of Marine Fishes
Zoogeographic Groupings of Marine Fishes
Continental Shelf (neritic) - 45% of all fishes Tropical Zone Temperate (North & South) Zones Arctic/Antarctic Zones
Pelagic Abyssal
Continental Shelf (neritic) - 45% of all fishes Tropical Zone Temperate (North & South) Zones Arctic/Antarctic Zones
Pelagic Abyssal
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Zoogeographic Groupings of Marine Fishes
Zoogeographic Groupings of Marine Fishes
Pelagic - Epipelagic (1.3% of all fish species) Meso- & Bathypelagic (5% of all fish
species) Arctic Temperate Subtropical Tropical
Pelagic - Epipelagic (1.3% of all fish species) Meso- & Bathypelagic (5% of all fish
species) Arctic Temperate Subtropical Tropical
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Zoogeographic Groupings of Marine Fishes
Zoogeographic Groupings of Marine Fishes
Continental Shelf (neritic) Pelagic Deep benthic (abyssal)
6.5% of all fish species little known about these
Continental Shelf (neritic) Pelagic Deep benthic (abyssal)
6.5% of all fish species little known about these
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Example: Distribution of pelagic piscivores in north
Pacific Ocean
Example: Distribution of pelagic piscivores in north
Pacific Ocean Arctic:
Arctic char, pink salmon, some cods distributed north of 0° isotherm
North Temperate: North Subtropical: Tropical:
Arctic: Arctic char, pink salmon, some cods distributed north of 0° isotherm
North Temperate: North Subtropical: Tropical:
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Example: Distribution of pelagic piscivores in north
Pacific Ocean
Example: Distribution of pelagic piscivores in north
Pacific Ocean Arctic: North Temperate:
coho, chinook, steelhead, sockeye, chum salmon
north of 14° isotherm, south of 0° isotherm
North Subtropical: Tropical:
Arctic: North Temperate:
coho, chinook, steelhead, sockeye, chum salmon
north of 14° isotherm, south of 0° isotherm
North Subtropical: Tropical:
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Example: Distribution of pelagic piscivores in north
Pacific Ocean
Example: Distribution of pelagic piscivores in north
Pacific Ocean Arctic: North Temperate: North Subtropical:
some tunas, marlins, basking sharks, mackerel sharks
north of 20° isotherm, south of 14° isotherm
Tropical:
Arctic: North Temperate: North Subtropical:
some tunas, marlins, basking sharks, mackerel sharks
north of 20° isotherm, south of 14° isotherm
Tropical:
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Example: Distribution of pelagic piscivores in north
Pacific Ocean
Example: Distribution of pelagic piscivores in north
Pacific Ocean Arctic: North Temperate: North Subtropical: Tropical:
flying fish, tunas, whale sharks, marlins
south of 20° isotherm in northern hemisphere and north of 20° isotherm in southern hemisphere
Arctic: North Temperate: North Subtropical: Tropical:
flying fish, tunas, whale sharks, marlins
south of 20° isotherm in northern hemisphere and north of 20° isotherm in southern hemisphere
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Zoogeography of Freshwater
Fishes
Zoogeography of Freshwater
Fishes
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Definition & OverviewDefinition & Overview Zoogeography - the study of the
distributions of animal taxa over the surface of the earth
Unique aspects of piscine zoogeography: longer period of record (since 350 mybp) constraints to dispersal in aquatic habitats
(land masses) unique dispersal mechanisms - current
movement of planktonic eggs & larvae
Zoogeography - the study of the distributions of animal taxa over the surface of the earth
Unique aspects of piscine zoogeography: longer period of record (since 350 mybp) constraints to dispersal in aquatic habitats
(land masses) unique dispersal mechanisms - current
movement of planktonic eggs & larvae
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Interpretation of distribution patterns
requires:
Interpretation of distribution patterns
requires: Ecological information - e.g., can
the fish taxa tolerate exposure to fresh water or salt water Freshwater dispersants - e.g.,
minnows - cannot tolerate any salinity Saltwater dispersants - freshwater
fishes that can tolerate salinity - e.g., cichlids
Ecological information - e.g., can the fish taxa tolerate exposure to fresh water or salt water Freshwater dispersants - e.g.,
minnows - cannot tolerate any salinity Saltwater dispersants - freshwater
fishes that can tolerate salinity - e.g., cichlids
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Interpretation of distribution patterns
requires:
Interpretation of distribution patterns
requires: Geological information - what have
been the past connections between water bodies past and present watershed
configurations important - e.g., previous connections between Great Lakes basin and Mississippi River - 79% of fishes in GL Basin originated from Mississippi basin
Geological information - what have been the past connections between water bodies past and present watershed
configurations important - e.g., previous connections between Great Lakes basin and Mississippi River - 79% of fishes in GL Basin originated from Mississippi basin
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Interpretation of distribution patterns
requires:
Interpretation of distribution patterns
requires: Geological
information - continental drift
Geological information - continental drift
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Interpretation of distribution patterns
requires:
Interpretation of distribution patterns
requires: Geological information - continental
drift a single continent (Pangaea) existed as
recently as Triassic (200 mybp) Pangaea split into two continents at end
of Triassic (180 mybp):Northern continent - Laurasia (modern
Eurasia & North AmericaSouthern continent - Gondwana (modern
Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, India)
Geological information - continental drift a single continent (Pangaea) existed as
recently as Triassic (200 mybp) Pangaea split into two continents at end
of Triassic (180 mybp):Northern continent - Laurasia (modern
Eurasia & North AmericaSouthern continent - Gondwana (modern
Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, India)
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Interpretation of distribution patterns
requires:
Interpretation of distribution patterns
requires: Geological information - continental drift
Gondwana split in Jurassic & Cretaceous Australia broke off first South America broke off later
Several fish taxa are present only on southern continents: lungfishes - Australia, S. America, Africa cichlids - S. America, Africa, India characins - S. America, Africa
Geological information - continental drift Gondwana split in Jurassic & Cretaceous
Australia broke off first South America broke off later
Several fish taxa are present only on southern continents: lungfishes - Australia, S. America, Africa cichlids - S. America, Africa, India characins - S. America, Africa
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Interpretation of distribution patterns
requires:
Interpretation of distribution patterns
requires: Geological information - continental
drift Laurasia split in Jurassic (120 mybp)
North America separated from Eurasia
Several fish taxa are present only on northern continents: Cyprinids (also have moved into Africa recently) Percids - Holarctic (in N. America & Eurasia) Catostomids - Nearctic (largely in N. America) Centrarchids - Nearctic (only in N. America) Cobitids - Palearctic (only in Eurasia)
Geological information - continental drift Laurasia split in Jurassic (120 mybp)
North America separated from Eurasia
Several fish taxa are present only on northern continents: Cyprinids (also have moved into Africa recently) Percids - Holarctic (in N. America & Eurasia) Catostomids - Nearctic (largely in N. America) Centrarchids - Nearctic (only in N. America) Cobitids - Palearctic (only in Eurasia)
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Mississippi Basin Fauna illustrate these patterns
well
Mississippi Basin Fauna illustrate these patterns
well Contains ~ 330 species, 13 families Basin is ancient - present arrangement
since Rocky Mtns. formed in Tertiary (~65 mybp)
Ancient relics are extant today - have benefited from persistence of the basin: Chondrosteans - sturgeons, paddlefish gars, bowfins mooneyes, pirate perch, cavefishes - only found
here
Contains ~ 330 species, 13 families Basin is ancient - present arrangement
since Rocky Mtns. formed in Tertiary (~65 mybp)
Ancient relics are extant today - have benefited from persistence of the basin: Chondrosteans - sturgeons, paddlefish gars, bowfins mooneyes, pirate perch, cavefishes - only found
here
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Mississippi Basin Fauna illustrate these patterns
well
Mississippi Basin Fauna illustrate these patterns
well New taxa originated and/or flourished
here: Notropis/Cyprinella minnows (shiners) Etheostoma/Percina percids (darters) ictalurids (catfishes), especially Noturus -
madtoms centrarchids, especially Lepomis (sunfishes) catostomids, especially Moxostoma
(redhorses)
New taxa originated and/or flourished here: Notropis/Cyprinella minnows (shiners) Etheostoma/Percina percids (darters) ictalurids (catfishes), especially Noturus -
madtoms centrarchids, especially Lepomis (sunfishes) catostomids, especially Moxostoma
(redhorses)
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Why is the Mississippi fauna so diverse?
Why is the Mississippi fauna so diverse?
Provided a refuge from glaciers, due to north-south axis
Taxa could retreat south as glaciers moved south
Provided a refuge from glaciers, due to north-south axis
Taxa could retreat south as glaciers moved south
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Why is the Mississippi fauna so diverse?
Why is the Mississippi fauna so diverse?
Provides a diversity of habitats: Different stream types:
Coastal plain (Gulf of Mexico margin) Interior highlands
Ozarks Tennessee/Kentucky plateau
Interior lowlands Western (Missouri River basin) Central (Upper Mississippi River basin) Eastern (Ohio River basin)
Provides a diversity of habitats: Different stream types:
Coastal plain (Gulf of Mexico margin) Interior highlands
Ozarks Tennessee/Kentucky plateau
Interior lowlands Western (Missouri River basin) Central (Upper Mississippi River basin) Eastern (Ohio River basin)
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Why is the Mississippi fauna so diverse?
Why is the Mississippi fauna so diverse?
Provides a diversity of habitats: Speciation requires isolation - offered by
these diverse AND separated habitat types
e.g., Ozark fauna is unique from the Tennessee/Kentucky fauna, even though the habitats are similar - the Mississippi River valley separates them - no passage possible between for small taxa like darters, minnows, madtoms
Provides a diversity of habitats: Speciation requires isolation - offered by
these diverse AND separated habitat types
e.g., Ozark fauna is unique from the Tennessee/Kentucky fauna, even though the habitats are similar - the Mississippi River valley separates them - no passage possible between for small taxa like darters, minnows, madtoms
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Why is the Mississippi fauna so diverse?
Why is the Mississippi fauna so diverse?
Provides a diversity of habitats: Species dependent on small,
headwater streams are more easily isolated, and therefore are the most diverse groupsshinersdartersmadtoms
Provides a diversity of habitats: Species dependent on small,
headwater streams are more easily isolated, and therefore are the most diverse groupsshinersdartersmadtoms
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Fish Fauna of the Great Lakes
Fish Fauna of the Great Lakes
1. Who are they?2. Where did they come from?3. What is the nature of the interactions among species?
1. Who are they?2. Where did they come from?3. What is the nature of the interactions among species?
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1. Who are they? - How many are there?
1. Who are they? - How many are there?
Low diversity: Native: 157 species Introduced: 22 species TOTAL: 179 species
Low diversity: Native: 157 species Introduced: 22 species TOTAL: 179 species
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Comparison with other fish faunas
Comparison with other fish faunas
Laurentian Great Lakes: 179 species Coral Reefs: > 150 on 1 coral head Mississippi River Basin: > 330
species Amazon River Basin: > 2,000 species African Great Lakes: > 450 species
ENDEMIC in ONE lake!
Laurentian Great Lakes: 179 species Coral Reefs: > 150 on 1 coral head Mississippi River Basin: > 330
species Amazon River Basin: > 2,000 species African Great Lakes: > 450 species
ENDEMIC in ONE lake!
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Why is diversity low?
Temperature - cold
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Why is diversity low?
Temperature
Productivity - low
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Why is diversity low?
Temperature
Productivity
Age - young
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Why is diversity low?
Temperature
Productivity
Age
Connections to other lake and river
basins - minimal
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1. Who are they? - Two ecological groupings:
1. Who are they? - Two ecological groupings:
Coldwater, deep lake group:
Coldwater, deep lake group:
Coolwater, shallow basin group:
Coolwater, shallow basin group:
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1. Who are they? - Two ecological groupings:
1. Who are they? - Two ecological groupings:
Coldwater, deep lake group:
lake trout lake whitefish lake herring lake sturgeon deepwater sculpin deepwater ciscos
Coldwater, deep lake group:
lake trout lake whitefish lake herring lake sturgeon deepwater sculpin deepwater ciscos
Coolwater, shallow basin:
Coolwater, shallow basin:
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1. Who are they? - Two ecological groupings:
1. Who are they? - Two ecological groupings:
Coldwater, deep lake group:
lake trout lake whitefish lake herring lake sturgeon deepwater sculpin deepwater ciscos
Coldwater, deep lake group:
lake trout lake whitefish lake herring lake sturgeon deepwater sculpin deepwater ciscos
Coolwater, shallow basin:
yellow perch walleye white bass channel catfish northern pike smallmouth bass
Coolwater, shallow basin:
yellow perch walleye white bass channel catfish northern pike smallmouth bass
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1. Who are they? - A New Group: Introduced species1. Who are they? - A New Group: Introduced species Intentional introductions:
Common carp, brown trout, steelhead, chinook and coho salmon
Intentional introductions: Common carp, brown trout,
steelhead, chinook and coho salmon
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Introduced species
Intentional introductions:Common carp, brown trout, steelhead, chinook and coho salmon
Accidental introductions:Alewife, sea lamprey, white perch, pink salmon, rainbow smelt, round goby, ruffe
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2. Where did the native species come from?
2. Where did the native species come from?
Endemic species
Immigrant species
Endemic species
Immigrant species
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2. Where did the native species come from?
2. Where did the native species come from?
Endemic species species evolved in the system and are
unique to the system:Blue pike (walleye subspecies)Deepwater ciscos
Endemic species species evolved in the system and are
unique to the system:Blue pike (walleye subspecies)Deepwater ciscos
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2. Where did the native species come from?
2. Where did the native species come from?
Immigrant Species: species that evolved elsewhere and
entered the system from other watersheds:Mississippi Basin: 79% of faunaAtlantic drainages: 9% of faunaBoth: 12% of fauna
Immigrant Species: species that evolved elsewhere and
entered the system from other watersheds:Mississippi Basin: 79% of faunaAtlantic drainages: 9% of faunaBoth: 12% of fauna
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3. What is the nature of the interactions among
species?
3. What is the nature of the interactions among
species? Predator-Prey relations Niche partitioning (generalists vs.
specialists) Resilient species (to heavy fishing
pressure or predation pressure) Sensitive species (to heavy fishing
pressure or predation pressure)
Predator-Prey relations Niche partitioning (generalists vs.
specialists) Resilient species (to heavy fishing
pressure or predation pressure) Sensitive species (to heavy fishing
pressure or predation pressure)
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3. What is the nature of the interactions among
species?
3. What is the nature of the interactions among
species? Effects of introduced species:
sea lamprey
Parasites on large fish - lake trout are small
compared with their ocean hosts
Cause high mortality on lake trout
Best opportunity for control is in reproductive
and larval stages - concentrated in rivers
Effects of introduced species:
sea lamprey
Parasites on large fish - lake trout are small
compared with their ocean hosts
Cause high mortality on lake trout
Best opportunity for control is in reproductive
and larval stages - concentrated in rivers
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3. What is the nature of the interactions among
species?
3. What is the nature of the interactions among
species? Effects of introduced species:
rainbow smelt and alewife -
planktivores
compete with native planktivores
prey on larvae of native fish species
prey on and compete with each other!
Effects of introduced species:
rainbow smelt and alewife -
planktivores
compete with native planktivores
prey on larvae of native fish species
prey on and compete with each other!
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3. What is the nature of the interactions among
species?
3. What is the nature of the interactions among
species? Effects of introduced species:
gobies & ruffe - benthic fishes
new immigrants to system
ballast water introductions of 1980’s
potential to be competitors and predators
on benthic fishes and invertebrates
Effects of introduced species:
gobies & ruffe - benthic fishes
new immigrants to system
ballast water introductions of 1980’s
potential to be competitors and predators
on benthic fishes and invertebrates